Article(id=1149780467580367688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403816, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716393600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-23, revisedDate=1736697600000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058625359, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744041600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058625359, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058625359, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058625359, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149780466032669506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='10', pageStart='3969', pageEnd='4395', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058624990, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456644259, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4044, endPage=4057, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149780467781694285, articleId=1149780467580367688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Dynamic Release Patterns of Colloid from Newly Ploughed Yellow Soil with Different Intensities of Rainfall in Typical Karst Area of Southwestern China: Taking a Cultivated Land in Huaxi District of Guiyang City as an Example, columnId=1156262738117649382, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Agricultural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

It is a new problem for the prevention and control of non-point source pollution to adsorb pollutants by colloids and assist them to quickly migrate from soil to water during the rainfall-runoff process. Southwest Guizhou Province is one of the important ecological barrier areas in the Pearl River Basin, but some areas sow corn in the middle and late April and enter the rainy season in May. The destruction of soil structure, the significant increase of precipitation and the typical karst landforms in the region lead to high water environmental risks in sloping farmland areas. Undisturbed soil samples are collected from newly ploughed yellow soil slope farmland in karst area. These samples undergo simulated rainfall infiltration experiments. The purpose is to investigate the dynamic release rule of colloids under different rainfall intensities, including the change characteristics of colloid concentration, particle size distribution and its content level with the increase of accumulated rainfall. The results show as follows. The colloid concentration increased with the increase of rainfall intensity and cumulative infiltration, and the study further revealed that the difference of released soil colloid concentration under three rainfall intensities showed three different stages: the colloid concentration is not significantly different when the rainfall intensity is 25 mm/h and 40 mm/h in the 0~100 mm stage, but is significantly higher than 10 mm/h. The colloid concentration in the 100~250 mm stage is quite different under three rainfall intensities. When the accumulated rainfall is more than 250 mm, the difference between them is very small. When the rainfall intensity is 40 mm/h, the characteristic statistics of colloidal particle size show obvious two-stage and sudden drop characteristics. At first, the average particle size of effluent increases with the increase of rainfall intensity, and then decreases slightly with the further increase of rainfall. When the rainfall intensity is 25 mm/h and 10 mm/h, it presents a gradual change characteristic. The change of colloid content with different particle sizes shows a trend of stability, increase and decrease respectively. The research innovatively reveals the stage characteristics of the outflow concentration difference of soil colloids at different flow rates, and quantifies the change trend of colloids with different particle sizes with the cumulative infiltration from the meso-scale, which will provide a reference for further evaluating the regional water environmental risk and driving mechanism in this period.

, correspAuthors=Xiang-yang ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shi-hang JI, Xiang-yang ZHOU, Wen-juan LEI, Dong-xing REN, Yuan-ju SHU, Teng ZHANG, Shi-jie ZENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149780499612266745, articleId=1149780467580367688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=喀斯特区域新翻耕黄壤不同降雨强度下胶体动态释放规律: 以贵阳市花溪区耕地为例, columnId=1156262738235089896, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·农业科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

胶体吸附污染物并辅助其在降雨-径流过程中快速由土壤迁移至水体是当前面源污染防治面临的新问题。贵州省西南部是珠江流域的重要生态屏障区之一,但一些区域在4月中下旬播种玉米,五月进入雨季。土壤结构的破坏、降水量显著增加和区域典型的喀斯特地貌导致坡耕地区域的水环境风险较高。研究通过采集原状土样,应用模拟降雨入渗实验探索喀斯特区域黄壤坡耕地在新翻耕后不同降雨强度下的胶体动态释放规律,包括胶体浓度、粒径分布及其动态特征。结果表明: 胶体浓度呈现随降雨强度和累积雨量增加而增大外,并且所释放的土壤胶体浓度在3个雨强下的差异表现出3个不同阶段:0~100 mm阶段雨强为25 mm/h与40 mm/h时胶体浓度差异不显著,明显高于10 mm/h;100~250 mm阶段3个雨强下胶体浓度均有较大差异;累积雨量大于250 mm时三者差异小;胶体粒径的特征统计量在雨强为40 mm/h时呈明显的两阶段、突降特征,雨强为25 mm/h和10 mm/h时则呈现出渐变特征;不同粒径胶体含量变化分别呈现出稳定、增加和减小的趋势。研究揭示出不同流速下土壤胶体出流浓度差异的阶段性特征,并从细观尺度量化了不同粒径胶体随累积入渗量的含量变化趋势,将为进一步评价该时段的区域水环境风险和驱动机制提供参考依据。

, correspAuthors=周向阳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 周向阳(1982—),男,汉族,四川德阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:极端气候下的洪旱灾害风险与生态环境安全。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Yqgkuffyz5fnEmiaZijJ/g==, magXml=+cWq3uiWOLBdd+RzMRQ6qA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=PzQVGr4rS9Zh3DtArSHmkg==, pdfFileSize=16204617, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Xgba7eCScKWtVcQ2os0sDw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=WIXcV+QHMvWhnnanQbdY5g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

季师航(2000—),女,汉族,贵州毕节人,硕士研究生。研究方向:土壤胶体迁移行为。E-mail:

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季师航(2000—),女,汉族,贵州毕节人,硕士研究生。研究方向:土壤胶体迁移行为。E-mail:

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季师航(2000—),女,汉族,贵州毕节人,硕士研究生。研究方向:土壤胶体迁移行为。E-mail:

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Research progress in soil colloid transport behavior and its mediated pollutant migration[J]. Chemistry, 2023, 86(7): 824-832., articleTitle=Research progress in soil colloid transport behavior and its mediated pollutant migration, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1233839101590426423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467580367688, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1981, volume=49, issue=3/4, pageStart=213, pageEnd=233, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=86, authorNames=Van-Genuchten M T, journalName=Journal of Hydrology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Van-Genuchten M T. Analytical solutions for chemical transport with simultaneous adsorption, zero-order production and first-order decay[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 1981, 49(3/4): 213-233., articleTitle=Analytical solutions for chemical transport with simultaneous adsorption, zero-order production and first-order decay, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1233839101653340984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467580367688, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1993, volume=29, issue=7, pageStart=2167, pageEnd=2182, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=87, authorNames=Toride N, Leij F J, van-Genuchten M T, journalName=Water Resources Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Toride N, Leij F J, van-Genuchten M T. A comprehensive set of analytical solutions for nonequilibrium solute transport with first-order decay and zero-order production[J]. Water Resources Research, 1993, 29(7): 2167-2182., articleTitle=A comprehensive set of analytical solutions for nonequilibrium solute transport with first-order decay and zero-order production, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233839091154997926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467580367688, awardId=42167037, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(42167037), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1233839091259855529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467580367688, awardId=51969006, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(51969006), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233839081956889096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467580367688, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233839082003026441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467580367688, companyId=1233839081956889096, language=EN, 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articleId=1149780467580367688, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physicochemical properties of the tested yellow soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土样 pH 电导率/
(μs·cm-1)
有机质/
(g·kg-1)
黄壤 5.09 90.85 60.91
), ArticleFig(id=1233839088613249683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467580367688, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

供试黄壤基本理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土样 pH 电导率/
(μs·cm-1)
有机质/
(g·kg-1)
黄壤 5.09 90.85 60.91
), ArticleFig(id=1233839088684552853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467580367688, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison on concentration of colloid in outflow at different precipitation intensity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨强度/
(mm·h-1)
初始出流浓
度/(mg·L-1)
最大出流浓度/
(mg·L-1)
最大值累积雨
量/mm
平均胶体浓度/(mg·L-1)
0~400 mm 0~100 mm 100~250 mm >250 mm
40 31.67 131.67 197.5 80.26 53.75 98.31 79.80
25 18.67 78.00 197.5 66.74 48.21 72.94 74.13
10 15.00 78.33 375.8 58.37 36.17 61.89 71.90
), ArticleFig(id=1233839088772633239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467580367688, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同入渗强度胶体出流浓度对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨强度/
(mm·h-1)
初始出流浓
度/(mg·L-1)
最大出流浓度/
(mg·L-1)
最大值累积雨
量/mm
平均胶体浓度/(mg·L-1)
0~400 mm 0~100 mm 100~250 mm >250 mm
40 31.67 131.67 197.5 80.26 53.75 98.31 79.80
25 18.67 78.00 197.5 66.74 48.21 72.94 74.13
10 15.00 78.33 375.8 58.37 36.17 61.89 71.90
), ArticleFig(id=1233839088877490840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467580367688, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of colloid cumulative outflow with different rainfall infiltration intensity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨强度/
(mm·h-1)
胶体累积出流量/mg
0~400 mm 0~100 mm 100~250 mm >250 mm
40 120.38 21.50 58.98 61.40
25 100.12 19.28 43.77 56.35
10 87.55 14.47 37.13 50.42
), ArticleFig(id=1233839089011708571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467580367688, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同降雨入渗强度胶体累积出流量对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨强度/
(mm·h-1)
胶体累积出流量/mg
0~400 mm 0~100 mm 100~250 mm >250 mm
40 120.38 21.50 58.98 61.40
25 100.12 19.28 43.77 56.35
10 87.55 14.47 37.13 50.42
), ArticleFig(id=1233839089103983259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467580367688, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Temporal pattern of statistics of particle size distribution at different precipitation intensity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨强度/
(mm·h-1)
阶段/
mm
均值/
μm
四分位距/
μm
变异
系数
偏态
系数
40 0~80 10.48 8.02 2.89 4.80
80~250 2.64 1.55 2.05 2.146
25 0~80 4.22 2.49 1.94 1.85
80~250 3.68 3.35 1.84 1.61
10 0~80 3.44 1.23 2.16 2.23
80~250 2.19 1.63 2.01 2.154
), ArticleFig(id=1233839089204646557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467580367688, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同雨强条件下土壤胶体粒径分布特征统计量动态变化特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨强度/
(mm·h-1)
阶段/
mm
均值/
μm
四分位距/
μm
变异
系数
偏态
系数
40 0~80 10.48 8.02 2.89 4.80
80~250 2.64 1.55 2.05 2.146
25 0~80 4.22 2.49 1.94 1.85
80~250 3.68 3.35 1.84 1.61
10 0~80 3.44 1.23 2.16 2.23
80~250 2.19 1.63 2.01 2.154
), ArticleFig(id=1233839089284338335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467580367688, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Stats of stable content of soil particle size at different precipitation intensity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨强度/
(mm·h-1)
CV最小值 粒径区间/
μm
粒径段
含量/%
40 0.020 2.559~2.905 6.47
25 0.012 2.559~2.905 6.21
10 0.030 2.254~2.559 6.06
), ArticleFig(id=1233839089389195937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467580367688, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同雨强条件下含量稳定段粒径特征统计量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨强度/
(mm·h-1)
CV最小值 粒径区间/
μm
粒径段
含量/%
40 0.020 2.559~2.905 6.47
25 0.012 2.559~2.905 6.21
10 0.030 2.254~2.559 6.06
), ArticleFig(id=1233839089477276323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467580367688, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Standards for grading of soil particle size in China (1985)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 黏粒 粉粒
细黏粒 粗黏粒 细粉粒 中粉粒 粗粉粒
粒径/μm <1 1~2 2~5 5~10 10~50
), ArticleFig(id=1233839090911728293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467580367688, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

中国土壤粒度分级标准(1985)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 黏粒 粉粒
细黏粒 粗黏粒 细粉粒 中粉粒 粗粉粒
粒径/μm <1 1~2 2~5 5~10 10~50
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喀斯特区域新翻耕黄壤不同降雨强度下胶体动态释放规律: 以贵阳市花溪区耕地为例
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季师航 1 , 周向阳 1, 2, * , 雷文娟 1 , 任东兴 3 , 舒远菊 1 , 张腾 1 , 曾师婕 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·农业科学 2025,25(10): 4044-4057
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·农业科学 2025, 25(10): 4044-4057
喀斯特区域新翻耕黄壤不同降雨强度下胶体动态释放规律: 以贵阳市花溪区耕地为例
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季师航1 , 周向阳1, 2, * , 雷文娟1, 任东兴3, 舒远菊1, 张腾1, 曾师婕1
作者信息
  • 1 贵州大学资源与环境工程学院, 贵阳 550000
  • 2 贵州大学喀斯特地质资源与环境教育部重点实验室, 贵阳 550000
  • 3 中冶成都勘察研究总院有限公司, 成都 610023
  • 季师航(2000—),女,汉族,贵州毕节人,硕士研究生。研究方向:土壤胶体迁移行为。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 周向阳(1982—),男,汉族,四川德阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:极端气候下的洪旱灾害风险与生态环境安全。E-mail:
Dynamic Release Patterns of Colloid from Newly Ploughed Yellow Soil with Different Intensities of Rainfall in Typical Karst Area of Southwestern China: Taking a Cultivated Land in Huaxi District of Guiyang City as an Example
Shi-hang JI1 , Xiang-yang ZHOU1, 2, * , Wen-juan LEI1, Dong-xing REN3, Yuan-ju SHU1, Teng ZHANG1, Shi-jie ZENG1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550000, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Karst Geological Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550000, China
  • 3 Chengdu Surveying Geotechnical Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,of MCC, Chengdu 610023,China
出版时间: 2025-04-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403816
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胶体吸附污染物并辅助其在降雨-径流过程中快速由土壤迁移至水体是当前面源污染防治面临的新问题。贵州省西南部是珠江流域的重要生态屏障区之一,但一些区域在4月中下旬播种玉米,五月进入雨季。土壤结构的破坏、降水量显著增加和区域典型的喀斯特地貌导致坡耕地区域的水环境风险较高。研究通过采集原状土样,应用模拟降雨入渗实验探索喀斯特区域黄壤坡耕地在新翻耕后不同降雨强度下的胶体动态释放规律,包括胶体浓度、粒径分布及其动态特征。结果表明: 胶体浓度呈现随降雨强度和累积雨量增加而增大外,并且所释放的土壤胶体浓度在3个雨强下的差异表现出3个不同阶段:0~100 mm阶段雨强为25 mm/h与40 mm/h时胶体浓度差异不显著,明显高于10 mm/h;100~250 mm阶段3个雨强下胶体浓度均有较大差异;累积雨量大于250 mm时三者差异小;胶体粒径的特征统计量在雨强为40 mm/h时呈明显的两阶段、突降特征,雨强为25 mm/h和10 mm/h时则呈现出渐变特征;不同粒径胶体含量变化分别呈现出稳定、增加和减小的趋势。研究揭示出不同流速下土壤胶体出流浓度差异的阶段性特征,并从细观尺度量化了不同粒径胶体随累积入渗量的含量变化趋势,将为进一步评价该时段的区域水环境风险和驱动机制提供参考依据。

胶体释放  /  贵州黄壤  /  翻耕条件  /  降雨入渗  /  粒径分布

It is a new problem for the prevention and control of non-point source pollution to adsorb pollutants by colloids and assist them to quickly migrate from soil to water during the rainfall-runoff process. Southwest Guizhou Province is one of the important ecological barrier areas in the Pearl River Basin, but some areas sow corn in the middle and late April and enter the rainy season in May. The destruction of soil structure, the significant increase of precipitation and the typical karst landforms in the region lead to high water environmental risks in sloping farmland areas. Undisturbed soil samples are collected from newly ploughed yellow soil slope farmland in karst area. These samples undergo simulated rainfall infiltration experiments. The purpose is to investigate the dynamic release rule of colloids under different rainfall intensities, including the change characteristics of colloid concentration, particle size distribution and its content level with the increase of accumulated rainfall. The results show as follows. The colloid concentration increased with the increase of rainfall intensity and cumulative infiltration, and the study further revealed that the difference of released soil colloid concentration under three rainfall intensities showed three different stages: the colloid concentration is not significantly different when the rainfall intensity is 25 mm/h and 40 mm/h in the 0~100 mm stage, but is significantly higher than 10 mm/h. The colloid concentration in the 100~250 mm stage is quite different under three rainfall intensities. When the accumulated rainfall is more than 250 mm, the difference between them is very small. When the rainfall intensity is 40 mm/h, the characteristic statistics of colloidal particle size show obvious two-stage and sudden drop characteristics. At first, the average particle size of effluent increases with the increase of rainfall intensity, and then decreases slightly with the further increase of rainfall. When the rainfall intensity is 25 mm/h and 10 mm/h, it presents a gradual change characteristic. The change of colloid content with different particle sizes shows a trend of stability, increase and decrease respectively. The research innovatively reveals the stage characteristics of the outflow concentration difference of soil colloids at different flow rates, and quantifies the change trend of colloids with different particle sizes with the cumulative infiltration from the meso-scale, which will provide a reference for further evaluating the regional water environmental risk and driving mechanism in this period.

colloid release  /  Guizhou yellow soil  /  ploughed condition  /  rainfall infiltration  /  particle size distribution
季师航, 周向阳, 雷文娟, 任东兴, 舒远菊, 张腾, 曾师婕. 喀斯特区域新翻耕黄壤不同降雨强度下胶体动态释放规律: 以贵阳市花溪区耕地为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4044 -4057 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403816
Shi-hang JI, Xiang-yang ZHOU, Wen-juan LEI, Dong-xing REN, Yuan-ju SHU, Teng ZHANG, Shi-jie ZENG. Dynamic Release Patterns of Colloid from Newly Ploughed Yellow Soil with Different Intensities of Rainfall in Typical Karst Area of Southwestern China: Taking a Cultivated Land in Huaxi District of Guiyang City as an Example[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4044 -4057 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403816
土壤胶体通常指直径为1 nm~10 μm的颗粒物[1],是土壤和地下水中最细小而活跃的非溶解态组分[2]。由于比表面积大、特殊的双电层结构和众多的表面反应位点等特征,土壤胶体对污染物有很高的吸附亲和力,从而成为地下环境中污染物的良好吸附剂和迁移载体[3-4],并在其驱动下污染物迁移范围显著增大[5-6],即便是重金属[7-9]、持久性有机污染物[10-11]等弱迁移性污染物,也因胶体的辅助迁移而进入水环境,其占比可达80% [12]。因此,研究降雨入渗条件下土壤胶体的释放及迁移规律对水环境保护具有重要意义。
土壤胶体的释放和迁移受土壤理化性质、离子强度、水动力条件等因子影响。其中:pH 增加可增强胶体的分散性和移动性,促进胶体进入裂隙[13-15];增大离子强度可抑制胶体作用下污染物在地下环境中的吸附和迁移行为[14,16];腐殖酸能够通过形成结合物和竞争吸附两种形式促进污染物迁移[17-19]。可见,影响土壤胶体释放的因素多且复杂,须具体问题具体分析。
在田间环境,土壤胶体从田间进入水体由降水驱动,土壤干湿状况及降雨强度对胶体释放影响明显[20-22]。降雨条件导致的流速和离子强度变化会驱动先前保留在土壤中的胶体[23-26],前期干燥时间增加,胶体的迁移量相应增大[27-28],从而导致长期无雨后施用强吸附性农用化学品具有较高的环境风险[29-30]。胶体释放量随降雨强度的增加而增大,且为非线性特征[31-34]。除此之外,机械破坏作用对土壤结构破坏迅速,对土壤胶体的形成和释放将产生重要影响。相关研究表明:农田的耕作方式(翻耕、施肥等)和降雨等促发的土壤胶体对磷素运移的辅助作用同样也是磷素迁移的重要原因[35-38];在农业生产活动中,作物种植前的翻耕作用将影响作物根系生长、养分吸收以及地上部生长发育[39-42]。翻耕会破坏土壤毛细孔,破坏土壤团聚体,分散黏性细小颗粒,从而导致土壤的胶体磷含量升高[43-45]。分散的土壤胶体会引起土壤孔隙堵塞,从而水分不易渗透,导致土壤在水分多时泥泞成沼、水分少时干燥板结,进而造成土壤结构的恶化[46-47]。因此,研究新翻耕土壤在较强降水条件下的胶体释放规律,对于评价区域的土壤水土流失及胶体辅助污染物迁移可能带来的水环境风险具有重要作用。
黄壤占贵州土壤面积的46.4%,是中国黄壤分布最集中的地区,在全国具有典型代表性[48]。酸、瘠、毒、板、漏是阻碍黄壤土壤生产力的主要因素。另一方面,由于独特的喀斯特地貌导致区域坡耕地广泛发育,在春季末由于耕作活动翻耕土壤,导致其结构疏松、孔隙度增加,易发生水土流失[49]。受西南季风的影响,该时段的降水量显著增加,5月的多年平均雨量由4月的62.4 mm增加至116.5 mm,大雨、暴雨时有发生[50]。土壤翻耕导致土壤结构被破坏而易被侵蚀,所释放的泥沙及胶体辅助污染物迁移对区域水环境具有较大的潜在风险[51],但是,针对不同降雨强度下的胶体释放浓度、粒径分析、动态过程等规律如何,水土流失特征及胶体可能携带污染物迁移的特征、机制、风险等问题,目前均较少开展研究。
因此,现通过模拟降雨入渗实验,探索西南喀斯特区域黄壤坡耕地在新翻耕后不同降雨强度下的胶体浓度、粒径分布及其动态变化特征,揭示出不同降水强度下的上述特征的定量差异,为进一步评价春末夏初因耕作活动对土壤结构的破坏和降水量显著增加的双重作用下的区域水环境风险提供参考依据。
研究选取位于贵州省贵阳市花溪区的典型黄壤坡耕地采集样本,该区位于106°27'E~106°52'E,26°11'N~26°34'N,隶属于贵州省贵阳市,地处黔中腹地(图1)。气候类型属于亚热带季风气候,历年降水平均值为1 124.3 mm,其农业生产的主要耕作土壤为黄壤。
样品于2022年5月在种植玉米后翻耕20 d的黄壤坡耕地采集,其经纬度为:106°44'3.56″E,26°23'46.51″N(GCJ-02坐标)。鉴于黄壤坡耕地土层薄,土壤样本使用定制环刀(直径10 cm,高15 cm)采集原状土柱。土柱共采集9个,均匀分布在耕地中。同时在土柱样品周围采集1~2 kg散土样品用于测定黄壤的理化性质。其中pH、电导率使用便携式多参数测试仪SG23-FK-CN测定,有机质含量使用K2Cr2O7氧化法测定。供试黄壤基本理化性质如表1所示。
胶体释放通过模拟不同降雨强度下的原状土柱淋滤实验进行。将采集的原状土柱样品垂直放置在定制收集漏斗上,在土柱表面填放滤纸,避免其因水流扰动;在土柱底端固定过滤纱布,防止实验开始后土层结构受到影响。实验从土柱顶端由蠕动泵输入去离子水,降水强度根据该区域暴雨强度分别设置为10、25、40 mm/h,在下边界使用自动收集器同步收集出流液,出流液每50 mL收集一管,测定其pH、电导率、胶体浓度、胶体颗粒级配。为保证累积降雨量不低于该季节的最大月降雨量,以400 mm为上限;每个降雨强度设置3个平行。
1)胶体浓度
胶体的浓度采用分光光度法进行测定:通过紫外分光光度计测定其在400 nm吸光度计算获得[29]
2)胶体数量
降雨入渗过程中胶体出流的浓度随时间变化记为C(t),则不同时段的胶体出流量为
W ( t ) = t 1 t 2 C ( t ) Q ( t ) d t
式(1)中:W(t)为t1~t2时段的胶体出流量;t1t2为初始和最终时间;C(t)为胶体出流浓度随时间的变化函数;Q(t)为入渗通量随时间的变化。
对于稳定降雨入渗条件下,Q(t)为常数q,且在实际工作中一般采用其离散形式计算获得,即
W ( t ) = q t = 1 n C ( t )
式(2)中:C(t)为第t个样本的胶体浓度。
出流液中土壤胶体颗粒级配在贵州大学资源与环境工程学院实验室进行测定,测试仪器为Bettersize3000Plus激光粒度分析仪。
胶体颗粒的特征统计量通过其颗粒级配曲线、采用离散变量的相应特征统计量计算公式获得。
1)粒径均值
μ = 1 n i = 1 n x i P i
式(3)中: μ为粒径均值;xi为粒径,μm;Pi为该粒径颗粒的百分比;n为粒径区间个数。
2)四分位距
四分位距用于描述粒径分布的集中程度,为上四分位75%分位数与下四分位25%分位数的差值,即
I Q R = Q 3 - Q 1
式(4)中:IQR为四分位距; Q 1 Q 3分别为上、下四分位数。
由于颗粒级配曲线的结果并不完全位于上下四分位,其值采用邻近的4个点,采用3次样条插值获得。
3)变异系数
变异系数CV表示粒径分布的波动水平,其计算公式为
C V = S μ
$S=\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(x_{i}-\mu\right)^{2} P_{i}$
式中: μ为粒径均值;S为标准差。
4)偏态系数
$S_{\mathrm{K}}=\frac{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{100}\left(x_{i}-\mu\right)^{3}}{S^{3}}$
式(7)中: μ为粒径均值;S为标准差;SK为偏态系数,用于描述出流液中胶体粒径分布的对称性。
1)粒径划分
根据出流液中的胶体颗粒级配曲线的动态变化过程,将胶体粒径划分为含量稳定粒径、含量增加粒径和含量减小粒径,分别表示降雨入渗过程中含量维持稳定、持续增加和减小的粒径范围。
2)含量稳定粒径识别
根据土壤颗粒级配曲线的土壤粒径区间,按照以下步骤进行。
(1)土壤颗粒级配曲线各初始粒径段的下边界由小到大分别记为d1,d2,···,dn-1,上边界分别为d2,d3,···,dn
(2)以d1为粒径下边界,d2为上边界,分别计算其在t1,t2,···,tm时刻出流液样本中的该粒径段含量,分别记为P11,P12,···,P1m
(3)基于P11,P12,···,P1m,计算其变异系数CV11值,即该粒径段颗粒含量的波动水平。
(4)类似,d1为粒径下边界;d2,d3,···,dn分别为上边界计算不同粒径段含量动态变化的CV值,分别记为CV12,CV13,···,CV1n
(5)分别以d2,d3,···,dn-1为下边界,重复步骤(2)~步骤(4),获得不同粒径段胶体含量在出流过程中CV值,分别即为CV21,CV22,···CVn-1n
(6)选取CV最小的粒径段为胶体释放的含量稳定粒径。
(7)基于所识别的含量稳定粒径,结合相关标准进一步优化获得,以便于推广应用。
3)粒径增减趋势模拟
在含量稳定段两端,大于其粒径上限的胶体含量一般随降水入渗时间的增加呈减小趋势,而小于稳定粒径下限的细颗粒含量呈增加趋势,二者可用同一类模型进行描述。研究采用一般指数模型进行描述,对于减小过程。
D ( t ) = D 0 + A 1 e - x / B
式(8)中:D(t)为t时刻的某粒径段颗粒含量;t为时间或累积降雨量;D0为初始时刻的该粒径段土壤颗粒含量;A1为该粒径段颗粒的变程;B为衰减常数。
类似,粒径含量增加过程表示为
D ( t ) = D 0 - A 1 e - x / B
模拟降雨入渗过程中土壤胶体出流浓度的动态变化规律呈现出两个主要特征:随累积降雨入渗量非线性增加和随降雨强度逐渐增大,如图2所示。
非线性增加特征表现为在初期浓度增加较快,中期增加率逐渐减小,后期浓度基本稳定。原因是前期出流胶体受扩散作用影响较大,迁移速度快但浓度较小;随着降雨入渗的进一步进行,对流作用对胶体出流的影响越来越大,浓度逐渐增大并逐渐趋于稳定。需要注意的是,降雨强度为40 mm/h时在累积入渗达到200 mm左右时,胶体出流浓度出现快速增加并减小的趋势,原因是较强的水动力剪切作用导致土壤团聚体崩解。
根据胶体出流浓度在不同降雨强度间的差异,将其划分为3个主要阶段。第一阶段为0~100 mm降雨入渗阶段,该阶段的雨强为40 mm/h和25 mm/h的出流浓度比较接近,明显高于雨强为10 mm/h的胶体出流浓度,三者的均值分别为53.75、48.21、36.17 mg/L。第二阶段为累积降雨100~250 mm,三者的出流浓度均体现出较大差异,在40、25、10 mm/h三组雨强下的平均浓度分别为98.31、72.94、61.89 mg/L。第三阶段为累积降雨入渗量大于250 mm,三者的浓度差异极小,平均浓度分别为79.80、74.13、71.90 mg/L。如表2所示。
按照式(2)计算出胶体累积出流量,根据所划分的3个阶段并分别计算不同阶段的累积出流量,结果如图3表3所示。结果表明,在10、25、40 mm/h的降雨强度下,三者在0~400 mm降雨量的土壤胶体出流量分别为87.55、100.12、120.38 mg,后两者分别高出前者1.14%和1.37%。在0~100 mm降雨入渗阶段,三者的累积入渗量分别为14.47、19.28、21.50 mg,后两者约高出前者1.33%和1.49%;在100~250 mm降雨入渗段三者的累积胶体出流量具有明显差异,分别为37.13、43.77、58.98 mg;在累积降雨量大于250 mm时三者十分接近,分别为50.42、56.35、61.40 mg。
不同降雨强度下出流液中土壤胶体的颗粒级配曲线动态变化特征如图4所示。可以看出,其变化特征表现为总体逐渐左移并趋于稳定和不同雨强曲线波动水平不同两个方面。
(1)曲线逐渐左移并趋于稳定。一方面,降雨入渗过程中土壤中的细颗粒在孔隙水流的作用下随水流出土柱,导致土柱出流液的累积分布曲线随降雨量的增多明显左移,表明粒径小的土壤胶体含量逐渐增加,出流液颗粒变细。另一方面,尽管三个降雨强度下的土壤颗粒分级均呈现出逐渐稳定的特征,但稳定发生的时间有所不同。降雨强度为40 mm/h和10 mm/h时,土壤颗粒级配曲线稳定的累积雨量为95.55 mm,而降雨强度为25 mm/h时的累积降雨量为19.11 mm时就稳定不变。
(2)不同雨强曲线波动水平不同。3个降雨强度下的土柱出流液颗粒累积分布曲线变化的剧烈程度呈现为40 mm/h>10 mm/h>25 mm/h。40 mm/h降雨强度下的累积分布曲线随入渗降雨量的增加变化最剧烈,在降雨量达到31.85 mm之前,累积分布曲线左移,颗粒变细;随着降雨量的增加,累积分布曲线右移,累积含量在80%以上的粒径显著变大,出流液质地变粗;当降雨量增加到95.55 mm后,土壤颗粒级配曲线稳定。10 mm/h降雨强度下的累积分布曲线在降雨量达到6.37 mm时右移,土壤质地变粗,其后随着降雨量的增加逐渐左移。而25 mm/h降雨强度下的累积分布曲线在降雨初期就左移,出流液颗粒变细,随后稳定不变。
根据降雨强度不同,其粒径均值分别记为D10、D25和D40;粒径四分位距分别记为IQR10、IQR25、IQR40;变异系数分别记为CV10、CV25、CV40;偏态系数分别即为CS10、CS25、CS40。
1)粒径均值
出流液中土壤胶体平均粒径的动态过程如图5(a)所示。可以看出,其主要呈现以下两个特征。
平均粒径随降雨入渗时间的增加而减小,但减小特征在不同雨强下明显不同。40 mm/h雨强条件下的变化特征表现为突变,即在累积80 mm降水后其粒径均值突然显著降低,由约14 μm降低至约3 μm;而另外两个较小雨强条件下则表现为渐变的特征。
粒径大小与雨强关系在前后两段不一致。第一阶段为0~80 mm降水量期间,出流液平均粒径随降雨强度的增加而增大,在10、25、40 mm/h降雨强度的平均出流浓度粒径分别为3.44、4.22、10.48 μm,如表4所示。第二阶段为80~250 mm,在10、25、40 mm/h降雨强度平均粒径分别为2.19、3.68、2.64 μm,大小关系为D25>D40>D10。在该阶段随降雨量进一步增加平均粒径呈略微降低的特征,分别由2.79、4.10、3.08 μm减小至1.78、3.86、2.55 μm。
2)四分位距
土壤胶体粒径的四分位距动态过程如图5(b)所示,其变化特征也表现为两个方面,但和粒径均值有所不同。
根据粒径四分位距和降雨强度的关系,也可划分为两个阶段。其中第一个阶段和粒径均值一致,D40≫D25>D10,分别为8.02、2.49、1.23 μm;第二阶段则表现为D25>D40≈D10,平均四分位距粒径分别为3.35、1.55、1.63 μm。
两个阶段的粒径差异随雨强变化明显不同。降雨强度为40 mm/h时,粒径的四分位距也表现出陡降的特征,且两阶段的发生时和均值一致。但IQR10和IQR25则趋势不明显,受时间变化较小。
3)变异系数和偏态系数
变异系数和偏态系数表现出类似的特征,也表现为两个阶段,分别如图5(c)图5(d)所示。第一阶段为CV40>CV10>CV25, 分别为2.89、2.16、1.94;CS40>CS10>CV25, 分别为4.80、2.23、1.85。第二阶段为CV40≈CV10>CV25,分别为2.05、2.01、1.84;CS40≈CS10>CS25,分别为2.146、2.154、1.61。此外,和粒径四分位距类似,当雨强为25 mm/h和10 mm/h时,其CV和CS变化趋势不明显,而雨强为40 mm/h则前后两阶段差异显著。
4)综合分析
因此,当雨强为40 mm/h时,其特征统计量均具有明显的两阶段、突降特征,雨强为25 mm/h和10 mm/h时除粒径均值表现为逐渐降低的渐变特征外,IQR、CV和CS均无明显趋势。呈现上述特征的原因和土壤胶体分布特征,将在讨论中进一步分析。
1)CV随粒径变化特征
根据2.4.3节所提及的含量稳定粒径识别方法,计算各粒径段含量随降雨入渗量变化的变异系数,结果如图6所示。3种降雨强度下,CV与粒径上下边界的等值线图形状较为相似,粒径为1.541~3.297 μm的CV明显低于其他区域。且降雨强度10 mm/h的CV在粒径为0.043~0.064 μm内还有一个明显的低值域。
2)典型CV及粒径区间
基于图7中的结果及对应的粒径,获得不同降雨强度下含量稳定的最优区间。其中:40 mm/h和25 mm/h两种降雨强度的粒径区间为2.559~2.905 μm时CV最小,其值分别为0.02和0.012;降雨强度10 mm/h的粒径稳定段为2.254~2.559 μm,其CV为0.030,如表5所示。3种降雨强度下的稳定段含量分别为6.47%、6.21%、6.06%,随降雨强度增加略有增加。
根据含量稳定段粒径的上下边界,将其分为3部分:粒径小于稳定段下边界、大于上边界和含量稳定段。在3种雨强下的含量变化特征如图7所示。可以看出,在粒径高于稳定段上界的胶体含量呈逐渐降低的趋势,而低于下边界粒径的胶体含量呈逐渐增加的特征。
3)含量稳定粒径区间修正
上述结果所识别的含量稳定段粒径区间较窄,含量较低,不利于推广。为进一步分析,依据CV值描述变异性的能力:小于0.1为弱变异[52],结合国家相关土壤粒度分级标准[53](表6),进一步对含量区间进行优化,结果如图8所示。
总体来看,粒径稳定段区间宽度25 mm/h>40 mm/h>10 mm/h。40 mm/h的粒径稳定段为1.986~3.905 μm,含量除降雨初期27.45%略低外,在整个降雨过程中都维持在32.7%左右;25 mm/h的粒径稳定段为1.75~4.385 μm,含量除降雨初期33.6%略低外,在整个降雨过程中都维持在42.5%左右;10 mm/h的粒径稳定段为1.54~3.098 μm,含量除降雨初期35.77%略高外,在整个降雨过程中都维持在31.4%左右。
采用一般指数模型分别模拟小于含量稳定段胶体粒径下限和大于其上限的胶体含量,结果如图9所示。可以看出,该模型能够很好地描述不同粒径含量的动态变化过程。呈增加趋势的细小颗粒,在3个降水水平的R2分别为0.94、0.89、0.95;而呈减小趋势的较粗颗粒,相应的R2分别为0.93、0.83、0.92。
指数减小表明该粒径段的土壤胶体含量符合一阶动力学衰减的特征。
基于实验结果及分析表明,除和一般研究揭示出胶体浓度随降雨强度增加而增大的特征外[31-32,34,54],此次研究揭示出胶体浓度在不同降雨强度间演变的3个阶段。分别为:0~100 mm阶段雨强为25 mm/h与40 mm/h时胶体浓度差异不显著,明显高于10 mm/h;100~250 mm阶段3个雨强下胶体浓度均有较大差异;累积雨量大于250 mm时三者差异很小。原因是在降雨入渗试验的初期,所释放的胶体主要来自土壤中孔和大孔壁上的易移动胶体[32,55],由于胶体数量的限制导致二者差异不明显。由于初始条件为非饱和状态,更大的降雨强度更容易导致土壤达到饱和、土壤团聚体崩解[32,34],从而形成释放胶体浓度短时间内显著增加,即在累积入渗量为100~250 mm阶段40 mm/h雨强的胶体出流浓度明显高于雨强为25 mm/h的胶体浓度。在随着入渗量进一步增加,土壤团聚体崩解形成的胶体输出后,系统处于稳定状态,即呈现累积入渗量达到250 mm时3种降雨强度下胶体出流浓度差异不大。
统计分析表明,当雨强为40 mm/h时,其特征统计量均具有明显的两阶段、突降特征,雨强为25 mm/h和10 mm/h时除粒径均值表现为逐渐降低的渐变特征外,IQR、CV和CS均无明显趋势。
(1)两段式特征。两段式特征的原因主要来自两个方面。首先是土壤空隙减小,大颗粒通过能力减弱。降雨入渗初期土壤空隙结构良好,当水动力作用较强时可驱动较大颗粒迁移[56-57],故初期的出流液颗粒粒径明显高于后期(约为其4倍);但较强的降雨入渗作用也容易导致土壤空隙发生堵塞、空隙变小,呈现出水和胶体的通过能力减弱的特征,并被相关入渗实验所证实[31,34,58]。其次是不同降雨强度对土壤团聚体的拆分作用不同。降雨强度较大时雨滴动能增加,对团聚体的拆分作用增强;雨强较小时,对团聚体的拆分作用减弱,大团聚体变为微团聚体的速度减慢[59-60]。需要注意的是,雨强40 mm/h时后期胶体粒径减小,主要原因来自土壤空隙堵塞,而雨强为10 mm/h则主要来自驱动力不足[34,56,61-62]
(2)雨强与粒径统计参数。除在试验初期胶体粒径随雨强的增加而增大外,雨强为25 mm/h时具有土壤胶体平均粒径最大、变异系数和偏态系数最小的特征。这表明降雨强度为25 mm/h时,在0~250 mm累积降雨量时土壤胶体粒径的统计特征更稳定。结合该区域的大雨、暴雨特征分析表明,该强度和该区域暴雨的平均强度一致,其值可为实际降雨入渗过程中土壤胶体颗粒分布特征提供更好的参照。
研究揭示出不同粒径胶体含量变化呈现出含量稳定、增加和减小的特征,且增加和减少趋势均可用一般指数模型进行模拟。一方面,粒径含量稳定的区间在3个雨强下分别为1.986~3.905 μm、1.75~4.385 μm、1.54~3.098 μm,且含量均超过30%;这说明出流胶体粒径稳定域并不随雨强的增加而减小,而是雨强为25 mm/h最大,40 mm/h条件下次之,10 mm/h最小。该结果在相关研究中鲜有报道,将为分析土壤胶体迁移提供新的视角。另一方面,较大颗粒的指数衰减特征表明土壤胶体释放过程满足一阶动力学衰减方程,则其存在稳定的半衰期[63-64],可进一步为岩溶区土壤漏失及其水环境风险提供依据。
(1)胶体浓度变化特征。除揭示出胶体出流浓度随降雨强度和累积降雨入渗量增加而增大这一基本特征及其定量关系外,更重要的是揭示出所释放的土壤胶体浓度在3个雨强下的差异表现出3个典型阶段:0~100 mm阶段雨强为25 mm/h与40 mm/h时胶体浓度差异不显著,明显高于10 mm/h;100~250 mm阶段3个雨强下胶体浓度均有较大差异;累积雨量大于250 mm时三者差异很小。原因是初期所释放的胶体来自前期的赋存,水动力条件起主导作用;中期更大的水动力条件易导致土壤团聚体崩解,形成胶体出流;后期随着团聚体及土壤颗粒的向下运移,流速大时大孔隙更易发生堵塞,三者差异越来越小。
(2)胶体粒径分布特征。胶体粒径的特征统计量在雨强为40 mm/h时呈明显的两阶段、突降特征,而雨强为25、10 mm/h时则呈现出渐变特征;原因是较强的水动力作用导致较大颗粒迁移、易于形成土壤空隙堵塞,大颗粒通过能力显著降低。雨强为25 mm/h时土壤胶体平均粒径最大、变异系数和偏态系数最小的特征,且该强度接近该区域的平均暴雨强度,其统计特征具有重要的参考意义。
(3)不同粒径胶体含量变化特征。不同粒径胶体含量变化呈现出含量稳定、增加和减小的特征。其中粒径含量稳定的区间在40、25、10 mm/h 3个雨强下分别为1.986~3.905 μm、1.75~4.385 μm、1.54~3.098 μm,含量分别为32.7%、42.5%、31.4%,这说明出流胶体含量稳定的粒径并不随雨强的增加而减小;增加和减少趋势均可用一般指数模型进行模拟,为定量分析土壤胶体动态出流的粒径分布特征提供定量计算依据。该结论在相关研究中鲜有报道,将为分析土壤胶体迁移提供新的视角,可进一步为岩溶区土壤漏失及其水环境风险提供依据。
上述结论创新地揭示出不同流速下土壤胶体出流浓度差异的阶段性特征,并从细观尺度量化了不同粒径胶体随累积入渗量的含量变化趋势,将为进一步评价该时段的区域水环境风险和驱动机制提供参考依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42167037)
  • 国家自然科学基金(51969006)
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2025年第25卷第10期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403816
  • 接收时间:2024-05-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-08
补充材料
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-23
  • 修回日期:2025-01-13
基金
国家自然科学基金(42167037)
国家自然科学基金(51969006)
作者信息
    1 贵州大学资源与环境工程学院, 贵阳 550000
    2 贵州大学喀斯特地质资源与环境教育部重点实验室, 贵阳 550000
    3 中冶成都勘察研究总院有限公司, 成都 610023

通讯作者:

* 周向阳(1982—),男,汉族,四川德阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:极端气候下的洪旱灾害风险与生态环境安全。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxjsygc/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403816
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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