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Gaseous detonation is a method to obtain nanomaterials in a short time by gas explosion, which has been successfully applied to the preparation of carbon nanomaterials and oxides. Compared with other nanomaterials preparation methods, gaseous detonation method has the advantages of high efficiency, convenience, high yield and green environmental protection. The instrumentation and operation procedures required for the preparation of nanomaterials by gaseous detonation were described. Secondly, the morphology, structure, and performance characteristics of carbonaceous nanomaterials and metal oxide nanomaterials prepared by gaseous detonation were presented. At the same time, the current status of the growth mechanism of nanomaterials was analysed and summarized. Moreover, the progress of the research on nanomaterials prepared by gaseous detonation in the areas of photocatalysis, electromagnetic wave absorption, and friction resistance was summarized. Finally, the application potential and technological prospect of the gaseous detonation method and the nanomaterials prepared by the method were discussed, which can provide a useful reference for the industrialised large-scale synthesis of nanomaterials by the gaseous detonation method.

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气相爆轰法是一种利用气体爆炸短时间内获取纳米材料的方法,已成功应用于碳纳米材料和氧化物的制备。相较于其他纳米材料的制备方法,该方法具备高效、便捷、产率高、绿色环保等优点。围绕气相爆轰法制备纳米材料所需的仪器设备及操作流程进行阐述,介绍了气相爆轰法制备含碳类纳米材料与金属氧化物纳米材料的形貌结构、性能特征。同时对纳米材料的生长机理研究现状进行了分析与总结,归纳了气相爆轰制备纳米材料在光催化、电磁吸波、耐摩擦等方面的研究进展。最后对气相爆轰法及其所制备的纳米材料的应用潜力与技术前景进行了展望,为气相爆轰法工业化大规模合成纳米材料提供有益参考。

, correspAuthors=闫鸿浩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 闫鸿浩(1975—),男,汉族,辽宁大连人,博士,研究员。研究方向:爆炸与冲击动力学。E-mail:
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赵铁军(1990—),男,汉族,河南滑县人,博士,讲师。研究方向:爆炸加工、冲击动力学与吸波材料。E-mail:

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赵铁军(1990—),男,汉族,河南滑县人,博士,讲师。研究方向:爆炸加工、冲击动力学与吸波材料。E-mail:

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Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205908745368957787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296398529375, companyId=1205908745356374873, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.大连理工大学工程力学系, 大连 116024)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1205908748573406079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296398529375, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of the experimental system of gaseous detonation tube[27], figureFileSmall=g+ri+PZnnWYI3xIqr4sQYg==, figureFileBig=mL9czSbu6oFrWd6z4BBvKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908748674069376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296398529375, language=CN, label=图1, caption=气相爆轰管实验系统示意图[27], figureFileSmall=g+ri+PZnnWYI3xIqr4sQYg==, figureFileBig=mL9czSbu6oFrWd6z4BBvKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908748778926977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296398529375, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Physical diagram of a vertical cylindrical explosive tank[28], figureFileSmall=GlfgnbCBfMJlbAv8Xr3iqQ==, figureFileBig=/LTVGY+nA5OSAdKlksC7XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908748833452930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296398529375, language=CN, label=图2, caption=立式圆柱爆炸罐实物图[28], figureFileSmall=GlfgnbCBfMJlbAv8Xr3iqQ==, figureFileBig=/LTVGY+nA5OSAdKlksC7XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908748883784579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296398529375, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of the pulsed gas detonation device[29], figureFileSmall=Eq+pPTV+AfVegnJtteu9ng==, figureFileBig=iaTA2h21FgOqSrlxbAWAcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908748967670660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296398529375, language=CN, label=图3, caption=脉冲气体爆轰装置示意图[29]

1为混合点火室;2为水冷筒;3为气体分布器;4为增压爆炸室;5为爆炸反应室;6为控制计算机;7为火花塞;8为产物收集室

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1#~7#表示物质的量比n(O2):n(C6H6)分别为2.55、2.39、2.12、1.59、1.87、1.75、1.69

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caption=气相爆轰制备碳球的生长过程示意图[35]

1为反应气体处于化学反应前段;2为化学反应区前段形成碳离子态;3为碳相聚集成微小碳粒子;4为碳粒子聚集成纳米碳球;5为爆轰产物形成碳纳米颗粒

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FT-0、FT-0.5、FT-1、FT-2、FT-5、FT-10表示物质的量比n(Fe)∶n(Ti)分别为0、0.5∶100、1∶100、2∶100、5∶100、10∶100;CtC0分别为光照时间为t时和初始状态下甲基橙溶液浓度

, figureFileSmall=6e63HNaiqWAbRkUlSTz9kA==, figureFileBig=AMvKpfCTejoJkzLDmlol5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908752889344939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296398529375, language=EN, label=Fig.23, caption=Reflection loss of Fe@C nanoparticles before and after heat treatment[83], figureFileSmall=gqBCQHh+ilO2w+eaCV9cew==, figureFileBig=po0nRanEcf+jzT2TgpJZig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908752969036716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296398529375, language=CN, label=图23, caption=热处理前后Fe@C纳米颗粒的反射损耗[83], figureFileSmall=gqBCQHh+ilO2w+eaCV9cew==, figureFileBig=po0nRanEcf+jzT2TgpJZig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908753048728493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296398529375, language=EN, label=Fig.24, caption=Schematic diagram of lubricant preparation[88], figureFileSmall=o6k2mpwDLlmBsz4J9hwt7w==, figureFileBig=uCLTj06F2fgaAKAT7GByIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908753128420270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296398529375, language=CN, label=图24, caption=润滑剂制备示意图[88], figureFileSmall=o6k2mpwDLlmBsz4J9hwt7w==, figureFileBig=uCLTj06F2fgaAKAT7GByIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908753208112047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296398529375, language=EN, label=Fig.25, caption=The electrochemical properties of the CNTs[89], figureFileSmall=xDJeMvICPk3vT6H9465iHQ==, figureFileBig=rpp3MXOd4U98NhirAuLcAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908753271026608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296398529375, language=CN, label=图25, caption=CNTs的电化学性能[89]

1#、2#、3#、4#分别表示二茂铁质量为5.58、4.65、3.72、2.79 g合成的MWCNTs;阻抗Z=Z'-jZ″,Z'为实部,Z″为虚部

, figureFileSmall=xDJeMvICPk3vT6H9465iHQ==, figureFileBig=rpp3MXOd4U98NhirAuLcAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908753338135473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296398529375, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Average grain size of SnO2 prepared at different initial pressures[76]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
初始压力/MPa 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.3
平均晶粒尺寸/nm 10.67 10.21 8.97 8.69
), ArticleFig(id=1205908753426215858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296398529375, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同初始压力下制备的SnO2的平均晶粒尺寸[76]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
初始压力/MPa 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.3
平均晶粒尺寸/nm 10.67 10.21 8.97 8.69
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气相爆轰合成纳米材料的研究进展
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赵铁军 1 , 杨仲宇 1 , 闫鸿浩 2, * , 张婷婷 1 , 田林杰 1
科学技术与工程 | 综述·力学 2025,25(1): 1-16
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·力学 2025, 25(1): 1-16
气相爆轰合成纳米材料的研究进展
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赵铁军1 , 杨仲宇1, 闫鸿浩2, * , 张婷婷1, 田林杰1
作者信息
  • 1.河南大学建筑工程学院, 开封 475000
  • 2.大连理工大学工程力学系, 大连 116024
  • 赵铁军(1990—),男,汉族,河南滑县人,博士,讲师。研究方向:爆炸加工、冲击动力学与吸波材料。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 闫鸿浩(1975—),男,汉族,辽宁大连人,博士,研究员。研究方向:爆炸与冲击动力学。E-mail:
Review on Gaseous Detonation Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Tie-jun ZHAO1 , Zhong-yu YANG1, Hong-hao YAN2, * , Ting-ting ZHANG1, Lin-jie TIAN1
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Architecture and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
  • 2. Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403563
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气相爆轰法是一种利用气体爆炸短时间内获取纳米材料的方法,已成功应用于碳纳米材料和氧化物的制备。相较于其他纳米材料的制备方法,该方法具备高效、便捷、产率高、绿色环保等优点。围绕气相爆轰法制备纳米材料所需的仪器设备及操作流程进行阐述,介绍了气相爆轰法制备含碳类纳米材料与金属氧化物纳米材料的形貌结构、性能特征。同时对纳米材料的生长机理研究现状进行了分析与总结,归纳了气相爆轰制备纳米材料在光催化、电磁吸波、耐摩擦等方面的研究进展。最后对气相爆轰法及其所制备的纳米材料的应用潜力与技术前景进行了展望,为气相爆轰法工业化大规模合成纳米材料提供有益参考。

气相爆轰法  /  纳米材料  /  生长机理  /  光催化  /  电磁波吸波

Gaseous detonation is a method to obtain nanomaterials in a short time by gas explosion, which has been successfully applied to the preparation of carbon nanomaterials and oxides. Compared with other nanomaterials preparation methods, gaseous detonation method has the advantages of high efficiency, convenience, high yield and green environmental protection. The instrumentation and operation procedures required for the preparation of nanomaterials by gaseous detonation were described. Secondly, the morphology, structure, and performance characteristics of carbonaceous nanomaterials and metal oxide nanomaterials prepared by gaseous detonation were presented. At the same time, the current status of the growth mechanism of nanomaterials was analysed and summarized. Moreover, the progress of the research on nanomaterials prepared by gaseous detonation in the areas of photocatalysis, electromagnetic wave absorption, and friction resistance was summarized. Finally, the application potential and technological prospect of the gaseous detonation method and the nanomaterials prepared by the method were discussed, which can provide a useful reference for the industrialised large-scale synthesis of nanomaterials by the gaseous detonation method.

gaseous detonation method  /  nanomaterials  /  growth mechanism  /  photocatalysis  /  electromagnetic wave absorption
赵铁军, 杨仲宇, 闫鸿浩, 张婷婷, 田林杰. 气相爆轰合成纳米材料的研究进展. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403563
Tie-jun ZHAO, Zhong-yu YANG, Hong-hao YAN, Ting-ting ZHANG, Lin-jie TIAN. Review on Gaseous Detonation Synthesis of Nanomaterials[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403563
纳米材料的概念最初是由德国的Gleiter提出的,该材料具有比表面积和表面张力较大、熔点较低、导电性强、化学反应性能高、比热容大、导热性良好和超顺磁性等特点。当材料的结构进入纳米尺度特征范围时,材料晶体表面的电子结构和晶体结构发生了很大的变化,如小尺寸效应、表面效应、宏观量子隧道效应、量子尺寸效应和介电限域效应等,使其在航空航天、化学、医学、生物、电子等领域具有广阔应用前景[1]
目前,纳米材料的制备方法繁多,制备纳米材料的基本原则是将固体分裂成纳米微粒或是将微粒聚集在一起,并控制其生长与尺寸。按照制备过程中是否发生化学反应,可分为物理方法和化学方法。常见的物理方法有等离子体法[2]、高能球磨法[3-4]、激光感应复合加热技术[5]等,化学方法有催化裂解法[6]、激光诱导化学气相沉积法[7-8]、燃烧火焰法[9]、溶胶凝胶法[10-11]等。虽然上述方法均可制取目标纳米材料,但这些方法普遍存在仪器设备昂贵、能耗高、操作复杂等问题。因此,开展一种操作简单、效率高、能量利用率高的纳米材料制备方法的研究具有重要意义。爆轰法利用物质爆炸瞬间释放能量制备纳米材料能够有效克服常见物理方法和化学方法存在的缺点。根据前驱体的不同,爆轰法可分为气相、气液、固相、固液等类型,其主要原理相似,即利用爆炸的高温、高压促使前驱体裂解、重组,形成新的纳米材料[12]。其中,所介绍的气相爆轰法是利用气体或气态物质爆炸制备纳米材料的方法,目前,该方法已成功应用于纳米材料合成,同时,爆轰合成的纳米材料能够展现良好的物化性能,如碳类纳米材料的吸附性[13]、生物安全性[14]和减阻抗磨性能[15-19]、电磁波吸收性能[20]、高导电性[21]和金属氧化物的光催化性能[22-26]等。
现围绕气相爆轰法制备纳米材料所用设备、实验流程、纳米材料种类、生长机理与应用领域等方面展开综述,讨论制约气相爆轰法发展的因素,并对该方法的研究方向进行展望。
气相爆轰法合成纳米材料一般在密闭的管式、罐式反应器中完成,也有利用连续爆炸装置开展相关材料的制备研究。常见的气相爆轰反应器有气相爆轰管、立式圆柱爆炸罐、连续爆炸装置等。
气相爆轰管是气相爆轰合成纳米材料常用的设备(如图1所示),利用该装置能够制备种类较多的纳米材料,如碳点、纳米碳球、碳纳米管、碳包覆金属纳米材料、二氧化钛、二氧化锡和二氧化硅等。
气相爆轰管长约1 100 mm,内径约95 mm,体积约为7.8 L。该爆轰管由温度控制系统、压强控制系统、物料添加系统、电火花起爆系统和气体加载系统构成。利用该气相爆轰管开展纳米材料的制备流程大致如下:首先将前驱体均匀地放置于洁净的爆轰管内,接着密封爆轰管并抽真空;然后启动温控系统对爆轰管加热至设定温度并保温一定时间以确保前驱体形成气态;再者按照一定物质的量比依次充入可燃性气体(或注入液态可汽化的燃料)与氧气(空气),静置一段时间后,用高能点火器引爆混合气体;最终当产物静置沉淀于爆轰管壁时进行收集。对于无前驱体的纳米材料制备,则略去前驱体添加步骤,其余流程与之相似。
立式圆柱爆炸罐是另外一种用于气相爆轰合成纳米材料的实验装置(如图2所示),利用该装置一般仅用于制备纯碳类纳米材料[28]。立式圆柱爆炸罐高约37.6 cm、内径约23.9 cm,内腔为铝制材料。该装置包含温度和压力测量单元,可用于测定爆轰的温度和压力,峰值爆轰温度由光学探测器探测到的由爆轰发出的绿光和红光强度的比值决定,压力探头测量腔室中的峰值爆轰压力。利用该装置爆炸制备纳米材料的大致步骤如下:首先密闭罐体并用真空泵对腔室抽真空;然后按照一定比例依次通入烃类气体与氧气;最后用电火花引爆混合气体,待腔室冷却后收集纳米粉体。该装置一般用于制备纯碳类纳米材料。
脉冲气体爆轰装置(pulse gas-detonation device,PGDD)是一种基于CCDS2000爆轰喷涂设备研发的可实现纯碳类纳米材料的连续制备的装置[29],其示意图如图3所示。PGDD包含计算机控制充气系统、气体混合室、点火系统、爆炸反应室、产物收集室和水冷系统。利用PGDD制备纯碳类纳米材料的实验流程大致如下:首先将烃类气体(图3中F1、F2)与氧气按照一定比例混合,并充满气体混合室与爆炸反应室;然后用电火花引爆气体混合室中的混合气体,在爆炸驱动下引爆爆炸反应室内的气体;最后反应结束后利用载气将产物输送至收集室,接着循环上述步骤实现连续制备纯碳类纳米材料与氢气的目的。该装置制备纯碳类纳米材料的效率很高,且对气相爆轰法的工业化应用提供了重要借鉴。
碳点,即碳量子点或碳纳米点,是一类具有荧光性能的零维碳纳米材料,包括石墨烯量子点、碳纳米点和聚合物点三类,具有良好的生物相容性、低毒性、荧光可调性和催化性,在生物医学、光电器件、催化和化学传感领域应用广泛。Yan等[30]以苯甲酸为碳源、氢氧混合气体为爆源制备了具有强荧光性的石墨烯量子点(graphene quantum dots,GQDs),GQDs的产率可达21.5%,且制备的样品具有良好的结晶特征与荧光性能,由此提出了一种无溶剂的GQDs气相爆轰法制备方案,高分辨率的透射电镜(high resolution transmission electron microscope,HRTEM)如图4所示。
纳米碳球具有密度低、强度高的特点且其光学、导电性和电磁性能优异,在催化剂载体、储氢材料、医药合成、电极材料和超级电容等领域有广泛应用潜力。Shtertser等[31]利用乙炔-氧混合气体在贫氧条件下制备了纳米碳球,分析了乙炔与氧的混合比例与起爆方式对纳米碳球控制性合成的影响,指出爆炸制备的材料为尺寸约100 nm的无定形碳球。实验发现,当氧气与燃料物质的量比≤0.65时,爆轰产物中出现碳球团聚物,透射电镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)如图5所示。随后Sheterster等基于爆炸喷涂装置提出了图3所示的脉冲气相爆轰装置制备纳米碳球的新方法,且其产量每小时可生产17.7 kg的纳米碳球和1.7 kg的氢气[29-32],并对甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、丙烯和乙烯与氧气的混合物进行爆轰分解,生成纳米爆轰碳和氢气,并确定其最低氧含量(最大燃料含量)所对应的爆轰上限[33-34]
李晓杰等[35]采用气相爆轰法以氧气和苯为原料制备了纳米碳球,研究了氧气-苯浓度比对纳米碳球晶粒尺寸的影响,如图6(a)所示,X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)结果发现纳米粉体以非结晶体的无定形碳为主,但存在部分石墨化的碳结构。纳米碳结构呈球状,如图6(b)所示,粒径在10~60 nm,具有较好的分散性。氧气-苯浓度比的不同会引起爆轰温度的变化,导致纳米碳球的分散性降低,随着氧气-苯浓度比的提高,纳米碳球的尺寸变小,分散性变好,当氧气-苯浓度比低于1.25时,出现熄爆现象。Luo等[16,36]在氧-苯爆炸制备纳米碳球的基础上研究了甲烷、氧、苯爆炸制备尺寸均匀石墨化程度较高的洋葱状碳球,结果指出,当初始温度在150~180 ℃,初始压强在1.0~1.5 atm(1 atm=101 325 Pa),甲烷、苯、氧浓度比为(18~28)∶6∶3时,能够获得形貌结构良好的洋葱状碳球,如图7(a)所示。He等[37]采用苯甲酸、乙炔、氧爆炸制备了粒径约50 nm的洋葱状碳球,并分析了其生长过程。Deng等[13]向乙炔、氧混合气体中掺入不同比例的氨气制备了具有玫瑰花状的碳-氮粉体,分析了氨气产量对纳米碳-氮粉体形貌结构与吸附性能的影响,如图7(b)所示。
碳包覆金属纳米材料是一种典型的核-壳类纳米材料,该材料是由纳米金属核与碳壳构成,在结构上可以保障金属纳米颗粒之间的联系,有助于提高其分散性,进而保证纳米金属的活性,因此该材料在化学、材料、物理等领域具有巨大的利用价值,许多科学家对其开展大量的研究。
Yan等[38-39]首次采用气相爆轰法,以二茂铁为原料,氢-氧、氢-空气为爆源制备了碳包覆铁(Fe@C)纳米颗粒,分析了核-壳类Fe@C纳米颗粒的形貌特征、物相构成、磁性特征,为核-壳类碳包覆金属纳米材料的制备提供了新方法,如图8所示。在后续的研究中,闫鸿浩等[27]先后研究了影响Fe@C纳米颗粒气相爆轰制备的因素,指出爆源中混合气体的浓度比例、前驱体用量等均对产物形貌、物相产生较显著的影响。Yan等[40]在此基础上研究了惰性气体(Ar气)对碳包覆铜(Cu@C)纳米颗粒制备的影响,研究指出当以乙酰丙酮铜为前驱体,Ar气作为保护介质,物质的量比n(H2)∶n(O2)∶n(Ar)=2∶1∶3时,制备的Cu@C纳米颗粒(如图9所示)具有颗粒均匀、分散良好的特点,且惰性气体有助于Cu@C纳米颗粒的气相爆轰法合成。不过,当惰性气体比例较高时,不利于石墨碳层的形成。Xiang等[41]研究了不同爆源对Fe@C纳米颗粒形貌、物相的影响,发现氢-氧、甲烷-氧爆轰获得的是石墨包覆的铁/碳化铁纳米颗粒,甲烷-乙炔-氧爆轰获得的是石墨包覆Fe/Fe3C/Fe15.1C纳米颗粒。Zhao等[42]研究了爆源对碳包覆Co-Cu合金复合材料的颗粒尺寸和形貌的影响。以乙酰丙酮钴和乙酰丙酮铜的混合物为前驱体,按照物质的量比n(Co)∶n(Cu) = 2∶1制备碳包覆Co-Cu合金复合材料物,发现燃烧热高的可燃气体有利于制备尺寸较大颗粒,不利于碳纳米管的制备,采用低燃烧热的可燃气体在负氧条件下方可制备碳纳米管和核壳纳米颗粒。
Zhao等[43]通过选择不同的前驱体、爆源及爆源混合气体浓度比例,探讨了碳包覆钴(Co@C)纳米颗粒、Fe@C纳米颗粒的气相爆轰制备问题,结果发现当爆源为氢氧混合气体时,随着氢-氧摩尔比的增大,核壳结构的Fe@C纳米颗粒将逐步转变为Fe@C纳米颗粒与碳纳米管的混合粉体;当前驱体更换为乙酰丙酮钴(Ⅲ)时,产物为Co@C纳米颗粒与碳纳米管(carbon nanotubes,CNTs)的混合粉体,而氢-氧物质的量比对其形貌的影响不大[44],但会对粒径产生较大影响,如图10所示。Zhao等[45]以具有高沸点的乙酰丙酮铜与乙酰丙酮钴(Ⅲ)混合粉体为前驱体,探索了碳包覆钴铜合金的气相爆轰法制备问题并分析了热处理对其物相、形貌特征的影响,指出利用高燃烧热的苯-氧混合气体作为爆源能够成功制备碳包钴铜合金纳米颗粒,热处理后粉体仍为核壳结构,但钴铜合金物相分解为钴、铜单质,如图11所示。
碳纳米管(CNTs)是一种非常重要的碳材料,包括多壁碳纳米管(multiwalled carbon nanotubes,MWCNTs)和单壁碳纳米管,其直径通常在几纳米到几十纳米,管壁厚仅有几纳米,具备金属特性和半导体特性,可以用于制造电子元件、燃料电池等。由于MWCNTs在制备过程中使用如Fe、Co、Ni催化剂,因此MWCNTs具有一定的磁性和介电性,可以作为一种轻质、高强度的电磁波吸收材料。
Luo等[46]对CNTs的气相爆轰法制备进行了探索,以氧、苯、二茂铁为原料爆炸制备了CNTs,提出气相爆轰制备CNTs的可行性。杨瑞等[47-49]以甲烷和氧气为爆源,二茂铁为金属催化剂源在贫氧条件下制备了晶化程度较高的MWCNTs,并分析了初始温度、爆源种类和二茂铁用量对制备MWCNTs的影响,发现制备MWCNTs的最佳温度为110~130 ℃;甲烷为爆源与碳源时,初始温度升高后,MWCNTs的产量减少且石墨化程度变差,直径增大;乙炔为爆源与碳源时不会产生CNTs;二茂铁用量增多后,CNTs的产量和石墨化程度均得到提高。气相爆轰制备的CNTs的HRTEM图如图12所示。Zhao等[43]通过提高氢气在氢-氧混合气体中的浓度占比制备了Fe@C纳米颗粒-CNTs混合粉体,指出氢气对保持金属纳米颗粒催化活性与稀释产物浓度方面的作用。商士远等[50]通过CNTs制备金刚石,指出碳纳米管可通过固-固原位相变的形式转化为形状尺寸各异的聚晶金刚石,此外,Shang等[51-53]先后研究了不同合成方法与不同碳源对合成的金刚石的影响。
石墨烯是碳的同素异形体,碳原子以sp2杂化键合成单层六边形蜂窝晶格石墨烯,具有良好的光学、电学和力学特性。Nepal等[54-55]以C2H2作为爆源,采用气相爆轰法合成了石墨烯纳米片(graphene nanosheets,GNs)(如图13所示),指出随着O2与C2H2物质的量比增大,所生成的GNs尺寸增大,产量减小,并探讨了利用该GNs制备高度氧化的石墨烯纳米片。Wright等[56]研究发现乙炔-氧爆炸产生的温度比乙炔-氧火焰温度高500~1 000 K,初始O/C元素比例对石墨烯结构影响很大,当该比例较低时,石墨烯密度较小;反之,石墨烯密度较大;并通过动态聚合理论分析了石墨烯凝聚的原理。
气相爆轰法制备纳米氧化物主要采用SiCl4、TiCl4和SnCl4等作为前驱体,分别制备SiO2、TiO2、SnO2,其反应方程式如下。
$\begin{array}{ll} \mathrm{SiCl}_{4}(\mathrm{~g})+\mathrm{O}_{2}(\mathrm{~g}) & +2 \mathrm{H}_{2}(\mathrm{~g}) \longrightarrow \mathrm{SiO}_{2}(\mathrm{~s}) + \\ 4 \mathrm{HCl}(\mathrm{~g}) &\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l} \mathrm{TiCl}_{4}(\mathrm{~g})+\mathrm{O}_{2}(\mathrm{~g})+2 \mathrm{H}_{2}(\mathrm{~g}) \longrightarrow \mathrm{TiO}_{2}(\mathrm{~s})+ \\ 4 \mathrm{HCl}(\mathrm{~g}) \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l} \mathrm{SnCl}_{4}(\mathrm{~g})+\mathrm{O}_{2}(\mathrm{~g})+2 \mathrm{H}_{2}(\mathrm{~g}) \longrightarrow \mathrm{SnO}_{2}(\mathrm{~s})+ \\ 4 \mathrm{HCl}(\mathrm{~g}) \end{array}$
二氧化钛具有大的比表面积、高的表面活性、良好的热扩散性、良好的化学稳定性、无毒性、较强的紫外光吸收能力和氧化还原能力,在覆盖材料、空气净化、自清洁、功能陶瓷、化妆品、催化剂、废水处理等方面具有广阔的应用前景。
李晓杰等[57]率先对纳米TiO2的气相爆轰制备展开了研究,指出以TiCl4为原料采用氢氧爆炸可以制备金红石相与锐钛矿相混合的纳米TiO2,且环境温度对其颗粒尺寸与物相构成有较显著的影响,爆炸过程出现了爆燃转爆轰现象。Ouyang等[58]测量了纳米TiO2制备过程中的爆压时程曲线,并发现所制粉体包含80%的金红石相和20%的锐钛矿相。Yan等[59-60]分析了爆源中氢气含量对TiO2制备的影响,指出氢气占比提高后,金红石相的比例提高,颗粒尺寸减小且分散性减弱。Luo等[61]将TiCl4与无水乙醇混合后,采用氢氧爆炸获得了纯金红石相的纳米TiO2,提出了控制性制备单物相TiO2的气相爆轰制备方案。Wu等[62]探讨了TiCl4浓度对TiO2颗粒尺寸与光催化性能的影响,发现随着TiCl4浓度的降低,TiO2的粒径减小,且当TiCl4浓度为2.09 mol/m3时,TiO2的活性最高。闫鸿浩等[63]研究指出爆温对TiO2粒径影响显著,爆温越高TiO2的粒径越大,但其对物相构成影响相对较弱。曲艳东等[64]提出了利用氢-空气爆炸制备纳米TiO2的方案,并测定了爆轰管末端的爆压,发现氢/空气比例对爆压与爆温的影响比较显著,进而影响产物的物相构成与颗粒尺寸。罗宁等[65]研究了3种预混气体制备纳米TiO2时的爆轰压力、爆轰速度、胞格参数,并对爆轰管的安全性进行了校核。Luo等[66]以CH4、C6H6、O2、TiCl4为原料,研究制备了石墨包覆TiO2纳米颗粒(如图14所示),发现该粉体晶体直径在10~30 nm,核壳结构良好,碳壳厚度均匀,指出气相爆轰法可合成优异的石墨包覆TiO2纳米颗粒。Wu等[67]以TiCl4、SnCl4、SiCl4和二茂铁作为前驱体制备不同类型的TiO2复合材料,并对其生长机理进行分析。研究指出前驱体的种类决定了纳米复合颗粒的晶型,并对TiO2复合材料的粒径、比表面积和孔径产生影响。SnCl4、SiCl4和二茂铁3种前驱体均使产物比表面积增大。SnCl4、SiCl4会阻碍TiO2金红石相的形成,使其平均粒径减小,而二茂铁将促进TiO2金红石相的形成,使其平均粒径增大。不同初始压力(0.2、0.15、0.1 MPa)下的TiO2的TEM图像如图15所示。
Yan等[69]利用氢氧爆源与SiCl4爆炸分析了初始温度对纳米SiO2物相、形貌与分散性的影响,发现样品的结晶度较低、颗粒呈球状,且随着初始温度的升高,其分散性与颗粒尺寸均匀性均得到提升。接着闫鸿浩等[70-71]研究了前驱体物质的量、混合气体爆源对纳米SiO2爆轰制备的影响,指出SiCl4的物质的量在氢-氧爆源时应不高于1.25,氢-空气爆源中应不高于1.5时才能获得分散性较好、粒径分布较均匀的纳米SiO2。Dhaubhadel等[72]以硅烷为原料,氧气或氧化亚氮为氧化剂,研究了氛围气体(氦气、氮气和二氧化碳)对气相爆轰法合成SiO2气溶胶凝胶(如图16所示)的影响,发现氛围气体对SiO2气溶胶凝胶形貌特征的影响不显著。孔祥清等[73]在爆轰管内放置铁片的方式简单快捷地制备了SiO2-Fe2O3复合材料,且其纯度高、分散性较好、颗粒尺寸呈球状,尺寸约50 nm。He等[74]则采用氢-氧爆炸分解苯甲酸与SiCl4探讨了在锂电池电极中有应用潜力的碳包覆SiO2(SiO2@C)纳米颗粒的制备,并简要分析了该核-壳结构复合材料的生长机制。
SnO2是一种功能半导体材料,可用于气体泄漏检测、光电部件中应用潜力巨大。闫鸿浩等[75-76]对SnO2的气相爆轰快捷制备进行了尝试,指出氢氧爆炸分解SnCl4能够快捷地制备粒径在1~10 nm的SnO2颗粒,获得的SnO2颗粒为纯金红石相,提高初始压强将导致晶粒尺寸减小,但颗粒尺寸增大并且分散性降低。不同初始压力下制备的SnO2平均晶粒尺寸如表1所示。
关于气体爆炸合成纳米材料的生长机制问题,研究者们主要利用数值计算与实验相结合的方式开展研究。Dhaubhadel等[77]聚焦碳气溶胶凝胶问题,利用非格点Monte Carlo法分析了碳材料团簇聚集问题,指出烃类气体爆炸形成碳气溶胶,其中的团簇密集区在凝胶点附近聚集将产生碳超聚体。Yan等[30]、Luo等[16]以及李晓杰等[35]利用Zeldovich-von Neumann-Döring(ZND)模型探讨了烃-氧爆轰制备碳球的基本过程,提出反应区生成的游离碳经过C-J面后将凝结碰撞形成较大的颗粒,这与炸药爆炸产生游离碳的研究结果相吻合,如图17所示。对于核壳类碳材料生长机理的研究,一般认为前驱体在反应区分解产生游离的金属粒子与碳粒子高速碰撞后形成金属核和碳结构,C-J面后温压骤降碳从金属核析出或凝聚于金属核周围,最终形成核壳结构。Xiang等[41]基于此对碳/石墨包覆铁纳米颗粒生长机理做出解释,如图18所示。
Zhao等[20]以二茂铁作为催化剂,甲烷与氧气作为爆源,通过气相爆轰制备多壁碳纳米管,对其生长机理做出解释。图19是爆轰理论的经典ZND模型。当爆轰波传至化学反应区前方时,甲烷与氧气反应释放大量能量,二茂铁热解成碳原子、铁原子和氢原子。化学反应在C-J平面完成,爆轰波向未反应区传播,温度和压力稳定。原子之间发生剧烈的碰撞后铁颗粒和碳颗粒逐渐生成,随后铁和碳之间发生可逆反应:Fe+C↔Fe3C。铁纳米颗粒在碰撞过程中生长,当碳的溶解度达到饱时,碳原子从铁颗粒中析出,在铁颗粒表面形成石墨碳层,生成核壳结构。碰撞导致团聚的核壳粒子的产生,并形成基体。随着C-J面的前移,产物区的压力和温度急剧下降,产物中碳和铁的浓度也随之降低。碳原子在铁催化剂颗粒表面不断析出,形成MWCNTs。当温度和压力不满足MWCNTs的生长条件时,MWCNTs的生长停止,如图20所示。
对于纳米氧化物在气体爆炸合成中的生长机制,Luo等[66]与Yan等[78]假设气体爆炸反应瞬间结束,忽略爆轰波衰减对纳米氧化物生长的影响,通过Kruis模型建立了气体爆炸合成纳米TiO2和SnO2的颗粒生长模型,指出反应时间、温度和颗粒浓度是影响纳米氧化物生长的关键因素,且随着它们的提高纳米氧化物颗粒将呈球状生长。Zhao等[79-80]采用实验方法研究了氢氧爆轰制备TiO2过程中颗粒生长的动态特征,设计了一种能够拦截收集TiO2的装置,建立了TiO2生长过程与爆轰波传播衰减之间的联系,如图21所示。研究指出随着爆轰波传播距离的增长,爆轰压力、温度、速度下降,颗粒碰撞速率降低,并在爆轰管末端发生反射衰减为燃烧波继续传播[图21(b)]。当爆轰波在管内重复反射,使TiO2纳米颗粒继续生长,由于生成温度不同,所以最终形成的TiO2纳米颗粒具有锐钛矿和金红石混合相。该研究证实了爆轰波传播衰减能够对纳米材料的生长产生影响。
Yan等[81]以初始温度、TiCl4用量和TiCl4-H2物质的量比作为因素设计了3因素3水平的正交试验,分析了三者对纳米TiO2光催化降解甲基橙溶液催化活性的影响,结果指出TiCl4用量是影响TiO2光催化活性的最主要因素,其光催化活性随着TiCl4用量的增多而降低,温度为次要影响因素,在130 ℃下光催化活性最高,而TiCl4-H2物质的量比对其光催化活性几乎没有影响,并提出了制备TiO2的最佳条件为初始温度130 ℃、TiCl4用量5 mL、TiCl4-H2物质的量比为1∶1。Wu等[62]的研究验证了TiCl4用量越多,纳米TiO2的光催化能力越弱。为了提升纳米TiO2的光催化能力,Wu等[22-24]探索了SnO2-TiO2、SiO2-TiO2和Fe2O3-TiO2纳米复合材料的气相爆轰制备,分别探究SnO2、SiO2与Fe2O3对纳米复合材料光催化性能的影响。研究表明复合材料的光催化性能随SnO2含量的增加而增强,在物质的量比n(Sn)∶n(Ti)=1∶4时达到峰值,且复合材料的光催化性能明显高于TiO2;随着SiO2含量的增加,复合材料的光催化活性呈现先增加后迅速降低的趋势,当SiO2含量约为5%时,材料的光催化活性最高;Fe2O3可提高TiO2的光催化活性,当前驱体中Fe-Ti物质的量比为1%时,复合材料的光催化活性最高。反应时间曲线如图22所示。
Zhao等[20]研究了气相爆轰制备MWCNTs的电磁波吸波性能,发现其吸波性能较差,指出MWCNTs石墨化程度较低,阻抗匹配较差,导致波不能入射到吸收体中,并且金属核中含有较高的Fe3C含量导致了磁损耗能力的降低。随后Zhao等[45,82-84]系统地研究了Fe@C纳米颗粒、Co@C纳米颗粒、Co-Cu@C纳米颗粒的电磁波吸波性能,如图23所示,分别对厚度为1、2、3、4、5 mm的Fe@C纳米颗粒进行试验,发现初始样品的电磁波吸波性能均较弱,其主要原因在于样品中存在大量的无定形碳,颗粒分散性较差,导致阻抗匹配较差,但通过保护气体热处理的方式可以有效地改善这类材料的吸波性能,热处理后这三类材料的最小反射损耗分别可达-17.1、-17.5、-6.2 dB。研究提出适当提高反应温度与样品热处理能有比较有效地提升气相爆轰法制备的碳包覆磁性纳米颗粒的电磁波吸波性能。刘曦等[85]通过乙炔-氧爆炸制备了纯度较高的球形纳米石墨粉体,发现其具备良好的吸波性能,最小反射损耗可达-40 dB。Li等[86]通过乙炔爆轰制备出纳米碳基胶囊基质材料,研究发现其反射损耗可达-10.8 dB。
He等[15,87]研究了GQDs浓度对润滑油抗磨性能进行了研究(图24),测定了GQDs的最佳添加浓度为0.8%,表明GQDs可以作为性能优异的润滑油添加剂,并阐明了GQDs优异的减摩抗磨性能归因于GQDs的抛光效应和修复效应的协同作用。Luo等[16]研究了纳米洋葱状碳的摩擦性能,表明洋葱状碳易吸附沉积在钢球摩擦表面形成油膜,从而降低表面摩擦力。此外,洋葱状碳可以填充摩擦表面的磨损,起到修复作用并具备“微型轴承”特点,提高润滑油的耐磨性。向俊庠等[17]、Luo等[88]还研究了碳包覆金属纳米颗粒摩擦性能,发现随着碳包覆金属纳米颗粒含量的增加,钢球的磨痕直径和摩擦因数均先减小后增大,当润滑油中添加0.6%石墨包覆铜纳米颗粒时摩擦性能最佳,对于分别含Fe@C纳米颗粒、Co@C纳米颗粒与Ni@C纳米颗粒的润滑油中,添加Ni@C纳米颗粒的润滑油的耐摩擦性能最好。
Luo等[89]研究了MWCNTs作为双层电容器电极材料的潜力,指出其具有较小的电荷转移电阻,且10 000次循环后其比电容几乎没有衰减,表明该材料具有优异的电化学稳定性和库伦效率,如图25所示。Deng等[13]研究了玫瑰状碳材料的吸附能力,发现其具有优异的吸波特性与可重复使用性,最大单层吸附量为357.32 mg/g,10次循环后其对亮绿色染料的去除率可达88.5%。此外,气相爆轰法制备的碳量子点还具有良好的荧光性能,在LEDs制备中有较大的应用潜力[90]
综上所述,研究人员采用不同的设备仪器、选取不同的前驱体、爆源气体以及环境条件制备了不同种类的纳米材料,并利用TEM、SEM、XRD、拉曼光谱仪、矢量网络分析仪等表征手段分析了纳米材料的形貌特征、物相构成、物理化学特性等。通过理论计算与实验分析探讨了气相爆轰法制备纳米材料的生长机制,并针对其物理化学特性展开了相关领域应用潜力的发掘。
相较于其他制备方法,气相爆轰合成纳米材料具备便捷、高效、绿色环保等优点,但就目前气相爆轰法研究进展而言,气相爆轰法制备纳米材料还有许多难点未解决。
(1)制备仪器类型较少。现有仪器的爆轰制备效率虽较高,但若要进行工业化生产还需进一步提高爆轰合成效率,研究大型爆炸合成容器和自动化爆轰合成技术[91]
(2)气相爆轰法制备的纳米材料种类有限。目前气相爆轰法可制备的纳米材料大类上仅有碳类材料与金属氧化物类材料,从维度上讲仅有零维碳纳米材料:碳量子点、富勒烯、碳包覆金属纳米材料,一维碳纳米材料:碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维,二维碳纳米材料:石墨烯,却无法合成三维碳纳米材料。
(3)在研究纳米材料制备影响因素时仅关注了单因素对产物形貌、结构和特性的影响,但在多因素共同作用下材料的生长研究不足。虽研究人员已证实气相爆轰法制备纳米材料的可行性,却对其所制备的纳米材料的调控研究不足,产物在某些应用方面无法达到工业使用要求,比如气相爆轰合成的多壁碳纳米管的吸波性能较差,这需要设计更多的试验,对产物性能进行深入研究。
(4)气相爆轰反应十分剧烈而迅速,很难通过高速摄影技术捕捉生成纳米粉体的运动特征和生长特性,科学家们利用数值计算和模拟揭示了气相爆轰过程中纳米颗粒的生长机理,却忽略了爆轰波衰减对纳米颗粒生长带来的影响。最后,爆轰波起爆和传播的研究多数为单组燃料与氧气/空气混合,对于多种混合燃料的研究较少,对其爆轰极限的动力学特性研究不足,以及如何有效精准控制爆炸条件及爆轰参数,实现极端条件下高效爆轰制备技术是目前的一大难点。因此,对于气相爆轰制备纳米颗粒仍需更深入的研究。
就目前而言,经过科学家们的不断探索,使得气相爆轰法合成纳米材料技术日渐成熟,相信经过更深入的探索与研究,能够早日实现工业化大规模制备纳米材料。
  • 国家自然科学基金(11672068)
  • 国家自然科学基金(12172084)
  • 河南省自然科学基金(232300420341)
  • 河南省自然科学基金(242300421433)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(242102230015)
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2025年第25卷第1期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403563
  • 接收时间:2024-05-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-14
  • 修回日期:2024-10-25
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国家自然科学基金(11672068)
国家自然科学基金(12172084)
河南省自然科学基金(232300420341)
河南省自然科学基金(242300421433)
河南省科技攻关项目(242102230015)
作者信息
    1.河南大学建筑工程学院, 开封 475000
    2.大连理工大学工程力学系, 大连 116024

通讯作者:

* 闫鸿浩(1975—),男,汉族,辽宁大连人,博士,研究员。研究方向:爆炸与冲击动力学。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxjsygc/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403563
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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