Article(id=1149780473062318503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403440, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715184000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-09, revisedDate=1735833600000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058626665, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744041600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058626665, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058626665, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058626665, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149780466032669506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='10', pageStart='3969', pageEnd='4395', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058624990, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456644259, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4377, endPage=4385, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149780473607578026, articleId=1149780473062318503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Degradation Properties of Fe78Si9B13 Amorphous Alloys to Sulfadiazine, columnId=1156262729993277777, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Antibiotics are new pollutants in water environment, which have potential threat to aquatic ecological environment and human health. Considering that sulfanilamide antibiotics are difficult to degrade and oxidize and cannot be effectively removed by sewage treatment plants, Fe78Si9B13/H2O2 system was constructed to efficiently and environmentally degrade sulfanilamide antibiotic pollution. Fe78Si9B13/H2O2 system was selected as the best process for efficient degradation of SDZ(sulfadiazine) through a series of experiments with different experimental parameters. The experimental results show that 250 μg/L SDZ can be degraded 100% within 4 min at pH=2, H2O2=50 μmol/L and temperature 25 ℃, and its apparent rate constant (Kobs) can reach 0.99 min-1. The activation energy of SDZ removal in the system is 25.42 kJ/mol. The quenching agent experiments show that the key active substance of Fe78Si9B13/H2O2 system degrades SDZ is hydroxyl radical (·OH). Through high resolution identification of intermediates and toxicity assessment of the intermediates, the results show that all intermediates are substantially reduced or harmless compared to the mother. In addition, the practical application potential of the oxidation degradation system is verified through the actual water degradation experiment.

, correspAuthors=Juan YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kun LI, Jia-xing LI, Meng JIAO, Hao-yu ZENG, Shi-jie LIU, Juan YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149780513470243702, articleId=1149780473062318503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=Fe78Si9B13非晶合金对磺胺嘧啶的降解性能, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

抗生素为水环境中新型污染物,对水生生态环境以及人类的健康有潜在的威胁。针对磺胺类抗生素难降解氧化且并不能完全被污水处理厂高效去除,构建Fe78Si9B13/H2O2体系高效环保降解磺胺类抗生素污染。通过一系列不同的实验参数实验遴选出,Fe78Si9B13/H2O2体系作为高效降解磺胺嘧啶(sulfadiazine,SDZ)的最佳工艺。实验结果表明,在pH=2,H2O2=50 μmol/L,温度为25 ℃时,能使250 μg/L SDZ 在4 min内100%降解,其表观速率常数(Kobs)可达0.99 min-1,其体系中去除SDZ的活化能为25.42 kJ/mol。淬灭剂实验证明Fe78Si9B13/H2O2体系降解SDZ的关键活性物质是羟基自由基(·OH)。通过高分辨鉴定中间体以及对中间体进行毒性评估,结果表明所有中间体相比母本都大幅度减少或无害。此外,通过实际水体降解实验,验证了该氧化降解体系实际应用潜力。

, correspAuthors=杨娟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 杨娟(1982—),女,侗族,云南昆明人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:污染降解。E-mail:
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李坤 (1995—),女,汉族,山西洪洞人,硕士研究生。研究方向:污染降解。E-mail:

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李坤 (1995—),女,汉族,山西洪洞人,硕士研究生。研究方向:污染降解。E-mail:

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实验条件:[Fe-Si-B]0=0.5 g/L,[H2O2]0=1 mmol/L, [SDZ]0=250 μg/L,T=20 ℃

, figureFileSmall=vOosTMhFJmRSe7T1UNF+oA==, figureFileBig=GMx5990TKI7qTtpdVqB7Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525110479274719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780473062318503, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different H2O2 concentrations on Fe-Si-B/H2O2 degradation of SDZ, figureFileSmall=/RG6KgiNt5JpO7CLYBkn7g==, figureFileBig=+hGNbbL9kI21Jf3Qu/KfvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525110626075368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780473062318503, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同H2O2浓度对Fe-Si-B/H2O2降解SDZ的影响

实验条件:[Fe-Si-B]0=0.5 g/L,pH=2, [SDZ]0=250 μg/L,T=20 ℃

, figureFileSmall=/RG6KgiNt5JpO7CLYBkn7g==, figureFileBig=+hGNbbL9kI21Jf3Qu/KfvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525110760293106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780473062318503, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different catalyst usage on Fe-Si-B/H2O2 degradation of SDZ, figureFileSmall=Jik5anuW9bjgSlzxV7jHRA==, figureFileBig=zpDfxNpzUTN8SGbuF1egfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525110860956409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780473062318503, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同催化剂使用量对Fe-Si-B/H2O2降解SDZ的影响

实验条件:[H2O2]0=50 μmol/L,pH=2, [SDZ]0=250 μg/L,T=20 ℃

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实验条件:[H2O2]0=50 μmol/L,pH=2,[SDZ]0=250 μg/L, [Fe-Si-B]0=1 g/L

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实验条件:[H2O2]0=50 μmol/L,pH=2,[SDZ]0=250 μg/L, [Fe-Si-B]0=1 g/L,T=25 ℃

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实验条件:[H2O2]0=50 μmol/L,pH=2,[SDZ]0=250 μg/L, [Fe-Si-B]0=1 g/L,T=25 ℃,[淬灭剂]0=120 mmol/L

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实验条件:[H2O2]0=50 μmol/L,pH=2,[SDZ]0=250 μg/L, [Fe-Si-B]0=1 g/L,T=25 ℃,[有机质及离子]0=1 mmol/L

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Mass spectrum information of SDZ metabolites in cationic mode

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序号 分子
保留时
间/min
实际
测得
结构式
P1 C6H6O4S 1.230 174.899 0
P2 C4H5N3 7.091 96.054 5
P3 C7H10O2N4S 7.091 215.125 4
P4 C10H10N4 0.070 187.097 6
P5 C6H7ON 9.330 110.009 7
), ArticleFig(id=1218525113511756732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780473062318503, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SDZ代谢转化物在正离子模式下质谱信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 分子
保留时
间/min
实际
测得
结构式
P1 C6H6O4S 1.230 174.899 0
P2 C4H5N3 7.091 96.054 5
P3 C7H10O2N4S 7.091 215.125 4
P4 C10H10N4 0.070 187.097 6
P5 C6H7ON 9.330 110.009 7
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Fe78Si9B13非晶合金对磺胺嘧啶的降解性能
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李坤 , 李嘉兴 , 焦蒙 , 曾浩宇 , 刘世杰 , 杨娟 *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(10): 4377-4385
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(10): 4377-4385
Fe78Si9B13非晶合金对磺胺嘧啶的降解性能
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李坤 , 李嘉兴, 焦蒙, 曾浩宇, 刘世杰, 杨娟*
作者信息
  • 西南林业大学生态与环境学院, 昆明 650244
  • 李坤 (1995—),女,汉族,山西洪洞人,硕士研究生。研究方向:污染降解。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 杨娟(1982—),女,侗族,云南昆明人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:污染降解。E-mail:
Degradation Properties of Fe78Si9B13 Amorphous Alloys to Sulfadiazine
Kun LI , Jia-xing LI, Meng JIAO, Hao-yu ZENG, Shi-jie LIU, Juan YANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650244, China
出版时间: 2025-04-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403440
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抗生素为水环境中新型污染物,对水生生态环境以及人类的健康有潜在的威胁。针对磺胺类抗生素难降解氧化且并不能完全被污水处理厂高效去除,构建Fe78Si9B13/H2O2体系高效环保降解磺胺类抗生素污染。通过一系列不同的实验参数实验遴选出,Fe78Si9B13/H2O2体系作为高效降解磺胺嘧啶(sulfadiazine,SDZ)的最佳工艺。实验结果表明,在pH=2,H2O2=50 μmol/L,温度为25 ℃时,能使250 μg/L SDZ 在4 min内100%降解,其表观速率常数(Kobs)可达0.99 min-1,其体系中去除SDZ的活化能为25.42 kJ/mol。淬灭剂实验证明Fe78Si9B13/H2O2体系降解SDZ的关键活性物质是羟基自由基(·OH)。通过高分辨鉴定中间体以及对中间体进行毒性评估,结果表明所有中间体相比母本都大幅度减少或无害。此外,通过实际水体降解实验,验证了该氧化降解体系实际应用潜力。

铁基非晶合金  /  磺胺嘧啶  /  高级氧化法  /  水处理

Antibiotics are new pollutants in water environment, which have potential threat to aquatic ecological environment and human health. Considering that sulfanilamide antibiotics are difficult to degrade and oxidize and cannot be effectively removed by sewage treatment plants, Fe78Si9B13/H2O2 system was constructed to efficiently and environmentally degrade sulfanilamide antibiotic pollution. Fe78Si9B13/H2O2 system was selected as the best process for efficient degradation of SDZ(sulfadiazine) through a series of experiments with different experimental parameters. The experimental results show that 250 μg/L SDZ can be degraded 100% within 4 min at pH=2, H2O2=50 μmol/L and temperature 25 ℃, and its apparent rate constant (Kobs) can reach 0.99 min-1. The activation energy of SDZ removal in the system is 25.42 kJ/mol. The quenching agent experiments show that the key active substance of Fe78Si9B13/H2O2 system degrades SDZ is hydroxyl radical (·OH). Through high resolution identification of intermediates and toxicity assessment of the intermediates, the results show that all intermediates are substantially reduced or harmless compared to the mother. In addition, the practical application potential of the oxidation degradation system is verified through the actual water degradation experiment.

iron based amorphous alloy  /  sulfadiazine  /  advanced oxidation process  /  water treatmen
李坤, 李嘉兴, 焦蒙, 曾浩宇, 刘世杰, 杨娟. Fe78Si9B13非晶合金对磺胺嘧啶的降解性能. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4377 -4385 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403440
Kun LI, Jia-xing LI, Meng JIAO, Hao-yu ZENG, Shi-jie LIU, Juan YANG. Degradation Properties of Fe78Si9B13 Amorphous Alloys to Sulfadiazine[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4377 -4385 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403440
磺胺类药物由于其抑菌及生长促进作用,被广泛使用于畜禽养殖业。这类抗生素已在废水、地表水以及地下水中被检测到[1]。例如,在北京市地表水环境中磺胺类抗生素平均浓度可达136 ng/L[2]。这些抗生素的残留会对环境中微生物造成耐药性以及对人类的身体健康会造成潜在威胁。尽管污水处理厂采取措施去除,然而,磺胺类抗生素还是在污水处理厂能高频率和高含量被检测出[3]
近年来,为了解决这些问题,研究人员研发了许多新型材料,运用高级氧化技术(advanced oxidation process,AOPs)来有效去除污染物。Fenton氧化作为无毒、简单、最有效和最受关注的AOPs之一,其氧化降解机理是在酸性条件下加入芬顿试剂(铁基材料与双氧水),通过Fe2+催化H2O2产生羟基自由基(·OH)降解污染物[4]。然而,传统的均相Fenton反应在应用中存在两个关键性缺陷,包括工作pH范围窄(2~4)以及产生的污泥的后处理,极大地限制了其实际应用。为了克服这些缺点,采用固体催化剂代替可溶性铁盐的非均相Fenton工艺成为研究人员的重点。铁基非晶合金一种原子呈长且无序同时非晶态合金不存在晶界和位错等缺陷,导致其能表现出使催化活性中心均匀地分布在非晶合金的表面的材料。因铁非晶态合金的亚稳结构使得其处于较高的能量状态,所以具有较高的催化活性,比晶态合金更容易促进反应的进行[5-6]。目前,Tang等[7]用Fe-Si-B非晶合金还原高效降解偶氮染料,其表面归一化速率分别是300目铁粉降解的60倍和1 300倍;Zhang等[8]利用Fe-Si-B非晶合金作为催化剂构成类芬顿体系在中性条件下降解水杨酸,其降解效率可达0.016 6 min-1,是合金降解速率的4倍且在10次循环后降解速率相比第一次又提高了1.7倍。从原理上讲,铁基非晶合金对水中有机物污染降解其实有两种途径,一种就是利用高级氧化技术高效降解有机物,还有一种是Fe0直接还原降解有机物,这两种降解体系都具有广谱性。因此,尽管对于铁基非晶合金降解有机物研究取得众多有意义成果,但相比数量庞大的水环境有机污染,铁基非晶合金的应用潜力还未被完全开发。
现使用Fe78Si9B13(Fe-Si-B)作为催化剂,利用高级氧化技术高效降解磺胺嘧啶(sulfadiazine,SDZ),验证Fe78Si9B13/H2O2降解抗生素废水是一种高效环保的工艺。
通过 EMXplus-6/1型电子顺磁共振波谱仪(德国Bruker)测定自由基,羟基自由基捕获剂是DMPO;通过UltiMate 3000型超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱串联(TSQ ENDURA,美国Thermo Fisher)测磺胺嘧啶浓度,测试条件为:电喷雾离子源(electrospray ionization,ESI)、正离子扫描、多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring,MRM);通过ACQUITY型超高效液相-飞行时间三重四极杆(美国Waters Xevo G2-XS QTof)测定磺胺嘧啶降解中间产物,测试条件为: 0.2 mL/min流速、柱温30 ℃、5 μL进样量;通过Sigma 300型扫描电子显微镜(SEM德国)测得材料降解前后表面形貌变化;通过Miniflex 600型 X衍射仪(XRD 日本Rigaku)测材料结构,测试条件:扫描角度范围20°~80°,扫描速度10 °/min;通过Multi N/C 3100型TOC总有机碳分析仪(德国耶拿)测定水样中总有机碳的浓度。
磺胺嘧啶(sulfadiazine,SDZ)、叔丁醇(tert- butyl alcohol,TBA)、碘化钾(potassium Iodide,KI)、氟化钠(sodium fluoride,NaF)、氯化硝基四氮唑蓝(nitrotetrazolium blue chloride,NBT)、2,2-联吡啶(BPY)、单宁酸、没食子酸(Sigma-Aldrich公司)、富丽酸(巴斯夫生物科技有限公司)、碳酸氢钠、氢氧化钠、硝酸钠和双氧水(H2O2,30%),本次实验所有试剂均为分析纯。
降解实验在被锡纸包裹的250 mL蓝盖瓶中进行,将一定量的铁基非晶合金催化剂加入含有磺胺嘧啶的200 mL溶液中,同时用0.1 mmol/L HCl和0.1 mmol/L NaOH调节pH。在预定时间采集1.0 mL样品,并使用0.22 μm 有机系滤膜过滤,之后采用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱串联分析抗生素浓度。降解过程按照拟合的一阶动力学公式进行拟合,公式为
$C_{t} / C_{0}=\exp (-K t)$
式(1)中:C0为初始抗生素浓度;Ctt时刻抗生素浓度;K为反应速率常数,min-1
图1所示,在昆明市主城区采集4种不同水体样本(S1为河水、S2为污水处理厂尾水、S3为滇池水和S4为养殖废水),每个采集样本都是典型干燥天气的混合物。水样采集运回实验室后经0.45 μm玻璃纤维滤膜过滤后在24 h内进行实验。
由芬顿反应原理可知,pH为芬顿反应最主要的因素之一[9-10],且芬顿反应是在酸性条件中反应。结合Fe-Si-B在可以在中性条件下降解其他有机污染物[8],本次实验为探究Fe-Si-B/H2O2降解SDZ的最佳降解条件以及实际应用的潜能,探究了pH为2~7对降解效果的影响。如图2(a)所示,在pH为2~7中Fe-Si-B/H2O2降解SDZ的最佳条件为pH=2,但在pH=7的条件下SDZ也降解了17.91%。图1(b)可明显看出,随着pH的增加,SDZ的降解速率常数迅速下降。结果表明在pH为2~7 的条件下Fe-Si-B/H2O2体系都可以发生降解SDZ反应,最佳条件pH=2。
根据芬顿反应原理,Fe2+催化剂活化过氧化氢产生羟基自由基,因此过氧化氢浓度是芬顿反应最重要的因素,过氧化氢浓度的选择非常重要[11-12]。如图3所示不同过氧化氢浓度对降解效果的影响。结果表明,在H2O2浓度从0.004 mmol/L增加到0.05 mmol/L时,SDZ的降解效率都是随着过氧化氢浓度增加降解率提高, SDZ降解率提高了69.04%;但随着H2O2浓度继续增加到1 mmol/L, SDZ降解效果下降了26.01%。这些现象与Jin等[10]研究现象一致。这可能由于H2O2初始投加量较低时,H2O2的分解不能产生足够量的·OH,导致污染物去除不完全。因此,增加体系中H2O2的投加量相当于增加体系中·OH的量,加速了抗生素的去除。然而,需要注意的是,过量的H2O2可能会将高活性的·OH转化为其他低活性、高选择性的自由基,如式(2)中所示的过氧化氢自由基(HO2·)。
·OH+ H2O2 $\longrightarrow $H2O+HO2·
铁基非晶合金作为催化剂是降解体系实验中重要的参数。如图4所示,不同铁基非晶合金使用量对降解效果的影响。在该降解体系中SDZ的去除率随着铁基非晶合金材料从0.2 g/L添加到 1 g/L,去除率提高46.86%。这是因为铁基非晶合金释放更多的Fe2+刺激H2O2分解生成大量的·OH,从而加速了抗生素的去除。然而,铁基非晶合金用量进一步增加到1.5 g/L时, SDZ的降解率下降了21.10%。这与Gomathi等[13]的研究相似,在较高的铁基非晶合金用量下,抗生素去除率降低的原因一方面可能是随着铁基非晶合金的溶解,溶液pH升高,导致Fe2+活性降低;另一方面,如式(3)所示,在较高的铁基非晶合金用量下,过量的Fe2+对·OH的清除也会导致抗生素去除效率的降低同时也会增加对水生环境造成二次污染的风险[14]
Fe2++·OH$\longrightarrow $Fe3++OH-
图5所示,温度对SDZ氧化降解的影响及其去除活化能。从图5(a)可以看出,随着温度从15 ℃升高到25 ℃,该降解体系的SDZ去除率从73.99%提高到99.67%。这种现象是由于随着温度的升高, H2O2分解产生·OH的速度更快,抗生素与·OH之间频繁碰撞[15]。利用以下阿伦尼乌斯方程如式(4)所示,得到SDZ去除的活化能为25.42 kJ/mol。
$\ln k=\ln A-\frac{E_{\mathrm{a}}}{R T}$
式(4)中:k为测量的一阶速率常数;A为频率因子;Ea为活化能;T为温度;R为理想气体常数。
图6所示,不同初始浓度的抗生素对降解效果的影响。随着初始浓度提高至350 μg/L,抗生素去除率下降了9.02%。较高的初始抗生素浓度会导致抗生素与抗生素在氧化降解过程中形成的中间产物之间为获取·OH而产生的激烈竞争[16]。当初始高抗生素浓度进入体系中时,前期材料表面Fe2+催化H2O2能够生成的·OH被大量消耗,在图6中明显看出在前1 min降解抗生素效率最高;反应中Fe3+转化为Fe2+同时催化H2O2生成·OH,但该速率相对Fe2+活化H2O2产生的羟基自由基产生速率慢[9],因此导致抗生素去除效率较慢。
在实际应用中,可重用性是催化剂的关键参数。在前文最佳讲解条件下,本文研究了Fe-Si-B在酸性条件下降解SDZ的可重复使用性,其重复使用周期1~10个不等。每个降解循环结束后,通过超声波清洗去除降解过程后的带状表面沉积物,并用超纯水冲洗干净,进行下一次实验。实验结果如图7(a)所示,在10个降解循环中,SDZ的降解效率达到100%(4 min内)。在反应速率方面,随着重复使用次数的增加,反应速率总体呈上升趋势。从图7(b)看出在Fe-Si-B在第10个降解周期的反应速率常数(0.990 7 min-1)是第1个降解周期(0.735 2 min-1)的1.3倍以上。同时结合材料XRD结果(图8)表明,Fe-Si-B在酸性条件下降SDZ,不仅化学结构稳定,而且在重复使用过程中表现出越来越好的催化降解性能。
图9所示,Fe-Si-B非晶原始材料、降解循环后1次以及10次的表面形貌结果。在第一次完成降解循环后,Fe-Si-B的表面出现了凹坑状一样的反应区,但凹坑的周围仍然保持完整,仅有少量裂纹[图9(b)]。在经过降解循环10次后,Fe-Si-B非晶的表面布满了圆形坑且深浅不一[图9(c)]。材料表面脱落“旧的脆弱”,露出“新鲜”的粗糙坑,这些新的反应坑比剥落区更活跃,从而提供了更多的活性位点,这些现象与杨伟民[17]以及Zhang等[8]实验情况相同。因此,可以合理地提出Fe-Si-B具有优越的耐久性和“越来越好”的催化降解性的原因是Fe-Si- B在催化降解过程中大量Fe2+从Fe-Si- B表面脱落,破坏了局部的应力平衡,形成凹坑裂纹,随着越来越多的Fe2+脱离,裂纹扩展,形成类似于裂地的形态。然后,旧的、脆弱的表面破裂,暴露出深层表面的新圆形坑。一方面,这些新鲜的表面比脱落的表面更活跃,相当于Fe-Si-B的自我更新。另一方面,裂纹和圆形坑的增多增加了反应的活性位点,使降解反应速率加快。
通过淬灭实验结合EPR实验,探究“Fe-Si-B/H2O2”降解体系中降解抗生素的活性物质。用TBA、KI和NBT分别淬灭·OH、表面·OH和 O 2 -·[18]。同时,F-可与Fe3+反应,抑制溶液中Fe3+产生。此外,由于Fe2+和BPY之间的络合可以有效地抑制Fe2+与SDZ的结合,降低Fe2+的给电子能力,因此使用BPY来确认Fe2+去除对抗生素降解的影响[19]
图10(a)所示TBA和KI作为羟基自由基的有效抑制剂存在时,TBA对 SDZ的去除抑制达到99.77%(2 min),但KI存在时SDZ完全不降解,说明材料表面的·OH是抗生素降解的关键活性物质。BPY的存在导致SDZ的降解率下降95.99%。同时结合图10(b)EPR结果,可以推断出Fe-Si-B表面的·OH和Fe2+在降解体系中起着主导作用。
此外,虽然EPR光谱中没有检测到超氧阴离子,但加入NBT后,SDZ的去除率降低了17.51%,这也证明了超氧阴离子也是体系中重要的参与物质之一。还有加入NaF后,SDZ降解效率下降了26.35%。证明Fe3+在该降解体系重要活性物质之一。同时,Fe-Si-B非晶合金中有B原子,根据已有文献表明B原子可以加速Fe2+向Fe3+的转换,这也可能是Fe-Si-B作为从催化剂更高效降解SDZ的原因[9]
基于前期研究结果以及淬灭实验的结果,推测Fe-Si-B/H2O2降解SDZ降解机理如下。
Fe0 + H2O2 $\longrightarrow$ Fe2++ 2OH
Fe2++ H2O2 $\longrightarrow$Fe3++ ·OH
Fe3+ + H2O2 $\longrightarrow$HO2·(·)+H+(2H+)+Fe2+
Fe3+ + HO2· (·) $\longrightarrow$Fe2+ + H+ +O2
B+3 Fe3+ +3 H2O$\longrightarrow$3 Fe2++ 3H++H3BO3
·OH+antibiotic $\longrightarrow$CO2 + H2O
图11(a)所示,当加入 HCO 3 -时,磺胺嘧啶去除率提高了30%(3 min)。这是由于因为碳酸氢根与羟基自由基结合生成· CO 3 -,如式(11)~式(13)所示,其产物比较稳定,能在溶液中长期保存,但其氧化性能相较于羟基自由基低。因此碳酸氢根与抗生素形成竞争关系后,羟基自由基对抗生素氧化降解被抑制。但磺胺嘧啶由于其带有的苯胺部分,根据之前报道· CO 3 -易氧化降解苯胺类化合物[20],因此添加 HCO 3 -后,SDZ提高了降解效率,也能将其解释为大量的碳酸氢根与羟基自由基反应生成足量有效的· CO 3 -从而抵消了其与SDZ反应速率慢的问题。当 NO 3 -存在时,磺胺嘧啶去除率下降了41.02%。硝酸根离子可与羟基自由基如式(14)和式(15)反应,导致溶液中羟基自由基浓度下降。羟基自由基与抗生素的反应概率降低,导致分解效率下降。在图11(b)三种有机物添加,都对SDZ的降解有抑制作用。添加单宁酸后,SDZ降解率下降了26.02%;添加富丽酸,SDZ被氧化降解率下降了38.36%;加入没食子酸,SDZ下降了60.11%。在三种添加的天然有机小分子中,没食子酸抑制效果最明显,这是因为与没食子酸与羟基自由基反应的反应速率常数相对其他两种有机物要高,所以抑制效果更明显[21]。这些有机物质不但会与抗生素竞争羟基自由基,同时在酸性条件下,都可以与Fe2+以及Fe3+生成络合物,从而减少了羟基自由基的形成。
·OH+ HC$\longrightarrow$H2O+·C
+HC$\longrightarrow$HC
H·+ HC$\longrightarrow$H2+·C
·OH+HNO3$\longrightarrow$H2O+·NO3
·OH+·NO3$\longrightarrow$HONO3
利用超高效液相-飞行时间三重四极杆检测SDZ降解后的产物,通过正离子模式识别出5种代谢产物,结果如表1所示,其可能的代谢通路如图12所示,有三种可能降解途径。
基于QSAR软件分析,利用ECOSAR计算了SDZ及其不同中间产物(P1~P5)对3种营养水生生物(鱼类、水蚤和绿藻)的潜在生态毒性。根据《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》毒性分类标准对各个物质毒性进行了评估,其中物质的 logEC50(半数效应浓度)/logLC50 (半致死浓度)/logChV(慢性值) ≥2为无害,2>logEC50/logLC50/logChV ≥1为有害1>logEC50/logLC50/logChV ≥0为有毒,0>logEC50/logLC50/logChV为剧毒[22],其结果如图13(a)~图13(f)所示。根据生态结构-活动关系(ECOSAR)模型结果分析,在中间产物中P1和P2无论是急性还是非急性都是无毒无害,而且相比亲本(SDZ)所有生成的中间体都毒性大幅度减小或者无害,大大降低了Fe-Si-B/H2O2降解SDZ过程中的毒性风险。因此该体系降解SDZ是一种可实际应用的方法。
本次实验研究了氧化降解系统在已知SDZ浓度的4种真实水体(养殖废水、污水处理厂尾水、河流和湖泊)中的应用。Fe-Si-B/H2O2体系对SDZ的去除效率随处理水体类型的不同而不同[图14(a)]。实验结果表明,SDZ在4 min内降解排序为纯水(99.67%) >污水处理厂尾水(94.01%)>河流(89.15%)>湖泊(85.07%)>养殖废水(79.00%)。这种降解效率也与水体中总有机质(TOC)浓度排序一致[图14(b)],这也表明是由于实际废水中其他有污染物与SDZ形成竞争关系导致去除率的下降。总体而言,结合前期代谢通路的毒性预测,Fe-Si-B/H2O2降解体系在实际废水中去除抗生素有巨大的应用潜力。
(1)Fe-Si-B/H2O2构成降解体系能更高效降解SDZ。在pH=2,H2O2=50 μmol/L,温度为25 ℃时,能使250 μg/L SDZ 在4 min内100%降解,其体系中去除SDZ的活化能为25.42 kJ/mol。
(2)Fe-Si-B/H2O2体系降解SDZ的关键活性物质是·OH。 Fe78Si9B13可以10次重复利用且相比其他催化剂降解高效与材料本身可以自动更新有关。 HCO 3 -添加会加速Fe-Si-B/H2O2体系降解SDZ,其他离子以及有机物都会导致该体系降解SDZ效率变慢。
(3)从高分辨结果看其降解SDZ主要代谢产物有5种,且中间体相比母本毒性大幅度减少或者无害。Fe-Si-B/H2O2体系是一种有效降解SDZ的方法。
(4)Fe-Si-B/H2O2在不同水体中降解SDZ实验验证了该氧化降解体系可以实际应用的潜力。
  • 国家自然科学基金(22166033)
  • 云南省科技厅基金(202101AT070046)
  • 云南省科技厅基金(202101BD070001-112)
  • 云南省科技厅基金(202203AC100001)
  • 云南省兴滇英才支持计划(990124083)
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2025年第25卷第10期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403440
  • 接收时间:2024-05-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-09
  • 修回日期:2025-01-03
基金
国家自然科学基金(22166033)
云南省科技厅基金(202101AT070046)
云南省科技厅基金(202101BD070001-112)
云南省科技厅基金(202203AC100001)
云南省兴滇英才支持计划(990124083)
作者信息
    西南林业大学生态与环境学院, 昆明 650244

通讯作者:

* 杨娟(1982—),女,侗族,云南昆明人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:污染降解。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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