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Article(id=1149781956696699538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403311, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714924800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-06, revisedDate=1734883200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058980391, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058980391, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058980391, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058980391, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781952959574654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='3529', pageEnd='3967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058979501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776333392421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3840, endPage=3850, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781956902220435, articleId=1149781956696699538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Digitalization Paths for Aerial Building Machine Construction Technology, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The emergence of aerial building machines has greatly improved the environment and efficiency of high-rise building operations, while also facing challenges such as increased difficulty in construction operations and complex construction processes. With the continuous deepening of digital transformation in the construction industry, the digital expression of building machine construction processes has emerged as an intuitive and clear solution. It significantly enhances the transparency of the construction process, optimizes resource allocation, and strengthens decision support for project management. An effective pathway for the digital expression of building machine construction processes was established, aimed at advancing high-rise construction towards intelligent management. Through theoretical foundations and field research analysis, the needs for the digital expression of building machine construction processes were identified, leading to the design of a framework for implementing digital expression of building machine construction processes. This research not only provides theoretical guidance for the digital transformation of building machine construction processes but also expands new perspectives on the application of knowledge graphs, interactive electronic technical manuals, model-based definition (MBD) techniques, and augmented reality(AR) technology in the construction field.

, correspAuthors=Jun SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Feng-yi GUO, Shi-ping LIU, Shuang FU, Jian XU, Jun SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149782002515276671, articleId=1149781956696699538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=面向空中造楼机施工工艺的数字化路径, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

空中造楼机的出现,大幅提升了高层建筑作业的环境和效率,同时也面临着施工作业难度增大和施工工艺复杂化的挑战。随着建筑业数字化转型的不断深入,对于提高高层建筑施工的效率和质量而言,造楼机施工工艺的数字化表达显现为一种直观而清晰的解决方案。它能显著提升施工过程的透明度,优化资源配置,同时增强项目管理的决策支持能力。构建了一种造楼机施工工艺数字化表达的有效路径,旨在推动高层建筑施工向智能化管理迈进。通过理论基础和实地调研分析,明确了造楼机施工工艺数字化表达的需求,据此设计了一套造楼机施工工艺的数字化表达实现框架。研究结果不仅为造楼机施工工艺的数字化转型提供了理论指导,也为知识图谱、交互式电子技术手册、三维数字化定义(model-based definition,MBD)技术、增强现实(augmented reality,AR)技术等在施工领域的应用拓展了新的视角。

, correspAuthors=孙峻, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 孙峻(1975—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能建造、工程管理。E-mail:。
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郭丰毅(1999—),男,汉族,湖北襄阳人,博士研究生。研究方向:智能建造。E-mail:。

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郭丰毅(1999—),男,汉族,湖北襄阳人,博士研究生。研究方向:智能建造。E-mail:。

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郭丰毅(1999—),男,汉族,湖北襄阳人,博士研究生。研究方向:智能建造。E-mail:。

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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956696699538, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Constructor’s personnel requirements

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人员类型 扮演的角色 主要需求
施工人员 数字化表达系统
的主要操作用户		 直观的操作指南
实时的问题反馈和解决方案
操作技巧和安全提示
工程管理人员 保证工程施工
高质量高效率运转		 工艺优化与标准化
精确的工艺表达与传递
施工过程的协调与管理
维护人员 负责确保施工
设备的正常运行		 详细的维护指南和故障排除
远程诊断和支持
备件管理和预警
), ArticleFig(id=1251249373875745559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956696699538, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

施工方人员需求表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人员类型 扮演的角色 主要需求
施工人员 数字化表达系统
的主要操作用户		 直观的操作指南
实时的问题反馈和解决方案
操作技巧和安全提示
工程管理人员 保证工程施工
高质量高效率运转		 工艺优化与标准化
精确的工艺表达与传递
施工过程的协调与管理
维护人员 负责确保施工
设备的正常运行		 详细的维护指南和故障排除
远程诊断和支持
备件管理和预警
), ArticleFig(id=1251249373951243039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956696699538, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Digital function requirements table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数字化功能需求 具体内容
详细的施工
步骤表述		 提供图文并茂的操作说明和三维动画演示,确保每个施工步骤的操作方法都被清晰传达
可视化的
工艺流程		 通过三维模型和动态模拟,直观展示整个施工过程,加深工人对施工流程的理解
交互式的
操作指导		 提供沉浸式的交互体验,允许用户在数字环境中模拟实际操作,提高操作准确性和理解程度
实时数据
集成		 集成实时数据反馈,如造楼机位置和施工环境条件,帮助施工人员及时调整操作策略
自定义与模块
化的工艺调整		 允许用户根据项目特殊要求自定义调整工艺流程,提高系统的灵活性和适用性
错误预防与
反馈机制		 应具备错误预防机制和用户反馈功能,确保施工过程中的问题能够被及时发现和修正
文档管理与
版本控制		 强大的文档管理功能,包括版本控制和更新历史记录,确保所有用户都能访问到最新的工艺信息
), ArticleFig(id=1251249374089655081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956696699538, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

数字化功能需求表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数字化功能需求 具体内容
详细的施工
步骤表述		 提供图文并茂的操作说明和三维动画演示,确保每个施工步骤的操作方法都被清晰传达
可视化的
工艺流程		 通过三维模型和动态模拟,直观展示整个施工过程,加深工人对施工流程的理解
交互式的
操作指导		 提供沉浸式的交互体验,允许用户在数字环境中模拟实际操作,提高操作准确性和理解程度
实时数据
集成		 集成实时数据反馈,如造楼机位置和施工环境条件,帮助施工人员及时调整操作策略
自定义与模块
化的工艺调整		 允许用户根据项目特殊要求自定义调整工艺流程,提高系统的灵活性和适用性
错误预防与
反馈机制		 应具备错误预防机制和用户反馈功能,确保施工过程中的问题能够被及时发现和修正
文档管理与
版本控制		 强大的文档管理功能,包括版本控制和更新历史记录,确保所有用户都能访问到最新的工艺信息
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面向空中造楼机施工工艺的数字化路径
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郭丰毅 1, 2 , 刘世平 3 , 付爽 1, 2 , 徐健 1, 2 , 孙峻 1, 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(9): 3840-3850
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(9): 3840-3850
面向空中造楼机施工工艺的数字化路径
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郭丰毅1, 2 , 刘世平3, 付爽1, 2, 徐健1, 2, 孙峻1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 华中科技大学国家数字建造技术创新中心, 武汉 430074
  • 2 华中科技大学土木与水利工程学院, 武汉 430074
  • 3 华中科技大学机械科学与工程学院, 武汉 430074

    • 郭丰毅(1999—),男,汉族,湖北襄阳人,博士研究生。研究方向:智能建造。E-mail:。

通讯作者:

* 孙峻(1975—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能建造、工程管理。E-mail:。
Digitalization Paths for Aerial Building Machine Construction Technology
Feng-yi GUO1, 2 , Shi-ping LIU3, Shuang FU1, 2, Jian XU1, 2, Jun SUN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 National Innovation Center for Digital Construction Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2 School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 3 School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403311
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摘要
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空中造楼机的出现,大幅提升了高层建筑作业的环境和效率,同时也面临着施工作业难度增大和施工工艺复杂化的挑战。随着建筑业数字化转型的不断深入,对于提高高层建筑施工的效率和质量而言,造楼机施工工艺的数字化表达显现为一种直观而清晰的解决方案。它能显著提升施工过程的透明度,优化资源配置,同时增强项目管理的决策支持能力。构建了一种造楼机施工工艺数字化表达的有效路径,旨在推动高层建筑施工向智能化管理迈进。通过理论基础和实地调研分析,明确了造楼机施工工艺数字化表达的需求,据此设计了一套造楼机施工工艺的数字化表达实现框架。研究结果不仅为造楼机施工工艺的数字化转型提供了理论指导,也为知识图谱、交互式电子技术手册、三维数字化定义(model-based definition,MBD)技术、增强现实(augmented reality,AR)技术等在施工领域的应用拓展了新的视角。

造楼机  /  施工工艺  /  路径设计  /  数字化表达

The emergence of aerial building machines has greatly improved the environment and efficiency of high-rise building operations, while also facing challenges such as increased difficulty in construction operations and complex construction processes. With the continuous deepening of digital transformation in the construction industry, the digital expression of building machine construction processes has emerged as an intuitive and clear solution. It significantly enhances the transparency of the construction process, optimizes resource allocation, and strengthens decision support for project management. An effective pathway for the digital expression of building machine construction processes was established, aimed at advancing high-rise construction towards intelligent management. Through theoretical foundations and field research analysis, the needs for the digital expression of building machine construction processes were identified, leading to the design of a framework for implementing digital expression of building machine construction processes. This research not only provides theoretical guidance for the digital transformation of building machine construction processes but also expands new perspectives on the application of knowledge graphs, interactive electronic technical manuals, model-based definition (MBD) techniques, and augmented reality(AR) technology in the construction field.

building machine  /  construction technology  /  pathway design  /  digital expression
郭丰毅, 刘世平, 付爽, 徐健, 孙峻. 面向空中造楼机施工工艺的数字化路径. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3840 -3850 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403311
Feng-yi GUO, Shi-ping LIU, Shuang FU, Jian XU, Jun SUN. Digitalization Paths for Aerial Building Machine Construction Technology[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3840 -3850 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403311
正文
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在城镇化加速发展的当下,高层建筑以其土地利用率高的优势,成为了城市发展的首选。然而,高层建筑施工的过程中遭遇了一系列挑战,如劳动力集中、智能化装备缺乏、施工效率低下及安全隐患等问题。目前中国自主研发的空中造楼机及其配套技术在提升施工效率、保障安全和提升质量方面展现出巨大的潜力,已经发展到第四代住宅造楼机,但仍然面临着施工过程高度依赖人力和施工方式复杂度增加的问题。数字建造技术的发展,为实现造楼机的功能集成与智能化管理提供了新的思路,建立理想化的人-机-物-料-环高度融合的造楼机智能建造模式,形成造楼机施工的一体化管理被提上重要日程。
造楼机数字建造一体化的施工方式,必然会形成更复杂的施工工艺,会对工程管理人员和项目施工人员理解提出更高的要求,如何将施工工艺表达高效直观地传达到人力中去成为一个问题。造楼机作为高层建筑施工的核心设备,其施工工艺的优化直接关系到工程质量、成本和进度。传统的施工工艺表达方式多依赖于纸质文档和二维图纸,这不仅效率低下,而且容易产生信息传递的误差。因此,现关注提升施工工艺表达的清晰度与传递效率,通过数字化和信息化推进施工管理,以及利用现代信息技术实现施工工艺的可视化和交互性,以此提升工程质量和施工安全。
在高层建筑施工领域,随着技术的发展,特别是空中造楼机技术的持续进步,为施工效率、环境友好性和安全性等方面的提升带来了显著影响。从廖继等[1]依托实际项目对新型住宅造楼机技术的革新分析,到张昊等[2]对智能施工平台的作业场景和要素探讨,再到孙洁等[3]针对数字化驱动下建筑业高质量发展战略路径的研究,再加上许国伟等[4]基于建筑信息模型(building information modeling,BIM)技术的装配式设计和施工的精细化管理优化,各项研究均展示了数字化技术在高效安全施工中的重要角色。
深入分析如何通过数字化技术优化空中造楼机的施工工艺的方法论的同时,发现使用知识图谱、交互式作业手册检索多模态施工信息、三维模拟、三维数字化定义(model-based definition,MBD)尺寸标注可视化施工细节、以及利用虚拟现实(virtual reality, VR)和增强现实(augmented reality, AR)技术进行施工场景可视化和交互式体验等数字化方法,可极大提升工艺表达的清晰度和准确性。其中,Zheng等[5]提出的自动化数字化建筑工作流程的共享本体套件,陈光等[6]通过合成生物技术创新中心项目展示的数字化技术全过程应用,Zeng等[7]对数字化转型的集成框架和前景的研究,Olanipekun等[8]对当前最新技术系统回顾的成果,以及Ammar等[9]从实践者和管理机构角度对建筑行业中数字孪生技术的探讨,均在推动建筑行业的数字化转型方面做出了贡献。
Adekunle等[10]通过文献计量学回顾了建筑行业数字化转型的情况,而司伟等[11]采用大样本数据统计方法对沥青混合料的工艺参数分析,薛莲等[12]构建的车载设备故障知识图谱,曾芬芳等[13]和骆强等[14]基于MBD技术的三维装配工艺规划及其应用、Pruvost等[15]开发的自动监控建筑能源系统的专家系统,以及刘洋[16]基于BIM技术探索的数字化施工工艺流程表达方法论等,这些研究成果均为提高施工工艺传递的准确性和效率、提升工程质量和施工安全提供了宝贵的理论基础和实践方法。
乔立红等[17]提出的全面描述和表达工艺信息的三维工艺模型(manufacturing process model,MPM),王怡恬等[18]在交互式电子技术手册中三维模型应用的研究,Karji等[19]探讨的激光雷达和增强现实技术在建筑质量控制中的应用,以及Cheng等[20]针对基于3D MBD模型智能检索的汽车检测工具的智能设计技术,牛清平[21]应用交互式电子技术手册实现动车组空调系统数字化技术资料管理,Chen等[22]提出的可视化施工安全查询系统,值得一提的是,刘艳等[23]针对无人机飞行模拟仿真平台的设计提出了创新方法,使得模拟飞行成为可能,而吴怡等[24]则研究了基于Web端的三维井筒几何模型及信息可视化方法,这进一步强化了数字化技术在复杂施工环境下的应用潜力。这些研究不仅拓展了施工工艺数字化表达的理论与实践,还为高层建筑施工的数字化转型提供了全新的视角和方法,为确保研究成果的科学性和实用性奠定了坚实的基础。
在梳理众多前沿研究的基础上,发现当前高层建筑施工领域中,尽管数字化技术研究层出不穷,却多为孤立的实验案例,缺乏一个系统化的集成框架。针对此问题,现通过文献回顾与实地调研,明确高层建筑施工中对数字化工艺的具体需求,进而提出一个集成式数字化施工工艺框架。该框架综合运用现有的多种数字化技术与方法,包括知识图谱、交互式手册、三维模拟、MBD尺寸标注可视化及AR技术,构建出针对空中造楼机施工的一体化数字化表达框架,极大提升施工工艺表达的清晰度与传递效率。该研究不仅关注技术层面的集成与优化,还深入探究数字化表达的理论基础、关键技术的选择以及实施路径的设计原则,旨在推动空中造楼机施工的数字化转型,为提升施工项目的管理水平和工程执行效率提供新的路径和方法。通过这种综合性研究,旨在响应并推进高层建筑施工领域对高效、安全施工技术的需求,预期显著提升施工效率与安全性,同时为相关研究领域提供科学性与实用性并重的新视角。
1 造楼机施工工艺的数字化表达需求分析
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1.1 工艺特点及数字化要求
在高层建筑建造时,使用空中造楼机能显著提高施工效率和安全性。造楼机整体钢平台模架包括钢平台系统、筒架支撑系统、钢柱爬升系统、脚手架系统和模板系统,如图1所示,它能够随建筑层次逐渐上升。钢平台系统放置在顶部,用作材料和设备的空中作业平台;筒架支撑系统提供脚手及支撑功能;脚手架与模板系统随钢平台提升,同时形成一个全封闭的立体安全防护体系,包括钢平台围挡、脚手架和筒架围挡以及底部闸板。钢柱爬升系统通过结构顶部和结构凹槽进行交替支撑来实现爬升。施工期间,材料由塔吊传至钢平台,工人在此绑扎钢筋并进行模板施工,混凝土浇筑则由模架一体化设施完成。这种施工方法依靠先进机械和控制系统,显著提高自动化水平和操作流程复杂性,能够高效率地在施工过程形成人机物料环的高度融合。介于施工现场的复杂性,因此对施工精确度和管理效率要求很高。现阶段的造楼机工程已经引入了数字化解决方案,如建筑信息模型(BIM)、智能传感器和实时数据分析,工程团队能够实现实时监控施工进度和设备运行状态。但施工仍依赖于大量的劳动力,如何将这些信息化数据传达到人力中去,来保障现场施工工艺的精准,就需要对工艺本体进行数字化表达。
介于对上述造楼机施工场景的描述,工艺数字化表达必须满足准确性、交互性和易用性这三大特征。首先准确性意味着数字化表达内容要与实际施工工艺完全一致,还要尽可能反映出施工过程中可能出现的一些复杂情况和处理方法。其次,交互性要求数字化表达系统能够即时访问、修改和注释施工计划和进度,从而确保项目信息的实时更新和准确传递,并能提供数据的可视化工具, 如VR、AR等,进一步增强交互性,使得施工团队能够以直观的方式理解和操作施工工艺信息。易用性是确保数字化表达系统能够被有效利用的关键,系统应该提供直观、简洁的操作界面和指导,并嵌入图片、音频、动画等多模态元素内容,使得用户能够快速掌握并应用于实际工作中。
1.2 用户需求调研
通过对南京市和武汉市在建的多个造楼机高层建筑项目进行实地考察,通过问卷的形式调查了20余位施工方人员包括施工人员、工程管理人员和维护人员,概括出他们对于造楼机数字化表达的普遍需求,如表1所示。
1.3 数字化表达的功能需求
在深入分析了空中造楼机施工工艺的特点与要求以及相关使用用户需求调研的基础上,经过总结提炼,进一步明确了造楼机施工工艺数字化表达应具备的功能需求,如表2所示。这些功能不仅旨在满足施工人员、管理者和维护人员的具体需求,还致力于提升整个施工过程的效率和安全性,确保施工过程可以高质量、高效率完成。
2 造楼机施工工艺的数字化表达路径设计
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通过对造楼机工艺特点的剖析及造楼机项目的实地调研,明确了造楼机施工工艺数字化表达应满足的关键功能需求。基于创新型的数字化技术和上述功能需求,设计了一种造楼机施工工艺的数字化表达实现路径,如图2所示。具体而言,借助多模态知识图谱、三维可视化施工工艺模型、AR技术以及交互式电子技术手册集成的方式,共同实现造楼机施工工艺的数字化表达。
其中多模态知识图谱通过整合文本、图片、图表等多种信息模式,构建一个全面的知识体系[25-26],它能够提供丰富的上下文信息,帮助用户高效检索和关联造楼机施工工艺步骤相关信息,满足了详细的施工步骤表述的功能需求。三维可视化施工工艺模型利用MBD技术,将施工工艺的详细信息直接嵌入三维模型中,这样不仅可以提供静态的图纸信息,还能基于Web端提供动态的、可交互的视图[27],这样的三维可视化模型可以极大地提高工艺理解的直观性和精确性,满足了可视化的工艺流程的功能需求。通过AR技术,可以将虚拟信息叠加到现实世界中,为施工人员提供实时的、互动的视觉辅助[28]。在造楼机施工过程中,利用AR技术可以有效地指导施工,减少错误和时间延误,提高施工效率和安全性,满足了交互式的操作指导的功能需求。结合上述技术,交互式电子手册可以提供一个综合的数字化平台[29],该平台可以集成实时数据处理功能,以支持施工过程的实时监控和调整;并引入自定义工具和模块化设计,以适应不同项目的特定需求。此外平台还具备全面的错误预防和反馈功能,以及一个高效的文档管理和版本控制机制,从而确保施工团队能够访问最新、最准确的施工信息,达到了实时数据集成、自定义与模块化的工艺调整、错误预防与反馈机制和文档管理与版本控制的功能需求。
2.1 多模态施工工艺知识图谱
多模态施工工艺知识图谱亦在将造楼机施工工艺的复杂数据和知识以图谱形式进行组织和表达,以支持高效的信息检索和决策制定,具体构建路径如图3所示。
多模态知识图谱需要将文本、图片、视频和三维模型等多种数据类型有效整合。从专业书籍、网站及相关项目收集到最新高层建筑工艺信息与专利获取结构化文本数据,通过人工整理导入知识图谱。同时通过Scrapy爬虫技术从各大网站、数据库和文献中抽取处理非结构化文本数据。对于图片、视频和模型等数据,除了公开的数据集和模型库外,研究还从多个高层建筑项目上获取了设计及施工资料。
接着需实现多模态数据的集成,图片和视频可以通过物体识别、场景解析等计算机视觉技术,提取关键信息并转化为文本描述。三维模型则可以通过特定的属性描述标签来实现整合。此外通过链接预测技术可以用来预测并建立不同模态数据之间的关系,完整的多模态数据表达过程如图4所示。
通过命名实体识别模型定义实体类、关系、实体类属性之间的联系,使用 proteégé工具以三元组的形式表达,将高层建筑各阶段的工法、工序构建出完整的知识层,如图5所示。采用图数据库 Neo4j 存储造楼机施工工艺各环节和相关工艺模型数据, 并可视化表示“ 节点-关系-节点” 三元组知识,便于高效管理大量的实体和复杂的关系,如图6所示。图数据库支持高效的图查询和分析,为施工工艺的查询和决策提供技术支持。同时使用Cypher 图数据库查询语言可以精确查询节点和关系信息,便于知识图谱的修改和更新。
2.2 三维可视化施工工艺模型
在构建高层建筑的三维可视化施工工艺模型时,关键需采用建筑信息模型(BIM)技术开发复杂几何结构的三维设计模型,并在此基础上集成和扩展施工工艺信息。这一过程涉及通过成熟的软件或平台(例如BIMFACE、Revit)的功能,向模型视图中添加或链接文本、图像、网页等多媒体内容,从而创建能够综合表达施工工序及相关信息的工艺信息视图。
为实现施工工艺模型的数据集成应用,还需对模型进行轻量化处理和数据格式的转换。这包括通过常见建筑CAD模型特征分析,加入多样的约束与惩罚函数定义模型导出函数,采用最优化的模型简化算法。此外,运用空间分割算法和接触面识别规则去除模型中不可见的冗余面,通过对观测点与模型空间关系的分析,应用相应剔除方法动态实时减少不必要的模型数据量,以达到轻量化模型导出的目的,具体路径分别如图7所示。
接下来,结合三维建模软件、二次开发平台以及编程语言与框架,搭建适合的开发环境。在编程软件中引用相应API和其他操作的命名空间,进行开发准备,编写代码开发出数据格式转换插件,并将其加载至三维建模软件中以生成目标格式模型,具体路径分别如图8所示。 以Revit平台上创建的模型为例,要生成一个三维可视化工艺模型,需要将.rvt文件进行轻量化并转换格式,进行必要的二次开发和网络交云集成施工工艺信息,最终将三维可视化工艺模型嵌入适用平台。通过这种方式,施工工艺模型得以融合具体的工序三维模型和相应的文本、图像标注,甚至可以扩展到工艺动画的生成,全方位呈现施工工艺信息,如图9所示,完整的实施流程示意可参照图10。
2.3 AR施工工艺交互式发布
AR施工工艺交互式发布旨在将传统的施工工艺与最新的增强现实技术相结合,从而提供一种更直观、更互动的施工工艺展示方法,以此将造楼机智能建造过程中的关键提示性信息已更加直观、便捷的方式显现出来,供施工监管人员进行参考。
为了构建一个有效的增强现实(AR)施工工艺交互式发布模块,探讨了一个综合性的软件框架,该框架包含4个关键组件:数据处理、AR渲染、用户交互和通信。数据处理组件负责从知识图谱和三维模型中提取和解析施工工艺信息,这一过程显著依赖于高效的数据解析算法以及对施工工艺数据的深入理解。AR渲染组件则将这些解析后的数据通过图形渲染技术转化成增强现实环境中的图像,以实现与现实世界施工场景的无缝整合;该过程涉及复杂的三维图形处理和虚实融合技术。用户交互组件允许参与者,如工程师和施工人员,通过多模式交互(包括手势、语音和触摸屏)与AR环境进行互动,从而获取必要的施工信息,其设计和实现需要综合考虑用户体验和交互效率。最后,通信组件确保模块内各部分能够高效、稳定地交换信息,构建流程如图11所示。
在AR施工工艺交互式发布的实施中,核心技术的应用发挥了至关重要的作用,主要包括三维重建、图像跟踪以及数据叠加技术。三维重建技术使得系统能够基于二维图像或视频资料,精确重现施工现场的三维模型,为用户提供了更为全面的视角和深度的空间体验。图像跟踪技术确保了虚拟对象与实际施工环境之间的准确配合,这一对应关系的精确度对增强现实体验的真实感起着决定性的作用。数据叠加技术则以虚拟图层的形式,将加工后的施工信息直接呈现在用户的视野中,这种技术不仅提高了信息的可接入性,也大大增强了施工人员对施工现场与背后技术参数之间联系的理解。
在软件技术的选用方面,采用了Unity3D游戏引擎,通过融合Vuforia、MRTK等先进插件,实现了对物体的扫描识别及增强现实设备上的数据展示,从而提升了整体的交互体验与信息传递效率。具体应用效果如图12所示,其中展示了通过该技术实现的精确而动态的AR施工展示,从而为工程师和施工人员提供了一种直观、高效的工作交互方式。
2.4 交互式电子手册技术平台的集成
交互式电子手册技术平台应能够与处理非结构化文本的知识图谱模块、AR交互式发布模块、BIMFACE和REVIT三维模型表达模块等相关工具模块无缝集成。确保平台不同模块和应用程序之间进行有效、准确和有意义的信息交换的能力,确保施工工艺信息在组织内部的流畅传递。同时用户也可以在交互式电子手册技术平台上实现施工工艺的可视化交互。在此背景下,要实现多个模块和应用程序之间的数据共享和功能协作,以及用户交互界面的集成。将交互式电子手册技术平台设计为三个层级,构建体系如图13所示。
初始层为数据层(data layer),这一层是体系结构的基础,涉及所有原始数据的存储、管理和安全。在这一层级,数据需要被标准化和格式化,以便于跨系统共享和交互。关键组件和功能包括:数据存储、数据标准化、数据安全和数据API等。中间层为应用层(application layer),这一层级承载了VCTQ的核心功能,包括数据处理、用户交互和内容呈现。应用层将数据层的数据转化为用户可以交互的信息。关键组件和功能包括:内容管理系统(CMS)、用户交互接口[包括图形用户界面(GUI)和命令行界面(CLI)]、多模态交互(如增强现实AR等)多种交互模式和应用程序编程接口(API)管理。最后一层为表示层(presentation layer),表示层是与用户直接交互的界面,它将复杂的技术数据转化为易于理解和操作的视觉和交互元素。关键组件和功能包括:用户界面(UI)设计、数据可视化、适应性设计、互动功能等。
3 结论
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通过对现代高层建筑施工面临的挑战和空中造楼机施工工艺数字化表达的需求进行深入分析,提出了一套综合性的技术实施框架。研究的核心在于构建一个集成多模态知识图谱、MBD三维可视化模型、AR技术和交互式电子手册的数字化表达系统,以提升施工工艺的效率和质量。
通过实地调研,系统地分析了施工人员、工程管理人员和维护人员的需求,明确了造楼机施工工艺数字化表达的具体需求,据此提出了一套技术型框架,提出的多模态知识图谱可以高效检索和关联施工工艺信息,MBD三维可视化模型提供了直观的施工工艺视图,AR技术实现了虚拟信息与现实施工场景的融合,交互式电子手册则支持实时数据处理和定制化需求。
采用这一数字化表达系统,不仅提高了施工安全性和效率,还增强了施工过程的透明度和可追溯性,提升了项目管理的决策支持能力。这一框架为高层建筑施工的智能化管理提供了坚实的理论基础和实践支持。未来研究应进一步优化技术的开发和集成性,扩展其在建筑领域的适用范围。同时,需持续提升实时数据分析与应用能力,以推动施工管理的智能化发展。通过不断的技术创新和实践应用,空中造楼机施工工艺的数字化表达有望为高层建筑施工带来显著的效率和质量提升。
研究为空中造楼机施工工艺的数字化转型提供了明确的方向和具体的实现路径,拓展了数字化技术在建筑施工领域的应用视角。希望研究结果能够推动建筑行业向智能化、高效化发展,为高层建筑施工带来革命性的改进。
基金
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  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3802201)
文献
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2025年第25卷第9期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403311
  • 接收时间：2024-05-06
  • 首发时间：2025-07-09
  • 出版时间：2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-06
  • 修回日期：2024-12-23
基金
“十四五”国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3802201)
作者信息
    1 华中科技大学国家数字建造技术创新中心, 武汉 430074
    2 华中科技大学土木与水利工程学院, 武汉 430074
    3 华中科技大学机械科学与工程学院, 武汉 430074

通讯作者:

* 孙峻(1975—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能建造、工程管理。E-mail:。
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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