Article(id=1245407865947669269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403117, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714060800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-26, revisedDate=1722268800000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774857973800, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774857973800, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774857973800, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774857973800, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156262727438951343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='7', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='3077', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753604116544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771263994, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2931, endPage=2942, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245407869970006213, articleId=1245407865947669269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Stress and Deformation of Diversion Tunnel Floor Concrete Considering the Material Characteristics of Protection Layer and the Influence of Heavy Truck Bias Crush, columnId=1156262735643005297, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Hydraulic Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

During the parallel operation of excavation and concrete lining construction in the diversion tunnel, the quality of construction was significantly affected due to the severe damage to the floor concrete caused by heavy truck crush. In response to the challenging problem of floor concrete protection caused by heavy truck crush during the “excavation-lining” parallel operation in the diversion tunnel, a numerical calculation model for floor protection was established using ABAQUS. Adopting the floor protection measure of overlaying “tunnel excavation debris-concrete” composite protection layer, a numerical simulation study on the protection of tunnel floor concrete was conducted. The influence patterns of the material characteristics of the protection layer and the bias distance of the heavy truck on the stress and deformation of the floor concrete were analyzed, and the effectiveness of protection under different working conditions was evaluated. The study results indicated that the floor protection measures could effectively improve the protection of the floor concrete. As the concrete grade of the protection layer increased, the stress and deformation of the floor concrete decreased, with the reduction rate reaching up to 17.5% and 12.4% respectively. Furthermore, as the bias distance of the heavy truck increased, the maximum deformation of the floor concrete increased, and the range of deformation expanded significantly. Moreover, stress growth was extremely pronounced at the edges, with a maximum growth rate of up to 222.6%. The research results can provide theoretical and technical guidance for the protection of the floor concrete against crush damage in the diversion tunnel.

, correspAuthors=Wen-feng TU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Pai WANG, Kang WANG, Qing LIU, Lei YANG, Wen-feng TU, Xiao-long WANG, Yang YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1245407874021704244, articleId=1245407865947669269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=考虑保护层特性与重车偏压影响的引水隧洞底板混凝土受力变形特征, columnId=1156262735810777459, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·水利工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在引水隧洞开挖与混凝土衬砌平行作业施工过程中,底板混凝土被重车碾压破坏严重影响施工质量。针对引水隧洞“边挖边衬”平行作业中由于重车碾压所导致的底板混凝土保护难题,利用ABAQUS建立底板保护数值计算模型,采用上覆“洞渣-混凝土”复合保护层的底板保护措施,开展隧洞底板成品混凝土保护数值模拟研究,分析保护层材料特性与重车偏压距离对底板受力变形的影响规律,评估不同工况下的底板保护效果。研究结果表明:该底板保护措施可有效提升底板混凝土保护效果,随着保护层混凝土标号提高,底板混凝土的受力与变形减小,减小率最高分别可达17.5%和12.4%,随着重车偏压距增大,底板混凝土最大变形量增大且变形区域范围扩散显著,且边缘处应力增长极其明显,最大增长率高达222.6%,研究结果可为隧洞底板混凝土防碾压破坏提供理论与技术指导。

, correspAuthors=屠文锋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 屠文锋(1992—),男,汉族,山东枣庄人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:岩土工程减灾。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=FWwN0cI0I1HQqUY3oYVl8A==, magXml=zVLZL2vZQbRb02e1BineLw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ONbjx+BVUGAekzmsTBJOfQ==, pdfFileSize=13969660, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=zOgHPkxGIfikLQH4WuiQkA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=HEi1gylDPURm3G4sSy5eGg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王湃(1999—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,博士研究生。研究方向:隧道与地下工程灾害防控。E-mail:

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王湃(1999—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,博士研究生。研究方向:隧道与地下工程灾害防控。E-mail:

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王湃(1999—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,博士研究生。研究方向:隧道与地下工程灾害防控。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=UgdpDwYcuRbK3u0Lrf/wHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407882469031951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865947669269, language=CN, label=图15, caption=已衬砌段底板保护施工现场, figureFileSmall=ZWaNcTW/pKQ0KQ+H0OfIag==, figureFileBig=UgdpDwYcuRbK3u0Lrf/wHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407882586472467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865947669269, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of materials[23]

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材料类别 密度/(g·cm-3) 杨氏模量/MPa 泊松比
C10混凝土 2 300 17 500 0.23
C20混凝土 2 400 26 000 0.24
C30混凝土 2 500 30 000 0.25
细粒洞渣 2 900 10 000 0.30
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材料物理力学参数[23]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类别 密度/(g·cm-3) 杨氏模量/MPa 泊松比
C10混凝土 2 300 17 500 0.23
C20混凝土 2 400 26 000 0.24
C30混凝土 2 500 30 000 0.25
细粒洞渣 2 900 10 000 0.30
), ArticleFig(id=1245407882825547800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865947669269, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Condition design of numerical simulation

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工况 保护层混凝土标号Cpl 重车偏压距D/mm
1 C10 0
2 C20 0
3 C30 0
4 C10 1 000
5 C10 2 000
), ArticleFig(id=1245407882909433882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865947669269, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

数值模拟工况设计

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工况 保护层混凝土标号Cpl 重车偏压距D/mm
1 C10 0
2 C20 0
3 C30 0
4 C10 1 000
5 C10 2 000
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考虑保护层特性与重车偏压影响的引水隧洞底板混凝土受力变形特征
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王湃 1 , 王康 2 , 刘清 3 , 杨磊 1 , 屠文锋 1, 4, * , 王小龙 1 , 杨洋 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·水利工程 2025,25(7): 2931-2942
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·水利工程 2025, 25(7): 2931-2942
考虑保护层特性与重车偏压影响的引水隧洞底板混凝土受力变形特征
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王湃1 , 王康2, 刘清3, 杨磊1, 屠文锋1, 4, * , 王小龙1, 杨洋1
作者信息
  • 1 山东大学岩土与结构工程研究中心, 济南 250061
  • 2 中国水利水电第十四工程局有限公司, 昆明 650041
  • 3 云南省滇中引水工程有限公司, 昆明 650041
  • 4 山东科技大学矿山灾害预防控制教育部重点实验室, 青岛 266590
  • 王湃(1999—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,博士研究生。研究方向:隧道与地下工程灾害防控。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 屠文锋(1992—),男,汉族,山东枣庄人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:岩土工程减灾。E-mail:
Stress and Deformation of Diversion Tunnel Floor Concrete Considering the Material Characteristics of Protection Layer and the Influence of Heavy Truck Bias Crush
Pai WANG1 , Kang WANG2, Qing LIU3, Lei YANG1, Wen-feng TU1, 4, * , Xiao-long WANG1, Yang YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Geotechnical & Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
  • 2 Sinohydro Bureau 14 Co., Ltd., Kunming 650041, China
  • 3 Yunnan Central Water Diversion Engineering Co., Ltd., Kunming 650041, China
  • 4 State key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control (Shandong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266590, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403117
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在引水隧洞开挖与混凝土衬砌平行作业施工过程中,底板混凝土被重车碾压破坏严重影响施工质量。针对引水隧洞“边挖边衬”平行作业中由于重车碾压所导致的底板混凝土保护难题,利用ABAQUS建立底板保护数值计算模型,采用上覆“洞渣-混凝土”复合保护层的底板保护措施,开展隧洞底板成品混凝土保护数值模拟研究,分析保护层材料特性与重车偏压距离对底板受力变形的影响规律,评估不同工况下的底板保护效果。研究结果表明:该底板保护措施可有效提升底板混凝土保护效果,随着保护层混凝土标号提高,底板混凝土的受力与变形减小,减小率最高分别可达17.5%和12.4%,随着重车偏压距增大,底板混凝土最大变形量增大且变形区域范围扩散显著,且边缘处应力增长极其明显,最大增长率高达222.6%,研究结果可为隧洞底板混凝土防碾压破坏提供理论与技术指导。

引水隧洞  /  边挖边衬  /  偏压碾压  /  底板保护  /  数值模拟

During the parallel operation of excavation and concrete lining construction in the diversion tunnel, the quality of construction was significantly affected due to the severe damage to the floor concrete caused by heavy truck crush. In response to the challenging problem of floor concrete protection caused by heavy truck crush during the “excavation-lining” parallel operation in the diversion tunnel, a numerical calculation model for floor protection was established using ABAQUS. Adopting the floor protection measure of overlaying “tunnel excavation debris-concrete” composite protection layer, a numerical simulation study on the protection of tunnel floor concrete was conducted. The influence patterns of the material characteristics of the protection layer and the bias distance of the heavy truck on the stress and deformation of the floor concrete were analyzed, and the effectiveness of protection under different working conditions was evaluated. The study results indicated that the floor protection measures could effectively improve the protection of the floor concrete. As the concrete grade of the protection layer increased, the stress and deformation of the floor concrete decreased, with the reduction rate reaching up to 17.5% and 12.4% respectively. Furthermore, as the bias distance of the heavy truck increased, the maximum deformation of the floor concrete increased, and the range of deformation expanded significantly. Moreover, stress growth was extremely pronounced at the edges, with a maximum growth rate of up to 222.6%. The research results can provide theoretical and technical guidance for the protection of the floor concrete against crush damage in the diversion tunnel.

diversion tunnel  /  digging while lining  /  bias crush  /  floor protection  /  numerical simulation
王湃, 王康, 刘清, 杨磊, 屠文锋, 王小龙, 杨洋. 考虑保护层特性与重车偏压影响的引水隧洞底板混凝土受力变形特征. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2931 -2942 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403117
Pai WANG, Kang WANG, Qing LIU, Lei YANG, Wen-feng TU, Xiao-long WANG, Yang YANG. Stress and Deformation of Diversion Tunnel Floor Concrete Considering the Material Characteristics of Protection Layer and the Influence of Heavy Truck Bias Crush[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2931 -2942 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403117
近年来,中国西南地区水利、交通等重大基础设施建设方兴未艾,对于促进区域经济高质量发展、提升人民生产生活水平具有至关重要的作用。由于中国西南地区高山峡谷众多、地形地貌条件复杂,在各类重大工程中通常需要修建许多深埋长距离隧洞/道,工程建设面临高地应力、高外水压力、不良地质类型多样等复杂地质环境的严峻挑战[1-4]
当深长隧洞穿越断层破碎带、富水软岩等不良地质段时,为提升已开挖洞段的围岩及初支结构稳定性、保障后续洞内掘进作业安全,工程中通常采用“边挖边衬”的施工组织方案,及时施作二衬混凝土,确保二衬与掌子面之间的距离满足国家及行业规范/标准要求[5-7]。然而,在“边挖边衬”平行作业过程中,渣土运输车、混凝土泵车等重型施工车辆往返掌子面会对前期施作的二衬底板造成碾压,进而诱发底板混凝土变形甚至破裂,不但显著增大后期修复成本,还会影响工程结构的长期运维安全。伴随深埋长大隧洞建设数量与规模的不断增大,地质条件与施工环境也日趋复杂,由“边挖边衬”平行作业所引发的底板混凝土变形开裂成为影响施工效率、工程造价以及长期运营安全的重要问题。
深长隧洞底板的安全评估与保护一直受到工程界与学术界的广泛关注。目前开展隧洞开挖与衬砌底板浇筑平行作业时,洞内通常采用移动式钢栈桥来提升交通与施工效率,同时严控底板混凝土浇筑质量,按标准及时养护并后续处理外观缺陷[8-10]。此外,为确保“边挖边衬”作业效率,底板混凝土浇筑常采用分幅跳仓法或半幅分别浇筑法,并设置独立运渣通道,通过优化施工组织来达到养护期底板混凝土保护的目的[11-13]。隧洞底板混凝土养护成型后,其成品大多采用上覆保护层措施来降低重车的碾压破坏作用,利用细/粗砂、土工织物、洞渣等材料分层填埋底板,或采取“钢板+橡胶带”“混凝土覆盖层+橡胶垫层”等保护形式[14]。上述底板保护措施虽然能够起到一定作用,但具有较强的经验依赖性,存在多种材料复合垫层传力机理不清、保护效果难以准确评价、对于复杂工况的适用性不强等问题,导致隧洞底板保护方案与措施的科学性和针对性不足。
在隧洞“边挖边衬”平行作业条件下,由重车碾压导致的底板混凝土的受力变形特征是制定保护方案、评价保护效果的基本依据。以往研究大多采用现场监测方法对施工与运营期衬砌结构的受力变形情况进行分析[15-17],取得了一系列创新性成果。然而,现场监测方法受监测点数量、位置和监测周期等因素限制以及施工干扰影响,难以全面反映不同工况条件下隧洞底板混凝土的受力变形规律。相对而言,数值模拟方法可解决监测数据不足的问题,能够有效表征复杂的现场条件与加载模式,为系统全面地分析底板混凝土的受力变形特征及影响因素提供了便利条件[18-22]。以往数值模拟研究主要关注特定工况下衬砌底板的力学行为,而较少考虑“边挖边衬”平行作业条件下重车碾压与保护层材料特性对底板混凝土受力变形特征的影响,难以对深长隧洞底板保护提供有效的理论依据和方法指导。
针对深长隧洞“边挖边衬”平行作业中底板混凝土保护的迫切需求,依托云南省滇中引水工程某隧洞,采用有限元数值模拟方法开展隧洞底板混凝土受力变形特征研究,考虑工程现场通常采用的上覆保护层措施,分析保护层材料特性与重车偏压距离对底板受力变形的影响规律,评估不同工况下的底板保护效果。相关研究成果可为深长隧洞底板保护方案制订及效果评价提供理论参考,对于保障隧洞建设与运维安全具有一定的现实意义。
依托云南省滇中引水工程某施工隧洞开展数值模拟研究。该隧洞所在区域地形起伏大,地质条件极其复杂,存在多条大型断裂带,呈现埋深大、地应力高、断层破碎带多、岩性复杂多变等特点,工程建设面临突泥涌水、围岩垮塌、软岩大变形等重大地质灾害的严峻挑战。由于该隧洞施工难度大、安全风险高,施工中采用“边挖边衬”平行作业方式和底板上覆保护层措施,但对复杂工程条件下底板与保护层的受力变形特征认识不深,保护效果评价也缺乏依据。
以该隧洞为工程背景,采用ABAQUS软件建立隧洞底板及保护层二维有限元数值模型,如图1所示。根据工程情况,将隧洞底板设置为“水平底板+倾斜边墙”的上凹形复合结构,材料均为C30混凝土,其中,水平底板宽度为8 000 mm,厚度为610 mm,倾斜边墙与水平底板的夹角为63.5°,厚度为275 mm。
考虑到工程中广泛采用的底板保护措施,在隧洞底板上方设置由不同材料构成的复合保护层,其上层为厚度600 mm的细粒洞渣料,下层为厚度100 mm的混凝土(标号分别为C10、C20和C30)。需要说明的是,实际工程中通常还在底板与混凝土保护层之间铺设一层土工布,通过模型试算发现其对计算结果基本无影响,故在建模时将此层忽略。此外,考虑到由重车碾压所导致的破坏问题主要集中于水平底板段,因此本研究并未关注倾斜边墙段的受力变形情况。关于模型网格划分,水平底板段与上覆保护层均采用四边形单元,而倾斜边墙段采用三角形单元,模型总单元数为2 425个。
通常来说,在施工车辆荷载作用下底板与保护层主要发生弹性变形,但当底板的变形与应力超过相应临界值时,则会发生破坏。本文中考虑数值计算的便捷性,底板和保护层均采用弹性本构模型,其中,底板(C30)和混凝土保护层(C10~C30)的材料物理力学参数依据规范和相关工程经验进行取值[23],而细粒洞渣保护层的物理力学参数依据隧洞前期设计资料取值,具体如表1所示。在数值模拟研究中,根据混凝土设计规范和材料强度理论,当实际变形量超过极限值或最大主应力超过许用应力时,材料即发生破坏。材料的极限变形量和许用应力分别参照水工混凝土结构设计规范[23]和混凝土结构设计规范[24]进行取值。
隧洞底板与混凝土保护层、洞渣保护层之间存在两个接触面,接触面的力学行为直接影响各层的传力模式与受力变形特征。为了更准确地模拟层间界面的力学特性,参考文献[25-26],将层间界面设置为“面-面接触”形式,采用“硬”接触来表征界面法向力学行为,即界面可自由传递接触压力,在局部拉伸应力作用下也可相互分离。考虑到各层力学性质不同,在承受重车荷载时,不同材料泊松效应的差异性会导致层间发生剪切摩擦,因此采用“罚”接触(库仑模型)来表征界面切向力学行为,摩擦系数设为0.2。
在实际工程中,隧洞底板与保护层主要承受通行车辆的重力碾压作用,因此在模型中保护层的上表面处设置常见施工车辆的满载重量31.2 t(考虑12个轮胎受力,则单轮受力为2.6 t),如图1所示。由于在底板和保护层横截面上存在4个轮胎分2组传递重力荷载,且常规车辆两组轮胎的中心距为2 000 mm,单轮宽度为315 mm,因此左右两组轮胎对保护层施加荷载的范围为630 mm,计算得常规车辆的截面碾压荷载为80.89 kN/m,且考虑工程不利情况所带来的超重问题,对碾压荷载乘以额外重载系数1.5[14],得到不利工况下的碾压荷载值为121.33 kN/m。此外,在底板和保护层的侧边分别施加水平方向位移约束,在隧洞底板下表面施加纵向位移约束。
在考虑不利工况重车碾压荷载的前提下,混凝土保护层失效与重车偏压是导致底板发生过量变形甚至破坏的重要原因。因此,本文中主要研究中间保护层混凝土标号Cpl和重车偏压距D(重车中轴线到底板中轴线的水平距离,如图1所示)两个因素对隧洞底板受力变形特征的影响,其中,Cpl选取C10、C20、C30 3种标号,而重车偏压距D分别设为0、1 000、2 000 mm,共设置5种数值模拟工况,具体如表2所示。
本文中主要关注不同工况下隧洞底板混凝土及保护层的受力变形情况。当重车位于底板中间位置时(D = 0 mm),在模型中设置2个纵向监测断面(编号分别为MS1、MS2),对不同位置的受力变形数据进行监测分析。如图2所示,纵向监测断面以保护层上表面为起点,以底板下表面为终点,穿越上、下保护层与隧洞底板。沿集中受力的MS1断面设置7个监测点(自上而下编号为MPA、MPB、MPC、MPD、MPE、MPF和MPG),分别位于各保护层与底板的上、下边界及中心位置处。此外,沿洞渣保护层、混凝土保护层和底板混凝土的中心位置分别布设3个横向监测断面(编号为MS3、MS4、MS5)。
首先选取表2中工况1(Cpl = C10,D = 0 mm)开展重车碾压数值模拟研究,分析隧洞底板与保护层受力变形的基本特征,评价保护措施的适用性。
图3为基于数值模拟研究获得的隧洞底板及保护层的受力和变形情况。分析其受力情况如图3(a)所示,最大压应力为1.88 MPa,产生于重车车轮与最上层保护层的接触位置处,受力小于C10混凝土的许用应力值4.5 MPa,C10混凝土保护层不会破坏,底板混凝土所受最大压应力为0.77 MPa,产生于重车车轮作用处向下延伸至底板混凝土层位置处,小于C30混凝土的许用应力值18 MPa,未达到材料破坏极限,说明回填材料的保护作用明显。分析其变形情况如图3(b)所示,竖向位移以向下为正,最大变形为0.22 mm,产生于重车车轮与保护层的接触位置处,在此位置的竖直方向上,变形量随深度增加而减小,底板混凝土层的最大变形量为0.039 mm左右,整体变形量较小,边缘及下层的变形量几乎为0 mm,未达到变形量极限值25 mm,变形在合理范围内。水平位移如图3(c)所示,水平位移以向右为正,最大位移小于0.1 mm且远小于变形量极限值,故后文不再对水平位移进行分析。
基于两处纵向断面MS1、MS2(图2)的监测数据,分析工况1底板与保护层在深度方向上的应力随深度变化(图4)以及位移随深度变化规律(图5)。由图4可见,MS1监测断面各层材料随深度增加先受压后受拉,底板所受最大压应力为0.77 MPa,最大拉应力为0.13 MPa,二者均未达到C30混凝土的破坏极限;洞渣保护层所受最大压应力为1.88 MPa,最大拉应力为0.73 MPa;混凝土保护层所受最大压应力为0.11 MPa,最大拉应力为0.10 MPa,二者均未达到C10混凝土的破坏极限;在保护层的保护作用下,底板所受压应力减少59.1%,表明衬砌底板保护效果较好。MS2监测断面底板与洞渣保护层都随深度增加先受拉后受压,而混凝土保护层一直为受压状态,受力情况较为稳定;底板和各保护层的最大压应力小于0.3 MPa,皆未达到破坏极限。由于不同材料泊松效应差异性产生剪切摩擦效应,MS1与MS2上的应力在各层交界处都会发生突变的情况。由图5可见,MS1的位移随着深度的增加逐渐变小,在底板混凝土下表面趋近于0 mm。其中,相比底板位移,洞渣保护层位移变化最明显。MS2各层位移随深度变化不大,仅在上下保护层接触位置处产生了微小的变形。
综上分析表明,在重车碾压情况下,采用上述保护措施时,底板混凝土与保护层中的混凝土所受到的最大压应力均未达到破坏极限,受力情况较稳定,最大变形量小于极限变形量,保护效果较好。
通过前期的分析,混凝土保护层影响应力传递与底板变形,不同混凝土标号是影响底板保护效果的重要因素。选取模拟工况组别1、2、3,当重车偏压距D = 0 mm 时,分析混凝土标号Cpl为C10、C20、C30的底板保护效果。
基于第2节的底板保护体系受力和变形情况,可知监测断面MS1的受力更集中。因此本节选择MS1作为主要监测断面,监测点如图2所示。
不同保护层混凝土标号下隧洞底板与保护层的受力情况如图6所示。当Cpl分别为C10、C20、C30时,底板受到的最大压应力分别为0.77、0.75、0.73 MPa,并且最大应力分布于底板的同一位置。保护层受到的最大压应力分别为1.88、1.85、1.84 MPa,并且最大应力处分布于各保护层的同一位置。
分析底板上MPE、MPF、MPG3个监测点,各监测点的变形量随保护层混凝土标号变化情况如图7(a)所示。由图6图7(a)可知,3种工况下底板受力情况基本一致:应力在底板的分布一致且符合上文MS1上随深度增加先受压后受拉的受力规律。随着Cpl的提高,最大压应力略微减小,减小率为2.5%左右;最大拉应力明显减小,其中,当Cpl由C20改变为C30后,减小率达17.5%。由MPF可知底板中部受到较小拉应力(各工况为0.05 MPa左右)。各工况下最大压应力为最大拉应力的4~5倍左右,最大拉压应力所在位置基本不变。
分析保护层上的MPA、MPB、MPC、MPD四个监测点,各监测点变形量随保护层混凝土标号变化情况如图7(b)所示。由图6图7(b)可知,3种工况下保护层受力情况基本一致:应力在保护层的分布一致且符合上文MS1上随深度增加先受压后受拉的受力规律。随着Cpl的提高,最大压应力与最大拉应力都轻微减小,减小率分别为0.9%和4.6%。由监测点MPB与MPD可知,洞渣保护层和混凝土保护层中部都受到较小拉应力且变化较细微(洞渣保护层所受拉应力约为0.1 MPa、混凝土保护层近乎不受力)。各工况下拉压应力最大值所在位置基本不变。
不同保护层混凝土标号下隧洞底板与保护层的变形情况如图8所示。当Cpl分别为C10、C20、C30时, 底板产生的最大变形分别为0.039 0、0.038 9 、0.038 7 mm,并且最大变形处分布于底板的同一位置。保护层产生的最大变形分别为0.216、0.213、0.212 mm,并且最大变形处分布于各保护层的同一位置。
分析底板上的MPE、MPF、MPG3个监测点,各监测点的变形量随保护层混凝土标号变化情况如图9(a)所示。由图8图9(a)可知,3种工况下底板变形情况基本一致:变形在底板混凝土层的分布一致,且越远离接触位置变形越小,最大变形产生位置一致。不同保护层混凝土标号的同一位置变形量成比例变化,相比C10,Cpl为C20、C30时,底板同一位置的位移变形减小,减小率分别为3.9%和12.4%底板变形量随着深度的增加大幅减小,在最底端的混凝土只发生微小的变形。
分析保护层上的MPA、MPB、MPC、MPD4个监测点,各监测点的变形量随保护层混凝土标号变化情况如图9(b)所示。由图8图9(b)可知,3种工况下保护层变形情况基本一致:变形在各保护层的分布一致且越远离接触位置变形越小,最大变形产生位置一致。具有在保护层混凝土标号变化时同一位置的变形量成比例的规律:随着Cpl的改变,保护层同一位置处位移变形减小,但洞渣保护层变化较细微,变形量减小幅度3.6%~6.0%,混凝土保护层变形量减小11.2%左右。MPC、MPD两个监测点在各工况下的变形情况几乎相同,说明混凝土保护层内变形变化不大,因此该保护层具有较好的稳定性。
综上分析表明,采用上述保护措施的情况下,底板与保护层的受力与变形情况随着保护层混凝土标号变化具有一定规律:随着Cpl的改变,底板和保护层的受力和变形都减小。保护层混凝土标号直接影响底板的保护效果。
隧洞施工过程中,重车经常会对底板产生偏向一侧的碾压,而偏侧碾压对底板产生的不均匀压力会导致底板以及保护层产生较大的变形甚至破坏,极大的影响施工质量。因此,为保证施工安全,需要考虑重车偏侧碾压对底板保护效果的影响。
选取模拟工况1、4、5,分析当混凝土标号Cpl为C10时,重车偏压距D分别为0、1 000、2 000 mm的底板保护效果,研究重车偏侧碾压对底板保护效果的影响。
本数值模拟设置横向监测断面如图2所示,结合隧洞底板保护体系具体位置对保护效果进行分析,获得不同重车偏压距下的底板与保护层的受力与变形规律。
不同重车偏压距下的受力情况如图10所示,当D分别为0、1 000、2 000 mm时,底板最大压应力分别为0.77、0.81、0.79 MPa。保护层最大压应力分别为1.88、1.89、1.88 MPa。
分析底板混凝土上的监测断面MS5,MS5在各工况下的受力情况如图11(a)所示。由图10图11(a)可知,随着D的增大,底板的最大压应力、最大拉应力并无产生明显变化,但底板边缘处的压应力变化较明显,D由0 mm变化至1 000 mm后,底板边缘处应力减小了44.0%,而在D由1 000 mm变化至2 000 mm后,应力增大为原来的4.76倍。这种变化仅在重车偏向的一侧发生,说明重车偏压距越大,偏向侧受力先减小再增大,并且增幅较大。混凝土边缘处一般为施工的薄弱处,因此偏压距过大会导致底板混凝土的破坏。
分析保护层上的MS3、MS4两处监测断面,各断面在各工况下的受力情况如图11(b)图11(c)所示。
图10图11(b)图11(c)可知,随着D的增大,上层洞渣保护层的最大压应力、最大拉应力并无产生明显变化。但洞渣保护层边缘处的压应力变化较明显,D为0 mm与1 000 mm时,边缘处应力几乎为0 MPa,但当D为2 000 mm时,应力增大为D为0 mm时的3.67倍。下层混凝土保护层以受压为主,随着D的增大,最大压应力略微增大,D从0 mm变为2 000 mm后,增长了5.8%,最大压应力明显增大,当D为2 000 mm时,增大为D为0 mm时的6.37倍。混凝土保护层边缘处的压应力变化同样明显,D为0 mm与1 000 mm时,边缘处应力几乎为0 MPa,但当D为2 000 mm时,应力增大为D为0 mm时的6.20倍。洞渣保护层和混凝土保护层的这种变化仅在重车偏向的一侧发生,说明重车偏压距越大,偏向侧受力越大,并且应力增长率随之大幅增大,保护层边缘处一般为施工的薄弱处,因此偏压距过大会引起保护层的破坏。
不同重车偏压距下变形情况如图12所示,当D分别为0、1 000、2 000 mm时,底板产生的最大变形分别为0.039、0.039、0.041 mm,保护层产生的最大变形分别为0.216、0.218、0.218 mm。
分析底板混凝土上的横向断面MS5,MS5在各工况下的变形图如图13(a)所示。由图12图13(a)可知,在底板混凝土层,随着重车偏侧距离增大,混凝土产生的最大变形量随之增大,D由0 mm变化至1 000 mm后,最大变形量增长率达到30.2%,D由1 000 mm变化至2 000 mm后,最大变形量增长率达24.9%,说明在偏侧碾压过程中,最大变形量有增大的趋势,但增长率逐渐减小;变形区域也随之扩大:D由0 mm变化至1 000 mm后,混凝土总变形量增长率为14.7%,而在D由1 000 mm变化至2 000 mm后,增长率高达34.3%,说明重车偏压距越大,混凝土总变形量越大,且增长率逐渐变大,对混凝土层的变形甚至破坏有较大的加剧作用。D由0 mm变化至1 000 mm后,重车重心下方区域混凝土的最小变形量增大了4.1倍,D由1 000 mm变化至2 000 mm后,最小变形量增大了2.3倍,说明重车偏压距越大,重车重心下方区域的最小变形量越大,但增长率逐渐减小。
因此,底板的变形情况受重车偏压距影响显著。
分析保护层上的MS3、MS4两处横向断面,各断面在各工况下的变形图如图13(b)图13(c)所示。由图12图13(b)图13(c)可知,在上层洞渣保护层,随着重车偏侧距离增大,保护层产生的最大变形量随之略微变大,增长率为0.6%左右;变形区域也随之扩大,D由0 mm变化至1 000 mm后,保护层总变形量增长率达5.3%,而在D由1 000 mm变化至2 000 mm后,增长率上升为14.4%,说明重车偏压距越大,保护层变形区域越大,且增长率也随之变大。D由0 mm变化至1 000 mm后,重车重心下方区域保护层的最小变形量增大了8.0倍,而在D由1 000 mm变化至2 000 mm后,最小变形量仅增大了2.1倍,说明重车偏压距越大,重车重心下方区域的最小变形量越大,但增长率逐渐减小。
下层混凝土保护层的变形情况与上层几乎一致,但该保护层产生的最大变形量在偏压过程中增长更为显著,D由0 mm变化至1 000 mm后,保护层最大变形量增长率达4.4%,D由1 000 mm变化至2 000 mm后,最大变形量增长率达8.0%,说明重车偏压距越大,该保护层的最大变形量越大,且增长率逐渐增大。该保护层最小变形量变化趋势与最大变形量类似,D由0 mm变化至1 000 mm后,重车重心下方区域保护层的最小变形量增大了2.3倍,而在D由1 000 mm变化至2 000 mm后,该最小变形量增大了1.9倍。该保护层由于重车偏侧碾压产生的总变形量变化较为明显,D由0 mm变化至1 000 mm后,保护层总变形量增长率达12.1%,而在D由1 000 mm变化至2 000 mm后,增长率高达26.2%,说明重车偏压距越大,保护层受重车影响产生的变形越明显,越容易导致变形破坏。
因此,对比上层洞渣保护层,下层混凝土保护层的变形情况受重车偏压距影响更显著。综上分析表明,采用上述保护措施的情况下,隧洞底板与保护层的受力与变形情况受重车偏压距影响显著,随着重车偏向一侧碾压距离的增大,底板边缘处应力增长明显,底板的最大变形量与变形区域范围增大。上层洞渣保护层边缘处应力大幅增长,各保护层的变形量随之增大,重车偏压距大小直接影响底板的保护效果。
根据前文研究成果,采用上覆“洞渣-混凝土”复合保护层的底板保护措施,在云南省滇中引水工程某施工隧洞开展现场应用效果分析。
在隧洞底板混凝土脱模并且强度达到设计要求后,先铺设厚度为8 mm的土工布,再浇筑厚度为100 mm的C30混凝土,最后使用厚度为600 mm的细粒洞渣料回填平整。已衬砌段底板保护布置示意图如图14所示,已衬砌段底板保护施工现场如图15所示。
采用该底板保护措施后,浇筑一仓底板混凝土的施工周期可控制在100 h以内,能够满足“边挖边衬”平行作业的开挖进度要求。土工布能够避免保护层与底板混凝土直接接触,防止底板表面损伤,确保混凝土外观质量;混凝土保护层避免了地下水渗透引起保护层软化失效的问题,并且具有一定的刚度与耐久性,提高了保护层整体强度;细粒洞渣保护层能够有效缓冲重车碾压冲击力,而且原料可于工程现场获取,降低了施工成本。经工程现场施工车辆偏压试验后,底板混凝土受保护效果较好,强度满足设计要求,施工质量达到验收标准。
针对引水隧洞“边挖边衬”平行作业中由于重车碾压所导致的底板混凝土保护难题,依托云南省滇中引水工程某隧洞,采用ABAQUS数值模拟软件,考虑上覆“洞渣-混凝土”复合保护层的底板保护措施,开展隧洞底板成品混凝土保护研究。
(1)基于隧洞底板与保护层受力变形的基本特征分析,保护层混凝土标号选用C10,重车偏压距为0 mm,变形主要产生于洞渣保护层,其位移占总位移的76.0%,应力经混凝土保护层传递后减小59.1%,且底板任意位置应力值小于2 MPa且变形小于1 mm。因此采取此种重车碾压保护措施能够有效保护底板混凝土,避免底板混凝土变形甚至破坏。
(2)分析了保护层混凝土标号为C10、C20、C30 3种工况下的底板保护效果,阐明了混凝土标号影响下的底板与保护层的受力与变形规律。随着保护层混凝土标号提高,底板和保护层受力与变形都随之减小,底板受力与变形减小率最高分别可达17.5%和12.4%,保护层位移减小率最高约为11.2%。
(3)分析了重车偏压距为0、1 000、2 000 mm 3种工况下的底板保护效果,阐明了重车偏压距影响下的底板与保护层的受力与变形规律。重车偏压距大小直接影响底板的保护效果,随着重车偏压距增大,底板边缘处应力增长明显,最大增长率高达222.6%,且最大变形量增大30.2%;变形区域范围增大显著,增长率达到34.3%;保护层受压侧应力增长率高达619.8%,变形量增长率最大约为26.2%,重车偏压对保护层和底板的影响都极为显著。
(4)形成了上覆“洞渣-混凝土”复合保护层的底板保护措施。在施工过程中,合理选择保护层材料特性能够高效解决底板的保护问题,并考虑到底板边缘一般为施工的薄弱处,应当重视通行车辆对底板的偏侧碾压距离,避免重车通行碾压而造成底板混凝土破坏等质量问题。
  • 云南省重点研发计划(202103AA080016)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(52209138)
  • 山东科技大学矿山灾害预防控制教育部重点实验室开放课题(JMDPC202404)
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2025年第25卷第7期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403117
  • 接收时间:2024-04-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-26
  • 修回日期:2024-07-30
基金
云南省重点研发计划(202103AA080016)
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(52209138)
山东科技大学矿山灾害预防控制教育部重点实验室开放课题(JMDPC202404)
作者信息
    1 山东大学岩土与结构工程研究中心, 济南 250061
    2 中国水利水电第十四工程局有限公司, 昆明 650041
    3 云南省滇中引水工程有限公司, 昆明 650041
    4 山东科技大学矿山灾害预防控制教育部重点实验室, 青岛 266590

通讯作者:

* 屠文锋(1992—),男,汉族,山东枣庄人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:岩土工程减灾。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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