Article(id=1156986622823715735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403057, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713974400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-25, revisedDate=1734624000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776706653, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1742227200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776706653, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776706653, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776706653, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156963927277003616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='3079', pageEnd='3528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753771295613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777038876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3190, endPage=3200, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156986625453544350, articleId=1156986622823715735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Injury Law of Water Injection of Chang 3 Reservoir in Longdong Oilfield, columnId=1156963928296219492, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To clarify the mechanism of water injection damage in low-permeability reservoirs of the Longdong Oilfield, the Chang 3 reservoir was selected as the research subject. A comprehensive analysis method was developed, starting from the intrinsic factors of the reservoir to the external engineering factors, to analyze the mechanism of reservoir water injection damage. X-ray diffraction (XRD), cast thin sections, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the reservoir’s rock physical properties and pore structure. Experimental methods combining visual microfluidics with nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) were employed to analyze the damage patterns of externally injected water on low-permeability reservoirs. The results show that the intrinsic factors causing blockage in the Chang 3 reservoir are related to its low porosity and low permeability, with pore throat diameters all less than${20\mu }\mathrm{m}$, leading to poor reservoir properties and high liquid flow resistance in the reservoir. The composition of clay minerals mainly includes kaolinite and illite, which are velocity-sensitive minerals prone to fine particle migration and reservoir blockage. The external engineering factors causing blockage are the incompatibility of injected water with formation water, resulting in the formation of scale particle. These scale particles and clay particles can undergo a blockage-breakthrough process at the pore throat passages, causing fluctuating increases in injection pressure. Moreover, the injected water can carry scale and clay particles into the deep parts of the reservoir, where they accumulate and exacerbate blockage, significantly reducing the sweep efficiency of water flooding. The research results have clarified the pattern of water injection damage in the Chang 3 reservoir, providing theoretical guidance for water flooding development in oil fields.

, correspAuthors=Jing-yi ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhi-ying DENG, Xin-yu TANG, Zhen-ning JI, Jing-yi ZHU, Zhan-hui ZHANG, Li-wei XIONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156986825731560018, articleId=1156986622823715735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=陇东油田长3油藏注水伤害规律研究, columnId=1154013913785032705, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为明确陇东油田低渗油藏注水伤害机理,以长 3储层为研究对象,构建了一套从储层内在因素到外在工程因素出发分析储层注水伤害机理的综合分析方法,采用$\mathrm{X}$射线衍射($\mathrm{X}$-ray diffraction,$\mathrm{{XRD}}$)、铸体薄片和扫描电镜(scanningelectron microscopy, SEM) 分析储层自身的岩石物性及孔隙结构,采用联合可视化微流控与核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)的实验方法分析外来注入水对低渗油藏的伤害规律。结果表明:造成长 3储层堵塞的内在因素是该层位储层属于低孔低渗储层,孔喉直径都是小于${20\mu }\mathrm{m}$的小孔,储层物性较差,液相在储层中的渗流阻力较大,并且黏土矿物组成主要是高岭石与伊利石等速敏性矿物,易发生微粒运移而堵塞储层;造成堵塞的外在工程因素是注入水与地层水不配伍而产生垢体微粒,垢体微粒与黏土微粒会在孔喉通道处经历堵塞-突破的过程,导致注入压力波动式上升,同时注入水会携带垢体微粒与黏土微粒运移至油藏深部,在油藏深部聚集并加重堵塞,严重降低水驱的波及范围。研究成果明确了长3 油藏的注水伤害规律,为油田注水开发提供了理论指导。

, correspAuthors=朱静怡, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*朱静怡(1991-),女,汉族,四川成都人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:非常规油气资源增产改造。E-mail: zhujingyizoe@163.com。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=UIO3DeJUR26rW5l5yHdqRA==, magXml=cahDkw4vXKVSFsCUT97OPg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=gDgqAv0IoF7xDtklaY8oqg==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=B507SCegtxCm6MajEExneQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

邓志颖(1987-),女,汉族,陕西西安人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:油田注水开发。E-mail: dengzyl_cq@petrochinacom.cn。

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邓志颖(1987-),女,汉族,陕西西安人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:油田注水开发。E-mail: dengzyl_cq@petrochinacom.cn。

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邓志颖(1987-),女,汉族,陕西西安人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:油田注水开发。E-mail: dengzyl_cq@petrochinacom.cn。

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水样测试指标 地层水 清水
pH 7.27 7.63
${\mathrm{{Cl}}}^{- }/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 4 749.42 1 142.68
${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}^{- }/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 1.88 0.80
${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{3}^{2 -}/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 136.83 89.08
${\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}^{2 -}/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 2008.87 2 918.57
${\mathrm{{Ca}}}^{2 +}/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 391.90 280.49
${\mathrm{{Sr}}}^{2 +}/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 30.82 7.83
${\mathrm{{Mg}}}^{2 +}/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 184.83 206.55
${\mathrm{{Na}}}^{+ }/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 3 830.49 1 670.56
${\mathrm{K}}^{+ }/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 23.68 5.56
总矿化度 $/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 11 358.72 6 322.12
), ArticleFig(id=1156986836066325344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622823715735, language=CN, label=表1, caption=实验用水离子含量分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水样测试指标 地层水 清水
pH 7.27 7.63
${\mathrm{{Cl}}}^{- }/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 4 749.42 1 142.68
${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{3}^{- }/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 1.88 0.80
${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{3}^{2 -}/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 136.83 89.08
${\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}^{2 -}/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 2008.87 2 918.57
${\mathrm{{Ca}}}^{2 +}/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 391.90 280.49
${\mathrm{{Sr}}}^{2 +}/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 30.82 7.83
${\mathrm{{Mg}}}^{2 +}/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 184.83 206.55
${\mathrm{{Na}}}^{+ }/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 3 830.49 1 670.56
${\mathrm{K}}^{+ }/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 23.68 5.56
总矿化度 $/\left({\mathrm{{mg}}\cdot {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}}\right)$ 11 358.72 6 322.12
), ArticleFig(id=1156986836146017122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622823715735, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Results of X-ray diffraction mineral content analysis of cores with different well numbers in the Chang 3 layer position, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井号 井深/m 矿物含量/%
石英 钾长石 斜长石 方解石 铁白云石 白云石 伊蒙混层 伊利石 高岭石 绿泥石
庄 73 1 210.75 22.3 7.2 47.1 10.3 - 3.5 0.4 2.4 3.1 3.7
镇 40-35 1 838.57 46.6 2.8 16.7 - 13.6 1.6 0.6 3.2 12.5 2.4
), ArticleFig(id=1156986836213125988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622823715735, language=CN, label=表2, caption=长 3 层位不同井号岩心 $\mathbf{X}$ 射线衍射矿物含量分析结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井号 井深/m 矿物含量/%
石英 钾长石 斜长石 方解石 铁白云石 白云石 伊蒙混层 伊利石 高岭石 绿泥石
庄 73 1 210.75 22.3 7.2 47.1 10.3 - 3.5 0.4 2.4 3.1 3.7
镇 40-35 1 838.57 46.6 2.8 16.7 - 13.6 1.6 0.6 3.2 12.5 2.4
), ArticleFig(id=1156986836292817766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622823715735, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Results of cast thin section and pore penetration analysis of cores of different well numbers in the Chang 3layer position, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
并号 井深/m 主要孔径 大小/μm 面孔率 $/\%$ 孔内大小 分布 溶孔类型 致密度 分选性 磨圆度 渗透率/$\mathrm{{mD}}$ 孔隙度/%
庄 73 1 206.80 ${10}\sim {20}$ 7.11 小孔中孔 粒间、粒内 致密 次圆-次棱角 0.016 15.73
镇 40-35 1 833.55 5~15 3.10 微小孔 粒间、粒内 致密 次圆-次棱角 0.097 13.86
), ArticleFig(id=1156986836401869675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622823715735, language=CN, label=表3, caption=长 3 层位不同井号岩心铸体薄片及孔渗分析结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
并号 井深/m 主要孔径 大小/μm 面孔率 $/\%$ 孔内大小 分布 溶孔类型 致密度 分选性 磨圆度 渗透率/$\mathrm{{mD}}$ 孔隙度/%
庄 73 1 206.80 ${10}\sim {20}$ 7.11 小孔中孔 粒间、粒内 致密 次圆-次棱角 0.016 15.73
镇 40-35 1 833.55 5~15 3.10 微小孔 粒间、粒内 致密 次圆-次棱角 0.097 13.86
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陇东油田长3油藏注水伤害规律研究
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邓志颖 1 , 唐鑫禹 2 , 姬振宁 1 , 朱静怡 2, * , 张占辉 3 , 熊礼威 3
科学技术与工程 | 石油、天然气工业 2025,25(8): 3190-3200
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科学技术与工程 | 石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(8): 3190-3200
陇东油田长3油藏注水伤害规律研究
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邓志颖1 , 唐鑫禹2, 姬振宁1, 朱静怡2, * , 张占辉3, 熊礼威3
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油长庆油田分公司 油气工艺研究院 西安 710018
  • 2 西南石油大学 油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室 成都 610500
  • 3 武汉工程大学 材料科学与工程学院 武汉 430205
  • 邓志颖(1987-),女,汉族,陕西西安人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:油田注水开发。E-mail: dengzyl_cq@petrochinacom.cn。

通讯作者:

*朱静怡(1991-),女,汉族,四川成都人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:非常规油气资源增产改造。E-mail: zhujingyizoe@163.com。
Injury Law of Water Injection of Chang 3 Reservoir in Longdong Oilfield
Zhi-ying DENG1 , Xin-yu TANG2, Zhen-ning JI1, Jing-yi ZHU2, * , Zhan-hui ZHANG3, Li-wei XIONG3
Affiliations
  • 1 Oil and Gas Process Research Institute PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Branch Xi'an 710018 China
  • 2 National Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 China
  • 3 College of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Engineering Wuhan 430205 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403057
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为明确陇东油田低渗油藏注水伤害机理,以长 3储层为研究对象,构建了一套从储层内在因素到外在工程因素出发分析储层注水伤害机理的综合分析方法,采用$\mathrm{X}$射线衍射($\mathrm{X}$-ray diffraction,$\mathrm{{XRD}}$)、铸体薄片和扫描电镜(scanningelectron microscopy, SEM) 分析储层自身的岩石物性及孔隙结构,采用联合可视化微流控与核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)的实验方法分析外来注入水对低渗油藏的伤害规律。结果表明:造成长 3储层堵塞的内在因素是该层位储层属于低孔低渗储层,孔喉直径都是小于${20\mu }\mathrm{m}$的小孔,储层物性较差,液相在储层中的渗流阻力较大,并且黏土矿物组成主要是高岭石与伊利石等速敏性矿物,易发生微粒运移而堵塞储层;造成堵塞的外在工程因素是注入水与地层水不配伍而产生垢体微粒,垢体微粒与黏土微粒会在孔喉通道处经历堵塞-突破的过程,导致注入压力波动式上升,同时注入水会携带垢体微粒与黏土微粒运移至油藏深部,在油藏深部聚集并加重堵塞,严重降低水驱的波及范围。研究成果明确了长3 油藏的注水伤害规律,为油田注水开发提供了理论指导。

注水开发  /  储层损害  /  核磁共振(NMR)  /  微流控

To clarify the mechanism of water injection damage in low-permeability reservoirs of the Longdong Oilfield, the Chang 3 reservoir was selected as the research subject. A comprehensive analysis method was developed, starting from the intrinsic factors of the reservoir to the external engineering factors, to analyze the mechanism of reservoir water injection damage. X-ray diffraction (XRD), cast thin sections, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the reservoir’s rock physical properties and pore structure. Experimental methods combining visual microfluidics with nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) were employed to analyze the damage patterns of externally injected water on low-permeability reservoirs. The results show that the intrinsic factors causing blockage in the Chang 3 reservoir are related to its low porosity and low permeability, with pore throat diameters all less than${20\mu }\mathrm{m}$, leading to poor reservoir properties and high liquid flow resistance in the reservoir. The composition of clay minerals mainly includes kaolinite and illite, which are velocity-sensitive minerals prone to fine particle migration and reservoir blockage. The external engineering factors causing blockage are the incompatibility of injected water with formation water, resulting in the formation of scale particle. These scale particles and clay particles can undergo a blockage-breakthrough process at the pore throat passages, causing fluctuating increases in injection pressure. Moreover, the injected water can carry scale and clay particles into the deep parts of the reservoir, where they accumulate and exacerbate blockage, significantly reducing the sweep efficiency of water flooding. The research results have clarified the pattern of water injection damage in the Chang 3 reservoir, providing theoretical guidance for water flooding development in oil fields.

water flooding development  /  reservoir damage  /  nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)  /  microfluidics
邓志颖, 唐鑫禹, 姬振宁, 朱静怡, 张占辉, 熊礼威. 陇东油田长3油藏注水伤害规律研究. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3190 -3200 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403057
Zhi-ying DENG, Xin-yu TANG, Zhen-ning JI, Jing-yi ZHU, Zhan-hui ZHANG, Li-wei XIONG. Injury Law of Water Injection of Chang 3 Reservoir in Longdong Oilfield[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3190 -3200 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403057
随着常规油气资源逐渐枯竭,非常规油气资源逐渐成为中国当前的开发重点。中国非常规油气资源丰富,主要包括致密油、页岩油、致密气和页岩气等[1]。目前在准噶尔盆地二叠系、鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系、四川盆地侏罗系等地层均发现了低渗致密油藏[2-3]。鄂尔多斯盆地陇东油田长 3 低渗油藏主要分布在镇北、合水等区县,该储层非均质性强且物性差,储层本身渗流能力较弱${}^{\left\lbrack 4\text{-6}\right\rbrack }$。长庆油田针对此类低渗透油藏水驱开发注水难度大、欠注井比例递增、多轮次措施效果差、堵塞物成分复杂等诸多开发瓶颈,不断深化开发理论研究[7-10]。为厘清长 3 油藏的欠注原因,开展了堵塞伤害规律研究,为缓解欠注矛盾提供了更多的理论支撑。
注水伤害的类型是多样化的, 中外学者对此开展了大量研究。研究发现, 注水伤害主要包括黏土矿物分散运移、储层内部微粒运移以及固相颗粒侵${\lambda }^{\left\lbrack {11}- {14}\right\rbrack }$ ; 乳化液导致水锁、细菌代谢产生不溶性金属及生物聚合物[15-17] ; 常用的表面活性剂与Fe${}^{3 +}$ 发生反应产生胶状物损害储层${}^{\left\lbrack {18}\text{-19}\right\rbrack }$。地层水与注入水不配伍产生沉淀[20-23],王红艳等[24] 认为,注入水含有${\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}{}^{2 -}$ 会与地层水中的Sr${}^{2 +}\text{、}{\mathrm{{Ba}}}^{2 +}$ 发生反应生成${\mathrm{{SrSO}}}_{4}$${\mathrm{{BaSO}}}_{4}$ 沉淀。苏恩泽[25] 研究表明,原油中胶质沥青等有机物在一定温度下, 会在近井地带絮凝沉积形成有机垢造成堵塞。综上可知, 开采的各个环节和各种流体的进入及开采方式的变化均会对储层造成伤害,常表现为渗流能力下降、油井低产、注水压力升高及注入量下降。因此注水伤害规律的研究对注水开发具有重要指导意义。
目前, 有关注水损害的研究方法主要包括矿物分析法[26] 、孔隙结构分析法[27] 岩心流动实验法[28] 、核磁共振 (nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR) 法[29] 及扫描电镜 (scanning electron microscopy, SEM)分析法[30] 等。邵晓岩等[31] 采用扫描电镜法与相渗实验等方法, 研究某低渗透油藏水驱后储层的特征变化, 发现物性较差的岩样水驱后孔喉中值半径变小, 渗透率降低, 非均质性变强, 注入水的长期冲刷会对储层造成一定伤害。崔刚等[29] 通过孔隙结构分析法, 并结合核磁共振评价岩心伤害程度, 发现储层损害的关键因素是注入水与地层水不配伍形成无机垢, 这些垢物以不同的形状分布在孔隙中及喉道处导致储层物性降低。王宇宁等[26] 通过矿物分析法, 并结合岩心流动实验法评价岩心的敏感程度, 发现该储层影响注水困难的主要原因为水敏、速敏伤害,需要优化注入量,采取有效措施预防敏感性损害。Tayanne 等[32] 采用岩心流动实验法, 研究了低矿化度的注入水对岩心渗透率的影响, 发现随着注入水的不断注入, 渗透率呈非单调下降趋势。
综上可知, 上述方法能够根据渗透率等表征参数来研究注水后对岩心的伤害规律, 但都无法直接观测到在注水过程中多孔介质内部的结垢情况。为进一步明确长 3 油藏的堵塞机理,构建一套联合微流控与核磁共振的实验方法: 微流控将多孔介质的注水伤害过程可视化, 能实时观测到注入水进入多孔介质后的流动及结垢状况;岩心核磁在线驱替实验能实时准确分析岩心水驱过程中注入水对岩心孔喉的伤害情况。该方法明确了注水对长 3 油藏储层的伤害规律,对未来注水开发工作具有重要的理论指导意义, 对同类型储层的高效开发提供了新的视角,同时,也为低渗储层损害机理研究提供了新的思路。
MacroMR12-100H型核磁共振仪,苏州纽迈分析仪器股份有限公司;微流控实验装置; SmartLab SE 型 X 射线衍射仪, 日本株式会社理学有限公司; IC761 离子色谱仪, 瑞士 METROHM 万通公司; Phenmo pro X 扫描电镜,荷兰 Thermo scientific;多视域偏光显微镜,日本 OLYMPUS 光学株式会社。
油田采用注水开发采油, 注入清水的总矿化度${6322.12}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$,地层水矿化度${11358.72}\mathrm{{mg}}/\mathrm{L}$,注入清水水型为${\mathrm{{Na}}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ 型,地层水水型为${\mathrm{{CaCl}}}_{2}$ 型,这两种矿化度和水型有差异的水混合易发生结垢[33-34],详细水质分析数据如表1 所示。
长 3 庄 73 井和镇 40~35 井岩心黏土矿物含量分别为${9.6}\%$${18.7}\%$,黏土矿物$\mathrm{X}$ 射线衍射 (X-ray diffraction, XRD) 全岩测试结果如表2 所示。
采用扫描电镜及铸体薄片实验对目标层位储层的孔隙结构特征进行微观分析。
扫描电镜法是研究岩石孔隙结构特征重要方法[35-36],利用这种方法可以仔细地观察到储层岩石的主要孔隙类型, 如粒间孔隙, 微孔隙 (包括粒内溶孔、杂基内微孔隙、微裂缝等) 和喉道类型并且可以测定出孔喉半径等参数。扫描电镜观察岩心孔隙结构的实验步骤:首先将岩样抽提清洗干净;然后加工出新鲜面作为观察面,将样品进行干燥后,用导电胶固定在样品台上, 将样品放入真空镀膜机镀金 (或碳),样品直径一般不超过${2.5}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ ; 最后放入 Phenmo pro X 扫描电镜的样品仓进行观察。
铸体薄片是一种孔隙被有色液态胶填充的岩石薄片,它是在真空加压下将有色液态胶注入岩石孔隙,等液态胶固化后打磨至薄片状。岩石孔隙被色胶充填后,在偏光显微镜下观察薄片时更易找出。铸体薄片[37-38] 能反映岩石孔隙类型、大小、分布、连通情况、组合特点和孔隙的几何形态、平均孔喉比、平均孔隙半径、喉部、配位数以及裂隙率等。
岩心核磁共振技术能够无损检测多孔介质内部含氢原子流体的分布状态及其运移特征, 具有得天独厚的技术优势, 它的基本原理在于检测孔隙内含氢流体的含量,并假定含氢流体充满不同孔隙的空间。采用岩心核磁共振驱替实验系统向实验岩心发射 GR-HSE 和 CPMG 两种脉冲序列, 得到岩心注水驱替前后的${T}_{2}$ 谱图和分层信号强度,据此来分析岩心的注水伤害规律。
选取长 3 层位的庄 73 井 1210.75 m 岩心与镇 40-35 井${1832.63}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的岩心进行实验,岩心尺寸信息如图1 所示。将两岩心分别放入核磁共振驱替实验装置的岩心夹持器中,将围压设置为${10}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,温度设置为储层温度$\left({{60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$,使用真空泵对驱替管路及实验岩心抽真空, 再用 ISCO 高压注射泵以恒流模式$\left({{0.02}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{{min}}}\right)$ 注入地层水,注入时间为${12}\mathrm{\;h}$, 待岩心完全饱和地层水后, 再向岩心以同样流速向岩心注射注入清水,在初始状态与注水${60}\mathrm{\;h}$ 结束时利用核磁共振设备向岩心分别发射 GR-HSE 和 CPMG 两种脉冲序列监测内部流体的核磁信号,记录岩心分层的核磁信号强度和岩心整体的${T}_{2}$ 谱。
微流控伤害实验方法是借鉴了医学、生物学的微流控技术, 用于观察流体在多孔介质中的运移规律。通过抽提目标储层岩心的铸体薄片孔隙结构特征来设计不规则几何形状的微观芯片, 这种微观芯片能模拟岩心的二维空间形态, 并实时掌握游离微粒在被流体携带的情况下, 对孔隙、喉道的动态伤害情况。
因两岩心孔渗特征相似,本实验选取长 3 镇 40-35 井岩心的铸体薄片图抽提孔隙结构信息制作两片微观芯片 (1 号芯片和 2 号芯片),两芯片基本信息如图2 所示,长度都是$6\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,宽度都是$4\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,但是为了研究不同孔隙体积芯片中的伤害规律,将 1 号芯片深度设计为${5\mu }\mathrm{m}$,孔隙体积${45\mu }\mathrm{L}$, 2 号芯片深度为${3\mu }\mathrm{m}$,孔隙体积${33\mu }\mathrm{L}$。将制作好的芯片放入如图3 所示的微流控实验装置中,先开启电加热片开关加热芯片, 调整温度至储层温度$\left({{60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ ;再调整显微镜焦距,并以${5\mu }\mathrm{L}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的流速由右向左向芯片注入质量分数为 1% 的酸性大红染料的地层水, 至芯片各个孔隙完全被地层水饱和, 并老化 24 h;随后,以相同流速向芯片注入清水,同样质量分数为 1% 的酸性大红染料, 观察芯片内部的结垢情况, 并全程监测注入压力变化信息; 通过流动过程中采集的图片分析垢样形态、垢样尺寸, 结合注入压力数据分析垢样的生成与移动规律。
通过陇东油区长 3 层位不同井的两块岩心$\mathrm{X}$ 射线衍射分析结果 (表2),目标层位的储层属于长石质石英砂岩储层。庄 73 井岩心斜长石含量最高,其次为石英,黏土矿物含量较低,仅有 9.6%,黏土矿物主要成分为伊利石和高岭石, 此外, 还含有少量伊蒙混层,速敏与水敏的风险较高。镇 40~ 35 井岩心石英含量最高, 其次为铁白云石, 含量达到 13.6%,通常认为孔隙中碳酸盐矿物含量超过 6% 以后, 砂岩面孔率急剧下降 [39], 当含量超过 10% 后, 孔隙就存在被胶结物堵死的风险, 且该层位储层黏土含量较高,达到 18.7%,黏土矿物的主要成分为高岭石, 发生速敏的风险高。
长 3 层庄 73 井、镇 40~35 井两块岩心的渗透率测试结果如表3所示, 可知两块岩心的渗透率均小于 ,孔隙度分别为 。如图4和图5所示, 观察到两口井的岩心孔隙较为发育;从铸体薄片图(图6、图7) 可以看出,孔隙之间的连通性较差。根据《油气储层评价方法》(SY/T 6285-2011), 可判断该储层属于超低渗致密储层, 庄 73 井岩心为中孔型, 镇 40-35 井岩心为低孔型。
通过铸体薄片实验发现该储层溶孔类型主要为粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔。庄 73 井岩心主要孔径大小为${10}\sim {20\mu }\mathrm{m}$,以小孔、中孔分布为主,面孔率为 7.11 %。镇 40~35 井岩心主要孔径大小为 5~${15\mu }\mathrm{m}$,以微小孔分布为主,面孔率为${3.10}\%$,具体如表3 所示。
图6 可以看出, 庄 73 井岩心表现为点-线接触特征,胶结类型为孔隙式胶结为主,石英少量,有黏土矿物, 破裂缝及更大裂缝少见。长石以斜长石居多,风化程度低-中,偶尔见方解石发育。石英岩、 隐晶岩、千枚岩、白云岩岩屑居多,黏土杂基少见。绿泥石薄膜、连晶状方解石胶结为主,绿泥石薄膜起保护孔隙作用。偶见黄铁矿、自生绿泥石, 粒间孔隙为主,孔隙边缘绿泥石支撑,因此提高了岩石的机械强度和抗压实能力。由图7 可知, 镇 40~35 并岩心表现为线接触特征,胶结类型为压嵌式为主,石英多,有黏土矿物。长石含量较少,绢云母为主,偶见碳酸盐出现。白云岩、泥岩、板岩、石英岩、 隐晶岩岩屑居多,其中白云岩屑最多,泥质岩挤压呈假杂基,凝块状产出。云母少量发育,呈强烈蚀变变形。黏土杂基少量。胶结物以含铁白云石、硅质胶结为主,少量绿泥石、伊利石,多见含铁白云石出现于白云岩岩屑边缘。颗粒致密胶结,原生孔隙少见,以岩屑溶孔、粒间溶孔为主,因此体现出面孔率低等特征。
通过对水驱前后的岩心发射 GR-HSE 序列进行扫描,得到两岩心水驱前后整体的核磁共振${T}_{2}$ 谱图。由图8(a)图8(c) 对比可知,水驱${60}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后两岩心整体的氢信号强度是降低的,且${10}\mathrm{\;{ms}}\leq {T}_{2}\leq$ ${1000}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 的中孔隙与大孔隙的氢信号强度较${T}_{2}\leq$ ${10}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 的小孔隙氢信号强度下降程度更大。说明注入水驱替岩心, 伤害的主要是岩心中的中孔隙与大孔隙,小孔隙的伤害程度最低。这是因为随着注入水进入地层,岩石表面附着力差的黏土颗粒被冲刷脱落, 随着注入流体率先进入那些渗流阻力小的中孔隙与大孔隙, 并与地层水接触产生垢体微粒, 这些黏土微粒与垢体微粒在孔隙空间内运移,易卡堵于喉道处,造成流动空间减少,氢信号强度降低。
通过对水驱前后的岩心发射 CPMG 序列进行扫描,得到水驱前后的岩心的轴向分层信号强度, 由图8(b)图8(d) 可知,镇 40-35 井岩心整体在水驱${60}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后,岩心前端$\left({0 \sim {18.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}}\right)$ 的信号强度高于饱和地层水的原始岩心,但是岩心后端$\left({{18.4}\sim {50.0}\mathrm{\;{mm}}}\right)$ 的信号强度下降明显,信号强度从61.2965.09下降至32.71 59.59;庄 73 井岩心后端的信号强度同样下降明显。说明岩心轴向上主要的伤害位置在岩心后端,岩心前端的伤害较小,且伴随有孔隙空间变大的现象。其原因是在注水过程中,岩心前端附着力差的黏土微粒与垢体微粒被注入水携带至岩心后端, 这些微粒的运移使岩心前端的部分孔隙空间得以释放, 最终卡堵于岩心后端的孔隙空间。
微流控实验观察到注水前后喉道的堵塞情况如图9图10 所示, 芯片中的深色部分为垢体颗粒, 说明由于地层水与注入水不配伍而在孔隙空间发生了结垢, 可以看出, 1 号芯片中垢体微粒主要呈现出点状、圆球状与细条状,2 号芯片中垢体微粒主要呈现出点状、方块状和圆球状。并且, 注水后的芯片图呈现出垢体微粒主要分布于芯片中后部的特征, 且孔隙体积小的 2 号芯片中明显富集的垢体微粒更多也更大。说明岩心孔隙体积越小,垢体微粒越容易在喉道附近富集导致堵塞,并且前期形成的垢体微粒会伴随着清水的注入被携带至芯片后部,导致出现芯片后部垢物富集的现象。
芯片注水过程中采集的注入压力数据绘制得到两芯片的注入压力曲线 (图11)。1 号芯片注入压力曲线 [图11(a)] 持续升高, 且在升高过程中伴随有波动, 说明芯片中的垢体微粒不断形成与堆积, 导致注入压力持续抬升, 但是因为注入压力的不断上升, 前期被堵塞的部分喉道被突破释放, 此时注入压力就会出现波动下降的现象。而 2 号芯片注入压力曲线[图11(b)] 虽然也在持续波动增长, 但是它整体的压力较 1 号芯片高。说明孔隙体积较小的 2 号芯片中, 垢体微粒在喉道的富集堵塞现象更严重,注入压力较高。
为了定量描述注水过程中垢体微粒在芯片内前、中、后部的赋存情况,对芯片内部微粒粒径进行测量并统计,其时 - 空分布如图12图13 所示。图12 为 1 号 芯片前 [图12(a)]、中 [图12(b)]、后部 [图12(c)] 的垢体微粒粒径随注入 PV 数增加的变化情况。图13 为 2 号芯片前 [图13 (a)]、 中[图13(b)]、后部[图13(c)]的垢体微粒粒径随注入 PV 数增加的变化情况。从两芯片中垢体微粒的整体生长情况看,孔喉直径较大的 1 号芯片,在注入初期,芯片前端的微粒粒径主要分布于$4 \sim {6\mu }\mathrm{m}$, 中部与后部的粒径分布范围也仅为$4 \sim {6\mu }\mathrm{m}$,而孔喉直径较小的 2 号芯片,在注入初期,芯片前段的微粒粒径分布较之 2 号芯片有显著增长, 其粒径分布范围已达到$8 \sim {18\mu }\mathrm{m}$。在芯片中后部同样能观察到 2 号芯片的垢体微粒粒径较 1 号芯片大。说明在清水注入后,孔喉直径小的芯片中更容易发生垢体微粒的富集, 导致芯片中的垢物微粒尺寸较大。由图12图13 还可以看出, 两芯片前、中、后部的曲线簇的波峰在向右偏移,说明两芯片中的垢体微粒粒径随着注入时间的延长在不断增大, 尤其是芯片后部的偏移趋势非常明显, 1 号芯片后部的垢体微粒从初期的${6\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 增长至后期的${17\mu }\mathrm{m},2$ 号芯片后部的垢体微粒从${11\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 增长至${20\mu }\mathrm{m}$。说明在注水过程中垢体微粒在不断生成,并在芯片后部持续富集,导致芯片后部垢体微粒粒径的增长趋势明显。
针对陇东油区长 3 油藏注水欠注的问题, 开展对长 3 油藏的堵塞机理研究。采用$\mathrm{X}$ 射线衍射法、 扫描电镜与铸体薄片实验研究储层的自身特征,采用核磁扫描岩心驱替伤害实验结合微流控伤害实验的方法, 研究岩心在动态注水过程中的伤害规律, 得出如下结论。
(1)X 衍射黏土矿物成份分析表明长 3 层位储层主要黏土矿物为高岭石和伊利石,均为速敏矿物。
(2)目标储层属于低孔、超低渗储层,5~20μm 的孔隙较为发育, 且连通性较差, 这是导致注水井欠注的内在因素。
(3)核磁扫描岩心驱替实验研究说明注入水驱替后, 岩心中的氢信号强度降低, 孔隙空间被堵塞, 且堵塞最严重的部分为岩心后端及岩心中的大孔隙。
(4)微流控实验研究说明,孔隙体积小的芯片中形成的垢体微粒的尺寸会较大, 且随着注入时间的延长,芯片中的垢体微粒也在不断聚集变大。
(5)经微流控与岩心在线核磁联合研究分析可知, 垢体微粒与黏土微粒会被注入水携带进入岩心深部 (芯片深部)。说明地层水与注入水不配伍及微粒运移是储层产生伤害引起注水井欠注的主要原因。反映在矿场实际情况中, 注入水会携带这些游离微粒运移至油藏深部, 严重降低水驱的波及范围,甚至堵塞原油流向油井的通道。
  • 中国石油天然气股份有限公司科技项目(2023ZZ17YJ05)
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2025年第25卷第8期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403057
  • 接收时间:2024-04-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-25
  • 修回日期:2024-12-20
基金
中国石油天然气股份有限公司科技项目(2023ZZ17YJ05)
作者信息
    1 中国石油长庆油田分公司 油气工艺研究院 西安 710018
    2 西南石油大学 油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室 成都 610500
    3 武汉工程大学 材料科学与工程学院 武汉 430205

通讯作者:

*朱静怡(1991-),女,汉族,四川成都人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:非常规油气资源增产改造。E-mail: zhujingyizoe@163.com。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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