Article(id=1156949467447513888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713888000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-24, revisedDate=1732291200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753767848121, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1738944000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753767848121, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753767848121, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753767848121, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156949362480861758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='4', pageStart='1312', pageEnd='1751', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753767823094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755171161273, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1732, endPage=1742, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156949468655473463, articleId=1156949467447513888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Carbon Reduction Potential and Cost of Sustainable Aviation Fuel Based on the HEFA-FT Route, columnId=1156262729993277777, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Predicting the emission reduction potential and cost of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) that aligns with China’s national conditions is essential for advancing the SAF industry and achieving carbon neutrality goals. Based on the principles of international comparability and independent controllability, a lifecycle carbon emission reduction model was developed for two technological pathways: hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) and Fischer-Tropsch (FT). This model forecasted the emission reduction and cost associated with SAF in China’s civil aviation sector from 2025 to 2060.The results indicate that the HEFA pathway, which is suitable for implementation between 2025 and 2030 using waste oils as feedstock, achieves a carbon emissions reduction of 61.3 kgCO2e/GJ, contributing to an overall reduction of 84.4%. This associated cost ranges from 0 to 1 025.9 CNY/tCO2e when compared to traditional aviation kerosene. In contrast, the FT pathway-primarily developed between 2030 and 2060 utilizing municipal solid waste as raw material yields the highest carbon emissions reduction at 68.4 kgCO2e/GJ. Furthermore, routes employing agricultural or municipal solid waste exhibit lower abatement costs than those utilizing forestry waste. Considering China’s specific national conditions, it is determined the FT route utilizing agricultural waste as feedstock is more appropriate for development as the main SAF production technology after 2030 due to its abundant raw materials and comparatively lower abatement costs. Projections suggest that by 2060, reductions in China’s civil aviation SAF could reach approximately 17 177 million tons to 19 819 million tons. From a possible scenario spanning from 2025 to 2060, it is estimated that cumulative carbon abatement costs will amount to between 11 063 to 45 828 billion CNY, this corresponds with a marginal carbon abatement cost ranging from 220 to 697 CNY/tCO2e.

, correspAuthors=Xin LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-jun TIAN, Xin LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156949549395825333, articleId=1156949467447513888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=环境科学、安全科学基于HEFA-FT路线的可持续航空燃料碳减排潜力与减排成本, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=预测符合中国国情的可持续航空燃料(sustainable aviation fuel,SAF)的减排潜力与成本对推动SAF行业的发展,对实现碳中和目标至关重要。基于国际可比和自主可控原则,构建脂类和脂肪酸类加氢处理(hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids,HEFA)和费托合成(Fischer-Tropsch,FT)两条技术路径的全生命周期碳减排模型,预测2025—2060年中国民航SAF的减排量和减排成本。结果表明:适合在2025—2030年阶段部署的以废弃油脂为原料的HEFA路线相比于传统航空煤油减少的碳排放量、减排贡献、减排成本分别为61.3 kgCO2e/GJ、84.4%、0~1 025.9 CNY/tCO2e。在2030—2060年主要发展的FT路线中:以城市固体废弃物为原料的路线其减少的碳排放量最大,为68.4 kgCO2e/GJ;以农业废弃物和城市固体废弃物为原料的减排成本低于以林业废弃物为原料。鉴于中国国情,农业废弃物为原料的FT路线由于其丰富的原材料及较低的减排成本,更适宜在2030年以后作为主要SAF生产技术路线进行发展。同时预计2060年中国民航SAF减排量大体在17 177~19 819万t。2025—2060年,可能情景下累计碳减排成本分别达到11 063~45 828亿元,边际碳减排成本为220~697 CNY/tCO2e。, correspAuthors=刘鑫, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘鑫(1999—),男,汉族,青海海东人,硕士研究生。研究方向:民航环境与可持续发展。E-mail:
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田利军(1976—),男,汉族,天津人,博士,教授。研究方向:民航环境与可持续发展。E-mail:

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田利军(1976—),男,汉族,天津人,博士,教授。研究方向:民航环境与可持续发展。E-mail:

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articleId=1156949467447513888, language=CN, label=图8, caption=可能情景和乐观情景下2025—2060年碳减排成本, figureFileSmall=GKAoVPhm49opDVwIehg1lA==, figureFileBig=zv8noI6n4bS3f9lu9lZdlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944426892145581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949467447513888, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Minimum selling price of SAF

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术路线 原料 MSP/(USD·L-1) MSP/(CNY·GJ-1)
HEFA 废弃食用油脂 0.56~1.16 160.00~222.89
FT 农业废弃物 1.63~2.40 313.20~461.20
FT 林业废弃物 1.00~1.58 192.20~303.62
FT 城市固体废弃物 0.95~1.39 182.42~267.12
), ArticleFig(id=1225944427118638022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949467447513888, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SAF的最低出售价格

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术路线 原料 MSP/(USD·L-1) MSP/(CNY·GJ-1)
HEFA 废弃食用油脂 0.56~1.16 160.00~222.89
FT 农业废弃物 1.63~2.40 313.20~461.20
FT 林业废弃物 1.00~1.58 192.20~303.62
FT 城市固体废弃物 0.95~1.39 182.42~267.12
), ArticleFig(id=1225944427252855769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949467447513888, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Techno-economic analysis of different SAF technologies in China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术路线 HEFA FT FT FT
原料 废弃油脂 农业废弃物 林业废弃物 城市固体废弃物
转化率/% 50~70 14~18 14~18
原料成本/(CNY·t-1) 6 000~9 000 500~600 500~600
MSP/(CNY·GJ-1) 188.2~192.2 313.2~461.2 188.2~303.62 188.2~267.12
LCA/(gCO2e·MJ-1) 13.9 7.7 8.3 5.2
减排贡献(相比传统航煤)/% 84.4 91.3 90.7 94.2
ER/(kgCO2e·GJ-1) 61.3 66.4 65.9 68.4
技术成熟度TRL[40] 9 7~8 7~8 7~8
燃料准备级别FRL[29] 9 6~8 6~8 6~8
产能[40]/(104 t·a-1) 136 2 070 1 950 235
主导单位 中国石化镇海炼化分公司、河南省君恒实业集团生物科技有限公司、浙江嘉澳环保科技有限公司 国家电力投资集团有限公司、中国节能环保集团有限公司、中科合成油技术股份有限公司 中国节能环保集团有限公司
所需政策支持 地沟油出口限制 废弃物收集
), ArticleFig(id=1225944427382879210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949467447513888, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中国不同SAF技术经济分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术路线 HEFA FT FT FT
原料 废弃油脂 农业废弃物 林业废弃物 城市固体废弃物
转化率/% 50~70 14~18 14~18
原料成本/(CNY·t-1) 6 000~9 000 500~600 500~600
MSP/(CNY·GJ-1) 188.2~192.2 313.2~461.2 188.2~303.62 188.2~267.12
LCA/(gCO2e·MJ-1) 13.9 7.7 8.3 5.2
减排贡献(相比传统航煤)/% 84.4 91.3 90.7 94.2
ER/(kgCO2e·GJ-1) 61.3 66.4 65.9 68.4
技术成熟度TRL[40] 9 7~8 7~8 7~8
燃料准备级别FRL[29] 9 6~8 6~8 6~8
产能[40]/(104 t·a-1) 136 2 070 1 950 235
主导单位 中国石化镇海炼化分公司、河南省君恒实业集团生物科技有限公司、浙江嘉澳环保科技有限公司 国家电力投资集团有限公司、中国节能环保集团有限公司、中科合成油技术股份有限公司 中国节能环保集团有限公司
所需政策支持 地沟油出口限制 废弃物收集
), ArticleFig(id=1225944427504514048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949467447513888, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Contribution rate and fuel intensity of SAF in stages from 2025 to 2060

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段/年 SAF掺混比例/% 燃油强度/%
可能情景 乐观情景
2025—2029 2.0 10 0.6
2030—2034 5.2 30 0.9
2035—2039 17.0 35 1.2
2040—2044 39.0 45 1.5
2045—2049 54.0 65 1.8
2050—2054 65.0 75 2.1
2055—2060 65.0 75 2.4
), ArticleFig(id=1225944427642925070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949467447513888, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2025—2060年分阶段SAF贡献率与燃油强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段/年 SAF掺混比例/% 燃油强度/%
可能情景 乐观情景
2025—2029 2.0 10 0.6
2030—2034 5.2 30 0.9
2035—2039 17.0 35 1.2
2040—2044 39.0 45 1.5
2045—2049 54.0 65 1.8
2050—2054 65.0 75 2.1
2055—2060 65.0 75 2.4
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环境科学、安全科学基于HEFA-FT路线的可持续航空燃料碳减排潜力与减排成本
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田利军 1 , 刘鑫 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(4): 1732-1742
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(4): 1732-1742
环境科学、安全科学基于HEFA-FT路线的可持续航空燃料碳减排潜力与减排成本
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田利军1 , 刘鑫2, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国民航大学环境与可持续发展研究院, 天津 300300
  • 2 中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300
  • 田利军(1976—),男,汉族,天津人,博士,教授。研究方向:民航环境与可持续发展。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*刘鑫(1999—),男,汉族,青海海东人,硕士研究生。研究方向:民航环境与可持续发展。E-mail:
Carbon Reduction Potential and Cost of Sustainable Aviation Fuel Based on the HEFA-FT Route
Li-jun TIAN1 , Xin LIU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
  • 2 School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2025-02-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403028
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预测符合中国国情的可持续航空燃料(sustainable aviation fuel,SAF)的减排潜力与成本对推动SAF行业的发展,对实现碳中和目标至关重要。基于国际可比和自主可控原则,构建脂类和脂肪酸类加氢处理(hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids,HEFA)和费托合成(Fischer-Tropsch,FT)两条技术路径的全生命周期碳减排模型,预测2025—2060年中国民航SAF的减排量和减排成本。结果表明:适合在2025—2030年阶段部署的以废弃油脂为原料的HEFA路线相比于传统航空煤油减少的碳排放量、减排贡献、减排成本分别为61.3 kgCO2e/GJ、84.4%、0~1 025.9 CNY/tCO2e。在2030—2060年主要发展的FT路线中:以城市固体废弃物为原料的路线其减少的碳排放量最大,为68.4 kgCO2e/GJ;以农业废弃物和城市固体废弃物为原料的减排成本低于以林业废弃物为原料。鉴于中国国情,农业废弃物为原料的FT路线由于其丰富的原材料及较低的减排成本,更适宜在2030年以后作为主要SAF生产技术路线进行发展。同时预计2060年中国民航SAF减排量大体在17 177~19 819万t。2025—2060年,可能情景下累计碳减排成本分别达到11 063~45 828亿元,边际碳减排成本为220~697 CNY/tCO2e
可持续航空燃料  /  减排成本  /  减排潜力  /  情景分析

Predicting the emission reduction potential and cost of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) that aligns with China’s national conditions is essential for advancing the SAF industry and achieving carbon neutrality goals. Based on the principles of international comparability and independent controllability, a lifecycle carbon emission reduction model was developed for two technological pathways: hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) and Fischer-Tropsch (FT). This model forecasted the emission reduction and cost associated with SAF in China’s civil aviation sector from 2025 to 2060.The results indicate that the HEFA pathway, which is suitable for implementation between 2025 and 2030 using waste oils as feedstock, achieves a carbon emissions reduction of 61.3 kgCO2e/GJ, contributing to an overall reduction of 84.4%. This associated cost ranges from 0 to 1 025.9 CNY/tCO2e when compared to traditional aviation kerosene. In contrast, the FT pathway-primarily developed between 2030 and 2060 utilizing municipal solid waste as raw material yields the highest carbon emissions reduction at 68.4 kgCO2e/GJ. Furthermore, routes employing agricultural or municipal solid waste exhibit lower abatement costs than those utilizing forestry waste. Considering China’s specific national conditions, it is determined the FT route utilizing agricultural waste as feedstock is more appropriate for development as the main SAF production technology after 2030 due to its abundant raw materials and comparatively lower abatement costs. Projections suggest that by 2060, reductions in China’s civil aviation SAF could reach approximately 17 177 million tons to 19 819 million tons. From a possible scenario spanning from 2025 to 2060, it is estimated that cumulative carbon abatement costs will amount to between 11 063 to 45 828 billion CNY, this corresponds with a marginal carbon abatement cost ranging from 220 to 697 CNY/tCO2e.

sustainable aviation fuel  /  emission reduction costs  /  emission reduction potential  /  scenario analysis
田利军, 刘鑫. 环境科学、安全科学基于HEFA-FT路线的可持续航空燃料碳减排潜力与减排成本. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1732 -1742 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403028
Li-jun TIAN, Xin LIU. Carbon Reduction Potential and Cost of Sustainable Aviation Fuel Based on the HEFA-FT Route[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1732 -1742 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403028
在过去的几十年来,航空业快速发展的同时给环境带来也造成了不利的影响。目前,全球航空业的二氧化碳排放量占温室气体排放总量的2.4%,预计到2050年,航空业的碳排放量将导致全球的温度上升约0.1 ℃[1], 根据国际民航组织(International Civil Aviation Organization,ICAO)预测,若保持现有排放水平,至2050年时航空碳排放将占到全球总碳排放的25%[2]。考虑到航空业对全球碳排放的影响,2022年,在第41届ICAO大会上,来自193个联合国成员国的代表就2050年实现航空净零排放的“历史性协议” 达成一致。欧洲联盟颁布了欧洲绿色新政(European Green Deal)长期发展战略、Fit for 55一揽子政策组合(简称FF55),美国发布了《美国航空业气候行动计划》《可持续航空燃料大挑战路线图》《可持续燃料标准》《通胀消减法案》等政策来应对气候变化。与此同时,为助力“双碳”目标的实现,中国民用航空局印发《“十四五”民航绿色发展专项规划》《“十四五”民用航空发展规划》《“十四五”生物经济发展规划》等政策措施来促进航空业的减排。
目前已有的减排措施有:提高运营和基础设施效率,电动飞机、氢能飞机的使用以及使用可持续航空燃料(sustainable aviation fuel,SAF)。其中,能效提升等常规技术领域优化所产生的减排潜力有限,从长期的角度来看,氢能和电气化为当前技术提供低碳排放的替代品,但需要在飞机设计和更换方面发生巨大的变化[3]。SAF具有能量密度高、减排效果好、可实现低碳零碳甚至“负碳”,且技术成熟度高、与现有航空器和基础设施兼容、短期可商业运行[4],根据国际航空运输协会(International Air Transport Association, IATA)分析,到2050年,65%的减排将通过使用SAF来实现[5]。因此,大规模部署SAF在减少航空部门二氧化碳排量的措施中是至关重要的[6]
SAF被欧洲环境署定义为“与传统航空燃料相比,减少温室气体排放,同时避免其他不利的可持续性影响的生物基航空燃料”[7],不同的类型的燃料可以通过不同的技术路径转化为可持续航空燃料。截止到2023年,已有9条路线通过美国材料与试验协会(American Society for Testing Materials,ASTM)的批准。其中7条技术路径得到了《含合成碳氢化合物的航空涡轮燃料标准规范》(ASTM D7566)的认证[8],分别为:FT-SPK(费托合成石蜡油)、HEFA-SPK(加氢脂和脂肪酸)、HFS-SIP(氢化发酵糖合成异石蜡)、AtJ-SPK(醇转喷气合成石蜡煤油)、CHJ(催化水热分解)和、HC-HEFA(从碳氢化合物加氢脂和脂肪酸)和FT-SPK/A(带芳烃的费托合成煤油),此外还有Co-processed HEFA(可再生原料与原油中间馏分共加工的加氢处理酯和脂肪酸煤油)、Co-processed FT(可再生原料与原油中间馏分共加工的费托合成煤油)这两种路线得到了《航空涡轮燃料标准规范》(ASTM D1655)的认证[9]
中国作为全球第二大航空市场,其减排实现碳中和目标对于全球航空业的碳减排有着重大的意义。《“十四五”民航绿色发展专项规划》中明确提出:“力争2025年当年可持续航空燃料消费量达到2万吨以上”[10]。基于国际可比和自主可控原则,构建脂类和脂肪酸类加氢处理(hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids,HEFA)、费托合成(Fischer-Tropsch,FT)两条技术路径的全生命周期碳减排模型,预测2025—2060年中国民航SAF的减排量和减排成本。为新质生产力的锻造、国家能源转型及民航业深度脱碳提供理论依据和经验证据。
目前,关于SAF的研究主要有4条路径:污染物排放、碳减排潜力、减排成本及SAF与碳市场的协同,其中SAF有较好的环境效应和经济效应,但因原料和技术路线存在较大差异。
SAF相比于传统航空煤油可以有效减少颗粒物等污染物的排放质量和数量。Lobo等[11]的研究发现,用废食用油生产的HEFA与传统Jet A-1燃料混合后的16种不同混合物的研究表明,与Jet A-1燃料相比,非挥发性颗粒排放在颗粒数量上平均减少约35%,在颗粒物质质量上平均减少约60%。Moore等[12]研究表明,与Jet A燃料相比,使用传统低硫含量燃料Jet A和HEFA燃料的50∶50混合物,可替代HEFA燃料的颗粒物排放量几乎减少了1/2。
不同的生物原料及不同技术路线选择将会实现不同程度的SAF减排潜力。Puschnigg等[13]Renewable Energy Directive (EU/2018/2001)和国际航空碳抵消与减排机制(carbon offsetting and reduction scheme for international aviation,CORSIA)的两个框架评估了基于软木残渣为原料的SAF的温室气体减排潜力,与传统化石燃料相比,这两个框架分别可以实现高达80.1%和79%的温室气体减排。Abrantes等[14]的评估显示每种生产SAF的工艺中使用的不同原料对减少二氧化碳排放没有显著影响,每种条件之间的最大差异为1.47%。Alam等[15]研究发现,基于Carinata的SAF碳排放总量相比传统航空燃料提供了65%的相对碳节约,相对碳减排在61%~68%的可能性为95%。Seber等[16]估计了从麻逢树等原料中提取的HEFA燃料的温室气体排放效益为34%~65%。
SAF显著的减排潜力带动了SAF潜在的消费市场,然而SAF高昂的成本是造成SAF市场化的主要障碍,因此一些研究关注SAF的减排成本。如Winchester等[17]研究发现,使用HEFA工艺生产的可再生燃料减少的每吨二氧化碳成本在50~400美元。Capaz等[18]、Klein等[19]分析了适宜在巴西发展的SAF技术路线的减排成本和潜力。Tomaschek等[20]评估了南非生物燃料生成的温室气体排放和减排成本,发现其生产成本高于参考化石燃料30%~80%。Rojas等[21]研究发现,通过电转液路线(power to liquid, PtL)生产的SAF的全球增温潜势低于化石燃料,并可以满足现有的航空减排目标。Becken等[22]研究表明,要实现碳中和,中期将严重依赖生物源SAF,长期将依赖基于可再生电力的可持续航煤(e-kerosene),2050年可能需要全球9%的可再生电力和30%的可持续生物质。欧洲的航空公司由于有较高的运营和商业效率,其效率高于非欧洲的航空公司,欧洲航空业未来的CO2排放将从SAF的使用中减少34%,另外12%的减少来自SAF对需求的影响[23]
基于相同的目标, SAF与碳市场在减排量中的互补关系和在应用中的价格互动关系吸引了大批学者的关注。文献[17,24-25]基于不同的模型工具(系统动力学、蒙特卡洛模拟、一般均衡模型、航空投资组合管理工具、FLEET(fleet-level environmental evaluation tool)模型、贝叶斯推理模型)研究了SAF政策和目标对运营效率、航空排放及企业绩效的影响。Chen等[26]基于两阶段碳交易模型的航空二氧化碳减排市场框架,分析了未来10年不同SAF应用情景下的减排效率和不同市场化政策下碳减排激励。Li等[23]研究表明,航空业纳入欧盟排放交易计划会提高航空公司的效率。上述研究深化了对SAF环境效应和减排成本的认识。
目前,关于SAF减碳的相关研究的应用场景大多集中欧美国家,并基于自身的资源禀赋、产业规划和能源战略展开,尚缺乏针对中国国情的SAF减排研究。鉴于此,综合考虑国际认可和自主可控原则,对适宜在中国发展的SAF技术路线分析其减排潜力与成本,以期为行业可持续发展提供学术参照和“定量解”。
酯和脂肪酸加氢路线(HEFA)、气化-费托合成路线(FT)、醇制航煤路线(AtJ)、电转液路线(PtL)这4种路线被广泛认为在航空业具有重要的发展前景,也是全球燃料供应商的重点领域。HEFA主要使用非食用动植物油脂作为原料,通过两段加氢工艺来生产[27]。FT主要使用农业与林业废物、城市固体废物、种植的纤维素能源作物原材料,通过原料预处理、生物质气化、气体调节、酸性气体去除、FT合成和合成原油精炼6个步骤转化[28]。AtJ技术是以木质纤维素等生物质原料先转化为生物质醇类,醇脱水生成烯烃,生成的烯烃聚合成长链烯烃,再通过加氢改质工艺,生产出航煤产品[29]。PtL是首先将工业废气或空气中的CO2富集为高浓度状态,再与绿氢经费托反应和加氢异构过程转化为可持续航空燃料组分的一种炼制工艺。与传统航空化石燃料相比,HEFA路线的减排潜力73%~84%,G+FT路线可以减少85%~94%的二氧化碳排放量,AtJ路线为85%~94%,而PtL路线理论上可以实现100%的减排[6]
从技术层面分析,HEFA路线的技术成熟度(technology readiness level,TRL)和燃料准备级别(fuel ready level,FRL)最高,均为9,即表示以废弃食用油脂为原料的HEFA路线技术是非常成熟,且达到了商业化运营的阶段。而FT路线的TRL和FRL均在6~8,表明其技术成熟度较高,但还不能完全进行商业化,已进入认证阶段。AtJ路线TRL和FRL分别在6~8、7~8,其有望逐渐走出示范阶段进入商业化运营。而PtL尚处在初期实验阶段。HEFA、FT、AtJ路线是最有可能实现SAF量产的路线。
从原料供给的中国国情出发分析,HEFA路线主要以废弃油脂为主要原料,其原料可利用量为340万t/年,但目前大部分原料被用来出口,只有较少部分留在国内。FT路线的原料包括农业废弃物(秸秆等)、林业废弃物(森林采伐剩余物、木材加工剩余物等)、城市固体废弃物,其目前的可用量分别为20 700、19 500、2 350万t,在SAF生产率10%的情况下,其SAF年产能分别可以达到2 070、1 950、235万t[30]。因此,以农业和林业废弃物为原料的FT路线会生产大量的SAF。
考虑到中国粮食安全、能源安全,粮食作物、食用油脂类经济作物不适合作为SAF原料。酯类原料在现有收集管理模式下,原料价格居高不下,终端产品缺乏市场长期竞争优势,城市固体废弃物存在收集成本高、处理难度大的问题且工艺有待完善提升。根据文献[6,31]的研究结论:HEFA路线是近期(2024—2035年)最适合中国的路线,FT路线最有可能在中长期(2036—2050年)满足民航需求。可以给出中国可持续航空燃料的发展建议分为三阶段:2024—2035年以废弃油脂为原料的HEFA路线为主、FT路线与PtL路线小规模示范生产为补充;2035以后以农业废弃物和林业废弃物为主要原料的FT路线替代HEFA路线为主;2050年以后PtL路线为主。
SAF技术路线的减排成本参照Sterner等[32]、Tomaschek等[20]提出的方法进行计算,计算公式为
$M{C}_{i}=\frac{{P}_{i}-{P}_{ref}}{E{R}_{i}}=\frac{\Delta P}{E{R}_{i}}$
式(1)中:MCi为通过不同途径i获得的SAF相关的减排成本,CNY/kgCO2e(其中CO2e为二氧化碳当量);Pi为通过途径i获得的SAF的最低销售价格(minimum selling price,MSP),CNY/GJ;2022年中国航空煤油均价6 586.4 CNY/t,航空煤油的能量密度为0.035 GJ/L,则航空煤油的价格Pref转为188.2 CNY/GJ;ERi为CORSIA指南通过途径i减少的碳排放量[33],kgCO2e/GJ。
SAF路线的总生命周期排放值指符合国际航空碳抵消与减排机制(Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation,CORSIA)条件的燃料默认生命周期排放值,而默认生命周期排放量等于实际核心生命周期排放(life cycle assessment,LCA)加对应的诱发土地利用变化量(induced land use change,ILUC)[34-35]。HEFA路线在中国的主要原料是餐厨废油等废弃油脂,FT路线在中国的主要原料是秸秆等农业废弃物、林业废弃物、城市固体废弃物,根据GORSIA指南[33]原料是废物、残渣或副产品的原料生产的,则实际的核心LCA值应为总生命周期排放值。HEFA路线、FT路线的总生命周期排放量即其核心生命周期排放值LCA(单位:gCO2e/MJ表示飞机发动机生产和燃烧的燃料每兆焦耳的二氧化碳当量克数),以废弃食用油脂为原料的HEFA、以农业废弃物、林业废弃物、城市固体废弃物为原料的FT路线减排潜力分别为84.4%、91.3%、90.7%、94.2%,如图1所示。
为了计算SAF途径的减排,根据式(2)[18]将EF(单位:gCO2e/MJ)转为ER(单位:kgCO2e/GJ)。
$E{R}_{i}=3.16\times 23.0\times \left(1-\frac{E{F}_{i}}{89.0}\right)$
式(2)中:3.16为根据CORSIA的转换系数,kgCO2e/GJfuel,表示每吨航空煤油排放3.16 t二氧化碳当量;23.0表示每千兆焦耳的能量所对应的质量是23.0千克,kg/GJ;EFi为通过途径i产生的与SAF相关的生命周期碳排放值,gCO2e/MJ;89.0为化石煤油的基线生命周期排放值[36],gCO2e/MJ。
以废弃食用油脂为原料的HEFA、以农业废弃物、林业废弃物、城市固体废弃物为原料的FT路线相比于化石煤油减少的碳排放量分别为61.3、66.4、65.9、68.4 kgCO2e/GJ,如图2所示。
预估的不同路线SAF最低出售价格来自Martinez-Valencia等[37]、Hamdan等[38]的研究报告,2022年1美元=6.726 1元人民币,如表1所示。以2022年中国航空煤油均价160 CNY/GJ相比,大部分可持续航空燃料的最低出售价格高于航空煤油。由于不同路线的不同原料,同一路线的同一原料在不同时期、不同地点的价格变化浮动大,以及生产SAF的资本投入、固定运营成本的不确定性、产量的不确定性、燃料和能源价格的不确定性、政策的不确定性都会对SAF的最低出售价格造成影响[39-40],进而导致SAF的减排成本的价格变化浮动大。同时考虑到地沟油的获得价格高于航空煤油的市场价格,无论技术如何改进都改变不了原料比产品价格高这一事实,则HEFA路线最低出售价格的最小值应大于160 CNY/GJ的航空煤油市价。因此,基于文献[37-38]理论值并结合市场实际情况,根据式(1),以废弃食用油脂为原料的HEFA、以农业废弃物、林业废弃物、城市固体废弃物为原料的FT路线减排成本分别为0~1 025.9、2 307.2~4 536.1、488.6~2 179.4、327.0~1 566.1 CNY/tCO2e,如图3所示。
根据CORSIA指南,结合市场调研,得到不同路线的SAF中HEFA路线的技术成熟度TRL和燃料准备级别FRL最高,均为9,即表示以废弃食用油脂为原料的HEFA路线技术是非常成熟,且达到商业化运营的阶段。而FT路线的TRL和FRL在6~8表明其技术成熟度较高,但还不能完全进行商业化,已进入认证阶段。根据中国SAF原料的供应能力,预计未来以农业废弃物和林业废弃物为原料的FT路线年产量将分别达到2 070、1 950万t,而以废弃油脂为原料的HEFA路线年产量为136万t。表2为中国不同SAF技术经济分析。
中国民航提出了2025年SAF消费量要达到2万t以上,同时IATA给出了2025—2050年不同阶段SAF的减排潜力[41]。从以上两点出发,从2025年开始预测SAF减排量。首先预测在不采取减排措施情况下中国民航2025—2060年的碳排放量。中国民航碳排放量的核算边界为中国境内注册的商业航空公司飞行活动所带来的二氧化碳排放(不含范围二和范围三排放)。民航碳排放量的计算采用燃油消耗量与航空煤油碳排放因子的乘积。航空煤油碳排放因子为3.15,表示消耗每吨航空煤油排放3.15 tCO2
组合预测模型因其能通过结合多个预测模型进行预测,可以充分利用各个模型的优点,提高预测精度,而被众多研究人员采用[42]。杨新湦等[43]以珠三角地区为例利用组合预测法对珠三角地区的民航运输量进行了长期的预测。俞佳立等[44]将指数平滑法和灰色预测法组合,预测了管道货运量。张九跃等[45]通过研究得出组合预测法比单一预测法误差更小、精度更高。因此,以2010—2019年中国民航年航煤耗量作为基础数据序列,利用趋势外推法、指数平滑法分别预测,再通过组合预测模型对中国2025—2060年的民航燃油消耗量进行预测。
趋势外推法基于时间序列数据中的趋势进行分析和推断,从而预测未来的数值,假设过去的趋势在未来会继续保持,主要通过拟合历史数据的趋势线来预测未来的数据变化趋势,计算公式为
yt=-499854.35+249.36xt
式(3)中:yt、xt分别为预测时间与预测值。
指数平滑法则是一种基于加权移动平均的方法,对时间序列数据进行平滑处理,以减少随机波动的影响,更好地捕捉趋势,预测公式为
Yt+T=3209+162.03T
式(4)中:Yt+T、T分别为预测值与超前期数。
两种不同预测方法的平均绝对误差分别为0.05、0.12。组合预测模型为
${Y}_{t}={Q}_{1}{y}_{1}+{Q}_{2}{Y}_{t+T}$
式(5)中:Q1Q2分别为趋势外推法和指数平滑法的权重,Q1+Q2=1;Yt为在t时间的组合预测值;y1Yt+T分别为趋势外推法和指数平滑法的预测值。
对平均预测误差大的赋予较小权重,平均预测误差小的赋予较大权重,趋势外推法的平均预测误差D1=0.05,指数平滑法的平均预测误差${D}_{2}=0.12,{D}_{2}/{D}_{1}=0.12/0.05=2.4/1$,则Q1=0.69,Q2=0.31。根据趋势外推预测、指数平滑预测的值以及组合预测模型,计算出2025—2060年中国民航年航煤耗值如图4所示。
考虑到2025—2060年这一较长的时间段,除SAF减排技术的发展外,还会有COASIA市场机制、空管技术的发展以及氢能、电能飞机的进入,因此在不同的时间段SAF减排的贡献率也会有所不同。IATA提出了为实现2050航空净零排放,从2025—2050年不同的关键时间点SAF产量应达到总燃料需求的比例[41],德勤预计到2050年,SAF将为航空业净零排放做出50%~75%的碳减排贡献[46]。Cui等[47]研究表明,使用SAF可以减少50%~90%的二氧化碳和甲烷的排放。不同的研究机构和国际组织对于未来SAF的减排贡献有着不同的研究结论。未来中国不同阶段SAF的减排量将受到众多不确定因素的影响,如技术、运营和基础设施能效提高会减少对SAF的需求,国际社会对民航减排提出更高的要求导致的减排压力会强制SAF使用比例的上升,新技术(电能、氢能飞机)出现革命性变革进而对减排做出更大的贡献。与此同时,燃油消耗与所使用的飞机机型、运行环境、航空公司的商业模式、航线结构等因素有关,随着飞机机型的升级、运行环境的改善、航线结构的优化等措施,从长期来看中国民航航煤基数增长趋势。
基于以上不确定因素,定义了不同阶段3种不同的SAF占总燃油消耗量情景:冻结情景、可能情景、乐观情景。冻结情景假设不采取任何减排措施的碳排放量,即根据民航碳排放量的核算方法,以及图4预测的中国民航2025—2060年油耗量,可以计算出2025—2060年中国民航碳排放量。可能情景假定中国未来SAF占市场燃料需求的比例达到 国际航空运输协会的要求,到2025年、2030年、2035年、2040年、2045年、2050年SAF分别占总燃料需求的2%、5.2%、17%、39%、54%、65%[41]。乐观情景假设执行更严格环境政策、SAF技术创新取得重大突破的情况下,SAF应用加速发展,2025年和2030年SAF将分别占航煤消耗总量的10%和30%[47-48],2050年达到75%[49],2035年、2040年、2045年分别达到35%、45%、65%,由于目前市场SAF大规模应用的具体情景还不明确,所以据以上分析分阶段设置两种不同比例的SAF实施情况来模拟不同SAF掺混措施对于行业碳排放的影响程度,如表3所示。ICAO提出燃料强度到2050年每年将会提升0~2%[50],而从历史数据来看,中国民航年燃料强度会提升0.3%。到2025年、2030年、2035年、2040年、2045年、2050年、2055年的年燃油强度分别为0.6%、0.9%、1.2%、1.5%、1.8%、2.1%、2.4%,如表3所示。
基于以上分析,如图5所示,如果不考虑采取SAF在内的任何减排措施,那么随着航空需求快速增长,中国民航业碳排放快速上升,在2050以后才能达到峰值,2025—2060年累计排放量达到864 308万t。而在可能情景和乐观情景下,中国民航业碳排放分别在2034年、2029年达到峰值,分别为20 773、16 944万t,累计碳减排量分别为341 061、446 707万t。这意味着随着SAF使用量的增加,可能情景和乐观情景下到2060年相比于冻结情景的碳减排效率分别为65%和75%,SAF的减排潜力进一步发挥,推动民航业实现碳达峰碳中和目标,如图6图7所示。
基于第3节SAF技术路线的描述,假设2025—2035年中国SAF技术路线以HEFA为主,2036—2060年以FT路线为主。SAF减排成本的计算主要根据Tomaschek等[20]、Sterner等[32]提出的减排成本模型,SAF的最低出售价格通过文献[37]查阅确定范围,而考虑原油价格的难以预测性,借鉴Cui等[47]的处理方法,以当前的航空煤油价格和SAF价格对未来的减排成本进行估算。因此2025—2035年SAF价格以4.2节中计算的HEFA价格为主,2036—2060年以4.2节中计算的FT价格为主。利用图5预测的3种不同情景下的油耗量分阶段分情景进行分析。HEFA减排成本为0~1 025.9 CNY/tCO2e(CNY/tCO2e表示减少每吨二氧化碳当量需付出的成本)、FT减排成本为327~4 536.1 CNY/tCO2e。从2025—2060年,可能情景下累计碳减排成本分别达到10 795~150 864亿元,边际碳减排成本为215~3 006 CNY/t:乐观情景下累计碳减排成本达到13 049~185 899亿元,边际碳减排成本为199~2 828 CNY/t。乐观情景下会有更高的碳减排量,但同时也会导致较大碳减排成本,因此需要降低SAF生成成本,实现“双碳”目标的同时降低行业的减排负担,如图8所示。与同类研究相比,许绩辉等[51]研究发现,由于SAF的使用减排成本将会增加7.6~10.1万亿元,这与本文结论基本一致,其假设到2060年SAF100%替代航空煤油,与本次研究根据IATA提出的要求设置的SAF掺混比例不同,且所研究计算的乐观情景下的边际减排成本在其范围内。
基于中国自身的资源禀赋,分析得出中国在近期(2024—2035年)以废弃油脂为原料的HEFA路线为主,中长期(2036—2050年)以农业废弃物、林业废弃物、城市固体废弃物为原料的FT路线为主。其中中长期主要的SAF产量将由农业废弃物和林业废弃物生产。
根据CORSIA指南计算出4种不同途径的减排潜力和减排成本。其中HEAF路线减排潜力最低(为84.4%),原料供给有限(340万t),但其减排成本为0~1 025.9 CNY/t,是4种路径中最低的,这也是中国目前SAF生产的唯一选择;农业废弃物的减排成本最高,最高可达到4 536.1 CNY/t;城市固体废弃物的减排潜力是最大的,为94.2%,但其原料供给较少(2 350万t)。因此综合考虑减排潜力(90.7%)、减排成本(488.6~2 179.4 CNY/tCO2e)以及原料供给能力(可用量达到19 500万t),以林业废弃物为原料的FT路线是中长期中国SAF生产的最优选择。
(3)冻结情景、可能情景、乐观情景下年中国民航碳排放量分别在2053年、2034年、2029年达到峰值,分别为27 123、20 773、16 944万t;到2060年,可能情景与乐观情景下的累计减排量分别为341 061、446 707万t。证明随着SAF掺混比例的不断提升,民航业的减排量将会大大增加,碳中和碳达峰目标也更容易实现。在乐观情景下累计碳减排成本13 049~185 899亿元高于可能情景下碳减排成本10 795~150 864亿元。因此如果不考虑降低SAF成本,那么尽管可以实现碳减排,但从经济上对行业会造成很大的压力。
(1)加快建立废弃油脂等SAF原料规模化高效供应体系。针对目前中国SAF原料面临收集半径有效、规模小、经济性差的问题,结合美国对SAF原料发展的举措,中国需要系统梳理SAF原料的市场情况和SAF原料的可用性,发挥中国巨大的废弃油脂、废弃原料种类丰富、工业生产能力强的作用,对可用的原料进行市场分析,评估和分析影响原料可用性的因素,建立SAF原料专属数据库,取消废弃油脂的出口退税,赋予生物航煤的海关编码措施使SAF原料留在国内,降低SAF生产的成本。
(2)加强重点路线的研发投入和支持力度。目前中国在HEFA工艺和FT技术路线上具备工业化技术,生物质为原料的糖平台催化生产等技术尽快进入工业化示范、减排潜力较大的AtJ路线和PtL路线中国企业应加快开发。为了加快SAF技术应用、降低成本和推进商业化进程,建议制定SAF应用的长期规划,打通SAF的创新链、产业链和资金链,整合创新资源,大力推进“产学研”一体化的技术创新与激励机制。
(3)完善产业政策支持体系、推动SAF产业健康发展。应需要立足实际,探索制定符合中国国情、行之有效的产业政策支持。加大国家财政转移支付力度,以及区域间、行业间的横向补偿机制,以激励SAF整个产业链的研发、生产和使用。建立和落实SAF原材料采购简易征收政策、减计收入的优惠政策、设备购置税减免政策、研发费用加计扣除政策、SAF基础设施项目的投资经营所得的税收优惠政策等财税支持政策。
  • 国家社科基金一般项目(22BJY020)
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2025年第25卷第4期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403028
  • 接收时间:2024-04-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-24
  • 修回日期:2024-11-23
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国家社科基金一般项目(22BJY020)
作者信息
    1 中国民航大学环境与可持续发展研究院, 天津 300300
    2 中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300

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*刘鑫(1999—),男,汉族,青海海东人,硕士研究生。研究方向:民航环境与可持续发展。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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