Article(id=1149774726228304093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402896, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713542400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-20, revisedDate=1737475200000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057256514, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057256514, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057256513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057256513, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4840, endPage=4848, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774726643540191, articleId=1149774726228304093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Progress in Sports Biomechanics Research of Golf Full Swing Technique, columnId=1179786557839000471, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Surveies·Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The systematic construction of a biomechanical analysis of the full swing technique is considered essential to addressing the core issues and resolving technical problems from their root causes. Targeted special physical training is a powerful guarantee for the full utilization of technical skills. The research findings on the golf full swing technique were reviewed, its biomechanical characteristics were discussed and summarized. By further analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of full swing techniques in players of different genders and skill levels, rational recommendations for physical training were proposed, providing valuable insights for optimizing athletes' full swing techniques and enhancing the level of scientific training. During the full swing, the limbs follow the principle of proximal-to-distal motion, and muscle contractions adhere to the stretch-shortening cycle principle. Weight transfer is rationally adjusted based on specific swing patterns, and the terminal joint release effect is strengthened, contributing to the maximization of clubhead speed. In the downswing, the peak angular velocities of turnk and hip axial rotations, along with the timing and the peak speed of wrist release, are identified as the primary factors influencing clubhead speed. These factors also represent the key technical differences between male and female players. Strength and conditioning is regarded as a crucial pathway for improving full swing performance. Golfers are advised to focus on developing specific physical qualities, including upper limb muscle strength and explosiveness, lower limb muscle strength and explosiveness, as well as core stability and rotational power.

, correspAuthors=Hao WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shu-yuan WU, Ze-wen WANG, Xiang-yu WANG, Hao WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774727729864933, articleId=1149774726228304093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=高尔夫全挥杆技术运动生物力学研究进展, columnId=1179786557994189720, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=综述·医药、卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

加强对全挥杆技术运动生物力学分析的系统性构建,是触及问题本质、从根源解决技术问题的关键,有针对性的进行专项体能训练是技术水平充分发挥的有力保障。通过综述高尔夫全挥杆技术研究成果,论述并总结全挥杆技术运动生物力学特征,通过进一步分析不同性别、水平球员全挥杆技术的优势与不足,提出合理化体能训练建议,为优化运动员全挥杆技术、提高科学化训练水平提供借鉴。高尔夫全挥杆阶段,肢体遵循由近端向远端运动顺序原则,肌肉收缩符合拉长-缩短周期原理,根据特异性挥杆方式进行合理化重量转移,并强化末端关节释放效应,有利于最大化杆头速度; 全挥杆下杆阶段,躯干、骨盆轴向旋转角速度峰值和腕部释放峰值速度与时机是影响杆头速度的主要因素,也是女子球员区别于男子球员挥杆技术的关键所在;体能训练是增强全挥杆技术水平的重要途径,高尔夫球员要注重上、下肢肌肉力量与爆发力、核心稳定性和旋转爆发力等专项力量素质的发展。

, correspAuthors=吴昊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 吴昊 (1972—),男,汉族,山东郓城人,博士,教授。研究方向:运动营养与人体功能发展与诊断。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=pJ0nv2guIDRfbvlf4HAzCQ==, magXml=82c6rERPKMrll/WYosj1rQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=4WhbMs3dCOMgWQXVL8jZpQ==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=aYip6Ho7GSBAXNBMIKm8Ig==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

吴淑元 (1996—),女,汉族,河北唐山人,博士研究生。研究方向:青少年高尔夫身体运动功能训练。E-mail:

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吴淑元 (1996—),女,汉族,河北唐山人,博士研究生。研究方向:青少年高尔夫身体运动功能训练。E-mail:

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吴淑元 (1996—),女,汉族,河北唐山人,博士研究生。研究方向:青少年高尔夫身体运动功能训练。E-mail:

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高尔夫全挥杆技术运动生物力学研究进展
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吴淑元 , 王泽文 , 王翔宇 , 吴昊 *
科学技术与工程 | 综述·医药、卫生 2025,25(12): 4840-4848
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·医药、卫生 2025, 25(12): 4840-4848
高尔夫全挥杆技术运动生物力学研究进展
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吴淑元 , 王泽文, 王翔宇, 吴昊*
作者信息
  • 首都体育学院运动科学与健康学院, 北京 100191
  • 吴淑元 (1996—),女,汉族,河北唐山人,博士研究生。研究方向:青少年高尔夫身体运动功能训练。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 吴昊 (1972—),男,汉族,山东郓城人,博士,教授。研究方向:运动营养与人体功能发展与诊断。E-mail:
Progress in Sports Biomechanics Research of Golf Full Swing Technique
Shu-yuan WU , Ze-wen WANG, Xiang-yu WANG, Hao WU*
Affiliations
  • School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402896
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加强对全挥杆技术运动生物力学分析的系统性构建,是触及问题本质、从根源解决技术问题的关键,有针对性的进行专项体能训练是技术水平充分发挥的有力保障。通过综述高尔夫全挥杆技术研究成果,论述并总结全挥杆技术运动生物力学特征,通过进一步分析不同性别、水平球员全挥杆技术的优势与不足,提出合理化体能训练建议,为优化运动员全挥杆技术、提高科学化训练水平提供借鉴。高尔夫全挥杆阶段,肢体遵循由近端向远端运动顺序原则,肌肉收缩符合拉长-缩短周期原理,根据特异性挥杆方式进行合理化重量转移,并强化末端关节释放效应,有利于最大化杆头速度; 全挥杆下杆阶段,躯干、骨盆轴向旋转角速度峰值和腕部释放峰值速度与时机是影响杆头速度的主要因素,也是女子球员区别于男子球员挥杆技术的关键所在;体能训练是增强全挥杆技术水平的重要途径,高尔夫球员要注重上、下肢肌肉力量与爆发力、核心稳定性和旋转爆发力等专项力量素质的发展。

高尔夫  /  全挥杆  /  运动学  /  动力学  /  肌电

The systematic construction of a biomechanical analysis of the full swing technique is considered essential to addressing the core issues and resolving technical problems from their root causes. Targeted special physical training is a powerful guarantee for the full utilization of technical skills. The research findings on the golf full swing technique were reviewed, its biomechanical characteristics were discussed and summarized. By further analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of full swing techniques in players of different genders and skill levels, rational recommendations for physical training were proposed, providing valuable insights for optimizing athletes' full swing techniques and enhancing the level of scientific training. During the full swing, the limbs follow the principle of proximal-to-distal motion, and muscle contractions adhere to the stretch-shortening cycle principle. Weight transfer is rationally adjusted based on specific swing patterns, and the terminal joint release effect is strengthened, contributing to the maximization of clubhead speed. In the downswing, the peak angular velocities of turnk and hip axial rotations, along with the timing and the peak speed of wrist release, are identified as the primary factors influencing clubhead speed. These factors also represent the key technical differences between male and female players. Strength and conditioning is regarded as a crucial pathway for improving full swing performance. Golfers are advised to focus on developing specific physical qualities, including upper limb muscle strength and explosiveness, lower limb muscle strength and explosiveness, as well as core stability and rotational power.

golf  /  full swing  /  kinematics  /  dynamics  /  electromyography
吴淑元, 王泽文, 王翔宇, 吴昊. 高尔夫全挥杆技术运动生物力学研究进展. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4840 -4848 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402896
Shu-yuan WU, Ze-wen WANG, Xiang-yu WANG, Hao WU. Progress in Sports Biomechanics Research of Golf Full Swing Technique[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4840 -4848 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402896
自2022年,中国女子职业高尔夫球运动员殷若宁攀升世界高尔夫球排行榜首位。2024年,林希妤斩获巴黎奥运会高尔夫项目铜牌,中国在国际高尔夫球领域迎来了新的发展里程碑。全挥杆技术作为一轮比赛中主要采用的击球技术手段,实现较远击球距离一直是该领域关注的核心问题。研究表明,杆头击球时刻的线性速度(简称杆头速度)对球的水平位移起决定性作用,是衡量全挥杆表现和评价击球效果的关键性指标。而对全挥杆技术进行运动生物力学分析,是优化运动表现和最大化杆头速度的最佳路径[1]。但中国关于高尔夫全挥杆技术理论研究尚显薄弱,且各学者和教练各有见解,众说纷纭,尚未触及系统挥杆技术问题的本质。因此加强对全挥杆技术分析的系统性构建,是从根源解决技术问题的关键。
高尔夫全挥杆是由多关节、多肌肉协同参与,要求神经肌肉高度协调控制的一项复杂性技术动作。不同性别、水平球员全挥杆方式呈个体差异化,业余高尔夫球爱好者往往因技术动作不规范,或盲目仿效职业球员挥杆技术动作,身体素质支撑不足,承受较高受伤风险。根据个体化差异进行系统的科学化体能训练和技术优化,是有效提高挥杆效率,最大限度降低损伤风险的重要途径。鉴于此,为系统性探明全挥杆技术特征,综述中外高尔夫全挥杆技术运动生物力学相关研究成果,全面论述不同性别、水平球员全挥杆技术的优势与不足,并结合性别差异,提出专项体能训练建议,为提高高尔夫运动员科学化训练水平提供借鉴。
现代挥杆理念强调,上杆应限制骨盆旋转,增大躯干旋转范围,通过增大躯干扭力,为下杆有力击球奠定基础。上杆阶段划分为准备时相、上杆球杆与地面平行时相和上杆顶点时相 (图1)。准备时相,双脚连线与目标方向平行,屈髋、屈膝稳定站位,为全挥杆建立良好的静态与动态平衡。该时相的站姿站位是形成球不同飞行方向的基础,通过调整双脚连线方向和肩、髋开放或关闭状态可设计出不同飞行轨迹的球路,便于穿越障碍到达目标区域[2]
本研究均以右利手球员为例,引杆阶段,胸椎和双臂形成稳定三角形,围绕脊柱向远离目标旋转,右侧肩胛骨上提和后缩,并牵引左侧肩胛骨,双臂随之上移,当手达髋部位置,右臂自然外旋和外展,右肘弯曲,到达球杆与地面平行时相,该阶段球杆始终保持同一挥杆平面。当肩、髋继续围绕脊柱旋转,杆头即将开始向反方向移动时,即上杆顶点时相,该阶段右髋和右膝逐渐内旋,当重量向远离目标方向移动,右侧下肢肌群收缩力量大于左侧[3],为躯干旋转提供稳定性支撑。
研究表明,上杆顶点时相肩-髋分离角(两侧肩峰连线和两侧髂前上棘连线在横截面投射夹角)是影响杆头速度的关键因素,肩-髋分离角越大,躯干肌群形成的扭力越大,上杆蓄力越充分[4-5]。Egret等[6]、Zheng等[7]研究发现,女子职业球员(109.4°±18.8°)和女子低差点球员(109°±7°)在上杆顶点时相肩角无显著性差异,但女子职业球员(49°±8°)髋角小于女子低差点球员(63.9°±11.5°)。吴淑元[8]、赵紫龙[9]通过对比中国、韩国和国际女子职业高尔夫球员全挥杆技术特征,现代女子职业球员在上杆阶段更多通过限制骨盆旋转(中国:27.19°±10.12°;韩国:33.57°±3.68°;国际:26.6°±3.47°),通过躯干肌群离心收缩,增大弹性势能储存(中国:107.9°±15.31°;韩国:107.46°±13.44°;国际:115.63°±10.75°)。男子职业球员也存在相同规律,牛幼美[10]通过对比中国与欧美国家男子职业球员全挥杆技术特征,发现中国较欧美国家男子职业球员在上杆顶点时相的肩角(欧洲:94.88°±18.49°;美洲:92.41°±16.22°;中国:105.97°±11.08°)和髋角(欧洲:30.86°±9.55°;美洲:36.78°±9.89°;中国:38.15°±10.35°)均较大,该现象可能会增加全挥杆不稳定性因素,根据肌肉力矩-关节角度关系发现,当出现最大肌肉力矩时,存在最佳关节角度和肌肉被拉长长度,肩-髋分离角过大或过小均不会产生最佳用力效果,所以建议球员要结合自身素质适度寻求最佳肩-髋角度。
下杆阶段,髋部带动躯干向目标方向旋转,并依次拉动肩部、手臂、腕部和球杆至击球时相。下杆阶段划分为上杆顶点时相、下杆球杆与地面平行时相和击球时相(图1)。下杆挥杆用时相对较短 (0.1~0.3 s),可通过快速旋转释放上杆阶段储存的弹性势能,增大动能输出[3]。但不同技术水平球员下杆阶段关节运动顺序表现不一。业余球员会存在不同关节运动连续性,并呈现部分身体节段速度峰值未显著分离特征,主要呈现骨盆→胸椎/肩带/手臂→球杆运动顺序、骨盆/胸椎→肩带/手臂→球杆运动顺序和腕部主导下杆以及骨盆→胸椎/手臂→肩带→球杆的关节运动顺序[11],但高水平球员下杆阶段肢体遵循由近端向远端运动顺序原则,使末端关节在击球时相达到速度峰值,并有效传递到杆头,符合角动量守恒原理,使“鞭打”效应最大化。关于下杆阶段肌肉激活顺序存在以下表现形式:①右侧髋伸肌、外展肌和左侧内收肌先激活启动下杆,以促进左髋向目标方向旋转[12];②两侧腓肠肌先激活跖屈踝关节启动下杆,并使左脚后旋,随后腿部肌群激活,促进髋部向后旋转[3];③躯干肌群率先激活,利用上杆阶段肌肉收缩储存的弹性势能启动下杆[4,13]。但根据前人研究成果,尚未发现以以上不同肌群激活顺序启动下杆对杆头速度有显著影响,未来可进一步探讨。
下杆早期,右侧臀大肌、股二头肌和左侧股四头肌收缩力量达肌肉最大自主收缩力量峰值,是下杆启动的主要动力来源[3],并依次拉动躯干肌群开始向心收缩,该阶段躯干肌群收缩速度决定能量释放速率,对下杆功率最大化输出起重要作用。Myers等[14]通过对比不同球速男子业余高尔夫球员全挥杆技术特征发现,高球速组球员肩-髋分离角速度峰值(389.6°/s±55.6°/s)显著大于中、低球速组球员(311.8°/s±60.3°/s、278.1°/s±46.6°/s),根据功率—速度曲线关系可知,在曲线最高点对应的特定速度下,运动员可以输出最大功率,该点则为运动员最优肌肉收缩速度,可通过速度-力量训练进一步提高[15]
随髋部和躯干继续向目标方向旋转,转变为左腿主动发力,左肩随之上提,左臂“拉”球杆通过击球区域,即下杆加速阶段[16-17]。该阶段左侧股二头肌、臀大肌和右股外侧肌收缩力量达肌肉最大自主收缩力量峰值,为重量最佳化转移和力向上传递提供强有力支撑。研究发现,击球时相地面反作用力高达1.8倍体重,需要躯干肌群强大的收缩力量和爆发力来支撑上半身旋转并将力量向上肢、手臂和球杆传递[3]。McHugh等[18]通过对比不同差点水平球员全挥杆运动学特征发现,职业球员击球时相肩-髋分离角显著大于业余高尔夫爱好者,且职业球员在击球前躯干存在明显减速旋转特征,根据近端向远端运动序列关系可知,全挥杆过程中近端关节减速和远端关节加速特征是职业球员区别于业余高尔夫爱好者的关键技术指标,也是影响杆头速度最大化的关键。该阶段腕部释放速度将达峰值,根据角动量守恒和末端释放理论,手臂肌肉处于最佳收缩长度和最佳释放角度时,动能输出效率最高。Farber等[19]通过对比职业和业余球员全挥杆前臂肌群表面肌电特征发现,业余球员下杆阶段右前臂存在过早、过大用力现象,并采用“推”球杆通过击球区域的击球方式,不利于获得较大杆头速度。
随挥阶段,髋部和躯干向目标方向减速旋转,同时身体保持稳定性与平衡性直至随挥结束。随挥阶段划分为击球时相、随挥球杆与地面平行时相和随挥结束时相(图1)。随挥早期,髋部和躯干向目标方向减速旋转,左膝伸展,左肩内收,右臂内收和内旋,当球杆到达与地面平行时相即完成随挥早期阶段[3]。该阶段上、下肢和躯干肌群肌肉收缩力量逐渐减小,但关节稳定性和肌耐力对保持身体姿势十分重要[20]。随挥末期,左下肢承受身体主要重量,骨盆完成旋转,左肩上旋并上提,肘部弯曲,躯干朝向目标,即随挥结束。该阶段躯干肌群仍保持相对较高强度收缩,保持躯干稳定性并控制躯干减速旋转,对躯干肌群控制能力及肌肉耐力要求较高。
X-因素指上杆阶段躯干绕轴旋转量,常用肩部和髋部角位移表示,定义为上杆顶点时相两侧肩峰连线和两侧髂前上棘连线在横截面投射夹角,又称肩-髋分离角。由于下杆早期髋部先于躯干向目标方向旋转,躯干和上肢关节仍短暂停留在上杆顶点时相,所以形成了最大肩-髋分离角度,又称“X-因素牵伸”(X-factor stretch),定义为下杆早期阶段肩-髋分离角度峰值。研究表明,X-因素牵伸是影响杆头速度的关键技术指标[4,21-22],Myers等[14]对100名高、中、低球速男子业余高尔夫球员进行全挥杆技术分析发现,X-因素牵伸与球速呈显著性正相关(相关系数 r=0.50),且高球速组球员X-因素牵伸(-61.8°±7.8°)显著大于中、低球速组球员(-51.7°±10.3°、-45.6°±8.0°),毕志远等[23]通过对比中国男子职业球员与世界优秀球员全挥杆技术特征发现,中国男子职业球员X-因素牵伸(74.37°±7.93°)显著小于国外职业球员(82.88°±3.22°)。Sim等[24]研究表明,X-因素牵伸符合拉长-缩短周期(stretch-shortening cycle)理论,上杆阶段躯干肌群充分牵拉,下杆早期通过骨盆反向旋转,躯干肌群离心收缩,储存更多弹性势能,而离心阶段肌肉被牵伸的长度和速度,决定了弹性能的储存和作用于肌腱的刺激强度,因此下杆早期较大的X-因素牵伸有利于增强下杆功率输出[25]。但现阶段对储存弹性势能最佳的肩-髋分离角度有待进一步探究。
研究发现,下杆早期躯干肌群由离心向向心收缩的转换时间是影响杆头速度的重要指标[26]。Joyce[27-28]认为该转换过程符合拉长-缩短周期的肌肉收缩耦联,若该过程转换用时过长,储存的弹性能可能会以热能形式散发,牵张反射就无法提高下杆的能量输出,进而影响动能产出效率。因此高水平球员在该过程往往挥杆用时较短,有利于增强下杆爆发力[29]。毕志远等[23]将其定义为过渡阶段,并通过对比中国职业男子球员和PGA锦标赛(Professional Golfers Association Championship)球员全挥杆运动学特征发现,过渡阶段挥杆用时与X-因素牵伸呈显著性正相关(r=0.601),中国男子职业球员过渡阶段挥杆用时显著较低(10 ms),且X-因素牵拉显著较小,因此建议中国男子职业球员适当延长该阶段挥杆用时,有利于获得较大X-因素峰值。由于该实验仅进行运动学研究,无法了解该阶段肌肉收缩速度与力量,进而无法得出全面评价。
根据力-速度、功率-速度、持续时间-应力关系以及拉长-缩短周期理论认为,影响最大动力输出效率的关键在于工作肌群预牵拉程度、离心阶段肌肉拉长速度和肌肉牵拉长度以及离心收缩向向心收缩转换的耦联用时[30],球员既需要具备一定身体素质,又要掌控力量-速度和力量-柔韧的关系,才能最大化增强功率输出效率。
全挥杆阶段重量如何分配和力产生的效果是身体保持动态平衡和能量有效传递的关键。研究发现,全挥杆过程中存在“在前脚”(the front foot)和“在后脚”(the reverse foot)两种重量转移模式,分别表现为:①上杆阶段重量向右脚移动,下杆阶段重量快速移向左脚;②上杆阶段重量向右脚移动,但下杆阶段重量先向左脚移动,之后又快速移向右脚,击球时相重量靠近两脚之间[31-32]。Ball等[31]通过个案分析验证了两种不同重量转移模式均能有效提高杆头速度,“在前脚”转移通模式过上杆重量较多向右移动,下杆较快向左移动,可获得较大杆头速度,而“在后脚”转移模式通过上杆后期重量越靠近两脚之间和击球时相重量向右脚移动越快,杆头速度越大。
全挥杆下杆阶段右脚的“卸力”与向左脚的快速“加力”是全挥杆过程脚部产生力量的典型模式。McHugh等[18]通过对比不同差点球员全挥杆地面反作用力特征发现,职业球员从上杆顶点时相向左脚“加力”至地面反力峰值所有时间为192 ms,显著小于业余球员(271 ms),且在击球前右脚“卸力”达自身体重的76%,显著大于业余球员29%自重。可以看出,下杆阶段左脚地反力峰值出现时间较早是职业球员优势挥杆的有利表现。高水平球员的重量转移模式一致性较高,通过保持正质心(center of mass,COM)和压力中心(centre of pressure,COP)的移动速度和距离来控制挥杆过程中动态平衡[33],但高差点球员常出现重量侧移现象,会导致质心向外移动,加大挥杆控制难度。但高水平球员常通过控制压力中心位移弥补质心位移变异性增加[34],增强下肢稳定性,提高能量传递效率。Kristian等[35]通过分析业余男子球员不同坡度下全挥杆过程重量转移特征发现,尽管3种不同坡度球员COP呈显著性差异,下坡COP更靠近左脚9.4%,上坡COP更靠近右脚8.9%,但COP转移模式存在较高一致性[36-37]。球员也常通过调整准备姿势站位宽度、身体垂直地面角度、以及球位(上坡球位靠近左脚、下坡球位靠近右脚)和髋部瞄向(上坡髋部偏向目标线左侧、下坡髋部朝向目标右侧)等,维持身体动态平衡,减小因坡度带来的球飞行方向的偏差。
根据全挥杆技术表现特征发现,男子球员具有快速、紧凑、有力的全挥杆特点,而女子球员呈现舒展、流畅、慢节奏的全挥杆特征。上杆顶点时相,女子职业球员的肩角和髋角均显著大于男子职业球员[8-10,22,38-40],可能由于身体结构差异以及优越的柔韧性使上杆幅度相对较大,但髋角过大可能造成下肢不稳定性增加。下杆早期,女子低差点球员相对较小的X-因素牵伸和相对较低的躯干旋转速度峰值是导致下杆功率输出低于男子球员的主要技术因素[41-42]。男子球员肌肉总量和绝对肌肉力量占据相对优势,在下杆阶段下肢肌群显著做功,通过左腿有力支撑,加速髋部旋转,带动髋伸肌和腰腹肌快速收缩,躯干肌肉力量爆发性旋转将能量快速释放并有效传递到杆头,使杆头速度最大化。击球时相,男子球员相对较大的骨盆后倾和右倾角、胸椎右倾角和较小的肩、髋向左旋转角,以及相对较大的躯干旋转角速度峰值,是区别于女子球员全挥杆的主要运动学特征[37],但女子球员由于生理结构、身体素质差异不易产生该动作[43],若极致追求,可能会因腰腹部承受负荷过重或出现动作代偿,造成下背部损伤。
为进一步解释男子球员身体素质特征与女子球员的差异,Cole等[29]通过对比男、女低差点球员身体素质特征发现,下肢爆发力与杆头速度呈显著性正相关(r=0.41),且男子较女子球员下肢爆发力显著较大[(3 027.8±511.8) W(男)、(2 411.8±562.7) W(女)]。由此可知,女子球员需增强下肢肌肉力量与爆发力、躯干稳定性及旋转爆发力,确保力量有效产生并传递,增强下杆动能输出效率。
下杆阶段,球员快速释放能量并通过腕部运动有效将能量传递到杆头,无论腕部主动或被动运动均对杆头速度具有显著贡献[44],常用左腕桡侧偏斜角和右腕屈曲角表示腕部释放状态,其运动范围和运动时间是影响杆头速度的关键技术特征。
研究表明,肢体按由近端向远端运动顺序进行下杆,左臂约在水平面以下30°位置,腕部被动释放可额外增加9%的杆头速度[45],若控制腕部延迟释放可再有效提高1.6%~2.9%的杆头速度[44]。高水平球员往往能更好控制腕部延迟释放,以适当时间和正确腕部释放角度快速通过击球区域,通过利用肌肉弹性势能,最大化爆发力输出[20]。且根据力量-速度曲线可知,最佳腕部释放速度与对应力量结合才能最优化爆发力的产生,而控制腕部延迟释放可有效增加爆发力产生[46]。Zheng等[7]对比男、女职业球员全挥杆技术特征,发现女子职业球员腕部释放速度峰值显著较慢[左腕:816°/s±186°/s(女)、1 140°/s±329°/s(男);右腕:864°/s±198°/s(女)、1 226°/s±329°/s(男)],腕部释放时间相对较早[下杆挥杆用时:86%±3%(女);89%±4%(男)],是杆头速度显著小于男子职业球员的主要技术因素。建议女子球员加强上肢力量与速度力量练习,优化腕部释放速度与力量的结合,进而提升爆发力。Sheehan等[47]研究发现,药球投掷速度与杆头速度呈显著性相关(r=0.52),可作为发展腕部快速力量的训练手段。需要注意的是:在全挥杆过程中,腕部作为运动链传递末端环节,在所有运动节段中速度最大,在高速状态下控制腕部动作,损伤风险较高,因此要求球员在正确挥杆动作模式下进行速度力量训练,有利于最大化训练效益并减少运动损伤风险。
综上可知,下杆早期肩、髋旋转角速度峰值和下杆加速阶段腕部释放峰值速度与释放时机是男子区别于女子球员的关键全挥杆技术特征。而增强上、下肢肌群力量与爆发力、躯干肌群稳定性与旋转爆发力是提高下杆动能输出效率的重要途径。
力量素质是确保全挥杆技术水平充分发挥的基础,肌肉协同收缩产生力量的能力是提高全挥杆技术的重要途径。高尔夫体能训练常用一般力量训练、专项力量训练或二者结合的训练方式来增强运动员的力量素质[48]。一般力量训练主要发展一般力量能力,帮助球员建立力量素质基础。专项力量训练需具备一定基础力量,再进行符合全挥杆用力特征的协调工作模式训练。一般力量与专项力量结合的训练方式以发展球员专项力量能力为主,并结合符合全挥杆动作特征的多种动作组合方式进行训练,可有效增强全挥杆动作协调性,提高全挥杆运动表现[49]
研究发现,高尔夫力量素质训练较多发展下肢肌肉力量与爆发力[50],关于上肢力量训练的研究较少,并通过一般力量结合核心力量的训练方式发展上半身爆发力能力[51]。Wells等[52]通过进行18周一般力量训练发现,8周力量训练可显著增强下肢爆发力能力,如下蹲跳(counter movement jump)、深蹲跳(squat jump)高度、大腿中部拉0~150 s、0~200 ms、250 ms力的发展速率和峰值速率,且杆头速度显著提高,为专项力量素质的发展奠定了基础。Álvarez等[53]设置18周的专项力量训练,1~6周主要进行基础力量训练,6~12周主要发展爆发力能力,12~18周进行专项力量和爆发力训练。结果显示,该训练安排有效提高了球员专项爆发力能力,并在第12周才将训练效益向专项挥杆动作转移,显著提高了杆头速度,增强了全挥杆运动表现。Oranchuk等[54]对6名青少年男子高尔夫球员进行8周最大力量和爆发力训练,1~4周发展基础力量,5~8周发展专项爆发力能力,训练结果显著提高了深蹲、高翻、硬拉和下蹲跳的一次最大重复力量(one repetition maximum,1RM),并有效了提高杆头速度(1.5%)和击球距离(4.3%)。
爆发力的发展与训练顺序、训练负荷安排密切相关,一般存在两种训练形式安排,但均以优先发展最大力量为基础,一种以最大负荷力量和快速力量训练结合的形式,另一种以负荷和速度最优比关系安排训练,均能有效增强爆发力能力[55-56]。Driggers等[49]对10名高尔夫大学生进行10周垂直定向力量和爆发力训练,1~8周以发展基础力量为主,训练负荷采用波浪式,1~4周65%~70%1RM,5~7周75%~80%1RM,第8周65%1RM;训练次数和组数随负荷的增加而减少,保证训练强度不变,第1~4周和第8周均为5次/组,共3组,第5~7周为8次/组,共3组。第9周发展最大力量,训练负荷采用85%~90%1RM,训练次数和组数为3次/组,共3组。第10周主要发展最大力量和爆发力,训练负荷为85%~90%1RM,训练次数与组数为3次/组,共2组,之后快速完成发展爆发力动作。研究结果显示,下蹲跳和深蹲跳跳跃高度、峰值力、峰值功率和大腿中部拉0~250 ms力发展速率和峰值力显著增强,球速和击球距离显著提高,说明下肢肌肉力量和爆发力的发展对提高杆头速度具有显著贡献。
核心稳定性,指人体核心区域骨骼、关节、肌肉和韧带等组织利用腰椎-骨盆-髋关节控制骨盆和躯干部位肌肉功能及稳定性,具有提高机体整体协调性和改善肌肉动力链的功能。核心区肌群可分为稳定肌和运动肌,稳定肌可通过离心收缩控制身体活动范围并维持身体稳定能力, 运动肌则以快肌为主,在爆发性运动时被激活,并通过向心收缩控制身体运动产生力量。核心力量训练可通过对加强人体核心区域关节与肌肉稳定性,为力量传递创建支点与通道,有效改善肌间协调和肌力控制,使多肌群在多维度范围内按时序性和整体性参与运动技术的完成。高尔夫核心力量训练由一系列肌肉练习组成,包括腹部肌群、髋外展肌和内收肌、屈髋肌和腰椎伸肌等[57],通过增强核心区肌群肌肉力量和爆发力,有效将力从腿部向上肢传递,通过爆发性肌肉收缩,增大动能产出效率[58-59]
研究表明,增强核心稳定性和旋转爆发力能力,能显著提高全挥杆表现。Parker等[55]对6男4女进行9周核心力量训练发现,优势侧和非优势侧坐姿躯干旋转力量、爆发力以及负重深蹲力量显著增强,X-因素、X-因素牵拉及其角速度、优势臂速度和加速度均发生显著变化,击球距离(7.6%)显著增加,是提高全挥杆表现的有效训练手段。Weston等[57]对18名男子球员进行8周孤立核心力量训练,发现单独核心力量训练虽可提高球员核心区肌肉力量耐力与稳定性,并提高了杆头速度(3.6%),但对全挥杆运动表现特征影响较小,训练效益转化效率较低。说明核心稳定性是完成全挥杆动作及力量有效传递的基础,但需结合符合专项特征的旋转爆发力训练才能优化全挥杆动作表现。
传统高尔夫训练较为注重柔韧性的发展,特别是肩部、躯干和髋关节周围,其基本原理为增加核心区域肌群活动范围,产生较大上杆幅度,使球员有相对较长时间促进力的产生和肌肉做功,并增大肌肉肌-腱单位在拉长-缩短周期中弹性能的利用,有效提高力的产生效果[47]
关于挥杆柔韧性一直存在不同说法,如上杆顶点时相肩-髋分离角度和腕部的较大活动范围对杆头速度有积极影响,较大X-因素有利于提高下杆弹性能的释放,下杆早期保持腕部翘起角度,可减小转动惯量,增大挥杆角速度,加速阶段可通过增大腕部翘起角度延迟释放,提高杆头速度。但一些研究尚未发现躯干、髋关节和腕部活动范围与杆头速度显著相关[50]。作者认为单一柔韧性指标不能很好评价球员挥杆表现,需要结合力量素质等指标更能反应全挥杆表现能力,并建议进行柔韧性训练的同时,注重柔韧-速率、柔韧-力量和柔韧-耐力等运动能力的发展,有利于增强动能输出效率,提高全挥杆表现。高水平球员一般有较好的柔韧性和优越的力量能力,如躯干旋转力量和髋外展力量、肩水平外展和内收范围、髋关节屈曲和伸展范围等,但无显著性差异。
由于全挥杆技术的复杂性和多面性,高尔夫球员的力量素质、关节活动范围等运动能力对全挥杆表现具有积极影响。Lephart等[58]通过对15名男子高尔夫球员进行8周力量、爆发力、柔韧性和平衡性训练发现,躯干旋转活动范围和肩部柔韧性显著增强,躯干旋转力量和髋外展力量以及平衡能力显著提高,且杆头速度显著增大。结果表明,躯干旋转扭矩和躯干轴向旋转速度等运动学特征的增强可有效提高杆头速度。研究发现,高水平球员表现出显著较好的平衡能力,但尚未发现单腿平衡时间与杆头速度呈显著相关[29]。虽然多变量组合能力较难评估某种素质能力对全挥杆表现的具体贡献程度,但各子能力结合展现出来综合运动能力可能对全挥杆表现更为重要[60]
加强对高尔夫全挥杆技术生物力学研究是提高科学化训练水平的基础,但中国关于高尔夫球运动生物力学研究成果甚少,其理论研究有待进一步完善,综合已有研究成果提出如下几点建议: ①建议同步高尔夫全挥杆技术肌电学、运动学和动力学数据采集,以明确全挥杆过程肌肉协同收缩模式及关键技术形成内在机制,为深入研究全挥杆技术神经肌肉控制策略提供依据;②现阶段功能性体能训练对提高不同专项技术水平具有显著影响,建议增加高尔夫专项功能性训练方面研究,并通过与全挥杆运动生物力学分析相结合,探明专项功能性训练对全挥杆表现的具体应用效果及作用机制,为教练员设计专项体能训练提供个性化训练思路。
高尔夫全挥杆技术,肢体遵循由近端向远端运动顺序原则,肌肉收缩符合拉长-缩短周期原理,根据特异性挥杆方式进行合理化重量转移,并强化末端关节释放效应,有利于最大化杆头速度。但男、女球员由于身体形态和运动素质存在差异,表现出不同的全挥杆技术特征,且女子球员下杆阶段肩、髋旋转峰值速度、手腕释放峰值速度相对较慢,腕部释放时间过早,是导致杆头速度低于男子球员的主要技术因素。建议高尔夫球员要注重上、下肢肌肉力量与爆发力的发展,强化核心稳定性与旋转爆发力能力,特别是女子球员,是有效提高全挥杆技术水平的重要途径。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YFF0300603)
  • 科技部重点研发计划(2018YFF0300902)
  • 首都体育学院体育医学工程学新兴交叉学科平台研究项目(11000024210200089230-XM001)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402896
  • 接收时间:2024-04-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-20
  • 修回日期:2025-01-22
基金
国家重点研发计划(2018YFF0300603)
科技部重点研发计划(2018YFF0300902)
首都体育学院体育医学工程学新兴交叉学科平台研究项目(11000024210200089230-XM001)
作者信息
    首都体育学院运动科学与健康学院, 北京 100191

通讯作者:

* 吴昊 (1972—),男,汉族,山东郓城人,博士,教授。研究方向:运动营养与人体功能发展与诊断。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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