Article(id=1156908298160137071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402679, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710259200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-13, revisedDate=1728403200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753758032598, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1736265600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753758032598, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753758032598, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753758032598, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156908295593223005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='438', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753758031985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765425680602, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=238, endPage=244, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908299120632694, articleId=1156908298160137071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Path Planning of Urban Manned eVTOL Based on the Improved Artificial Electric Field Algorithm, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The path planning problem of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft in urban scenarios was studied. Firstly, a three-dimensional urban space model was constructed using the hazard grid method. Considering the selected model of eVTOL, with range, operational risk, and altitude variation as objective functions, a path planning model for manned eVTOL with multiple constraints was developed, taking into account the characteristics of the aircraft and environmental limitations. Subsequently, an improved artificial electric field algorithm (IAEFA) was proposed, which enhances the traditional artificial electric field algorithm (AEFA) by introducing an adaptive Coulomb parameter and incorporating a decreasing coefficient in the Coulomb constant calculation for simulation-based solution. Experimental results demonstrate that the constructed model achieves the expected outcomes. The solution effectiveness of path planning using the improved algorithm surpasses that of traditional particle swarm optimization and artificial electric field methods, resulting in shorter range, minimal altitude variation, and enhanced safety during operations. Finally, based on comparative experiments, the value of the decreasing coefficient was determined. The optimal solution effectiveness of the improved algorithm is achieved when the decreasing coefficient is set to 1.5.

, correspAuthors=Song-peng JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Guang-cai LIU, Song-peng JIN, Zhang-ping LI, Bai-geng LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908332771533725, articleId=1156908298160137071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于改进人工电场算法的城市载人电动垂直起降飞行器路径规划, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对城市场景下载人电动垂直起降飞行器(electric vertical takeoff and landing, eVTOL)路径规划问题进行了研究。首先,使用危险度栅格法进行三维城市空间建模,对选定型号的eVTOL飞行器,以航程、运行风险和高度变化为目标函数,结合飞行器自身特性及环境限制,构建了多约束条件的载人eVTOL路径规划模型。然后,设计了一种改进人工电场算法(improved artificial electric field algorithm, IAEFA),在传统人工电场算法(artificial electric field algorithm, AEFA)的基础上增加了自适应库伦参数,并在库伦常数的计算中引入递减系数,以此进行仿真求解。实验结果显示,所构建的模型可以达到预期效果。使用改进算法进行路径规划的求解效果更优,相较传统粒子群算法和人工电场法,航程更短,高度变化更小且运行更为安全。最后,根据对照实验确定递减系数的取值,当递减系数取值为1.5时,改进算法的求解效果最优。

, correspAuthors=金松鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 金松鹏(2000—),男,回族,吉林榆树人,硕士研究生。研究方向:通航规划与管理。E-mail:
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刘光才(1966—),男,汉族,湖北襄樊人,博士,教授。研究方向:通航规划与管理、航空运输政策。E-mail:

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刘光才(1966—),男,汉族,湖北襄樊人,博士,教授。研究方向:通航规划与管理、航空运输政策。E-mail:

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刘光才(1966—),男,汉族,湖北襄樊人,博士,教授。研究方向:通航规划与管理、航空运输政策。E-mail:

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Sustainability, 2022, 14(20): 142013421., articleTitle=Path planning of electric VTOL UAV considering minimum energy consumption in urban areas, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1205908895315329640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298160137071, awardId=2013GXS4B094, language=CN, fundingSource=国家软科基金(2013GXS4B094), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1205908895386632809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298160137071, awardId=GARC-202302, language=CN, fundingSource=通航研究中心(智库)开放基金(GARC-202302), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1205908895457935978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298160137071, awardId=2020SK049, language=CN, fundingSource=天津市教委科研计划项目人文社科一般项目(2020SK049), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205908891607564861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298160137071, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205908891611759166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298160137071, companyId=1205908891607564861, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Transportion Science and Engineering, CAUC, Tianjin 300300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205908891620147775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298160137071, companyId=1205908891607564861, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1205908894333862492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298160137071, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Algorithm flow chart of IAEFA, figureFileSmall=CZPrb5BOGVlmgCwz5kamkw==, figureFileBig=ZosiXF3URLBR0hr7w+bUhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908894434525789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298160137071, language=CN, label=图1, caption=IAEFA算法流程图, figureFileSmall=CZPrb5BOGVlmgCwz5kamkw==, figureFileBig=ZosiXF3URLBR0hr7w+bUhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908894518411870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298160137071, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Three-dimensional path planning simulation results, figureFileSmall=FgnIussCuP2yM81dyl0QaQ==, figureFileBig=HWun1ClYmOCSb4B+lRIQrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908894589715039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298160137071, language=CN, label=图2, caption=三维路径规划仿真结果图, figureFileSmall=FgnIussCuP2yM81dyl0QaQ==, figureFileBig=HWun1ClYmOCSb4B+lRIQrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908894681989728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298160137071, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Adaptation function curve comparison chart, figureFileSmall=tLd2NL+utcdKseWfDuvbnA==, figureFileBig=FzwNFwL/87iHtg8pVL1CoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908894753292897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298160137071, language=CN, label=图3, caption=适应度函数曲线对比图, figureFileSmall=tLd2NL+utcdKseWfDuvbnA==, figureFileBig=FzwNFwL/87iHtg8pVL1CoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908894820401762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298160137071, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameter setting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
起始起降点坐标 [10,1 750,80]
飞行总质量M/kg 500
机体宽度W/m 5.73
最大俯仰角/rad π/3
运行风险代价权重φ2 0.3
初始库伦常数K0 500
粒子数量i 20
终止起降点坐标 [1 750,10,80]
最大航程L/km 30 km
最大转弯角/rad π/3
航程代价权重φ1 0.4
高度变化代价权重φ3 0.3
库伦参数α 30
最大迭代次数Tmax 200
), ArticleFig(id=1205908894895899235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298160137071, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
起始起降点坐标 [10,1 750,80]
飞行总质量M/kg 500
机体宽度W/m 5.73
最大俯仰角/rad π/3
运行风险代价权重φ2 0.3
初始库伦常数K0 500
粒子数量i 20
终止起降点坐标 [1 750,10,80]
最大航程L/km 30 km
最大转弯角/rad π/3
航程代价权重φ1 0.4
高度变化代价权重φ3 0.3
库伦参数α 30
最大迭代次数Tmax 200
), ArticleFig(id=1205908894971396708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298160137071, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of path planning effect

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法名称 航程/m 运行风险 高度变化/m
PSO算法 3 986.08 85.74 216.61
AEFA算法 3 064.48 49.29 109.80
IAEFA算法 2 805.11 43.79 77.31
), ArticleFig(id=1205908895025922661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298160137071, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

路径规划效果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法名称 航程/m 运行风险 高度变化/m
PSO算法 3 986.08 85.74 216.61
AEFA算法 3 064.48 49.29 109.80
IAEFA算法 2 805.11 43.79 77.31
), ArticleFig(id=1205908895084642918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298160137071, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Influence of the value of the decrease coefficient on the results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
λ 航程/m 运行风险 高度变化/m
1.1 2 996.19 45.65 81.96
1.2 2 972.82 44.74 80.82
1.3 2 988.36 45.51 81.58
1.4 2 901.43 44.09 78.18
1.5 2 805.11 43.79 77.31
1.6 2 980.51 44.82 75.66
1.7 3 218.21 51.69 114.59
1.8 3 162.40 51.32 117.88
1.9 3 378.06 54.29 120.68
2.0 3 535.03 60.06 158.67
), ArticleFig(id=1205908895155946087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298160137071, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

递减系数取值对结果的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
λ 航程/m 运行风险 高度变化/m
1.1 2 996.19 45.65 81.96
1.2 2 972.82 44.74 80.82
1.3 2 988.36 45.51 81.58
1.4 2 901.43 44.09 78.18
1.5 2 805.11 43.79 77.31
1.6 2 980.51 44.82 75.66
1.7 3 218.21 51.69 114.59
1.8 3 162.40 51.32 117.88
1.9 3 378.06 54.29 120.68
2.0 3 535.03 60.06 158.67
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基于改进人工电场算法的城市载人电动垂直起降飞行器路径规划
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刘光才 , 金松鹏 * , 李章萍 , 刘百庚
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(1): 238-244
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(1): 238-244
基于改进人工电场算法的城市载人电动垂直起降飞行器路径规划
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刘光才 , 金松鹏* , 李章萍, 刘百庚
作者信息
  • 中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300
  • 刘光才(1966—),男,汉族,湖北襄樊人,博士,教授。研究方向:通航规划与管理、航空运输政策。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 金松鹏(2000—),男,回族,吉林榆树人,硕士研究生。研究方向:通航规划与管理。E-mail:
Path Planning of Urban Manned eVTOL Based on the Improved Artificial Electric Field Algorithm
Guang-cai LIU , Song-peng JIN* , Zhang-ping LI, Bai-geng LIU
Affiliations
  • College of Transportion Science and Engineering, CAUC, Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402679
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针对城市场景下载人电动垂直起降飞行器(electric vertical takeoff and landing, eVTOL)路径规划问题进行了研究。首先,使用危险度栅格法进行三维城市空间建模,对选定型号的eVTOL飞行器,以航程、运行风险和高度变化为目标函数,结合飞行器自身特性及环境限制,构建了多约束条件的载人eVTOL路径规划模型。然后,设计了一种改进人工电场算法(improved artificial electric field algorithm, IAEFA),在传统人工电场算法(artificial electric field algorithm, AEFA)的基础上增加了自适应库伦参数,并在库伦常数的计算中引入递减系数,以此进行仿真求解。实验结果显示,所构建的模型可以达到预期效果。使用改进算法进行路径规划的求解效果更优,相较传统粒子群算法和人工电场法,航程更短,高度变化更小且运行更为安全。最后,根据对照实验确定递减系数的取值,当递减系数取值为1.5时,改进算法的求解效果最优。

城市空中交通  /  电动垂直起降飞行器  /  路径规划  /  改进人工电场算法

The path planning problem of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft in urban scenarios was studied. Firstly, a three-dimensional urban space model was constructed using the hazard grid method. Considering the selected model of eVTOL, with range, operational risk, and altitude variation as objective functions, a path planning model for manned eVTOL with multiple constraints was developed, taking into account the characteristics of the aircraft and environmental limitations. Subsequently, an improved artificial electric field algorithm (IAEFA) was proposed, which enhances the traditional artificial electric field algorithm (AEFA) by introducing an adaptive Coulomb parameter and incorporating a decreasing coefficient in the Coulomb constant calculation for simulation-based solution. Experimental results demonstrate that the constructed model achieves the expected outcomes. The solution effectiveness of path planning using the improved algorithm surpasses that of traditional particle swarm optimization and artificial electric field methods, resulting in shorter range, minimal altitude variation, and enhanced safety during operations. Finally, based on comparative experiments, the value of the decreasing coefficient was determined. The optimal solution effectiveness of the improved algorithm is achieved when the decreasing coefficient is set to 1.5.

urban air mobility (UAM)  /  electric vertical takeoff and landing(eVTOL)  /  path planning  /  improved artificial electric field algorithm (IAEFA)
刘光才, 金松鹏, 李章萍, 刘百庚. 基于改进人工电场算法的城市载人电动垂直起降飞行器路径规划. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 238 -244 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402679
Guang-cai LIU, Song-peng JIN, Zhang-ping LI, Bai-geng LIU. Path Planning of Urban Manned eVTOL Based on the Improved Artificial Electric Field Algorithm[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 238 -244 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402679
随着城市化进程的加剧,地面交通拥堵、尾气排放、噪声污染等问题对城市发展的影响日益增加,人们意识到可以使用更为广阔的垂直维度空间来作为现有交通体系的重要补充,城市空中交通(urban air mobility, UAM)和低空经济等相关理论应运而生。电动垂直起降飞行器(electric vertical takeoff and landing,eVTOL)是UAM的主要参与者之一,如今,发展载人eVTOL已是安全高效的综合立体交通和低空融合飞行的主要内容。
中国将低空经济作为新质生产力的代表,十分重视载人eVTOL的研发和运行。目前已能自主研发制造包括电池、动力系统、航电设备以及基础设施等,形成了相对完整的产业链。国家和地方政府也相继颁发支持文件,如《无人驾驶航空器飞行管理暂行条例》《深圳市支持低空经济高质量发展的若干措施》等,对载人eVTOL的有序运行和研发制造提供了政策支持。由于其主要在城市低空场景下运行,运行场景较为复杂。合理的路径规划能保障eVTOL安全稳定的运行,也能对未来低空交通秩序的确立有所帮助。因此,在城市场景下进行eVTOL的路径规划研究有着十分重要的现实意义。
部分学者针对eVTOL路径规划进行了相应的研究。刘东来等[1]兼顾eVTOL异构动力学约束,使用改进A*轨迹规划方法得到符合飞行器动力学约束的飞行轨迹。李明等[2]面向低密度城市空域,对3种算法进行对比分析,得出A*算法相比快速随机树算法和粒子群算法的路径规划效果更佳。Hildemann等[3]利用地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)和非支配排序遗传算法(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms, NSGA-Ⅱ),从飞行时间、能耗和附加噪声3个方面,优化了电动航空器的飞行路线。
然而,目前绝大多数的三维路径规划研究仍然是针对无人机开展的。使用单一的传统算法进行规划在三维环境中很难得到较优路径,学者们开始探索改进融合传统算法或者新型优化算法在三维路径规划中的应用。王飞等[4]将Singer映射引入粒子群算法,改进粒子的初始分布和速度,实现无人机的路径优化。Abhishek等[5]提出将粒子群算法和遗传算法结合进行无人机路径规划,使全局和局部规划结果都能更接近最优解。曹建秋等[6]基于A*初始化的变异灰狼优化算法进行无人机路径规划问题的求解。黄鹤等[7]提出使用自适应黏菌算法完成无人机三维路径规划研究。隋东等[8]将偏移估计策略、变螺旋搜索策略等融入蜣螂算法进行路径规划,提高了全局寻优能力和收敛速度。
目前学者的研究集中在小型物流无人机,把新兴的eVTOL作为对象的研究仍然较少。部分研究忽视三维运行环境,与实际运行场景不符;有些则过分重视整体规划,忽略局部规划的重要性;部分算法也仍需改进。eVTOL的使用场景多集中在城市内或城市间,飞行器以载人为主,且载重和体积均远超小型物流无人机,所以在仿真模拟时的考量因素和方法选择均有不同。现结合eVTOL自身特性和城市场景限制,同时考虑到其载人运输的需求,构建多约束求解模型。选择近年新提出的人工电场算法并适当改进,以此来进行三维路径规划研究。
假设某城市内存在eVTOL起降点且位置已知,当有载人运输需求时,单架eVTOL由起始起降点出发运行至终止起降点,完成载人运输服务。运输过程中考虑eVTOL飞行期间的安全性及经济性,同时结合eVTOL自身性能及外界环境限制,需对飞行器的飞行路径进行相应的规划。
在进行仿真建模时,和物流无人机不同,eVTOL的飞行航程通常较长,仿真环境的范围需要扩大;同时机体体积和载重均远超小型物流无人机,故路径规划时需考虑能否顺利通过建筑群;并且由于是载人运输,还需考虑如何提升乘客的乘坐体验。
在进行路径规划仿真研究之前,需要完成城市三维场景的构建。使用栅格法进行城市静态环境的场景构建,假设构建的城市环境是由a×b×c 个立方体栅格组成的长方体,栅格中心点作为可选路径点。令a=int(xmax/Ln),b=int(ymax/Ln),c=int(zmax/Ln)。其中int()为取整函数;xmaxymaxzmax分别为建模环境的长度、宽度和高度;Ln为立方体栅格的边长,设置栅格边长Ln=5 m。
传统的栅格法建模使用0-1赋值法,如果栅格内有障碍物则赋值为1,为不可通行栅格;否则记为0,为可通行栅格。但此方法精度不足,容易丢失部分环境信息,导致最后规划的路径和实际最优解差距过大。故引入栅格危险度[9],栅格内有障碍物仍赋值为1,不可通行;其余栅格作为可扩展路径,但会根据不同栅格的危险度差异进行划分,栅格i的危险度di
di= N O N S
式(1)中:NO为栅格i周围障碍栅格的数量;NS 为栅格i周围的栅格总数。
设eVTOL起始起降点S和终止起降点G的坐标分别为(x0,y0,z0)和(xg,yg,zg),途径点Ci的坐标为(xi,yi,zi),i=1,2,…,n-1。目标函数为最小化eVTOL在载人运输过程中的总代价,其中总代价包括航程、运行风险和飞行高度变化。假设eVTOL完成一次载人运输的总代价为C,则
minC=φ1fLk+φ2fR+φ3fH
式(2)中:fL为航程代价;fR为运行风险代价;fH为飞行高度变化代价;k为航程代价系数,目的为减小总代价计算时航程代价的数量级,取值为0.1;φ1φ2φ3分别为上述3个代价的权重大小,并满足φ1+φ2+φ3=1。
eVTOL的飞行航程是根据相邻飞行节点之间的欧几里得距离求和确定。航程代价fL的表达式为
fL= i = 1 n ( x i - x i - 1 ) 2 + ( y i - y i - 1 ) 2 + ( z i - z i - 1 ) 2
运行风险是指eVTOL在载人运输过程中,周围环境以及障碍物对其飞行安全造成的威胁。eVTOL飞行时与障碍之间的距离对求得的路径是否适用有决定性的作用,故设置运行风险代价表达式为
fR= i = 1 n di
式(4)中:di为栅格i的风险度,即第i个航迹点的风险度。
eVTOL作为载人运输工具,要着重考虑乘客的乘坐体验。故在飞行过程中,需尽可能保持平稳,减少飞行高度的变化。频繁的调整飞行高度会增加航空器的能耗,影响乘客的乘坐体验且不利于飞行安全。故设置高度变化代价函数[10]
fH= i = 1 n Δzi
式(5)中:Δzi为前后两个航迹点高度差。
eVTOL进行载人运输时需考虑多方面因素的影响,飞行时的综合约束条件如下。
(1)eVTOL单次载人运输的航程不应超过其最大航程。
(2)eVTOL的飞行高度不超过飞行器的最大飞行高度以及城市飞行限高。
(3)eVTOL在飞行过程中穿行的楼宇间距不得小于机体宽度。
(4)eVTOL单次载人运输的耗能不应超过其电池的最大储能。
(5)eVTOL飞行时的总重量不得超过其最大起飞重量。
(6)eVTOL在水平方向进行转弯操作时不应超过其最大转弯角。
(7)eVTOL在垂直方向进行起降时不应超过其最大俯仰角。
目前,在进行三维路径规划研究时,常用算法主要分为传统经典算法和现代智能算法[11]。常用的传统经典算法主要有Dijkstra算法、人工势场法(artificial potential field, APF)等,现代智能算法主要有遗传算法(genetic algorithm, GA)、A*算法、粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization, PSO)等。近些年,多种新型启发式算法兴起,如人工电场算法(AEFA)、蝴蝶优化算法(butterfly optimization algorithm, BOA)、正弦余弦优化算法(sine cosine algorithm, SCA)等,进行三维路径规划时的算法选择范围也相应扩大。
人工电场算法[12]是2019年Yadav等提出的一种新型智能优化算法,该算法全局搜索能力强、优化精度高、适应范围广。近几年在场址优化调度[13]、流量预测[14]、图像匹配[15]、细胞检测[16]、车辆路径规划[17]等领域有所应用,且优化结果较为理想。
综上考虑,将使用人工电场算法进行城市场景下eVTOL三维路径规划研究。同时,在原有算法基础上,加入自适应库伦参数融合改进,进一步提高优化效果,并与传统粒子群算法进行对比,验证其优越性。
人工电场算法基于库仑定律,其基本逻辑是电荷量较大的带电粒子具有更大的引力,以此吸引电荷量小的带电粒子。所有粒子的电量在初始时均相同,初始化粒子后,带电粒子的个体最佳位置及两粒子间的引力计算如下。
p i d(t+1)= p i d ( t ) ,     f [ p i d ( t ) ] f [ x i d ( t + 1 ) ] x i d ( t + 1 ) ,   f [ p i d ( t ) ] f [ x i d ( t + 1 ) ]
F i j d(t)=Kt Q i ( t ) Q j ( t ) = x i ( t ) , x j ( t ) =   2 + ε[ p j d(t)- x i d(t)]
$K_{t}=K_{0} \exp \left(-\alpha \frac{t}{T_{\max }}\right)$
式中:t为迭代次数;d为搜索维度;xi泛指带电粒子;pi为当前所有带电粒子的最优位置;f[pi(t)]为在第t次迭代时个体最优粒子的适应度值;Q为粒子的电荷量; x i ( t ) , x j ( t ) 2为粒子间的欧氏距离;ε为防止分母为零的极小常数;Kt为库伦常数;Tmax为最大迭代次数。通常情况下,设置K0=500,α=30。
粒子i所受到的合力计算公式为
F i d(t)= j = 1 , j i N ri F i j d(t)
式(9)中:ri为[0,1]内的随机数。
在第t次迭代时粒子i的电场强度及加速度计算为
E i d(t)= F i d ( t ) Q j ( t )
a i d(t)= Q i ( t ) E i d ( t ) M i ( t )
式中:Mi为粒子i的单位质量。
根据适应度值来更新各带电粒子电荷量,即
$q_{i}(t)=\exp \left\{\frac{f\left[p_{i}^{d}(t)\right]-\operatorname{worst}(t)}{\operatorname{best}(t)-\operatorname{worst}(t)}\right\}$
Qi(t)= q i ( t ) i = 1 N q i ( t )
由于是最小化问题,最优粒子和最差粒子计算公式分别为
best(t)=min[fitj(t)]
worst(t)=max[fitj(t)]
粒子速度与位置更新公式分别为
V i d(t+1)=ri V i d(t)+ a i d(t)
X i d(t+1)= X i d(t)+ V i d(t+1)
带电粒子速度和位置的不断更新,适应度也相应变化,逐渐向最优适应度靠近。
通常情况下,初始库仑常数设定为一个较高的数值,这样有利于进行全局搜索,随着迭代优化降低库伦常数的值,保证算法的搜索精度。在原算法基础上,增加了自适应库伦参数,并改进库伦常数。将库伦参数从一个固定的值改进为随着迭代逐步变化的数值;同时新增递减系数,使库伦常数在迭代中的递减更加缓慢。改进后将会减小后期搜索粒子的移动步长,避免搜索过程中错失最优解,保证其全局搜索效率的同时增强了局部搜索的能力。
自适应库伦参数α[18]及库伦常数K't改进公式如下。
$\alpha_{t}=\beta \exp \left[\lg \left(\eta \frac{t}{T}\right)\right]$
$K_{t}^{\prime}=\lambda K_{0} \exp \left(-\alpha \frac{t}{T_{\max }}\right)$
式中:βη均为计算库伦参数α的参数,β=100,η=0.1;λ为递减系数,目的为延缓库伦常数递减速度,设置为1.5。
粒子位置、速度及惯性权重更新公式如下。
V N i j ( t + 1 )=ωt V N i j ( t )+c1r1( p i j t- x i j t)+c2r2( g i j t- x i j t)
x i j t + 1= x i j t+ V N i j ( t + 1 )
ωt=ωmax-t[(ωmax-ωmin)/Tmax]
式中:N为搜索维度; V i j N ( t ) x i j t分别为在第t次迭代中第i(i=1,2,…,n)个粒子在第k(k=1,2,…,N)个搜索维度的速度和位置;ωt为惯性权重;c1c2分别为个体加速度因子和社会加速度因子;r1r2为随机搜索权重,取值为[0,1]之间的随机值; p i j t g i j t分别为个体最优解和全局最优解;Tmax为最大迭代次数;ωmax=0.9,ωmin=0.2。
不同的eVTOL型号配置相差较大,故选择合适的型号对完成路径规划有着重要作用。部分中大型eVTOL飞行高度达1 000 m甚至更高,虽然没有超过低空空域(0~3 000 m)的限制,但是飞行高度过高要考虑的相关空域问题也更多,同时要类似于短途运输设计固定航线,故对此类eVTOL进行路径规划意义不大。
根据不同型号eVTOL的研发现状分析以及相关参数对比,最终选择的eVTOL型号为亿航的EH216-S。该型号无人驾驶航空器系统于2023年10月13日获得了民航局颁发的型号合格证,也证明其已能够满足民航局的安全标准以及适航要求。其基本参数如下。
最大起飞重量:620 kg;最大飞行速度:130 km/h;巡航速度:100 km/h;最大飞行高度:200 m;最大航程:30 km;最大航时:25 min。
在路径规划仿真模拟中,确定合适的仿真环境范围十分重要。研究部分eVTOL路径规划的相关文献后,发现环境建模的大概范围较为一致,文献[19]构建了2 200 m×730 m的环境,通过变换不同的高度进行二维路径规划研究;文献[2]的建模环境为1 000 m×1 000 m×100 m。选择构建一个2 000 m×2 000 m×150 m的城市场景,模拟未来eVTOL在较高密度城市环境下运行情况,并检验改进算法的优越性。
使用MATLAB R2018a进行仿真分析,部分参数设计如表1所示。
利用所提到的相关算法完成仿真实验,得到3种算法的路径规划仿真结果及相关实验数据。仿真结果如图2图3所示,实验数据如表2所示。
图2可知,3种算法均能实现载人eVTOL路径规划,且飞行距离、飞行高度、转弯及起降角度等均能满足约束条件。但传统粒子群算法规划的路径有较多折线,且明显能看出高度变化较大,无形中也增加了运行风险。人工电场法的规划结果相对较好,但局部规划效果不佳,部分折线较为明显,影响了整体路径规划的效果。相比之下,使用改进人工电场法规划得到的路径更为平滑,折线较少且没有频繁的高度变化,整体和局部规划均得到较优结果。
图3可知,改进算法除整体规划结果更优外,还有着较强的持续寻优能力,多次迭代后仍能更新最优解。结合表2的仿真结果进行分析,改进算法各项指标均能得到更优结果,航程相较于粒子群算法和传统人工电场法分别减少了29.62%和8.46%;运行风险分别减少了48.93%和11.16%;高度变化优化效果最为明显,较另外两种算法分别减少了64.31%和29.59%。
所提出的改进人工电场算法在计算库伦常数时新增了递减系数,递减系数的取值会影响搜索后期粒子的移动步长,故也将对最终的路径规划结果产生影响。进行了10组对照实验,固定其他系数取值,分析递减系数的取值大小对仿真结果的影响,仿真结果记录如表3所示。
表3可知,随着递减系数λ的增大,各项结果整体上均呈现出先减小后增大的趋势。当λ=1.5时,航程和运行风险均达到最低;虽然λ=1.6时高度变化相较前者仍有减少,减少约为2.13%,但航程和运行风险分别增加6.25%和2.35%。故综合考虑,λ=1.5为递减系数的最优取值,此时路径规划效果最佳。
选择目前研究较少的载人eVTOL作为研究对象,通过危险度栅格法进行高密度城市三维环境建模,以最小化航程代价、运行风险代价和高度变化代价构成的总代价作为目标函数,结合eVTOL自身性能及环境约束,并考虑到其载人运输的特定需求,构建了多约束条件的载人eVTOL路径规划模型。在传统人工电场算法的基础上,增加了自适应库伦参数,并在库伦常数的计算中创新性地引入了递减系数,进行路径规划仿真对比。仿真结果表明,改进人工电场算法在保证全局搜索的同时,还能兼顾局部搜索,避免搜索过程中错失最优解,且具有一定的持续寻优能力,仿真结果较粒子群算法和传统人工电场算法更优。同时通过对照试验,得到了递减系数的最优取值为λ=1.5。
通过改进人工电场算法实现了城市场景下载人eVTOL安全稳定的运行,证明了本文算法的实用性和可靠性,为未来城市空中交通系统的优化提供了一定的技术支持;同时也将推动eVTOL的技术研发和常态化运行。随着低空经济的发展,专家学者对城市空中交通运行安全的理论研究也将逐渐深入,有关载人eVTOL路径规划的研究也将持续增加。今后将会扩大仿真环境并增加动态避障,以求更贴近eVTOL的真实运行环境;同时探索将人工电场算法和其他局部优化算法进行融合,进一步提高路径规划的优越性。
  • 国家软科基金(2013GXS4B094)
  • 通航研究中心(智库)开放基金(GARC-202302)
  • 天津市教委科研计划项目人文社科一般项目(2020SK049)
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2025年第25卷第1期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402679
  • 接收时间:2024-03-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-13
  • 修回日期:2024-10-09
基金
国家软科基金(2013GXS4B094)
通航研究中心(智库)开放基金(GARC-202302)
天津市教委科研计划项目人文社科一般项目(2020SK049)
作者信息
    中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300

通讯作者:

* 金松鹏(2000—),男,回族,吉林榆树人,硕士研究生。研究方向:通航规划与管理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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