Article(id=1156949468361875854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402455, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712332800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-06, revisedDate=1732550400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753767848338, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1738944000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753767848338, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753767848338, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753767848338, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156949362480861758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='4', pageStart='1312', pageEnd='1751', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753767823094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755171161273, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1648, endPage=1657, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156949469553058227, articleId=1156949468361875854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Multi-objective Diversion Planning for Routes under Strong Convective Weather, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the traffic efficiency of aircraft routes in areas affected by strong convective weather and optimize the diversion path of aircraft under the influence of strong convective weather, a multi-objective diversion path planning method based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III(NSGA-III) was proposed. By constructing a flight environment model and delineating flight restricted areas according to airspace conditions, and on this basis, focusing on the impact of strong convective weather in the area where the aircraft was diverted, the aircraft operation cost was the lowest, the diversion angle was the smallest, and the non-linear coefficient was the smallest, with the goal of minimizing the impact of weather, using NSGA-III to comprehensively considered factors such as safety and economy and other factors, a multi-target diversion plan for a certain airspace route under severe convective weather was carried out, and simulation analysis was conducted. The research results show that NSGA-III can comprehensively consider the four proposed goals and calculate multiple effective alternative diversion paths. Under the conditions of selecting two diversion points and taking into account the economy and rationality of the operation while ensuring the safe operation of the aircraft, a total of 91 alternative routes are available.

, correspAuthors=Wei-zhen TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhou-sheng HUANG, Qi-qi TIAN, Wei-zhen TANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156949529372222250, articleId=1156949468361875854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=交通运输强对流天气下航路多目标改航规划, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为了提高航空器在受到强对流天气影响区域中航路的通行效能,优化强对流天气影响下的航空器的改航路径,提出基于第三代非支配排序遗传算法(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III,NSGA-III)的多目标改航路径规划方法。通过构建飞行环境模型,根据空域情况划设飞行受限区,并在此基础上着重考虑航空器实施改航区域中强对流天气的影响,以航空器运行成本最低、改航角度最小、非直线系数最小、天气影响最小为目标,利用NSGA-III综合考虑安全性、经济性等因素,对某空域航路进行强对流天气下多目标改航的规划,并进行仿真分析。结果表明:NSGA-III能够综合考虑所提出的4个目标,计算出多条有效的备选改航路径。在选定2个改航点的条件下,在保障航空器安全运行的前提下考虑运行的经济性、合理性后,共有91条备选航路可供选择。, correspAuthors=唐卫贞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*唐卫贞(1977—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,硕士,教授。研究方向:空中交通管理。E-mail:
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黄洲升(1998—),男,汉族,广西南宁人,硕士,助教。研究方向:空中交通管理。E-mail:

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黄洲升(1998—),男,汉族,广西南宁人,硕士,助教。研究方向:空中交通管理。E-mail:

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Memetic Computing, 2017, 9(4): 361-383., articleTitle=An improved NSGA-III algorithm based on elimination operator for many-objective optimization, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225944427399660398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, awardId=62203451, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(62203451), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1225944427517100920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, awardId=2023JDRC0004, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省科技计划(2023JDRC0004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225944417480130673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944417517879414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, companyId=1225944417480130673, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 CAAC Academy, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944417530462327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, companyId=1225944417480130673, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国民用航空飞行学院民航监察员培训学院, 广汉 618307)]), AuthorCompany(id=1225944417723400331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944417752760463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, companyId=1225944417723400331, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Air Traffic Management College, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944417777926291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, companyId=1225944417723400331, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618307)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225944422488130042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of diversion angle, figureFileSmall=9Ry34uRHn2622WNLxt61Fw==, figureFileBig=PRtZxlQFO9JO39eZjELztQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944422647513607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, language=CN, label=图1, caption=改航角度示意图, figureFileSmall=9Ry34uRHn2622WNLxt61Fw==, figureFileBig=PRtZxlQFO9JO39eZjELztQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944422869811748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of flight environment model, figureFileSmall=tiToJrmeRo3OHMCnKKvtqw==, figureFileBig=E0cgGS8EWpYh1Qbx9uAHVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944423050166836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, language=CN, label=图2, caption=飞行环境模型示意图, figureFileSmall=tiToJrmeRo3OHMCnKKvtqw==, figureFileBig=E0cgGS8EWpYh1Qbx9uAHVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944423230521930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=NSGA-III algorithm flow chart, figureFileSmall=cozCm+98RblMIItX+wTUAg==, figureFileBig=+DWAeNPBOkQ7pL4QfNGqZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944423612203619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, language=CN, label=图3, caption=NSGA-III算法流程图, figureFileSmall=cozCm+98RblMIItX+wTUAg==, figureFileBig=+DWAeNPBOkQ7pL4QfNGqZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944424966963835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagram of diversion airspace, figureFileSmall=xcoAsy5x5+otkoxFN6Pv0Q==, figureFileBig=vL9OsvbFZZo7jcsBYcDiLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944425101181577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, language=CN, label=图4, caption=改航空域示意图

位于左下角至右上角的线段为预设航路R;半透明蓝色区域为“空域三区”;利用Gramham算法进行边界外扩所得区域如红色线条所示

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灰色线条为绘制的所有备选改航路径

, figureFileSmall=pfZIj3xsLaVXA4SBLdZutQ==, figureFileBig=o4mGsNHUlVBkYitmmloMzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944425763881688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparison matrix diagram between objective function values, figureFileSmall=Zan5QqYqbrgkmF8FVOnKSA==, figureFileBig=nsuPHcywCW96cuZb/iK+Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944425872933613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, language=CN, label=图6, caption=目标函数值间比对矩阵图, figureFileSmall=Zan5QqYqbrgkmF8FVOnKSA==, figureFileBig=nsuPHcywCW96cuZb/iK+Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944426095231734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Severe convective weather radar echo intensity level

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回波强度$\gamma $/dBz 颜色 天气等级
$0\le \gamma 5$ 0
$5\le \gamma 10$ 淡蓝 1
$10\le \gamma 15$ 浅绿 2
$15\le \gamma 20$ 绿 3
$20\le \gamma 25$ 深绿 4
$25\le \gamma 30$ 5
$30\le \gamma 35$ 棕黄 6
$35\le \gamma 40$ 7
$40\le \gamma 45$ 橙红 8
$45\le \gamma 50$ 9
$50\le \gamma 55$ 深红 10
$55\le \gamma 60$ 11
$60\le \gamma 65$ 深紫 12
$65\le \gamma $ 蓝紫 13
), ArticleFig(id=1225944426254615300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

强对流天气雷达回波强度等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回波强度$\gamma $/dBz 颜色 天气等级
$0\le \gamma 5$ 0
$5\le \gamma 10$ 淡蓝 1
$10\le \gamma 15$ 浅绿 2
$15\le \gamma 20$ 绿 3
$20\le \gamma 25$ 深绿 4
$25\le \gamma 30$ 5
$30\le \gamma 35$ 棕黄 6
$35\le \gamma 40$ 7
$40\le \gamma 45$ 橙红 8
$45\le \gamma 50$ 9
$50\le \gamma 55$ 深红 10
$55\le \gamma 60$ 11
$60\le \gamma 65$ 深紫 12
$65\le \gamma $ 蓝紫 13
), ArticleFig(id=1225944426363667218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

NSGA-III algorithm parameters settings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
种群规模NP 100
交叉概率Pc 0.9
变异概率Pm 0.1
最大进化代数Q 2 000
), ArticleFig(id=1225944426489496348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

NSGA-III算法设定参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
种群规模NP 100
交叉概率Pc 0.9
变异概率Pm 0.1
最大进化代数Q 2 000
), ArticleFig(id=1225944426653074216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Value of the objective function under alternative re-routing paths

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序号 改航点1 改航点2 运行成本/
102 km
角度变化
量/(°)
非直线
系数
天气影响
值/dBz
纬度/(°) 经度/(°) 纬度/(°) 经度/(°)
1 111.178 1 26.666 8 111.776 5 27.858 5 4.504 6 1.009 6 22.998 4 1 561.566 7
2 111.178 1 26.666 8 111.776 5 27.858 5 4.504 6 1.009 6 22.997 2 1 561.566 7
3 111.178 1 26.667 2 111.776 5 27.858 7 4.504 7 1.009 6 22.986 2 1 561.566 7
4 111.206 9 26.718 3 111.776 7 27.859 0 4.504 7 1.009 6 23.120 2 1 561.068 4
5 111.206 9 26.718 0 111.776 4 27.858 7 4.504 7 1.009 6 23.135 8 1 560.300 7
87 111.207 2 26.601 6 111.727 2 27.858 5 4.527 9 1.014 8 35.595 5 1 127.489 0
88 111.205 9 26.602 1 111.725 2 27.858 5 4.528 3 1.014 9 35.598 3 1 118.378 0
89 111.206 7 26.601 5 111.725 2 27.858 5 4.528 5 1.015 0 35.738 6 1 116.442 0
90 111.206 0 26.601 5 111.724 5 27.858 5 4.528 6 1.015 0 35.719 9 1 114.031 0
91 111.206 0 26.599 9 111.724 5 27.858 5 4.528 7 1.015 0 35.818 8 1 113.319 7
), ArticleFig(id=1225944426959258440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949468361875854, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

备选改航路径下目标函数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 改航点1 改航点2 运行成本/
102 km
角度变化
量/(°)
非直线
系数
天气影响
值/dBz
纬度/(°) 经度/(°) 纬度/(°) 经度/(°)
1 111.178 1 26.666 8 111.776 5 27.858 5 4.504 6 1.009 6 22.998 4 1 561.566 7
2 111.178 1 26.666 8 111.776 5 27.858 5 4.504 6 1.009 6 22.997 2 1 561.566 7
3 111.178 1 26.667 2 111.776 5 27.858 7 4.504 7 1.009 6 22.986 2 1 561.566 7
4 111.206 9 26.718 3 111.776 7 27.859 0 4.504 7 1.009 6 23.120 2 1 561.068 4
5 111.206 9 26.718 0 111.776 4 27.858 7 4.504 7 1.009 6 23.135 8 1 560.300 7
87 111.207 2 26.601 6 111.727 2 27.858 5 4.527 9 1.014 8 35.595 5 1 127.489 0
88 111.205 9 26.602 1 111.725 2 27.858 5 4.528 3 1.014 9 35.598 3 1 118.378 0
89 111.206 7 26.601 5 111.725 2 27.858 5 4.528 5 1.015 0 35.738 6 1 116.442 0
90 111.206 0 26.601 5 111.724 5 27.858 5 4.528 6 1.015 0 35.719 9 1 114.031 0
91 111.206 0 26.599 9 111.724 5 27.858 5 4.528 7 1.015 0 35.818 8 1 113.319 7
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交通运输强对流天气下航路多目标改航规划
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黄洲升 1 , 田齐齐 2 , 唐卫贞 1, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(4): 1648-1657
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(4): 1648-1657
交通运输强对流天气下航路多目标改航规划
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黄洲升1 , 田齐齐2, 唐卫贞1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国民用航空飞行学院民航监察员培训学院, 广汉 618307
  • 2 中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618307
  • 黄洲升(1998—),男,汉族,广西南宁人,硕士,助教。研究方向:空中交通管理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*唐卫贞(1977—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,硕士,教授。研究方向:空中交通管理。E-mail:
Multi-objective Diversion Planning for Routes under Strong Convective Weather
Zhou-sheng HUANG1 , Qi-qi TIAN2, Wei-zhen TANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 CAAC Academy, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
  • 2 Air Traffic Management College, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
出版时间: 2025-02-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402455
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为了提高航空器在受到强对流天气影响区域中航路的通行效能,优化强对流天气影响下的航空器的改航路径,提出基于第三代非支配排序遗传算法(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III,NSGA-III)的多目标改航路径规划方法。通过构建飞行环境模型,根据空域情况划设飞行受限区,并在此基础上着重考虑航空器实施改航区域中强对流天气的影响,以航空器运行成本最低、改航角度最小、非直线系数最小、天气影响最小为目标,利用NSGA-III综合考虑安全性、经济性等因素,对某空域航路进行强对流天气下多目标改航的规划,并进行仿真分析。结果表明:NSGA-III能够综合考虑所提出的4个目标,计算出多条有效的备选改航路径。在选定2个改航点的条件下,在保障航空器安全运行的前提下考虑运行的经济性、合理性后,共有91条备选航路可供选择。
多目标改航规划  /  第三代非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-III)  /  强对流天气  /  交通运输规划与管理  /  空中交通流量管理

In order to improve the traffic efficiency of aircraft routes in areas affected by strong convective weather and optimize the diversion path of aircraft under the influence of strong convective weather, a multi-objective diversion path planning method based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III(NSGA-III) was proposed. By constructing a flight environment model and delineating flight restricted areas according to airspace conditions, and on this basis, focusing on the impact of strong convective weather in the area where the aircraft was diverted, the aircraft operation cost was the lowest, the diversion angle was the smallest, and the non-linear coefficient was the smallest, with the goal of minimizing the impact of weather, using NSGA-III to comprehensively considered factors such as safety and economy and other factors, a multi-target diversion plan for a certain airspace route under severe convective weather was carried out, and simulation analysis was conducted. The research results show that NSGA-III can comprehensively consider the four proposed goals and calculate multiple effective alternative diversion paths. Under the conditions of selecting two diversion points and taking into account the economy and rationality of the operation while ensuring the safe operation of the aircraft, a total of 91 alternative routes are available.

multi-objective diversion planning  /  non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III(NSGA-III)  /  severe convective weather  /  transportation planning and management  /  air traffic flow management
黄洲升, 田齐齐, 唐卫贞. 交通运输强对流天气下航路多目标改航规划. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1648 -1657 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402455
Zhou-sheng HUANG, Qi-qi TIAN, Wei-zhen TANG. Multi-objective Diversion Planning for Routes under Strong Convective Weather[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1648 -1657 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402455
随着中国经济的快速增长,民航运输业也得到了极大的发展。航路网络结构的交叉、机队规模的逐步壮大,现今已经造成了空中交通流的缓慢运行,延误现象呈现上升趋势。此外由于天气、机械故障、军事活动、航天占用等不确定因素,严重造成了空中交通流的阻塞现象,使得民航运输效率大幅度降低,严重影响了民航运行的安全,甚者会造成极大的经济与财产损失[1]
改航路径规划是指当局部空域受到随机因素影响而产生飞行受限区时,通过改变路径对受干扰的航路进行调整,规划出临时飞行路径以实现空域障碍规避的方法[2-3]。目前改航路径规划算法可以分为:静态飞行路径规划即飞行前改航,动态飞行路径规划即飞行实时进行临时的路径规划。对于改航路径的求解方法主要有几何法、人工势场法、粒子群算法、蚁群算法、遗传算法等[4-7]。其中,遗传算法是根据自然界中遗传规律设计提出的,目前可分为传统遗传算法和新一代智能遗传算法。传统遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)[8]主要是根据自然界中生物体自有的进化规律而设计提出的。而新一代智能遗传算法中第三代非支配遗传算法(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III,NSGA-III)[9]是基于自然选择学说和遗传生物学原理的智能遗传算法,在前几代的基础之上选择非支配个体,对不同个体进行分层等多种自然选择学说的操作来完成遗传和进化,通过该方法可以获得多目标、多约束条件下的非支配解。
在使用非支配遗传算法的研究中,吴维等[10]综合考虑跑道运行模式、管制员负荷、飞机类型、航空器安全间隔等多种因素,并以航班延误最少和跑道利用率最高为目标建立了多目标离场航班的排序模型,实验结果表明优于传统的排序模型。向征等[11]为平衡航空器延误时间、管制员负荷以及各运输机场资源,使用模拟退火算法结合第二代非支配遗传算法(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II, NSGA-II)算法进行优化,由此建立了多机场终端区航空器协同排序模型,有效地提升了航空器的排序效率。方圆等[12]分析了公路与铁路的运输成本及风险,建立兼顾运输成本、碳排放成本、软时间窗惩罚成本及运输风险的多目标优化模型,并使用改进NSGA-II算法求解,提升了求解的精度。马士宾等[13]为了更好地平衡沥青路面大中修养护方案决策时成本、环境和性能之间相互制衡的矛盾,碳排放量、寿命周期成本及路面使用性能为目标的模型,并使用NSGA-III进行求解,结果表明,所使用的求解方案优于传统方案。综上所述,通过使用非支配遗传算法,一方面能够有效求解多种限制条件下多目标优化的非线性问题,另一方面也能够平衡各限制因素的优劣,更准确地获得解决方案。
在航空器改航领域,孟令航等[14]使用雷达回波值推测不确定强对流天气下的改航路径情况,构建了单机动态不确定性改航规划模型。王瑛等[15]使用NSGA-III算法进行了航路网络路径规划的问题,但此研究在对天气条件的研究还有一定的不足。此外,王瑛等[16]在对比几何法、粒子群算法、蚁群算法、传统遗传算法及NSGA-III算法后,认为NSGA-III算法的收敛速度更快、求解精度更高、自适应性更强,适合运用于改航路径的规划问题。向征等[17]使用Q-Learning方法在空域栅格化的基础上进行改航路径规划,但仅考虑了规避流量拥堵,暂未考虑到航空器运行成本及多次改航的限制。王岩韬等[18]使用A*与改进灰狼-Dijkstra方法开展改航路径规划,但考虑的过程主要是航空器运行整体过程,欠缺考虑精细化区域内的改航。此后,王岩韬等[19]在通过分析危险天气的不确定性后,以最小风险为目标开展了航空器的路径规划,但其规划仅以危险天气不确定性影响最小为目标。Andrés等[20]使用在雷暴影响飞行区域的条件下使用SB-RRT(scenario-based optimal rapidly exploring random tree)方法以飞行安全为最低标准进行航空器的路径规划,但仍没有考虑到航空器运行的成本情况。Soler等[21]在研究航空器轨迹优化问题中,提出了需要评估大气不确定性、对流指标和飞行成本指标。Orfila[22]使用欧洲中心中尺度下的数值预报产品,基于卷积神经网络和A*算法对强对流天气下的航空运输进行了优化,但没有考虑到强对流天气对于航空器运行的实时性。
鉴于此,在构建飞行环境模型的基础上,明确构建飞行限制区,以数值化方式确定强对流天气影响区域,并基于NSGA-III算法构建强对流天气下多目标改航规划方案,提升航空器在强对流天气下的效能。最终,在保障民航运输的安全性的前提下,综合考虑飞行成本影响、航空器飞行要求,形成强对流天气下航路多目标改航规划方法。
强对流天气下航路的改航规划是指在强对流天气对空域内相关航路造成影响时,通过规划临时航路、优化航线布局等手段,实现对飞行受限区域的规避[23]。当某空域或航路受强对流天气影响而无法正常使用时,可以采取改航策略解决这一问题。一般实际航路网络的结构复杂,航路运行情况多变,为模拟实际运行环境,做出以下假设。
(1)在区域导航的条件下进行航路多目标改航规划[24]
(2)飞行过程中,航空器在采取改航策略时,仅能向西或者向东单一方向飞行,即航线角始终保持于$[0,\pi ]$$[\pi,2\pi ]$内。
(3)航空器的巡航速度已知并且保持不变。
(4)改航点的数量决定飞行员和管制员的工作负荷[25],在避让飞行受限区域的飞行中,从改航航段的起始点到结束点(不含上述两点)新增改航点的数量不应多于某个数值即新增改航点的数量上限,其取值可参考,每100 km(根据飞行受限区的几何尺度可适度调整)新增一个改航点[26]。根据运行环境分别设置改航点的数量为1~3个。
(5)不考虑进近管制及改航航路中的其他飞行冲突。
利用墨卡托投影将航路及其周围空域的情况投影至二维平面,并创建出实际运行中的飞行环境。此外,利用气象数值预报产品对强对流天气的预测结果,刻画出实际运行中的天气情况,该系统可描述为$N(P,d,\theta,I,W,Z)。$
(1)该系统中$P=\{{P}_{1},{P}_{2},\dots,{P}_{s},\dots,{P}_{q},\dots,{P}_{n}\}$,即所需实施改航路径的经纬度坐标集。
(2)d为航段连接距离,可表示为
d(Pi, Pj)=$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\sqrt{({x}_{j}-{x}_{i}{)}^{2}+({y}_{j}-{y}_{i}{)}^{2}},\\   L({P}_{i},{P}_{j})=1;i,j\in [s,q]\\ 0,\\   L({P}_{i},{P}_{j})=0;i,j\in [s,q]\end{array}\right.$
式(1)中:xi,yi为改航点Pi的经纬度;xj,yj为改航点Pj的经纬度;d(Pi,Pj)为点Pi到点Pj的欧氏距离;L(Pi,Pj)用于判断点Pi与点Pj是否直接相连,若直接相连则为1,否则为0。
(3)$\theta $为改航角度,指飞行过程中航空器航向的改变量[27],${\theta }_{p}$为指定点p的改航角度,其示意如图1所示。
(4)I为非直线系数,指由点Pi到点Pj相连所组成航路的实际距离与空间直线距离之比,可表示为
$I({P}_{i},{P}_{j})=\frac{G({P}_{i},{P}_{j})}{d({P}_{i},{P}_{j})}$
式(2)中:G(Pi,Pj)为点Pi到点Pj之间改航后所需飞行的实际距离。
(5)W为航空器改航路径上强对流天气影响数值之和。该值主要由数值预报产品中对区域栅格中雷达回波值的结果求和所得,该值可表示为
$W={\sum }_{C}^{}{W}_{G}$
式(3)中:C图2中所示的各栅格;WG图2中所示栅格的雷达回波数值。
(6)Z为改航环境参数。定义Z(PS,PE)为改航航段;ZW为强对流天气影响区域(图2所示的彩色区域);ZT为“空域三区”(禁区、危险区、限制区)。
综上,所构建的网络模型示意图如图2所示。
出于安全因素考虑,航班改航通常会选择侧向绕过可能影响飞行安全的区域。因此,飞行受限区一般不考虑高度信息,通常以二维方式表示[15-17]。因此所研究的改航飞行路径以二维空间为基础,不考虑从飞行受限区的上方和下方飞越,只考虑航空器从侧向绕飞的情况。
根据原始航路资料,在飞行环境模型中添加“禁区”“危险区”“限制区”的经纬度坐标点,绘制出“空域三区”以作为限制因素,加以保证航空器在强对流天气影响区外的限制条件,确保基于原先航路进行的改航计算。
航班沿形状为凹多边形的空域三区边界绕飞时,存在飞入影响飞行安全区域的隐患,且绕飞距离较长,采用凸多边形划设空域三区则可以有效解决这一问题[28]。采用计算几何中确定平面点集凸壳的Graham算法[29]划设“空域三区”,该算法是目前求解凸多边形边界的最佳算法,且在此方面的应用较为成熟。
天气影响区的划设主要依据数值预报产品对图2所示的飞行环境模型示意图中各栅格雷达回波数值大小。天气影响区的划设方法为:以构建的飞行环境模型中0.01°×0.01°的栅格描述整个强对流天气影响区域。
根据中央气象台对于强对流天气影响区域分为14个等级分别用不同颜色表示,如表1所示;当雷达回波强度$\gamma $大于40 dBz时,即天气等级为8以上的区域,航空器需要避让;因此,认为雷达回波强度大于40 dBz的区域为天气影响区[30]。根据数值预报产品中对于雷达回波的计算结果,将雷达回波强度大于40 dBz作为强对流天气判定的基准条件。
基于上述划定的“飞行受限区”增加空中交通规则当中对于空域三区及绕飞强对流天气的限制。
参考中国区域管制雷达最低水平间隔为10 km,以及中国航路宽度为20 km,即航路中心线两侧各10 km的规定[31],设定安全余度为10 km[28,32],扩大飞行受限区域中的空域三区,从而再次确定空域三区的最终影响范围,以保证安全飞行。考虑经纬度之间的转换关系以及球面的曲率,使用Haversine公式[33]计算出10 km相对应的经度及纬度,以完成对飞行环境模型中空域三区的划设。
参考强对流天气雷达回波强度等级对航空器飞行状态的影响[32],在根据先前所确定的雷达回波值大于40 dBz区域作为强对流天气的基准条件下,为保障航空器的安全,预留安全余度,此处将大于雷达回波值大于30 dBz的区域视为强对流天气影响区,更大限度地确保航空器安全飞行。
在强对流天气下的多目标改航规划中,需要设定若干特性指标,以促进改航规划合理,为了提升其综合效应,采用最低运行成本,最小角度变化量,最小非直线系数及最小天气影响作为规划目标,具体如下。
(1)最低运行成本。
最低运行成本主要采用航空器所飞行的距离定义,可表示为
$minC\left(N\right)=\sum _{\frac{i=s}{j=s}}^{q}d({P}_{i},{P}_{j})$
式(4)中:s为改航航段起始点;N为改航航段所穿越的空域范围;C(N)为通过改航航段N所产生的运行成本。
(2)最小角度变化量。
$min\theta \left(N\right)=\sum _{P=s}^{q}{\theta }_{P}$
式(5)中:${\theta }_{P}$为改航点Ps到改航点Pq中相邻航段之间的角度变化量;$\theta \left(N\right)$为角度变化量。
(3)最小非直线系数。
$minI\left(N\right)=\sum _{\frac{i=s}{j=s}}^{q}\frac{G({P}_{i},{P}_{j})}{d({P}_{i},{P}_{j})}$
式(6)中:I(N)为非直线系数。
(4)最小天气影响值。
$minW\left(N\right)={\sum }_{C}^{}{W}_{G}$
式(7)中:W(N)为天气影响值;C图2中所示的各栅格;WG为类似于图2中所示栅格的雷达回波数值。
为保证多目标改航规划后能够符合实际的运行条件,必须制定相应约束条件,并利用罚函数进行转化,具体如下。
(1)飞行限制区约束。
$Z({P}_{s},{P}_{q})\bigcap ({Z}_{W}\bigcup {Z}_{T})=\varnothing $
式(8)中:Z(Ps,Pq)为从改航点Ps到改航点Pq的改航航段。
(2)改航角度约束。
$-90°\le {\theta }_{P}\le 90°$
(3)改航点距离约束。
$d({P}_{i},{P}_{i+1})\ge 7.4km$
式(10)中:d(Pi,Pi+1)为改航点距离指两个转弯点(改航点或航路点)之间的距离,其长度应满足在该距离内航空器可顺利完成2次转弯,因此改航点距离应大于等于7.4 km[34]
(4)天气影响数值约束。
${W}_{c}\le {W}_{min}$
式(11)中:Wc为改航航段所穿越的空域范围内的天气影响数值;Wmin为对流天气影响区判定的基准条件[23]
(5)优化范围约束。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{i}^{min}\le {x}_{i}\le {x}_{i}^{max}\\ {y}_{i}^{min}\le {y}_{i}\le {y}_{i}^{max}\end{array}\right.$
式(12)中:${x}_{i}^{min}、{x}_{i}^{max}、{y}_{i}^{min}、{y}_{i}^{max}$为经纬度坐标点的可优化范围。
为避免算法中出现不满足约束条件的情况,建立罚函数$\varphi $,且罚函数可将部分约束条件转化为目标函数的一部分,可表示为
$\begin{array}{l}\varphi =\omega [\sum _{\frac{i=s}{j=s}}^{q}\sigma ({P}_{i},{P}_{j})+\sum _{P=s}^{q}\vartheta ({\theta }_{P})+\\ \sum _{i=s}^{q}\delta ({P}_{i},{P}_{i+1})+\sum _{P=s}^{q}\mu ({W}_{c})]\end{array}$
σ(Pi,Pj)=$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}0,& Z({P}_{s},{P}_{q})\bigcap ({Z}_{W}\bigcup {Z}_{T})=\varnothing \\ 1,& Z({P}_{s},{P}_{q})\bigcap ({Z}_{W}\bigcup {Z}_{T})\ne \varnothing \end{array}\right.$
$\vartheta \left({\theta }_{P}\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}0,& -90°\le {\theta }_{P}\le 90°\\ 1,& {\theta }_{P}-90°\vee {\theta }_{P}90°\end{array}\right.$
$\delta ({P}_{i},{P}_{i+1})=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}0,& d({P}_{i},{P}_{i+1})\ge 7.4km\\ 1,& d({P}_{i},{P}_{i+1})7.4km\end{array}\right.$
$\mu \left({W}_{c}\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}0,& {W}_{c}\le {W}_{min}\\ 1,& {W}_{c}{W}_{min}\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\omega $为罚因子,一般可以将其取较大值以使得目标函数值变大,从而影响迭代进程[35],取$\omega =1\times {10}^{6};\sigma 、\vartheta 、\delta 、\mu $为约束条件转化为目标函数的转化函数。
结合改航规划的特征指标及约束条件,建立以下多目标改航规划模型。
(1)目标函数。模型目标为建立最低运行成本、最小角度变化量、最小非直线系数及最小天气影响的改航路径。根据上述目标,可将总体目标可表示为
$\begin{array}{l}z=min\left[F\right(N)+\varphi ]\\ =min\left\{\right[C\left(N\right),\theta \left(N\right),I\left(N\right),W{\left(N\right)]}^{T}+\varphi \}\end{array}$
(2)约束条件。航空器在进行改航时,保证如下条件:① 航空器不得穿越“空域三区”及危险天气区域;② 航空器改航角度不得大于90°,以保证航空器的飞行趋势为东向或者西向;③各改航点间距离应大于7.4 km以保证管制指挥和飞行操作的需要;④ 航空器经过改航航迹所经栅格危险天气值应当小于限制值,即航空器运行不得经过危险天气区域;⑤ 航空器改航点的选择应当在所给定区域范围内。
由此,根据式(8)~式(12)确定约束条件为
$s.t.\left\{\begin{array}{l}Z({P}_{s},{P}_{q})\bigcap ({Z}_{W}\bigcup {Z}_{T})=\varnothing \\ -90°\le {\theta }_{P}\le 90°\\ d({P}_{i},{P}_{i+1})\ge 7.4km\\ {W}_{c}\le {W}_{min}\\ {x}_{i}^{min}\le {x}_{i}\le {x}_{i}^{max}\\ {y}_{i}^{min}\le {y}_{i}\le {y}_{i}^{max}\end{array}\right.$
在多目标优化算法中,NSGA的应用研究最为广泛。NSGA算法将非支配排序思想引入遗传算法,把多个目标函数的计算转化为虚拟适应度的计算,用于求解多目标优化问题[36]。NSGA-III算法是Deb提出的第三代多目标优化遗传算法,它继承了非支配排序机制和精英保留策略,并引入基于参考点的关联操作[37-38]。其使用的是非支配排序和拥挤度距离的思想,以生成一个集合,该集合包含多个具有非支配性和拥挤度分布性的解,这使得它在实际应用中具有广泛的适用性。NSGA-III采用参考点的方式将目标空间分成多个小区域,然后从每个小区域中选择一个非支配解,最终得到一个均匀分布的帕累托前沿,同时使用参考点来引导搜索进入未被充分探索的区域,以增加算法的多样性和收敛速度。通过该方法可以获得多目标下、多约束条件下的非支配解,其规划效果明显优于传统多目标规划方法[39-41]
NSGA-III算法步骤如下。
步骤1 定义目标函数和决策变量的范围,初始化种群和参考点集合。
步骤2 对种群进行非支配排序,计算拥挤度距离并更新每个个体的适应度值。
步骤3 对参考点集合进行排序,根据排名选择前M个参考点。
步骤4 对于每个参考点,选择与其最接近的个体并将其加入下一代种群中。
步骤5 如果下一代种群数量未达到预设值,重复步骤4直到满足条件。
步骤6 对新种群进行非支配排序和拥挤度距离计算。
步骤7 如果满足停止条件(例如达到最大迭代次数),输出当前帕累托前沿并结束算法;否则,返回步骤3。
NSGA-Ⅲ算法步骤流程图如图3所示。
以某条受危险天气影响的航路为例进行强对流天气下多目标改航规划仿真。通过建立飞行环境模型,构建如图4所示的改航空域示意图。图4中,位于左下角至右上角的线段为预设航路R;半透明蓝色区域为“空域三区”,并利用Gramham算法进行边界外扩所得区域由红色线条所示;图4中有根据表1所确定颜色绘制的彩色区域,其中栅格大小选择为0.01°×0.01°,能够有效、精准地反映空域中受强对流天气影响的情况。
图4可知,预设航路R穿过由黄色、棕黄色、橙、橙红色、红色所组成的强对流天气区域,将对航空器的运行产生影响,由此需计算改航路径。应用NSGA-Ⅲ算法进行强对流天气下多目标改航规划求解备选改航路径,所需计算参数设定如表2所示。
根据所设定参数,设定改航点数目为1、2、3,分别建立航路多目标改航规划模型所求解的备选改航路径如图5所示。
图5可知,当改航点数目选择为1时,由于改航点数目限制,无法寻找到最优路径保证既避免飞入“空域三区”时避免进入天气影响区域。由于选取改航点数目较少,造成航空区可能进入危险区域,故舍去该解法。综合考虑飞行员的操作复杂度等因素,尽可能选择少的改航点,分析图5(a)图5(a)可知,此类情况均能较好地规避危险天气区域,并且未进入“空域三区”,各方面表现均良好。综合考虑,选择改航点数目为2即可。
图5(a)中,其改航点数目为2,根据航路多目标改航规划模型求得共计91条备选改航路径,不同备选改航路径下目标函数值如表3所示,因篇幅过长,表中不逐一列举。并将91条备选改航路径的目标函数值绘制图6所示的矩阵对比图。
图6可以看出,各条备选航路间的目标函数值均不相同。同时,各备选航路间的目标值关系由NSGA-III权衡,即部分航路若运行成本较小时虽角度变化量与非直线系数较小,但天气影响在不超过限制值的情况下相对较大,可能影响航空器的运行,反之亦然。但结合图5可知,通过NSGA-III模型的计算,首先能够确定最佳的改航点个数,其次在确定改航点个数后仍有多条备选路径可以进行选择,提供了多种运行的方案。
(1)针对强对流天气下对多目标的改航要求,充分考虑航空器的运行成本、运行难易度等问题,提出了在强对流天气下航路多目标改航规划方法。
(2)利用NSGA-III算法完成多目标改航航路的规划。仿真结果表明,该方法能够提供满足所设定的约束条件,并提供多种备选方案。
综上所示,使用NSGA-III算法的强对流天气下多目标改航规划方法为航空器在强对流天气下运行提供了新的思路,提升了航空器在强对流天气下的运行效能,有效降低了民航运输的风险。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62203451)
  • 四川省科技计划(2023JDRC0004)
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2025年第25卷第4期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402455
  • 接收时间:2024-04-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-06
  • 修回日期:2024-11-26
基金
国家自然科学基金(62203451)
四川省科技计划(2023JDRC0004)
作者信息
    1 中国民用航空飞行学院民航监察员培训学院, 广汉 618307
    2 中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618307

通讯作者:

*唐卫贞(1977—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,硕士,教授。研究方向:空中交通管理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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