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To explore the formation mechanism of safety working style among flight cadets, a hypothetical model was constructed based on the theory of planned behavior, incorporating organizational safety culture as an extended variable. Six questionnaires, including behavioral attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention, safety working style and organizational safety culture, were compiled and distributed to 160 flight cadets. The feasibility of the theoretical model was analyzed through direct path effects, indirect path effects, and moderation effect analysis. The results indicate that the behavioral intention of flight cadets has a significant positive impact on their safety working style. Behavioral attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control influence safety working style primarily through behavioral intention. Additionally, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control can indirectly enhance behavioral intention through behavioral attitude, ultimately leading to a positive impact on safety working style. Furthermore, organizational safety culture plays a positive moderating role in the impact of behavioral intentions on flight cadets’ safety working style. These findings give new perspectives that it is significant to enhance flight cadets’ strong sense of safety responsibility, impose strict adherence to regulations and foster the integration of safety culture within civil aviation institutions which could effectively elevate their safety working style and ultimately ensure flight safety.

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王燕青(1974—),女,汉族,河南安阳人,博士,教授。研究方向:航空人为因素。E-mail:

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Journal of Educational Measurement, 2013, 51(3): 335-337., articleTitle=Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225944422089671123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, awardId=23YJA190010, language=CN, fundingSource=教育部人文社会科学规划基金(23YJA190010), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1225944422328746474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, awardId=3122022084, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费-自然科学一般项目(3122022084), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225944412530852658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944412535046963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, companyId=1225944412530852658, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Safety Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944412543435572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, companyId=1225944412530852658, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国民航大学安全科学与工程学院, 天津 300300)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225944416960036927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Hypothetical model, figureFileSmall=uYRRIj2xtUiz2rh6simxwA==, figureFileBig=GYZ0T9IEzd4gYtPMAGEtJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944417081671753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=CN, label=图1, caption=理论假设模型, figureFileSmall=uYRRIj2xtUiz2rh6simxwA==, figureFileBig=GYZ0T9IEzd4gYtPMAGEtJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944417366884451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Model path diagram and standardized estimation, figureFileSmall=YJnCJ7qSQCCEn3ff1Cv84A==, figureFileBig=1AzXHYr0UGfXeQlH+slP9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944417488519282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=CN, label=图2, caption=模型路径图与标准化估计

A为行为态度,A1、A2、A3、A4为行为态度测量题项;SN为主观规范,SN1、SN2、SN3、SN4为主观规范测量题项;PBC为知觉行为控制;PBC1、PBC2、PBC3、PBC4为知觉行为控制测量题项;BI为行为意愿,BI1、BI2、BI3为行为意愿测量题项;SWS为安全作风表现,SWS1、SWS2、SWS3、 SWS4为安全作风表现测量题项

, figureFileSmall=YJnCJ7qSQCCEn3ff1Cv84A==, figureFileBig=1AzXHYr0UGfXeQlH+slP9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944417593376894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The moderating effect of organizational safety culture, figureFileSmall=Wa41fdoRJN6MiqF4GWmF2w==, figureFileBig=TiCP3fsobCIJfi12ReEa3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944417710817418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=CN, label=图3, caption=组织安全文化的调节效应, figureFileSmall=Wa41fdoRJN6MiqF4GWmF2w==, figureFileBig=TiCP3fsobCIJfi12ReEa3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944417916338338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Different academic performance of flying cadets safety working style performance bar chart, figureFileSmall=yx+hvzoW/FTadsCOVt9ZiA==, figureFileBig=U9oEjaXIvn5cVlPXfz9gmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944418151219376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同学业成绩飞行学员安全作风表现柱状图

*表示P<0.05;**表示P<0.01;***表示P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=yx+hvzoW/FTadsCOVt9ZiA==, figureFileBig=U9oEjaXIvn5cVlPXfz9gmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944418407071941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Questionnaire form and key items[3,21-26]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 测量问卷要点 参考文献
行为态度 上课或训练中对于统一着装的认可度;对于疲惫时抽烟提神的认可度;课程内容乏味时使用手机的喜好程度;发生矛盾时理性沟通的认可程度 Bagozzi等[21]、中国民用航空局文件[3]
主观规范 教员对于上课迟到行为的赞同程度;其他飞行学员对于上课迟到行为的赞同程度;身边好朋友怂恿我喝酒的频繁程度;同一宿舍其他成员被褥叠放不整齐的发生频率 Ajzen[22]、马越[23]、中国民用航空局文件[3]
知觉行
为控制
对于一学期在课堂上不看手机的自信程度;始终做到“出宿舍及时断电”的信心程度;认同日常行为准则对飞行学员具有帮助的程度;召开安全形势分析会对促进安全飞行的认可程度 Ajzen[22]、高博[24]、中国民用航空局文件[3]
行为意愿 为了满足朋友好奇心带朋友到飞行训练场地参观的意愿;复习不充分时选择铤而走险通过考试的意愿;参加讲评、训练时,未按要求携带相应证件资料的意愿 石祺雯[25]、中国民用航空局文件[3]
安全作
风表现
集合时踩点或稍晚几分钟的认可度;关车离机前未按规定完成相关程序的认可度;一次性补齐一周飞行训练记录的认可度;在熟悉训练起降机场的前提下忽略飞行资料阅读的认可度 中国民用航空局文件[3]、高博[24]
组织安
全文化
安全作风表现在决定飞行训练进度中应起的作用;形成日常行为规范的合适形式;违反行为规范应当采取的措施;寒暑假期间进行日常行为管理应采取的形式等 傅贵[26]、中国民用航空局文件[3]
), ArticleFig(id=1225944418516123858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=CN, label=表1, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 测量问卷要点 参考文献
行为态度 上课或训练中对于统一着装的认可度;对于疲惫时抽烟提神的认可度;课程内容乏味时使用手机的喜好程度;发生矛盾时理性沟通的认可程度 Bagozzi等[21]、中国民用航空局文件[3]
主观规范 教员对于上课迟到行为的赞同程度;其他飞行学员对于上课迟到行为的赞同程度;身边好朋友怂恿我喝酒的频繁程度;同一宿舍其他成员被褥叠放不整齐的发生频率 Ajzen[22]、马越[23]、中国民用航空局文件[3]
知觉行
为控制
对于一学期在课堂上不看手机的自信程度;始终做到“出宿舍及时断电”的信心程度;认同日常行为准则对飞行学员具有帮助的程度;召开安全形势分析会对促进安全飞行的认可程度 Ajzen[22]、高博[24]、中国民用航空局文件[3]
行为意愿 为了满足朋友好奇心带朋友到飞行训练场地参观的意愿;复习不充分时选择铤而走险通过考试的意愿;参加讲评、训练时,未按要求携带相应证件资料的意愿 石祺雯[25]、中国民用航空局文件[3]
安全作
风表现
集合时踩点或稍晚几分钟的认可度;关车离机前未按规定完成相关程序的认可度;一次性补齐一周飞行训练记录的认可度;在熟悉训练起降机场的前提下忽略飞行资料阅读的认可度 中国民用航空局文件[3]、高博[24]
组织安
全文化
安全作风表现在决定飞行训练进度中应起的作用;形成日常行为规范的合适形式;违反行为规范应当采取的措施;寒暑假期间进行日常行为管理应采取的形式等 傅贵[26]、中国民用航空局文件[3]
), ArticleFig(id=1225944418633564387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic situation of sample

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统计学变量 选项 人数/人 占比/%
大一 21 13.1
就读年级 大二 24 15.0
大三 56 35.0
大四 59 36.9
前10 24 15.0
在校学业成绩/% 前10~40 53 33.1
前40~70 53 33.1
前70~100 30 18.8
独生子女 91 56.8
69 43.2
<800 2 1.3
801~1 200 27 16.9
月生活费/元 1 201~1 600 52 32.5
1 601~2 000 44 27.5
>2 000 35 21.8
), ArticleFig(id=1225944418767782133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

样本基本情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统计学变量 选项 人数/人 占比/%
大一 21 13.1
就读年级 大二 24 15.0
大三 56 35.0
大四 59 36.9
前10 24 15.0
在校学业成绩/% 前10~40 53 33.1
前40~70 53 33.1
前70~100 30 18.8
独生子女 91 56.8
69 43.2
<800 2 1.3
801~1 200 27 16.9
月生活费/元 1 201~1 600 52 32.5
1 601~2 000 44 27.5
>2 000 35 21.8
), ArticleFig(id=1225944418851668228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Reliability and convergence validity examination

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
潜变量 题项代码 因子载荷 Cronbach’s
α系数
CR AVE
A1 0.746
行为态度 A2 0.811 0.873 0.873 0.633
A3 0.829
A4 0.795
SN1 0.792
主观规范 SN2 0.809 0.878 0.879 0.645
SN3 0.803
SN4 0.808
PBC1 0.773
知觉行为控制 PBC2 0.785 0.847 0.847 0.581
PBC3 0.747
PBC4 0.742
BI1 0.855
行为意愿 BI2 0.855 0.901 0.902 0.754
BI3 0.894
SWS1 0.861
安全作风表现 SWS2 0.818 0.904 0.904 0.702
SWS3 0.864
SWS4 0.806
OSC1 0.843
组织安全文化 OSC2 0.857 0.916 0.917 0.735
OSC3 0.848
OSC4 0.880
), ArticleFig(id=1225944418943942929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

问卷信度与收敛效度检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
潜变量 题项代码 因子载荷 Cronbach’s
α系数
CR AVE
A1 0.746
行为态度 A2 0.811 0.873 0.873 0.633
A3 0.829
A4 0.795
SN1 0.792
主观规范 SN2 0.809 0.878 0.879 0.645
SN3 0.803
SN4 0.808
PBC1 0.773
知觉行为控制 PBC2 0.785 0.847 0.847 0.581
PBC3 0.747
PBC4 0.742
BI1 0.855
行为意愿 BI2 0.855 0.901 0.902 0.754
BI3 0.894
SWS1 0.861
安全作风表现 SWS2 0.818 0.904 0.904 0.702
SWS3 0.864
SWS4 0.806
OSC1 0.843
组织安全文化 OSC2 0.857 0.916 0.917 0.735
OSC3 0.848
OSC4 0.880
), ArticleFig(id=1225944419052994845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Mean, standard deviation and discriminatory validity of variable

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
潜在变量 平均值 标准差 行为态度 主观规范 知觉行为控制 行为意愿 安全作风表现 组织安全文化
行为态度 3.836 1.195 (0.796)
主观规范 3.563 1.121 0.604** (0.803)
知觉行为控制 3.961 1.034 0.639** 0.680** (0.762)
行为意愿 3.890 1.170 0.730** 0.724** 0.754** (0.868)
安全作风表现 3.939 1.050 0.558** 0.663** 0.667** 0.705** (0.838)
组织安全文化 3.423 0.900 0.555** 0.616** 0.618** 0.641** 0.808** (0.857)
), ArticleFig(id=1225944420487446831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各变量的平均数、标准差及区别效度检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
潜在变量 平均值 标准差 行为态度 主观规范 知觉行为控制 行为意愿 安全作风表现 组织安全文化
行为态度 3.836 1.195 (0.796)
主观规范 3.563 1.121 0.604** (0.803)
知觉行为控制 3.961 1.034 0.639** 0.680** (0.762)
行为意愿 3.890 1.170 0.730** 0.724** 0.754** (0.868)
安全作风表现 3.939 1.050 0.558** 0.663** 0.667** 0.705** (0.838)
组织安全文化 3.423 0.900 0.555** 0.616** 0.618** 0.641** 0.808** (0.857)
), ArticleFig(id=1225944420676190528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Model fit test

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拟合指标 ${\chi }^{2}/df$ RMSEA GFI AGFI IFI CFI TLI
参考值 <3.000 <0.100 >0.800 >0.800 >0.900 >0.900 >0.900
检验值 2.391 0.094 0.853 0.807 0.921 0.920 0.906
), ArticleFig(id=1225944420999151955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

模型拟合度检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合指标 ${\chi }^{2}/df$ RMSEA GFI AGFI IFI CFI TLI
参考值 <3.000 <0.100 >0.800 >0.800 >0.900 >0.900 >0.900
检验值 2.391 0.094 0.853 0.807 0.921 0.920 0.906
), ArticleFig(id=1225944421141758307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Test result of path coefficient

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究假设 路径关系 路径系数 标准误差 Z P 假设结果
H1 主观规范→行为意愿 0.471 0.073 5.301 *** 支持
H2 行为态度→行为意愿 0.324 0.138 2.183 0.029 支持
H3 知觉行为控制→行为意愿 0.555 0.121 4.166 *** 支持
H4 知觉行为控制→安全作风表现 0.172 0.084 1.793 0.073 不支持
H5 主观规范→行为态度 0.475 0.066 6.332 *** 支持
H6 知觉行为控制→行为态度 0.766 0.093 8.029 *** 支持
H7 行为意愿→安全作风表现 0.734 0.100 7.081 *** 支持
), ArticleFig(id=1225944421275976050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

路径系数检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究假设 路径关系 路径系数 标准误差 Z P 假设结果
H1 主观规范→行为意愿 0.471 0.073 5.301 *** 支持
H2 行为态度→行为意愿 0.324 0.138 2.183 0.029 支持
H3 知觉行为控制→行为意愿 0.555 0.121 4.166 *** 支持
H4 知觉行为控制→安全作风表现 0.172 0.084 1.793 0.073 不支持
H5 主观规范→行为态度 0.475 0.066 6.332 *** 支持
H6 知觉行为控制→行为态度 0.766 0.093 8.029 *** 支持
H7 行为意愿→安全作风表现 0.734 0.100 7.081 *** 支持
), ArticleFig(id=1225944421414388101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Test results of mediating effect

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径关系 效应值 标准误 95%置信区间
下限 上限
主观规范→行为意愿→安全作风表现 0.275 0.198 0.004 0.654
知觉行为控制→行为意愿→安全作风表现 0.357 0.407 0.048 1.826
主观规范→行为态度→行为意愿→安全作风表现 0.090 0.112 0.001 0.517
知觉行为控制→行为态度→行为意愿→安全作风表现 0.159 0.275 0.024 2.151
), ArticleFig(id=1225944421556994455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

中介效应检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径关系 效应值 标准误 95%置信区间
下限 上限
主观规范→行为意愿→安全作风表现 0.275 0.198 0.004 0.654
知觉行为控制→行为意愿→安全作风表现 0.357 0.407 0.048 1.826
主观规范→行为态度→行为意愿→安全作风表现 0.090 0.112 0.001 0.517
知觉行为控制→行为态度→行为意愿→安全作风表现 0.159 0.275 0.024 2.151
), ArticleFig(id=1225944421657657764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Moderating effect test of organizational safety culture

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 系数 标准误 t P 95%置信区间
常数 3.890 0.039 99.024 0.000 [3.812,3.968]
行为意愿 0.334 0.043 7.810 0.000 [0.249,0.418]
组织安全文化 0.724 0.056 12.867 0.000 [0.613,0.835]
行为意愿*组织安全文化 0.060 0.030 1.983 0.049 [0.000,0.119]
R2=0.868,F(3,156)=342.271, P <0.001;ΔR2=0.003,F(1,156)=3.934, P=0.049
), ArticleFig(id=1225944421787681204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949465375531304, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

组织安全文化的调节效应检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 系数 标准误 t P 95%置信区间
常数 3.890 0.039 99.024 0.000 [3.812,3.968]
行为意愿 0.334 0.043 7.810 0.000 [0.249,0.418]
组织安全文化 0.724 0.056 12.867 0.000 [0.613,0.835]
行为意愿*组织安全文化 0.060 0.030 1.983 0.049 [0.000,0.119]
R2=0.868,F(3,156)=342.271, P <0.001;ΔR2=0.003,F(1,156)=3.934, P=0.049
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基于扩展计划行为理论的民航飞行学员安全作风形成机理研究
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王燕青 , 丁钇文 , 林育任
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(4): 1743-1751
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(4): 1743-1751
基于扩展计划行为理论的民航飞行学员安全作风形成机理研究
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王燕青 , 丁钇文, 林育任
作者信息
  • 中国民航大学安全科学与工程学院, 天津 300300
  • 王燕青(1974—),女,汉族,河南安阳人,博士,教授。研究方向:航空人为因素。E-mail:

Formation Mechanism of Flight Cadets’ Safety Working Style Based on Extended Theory of Planned Behavior
Yan-qing WANG , Yi-wen DING, Yu-ren LIN
Affiliations
  • School of Safety Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2025-02-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402206
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为探究飞行学员的安全作风形成机理,基于计划行为理论,引入组织安全文化作为扩展变量,构建飞行学员的安全作风形成机理假设模型;编制并向160名飞行学员发放行为态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制、行为意愿、安全作风表现和组织安全文化6个问卷调查,通过直接路径效应、间接路径效应和调节效应分析验证理论模型的可行性。结果表明:飞行学员的行为意愿显著正向影响其安全作风表现,而行为态度、主观规范和知觉行为控制对安全作风表现的影响主要通过行为意愿进行传递,其中主观规范和知觉行为控制也可通过行为态度间接正向影响行为意愿,并最终对安全作风表现产生正向影响;组织安全文化在行为意愿对安全作风影响中起正向调节作用。增强飞行学员的高度安全责任意识,严格要求遵章守纪、按章操作,不断推动安全文化融入民航院校,能够帮助飞行学员提升安全作风水平,从根本上保障飞行安全。
安全作风  /  飞行学员  /  扩展计划行为理论  /  形成机理  /  结构方程模型

To explore the formation mechanism of safety working style among flight cadets, a hypothetical model was constructed based on the theory of planned behavior, incorporating organizational safety culture as an extended variable. Six questionnaires, including behavioral attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention, safety working style and organizational safety culture, were compiled and distributed to 160 flight cadets. The feasibility of the theoretical model was analyzed through direct path effects, indirect path effects, and moderation effect analysis. The results indicate that the behavioral intention of flight cadets has a significant positive impact on their safety working style. Behavioral attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control influence safety working style primarily through behavioral intention. Additionally, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control can indirectly enhance behavioral intention through behavioral attitude, ultimately leading to a positive impact on safety working style. Furthermore, organizational safety culture plays a positive moderating role in the impact of behavioral intentions on flight cadets’ safety working style. These findings give new perspectives that it is significant to enhance flight cadets’ strong sense of safety responsibility, impose strict adherence to regulations and foster the integration of safety culture within civil aviation institutions which could effectively elevate their safety working style and ultimately ensure flight safety.

safety working style  /  flying cadets  /  extended theory of planned behavior  /  formation mechanism  /  structural equation model
王燕青, 丁钇文, 林育任. 基于扩展计划行为理论的民航飞行学员安全作风形成机理研究. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1743 -1751 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402206
Yan-qing WANG, Yi-wen DING, Yu-ren LIN. Formation Mechanism of Flight Cadets’ Safety Working Style Based on Extended Theory of Planned Behavior[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1743 -1751 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402206
国际航空运输协会发布的航空安全报告表明,2018—2022年,由于飞行机组有意或无意不遵守标准操作程序而导致的差错占事故成因的52%[1]。部分飞行员违反规章要求,实施不安全操纵,虽未造成严重后果,但也对飞行安全造成巨大的威胁。飞行员这些不安全行为,往往与其在日常学习、工作和生活中没有养成严谨细致、仔细全面且逻辑清晰的解决问题习惯有关,即没有养成优良的安全作风。
作风培养是一个长期而持久的过程,飞行学员阶段是培养作风的第一道关口。飞行员只有在学员培养阶段形成良好的日常行为习惯与态度,才能成长为一名具有优良安全作风的飞行员。中国民用航空局在2020年12月正式发布的《中国民航运输航空飞行员技能全生命周期管理体系建设实施路线图》[2]中指出“飞行员队伍职业作风和能力建设,是确保民航安全运行平稳可控的关键一环,是保证飞行安全的核心环节”。因此,开展对飞行学员安全作风形成机理的深入研究,并采取针对性的管理措施,有利于培养具有优良安全作风的飞行学员,对促进民航安全发展具有积极意义。
在2022年10月,中国民用航空局印发的《民航安全从业人员工作作风长效机制建设指南(修订版)》[3]中给出了安全作风的定义:“安全作风指民航安全从业人员在安全生产运行中表现出的稳定的态度和行为,特别是对指导和规定安全生产运行工作的各种行为规范的心理认同和外在反应”。优良的安全作风是促进民航安全发展的重要保障。针对机务维修人员工作作风,以及飞行员飞行作风的相关问题学者们开展了大量研究。冯绍红等[4]研究了民航机务维修人员工作作风的构成要素,结果明确了民航机务维修人员工作作风包含5个核心范畴及下属的27个因素。王永刚等[5]分析了影响飞行员飞行作风内在因素,通过理论分析结合飞行员飞行作风内涵提出了包含工作特性、生活习惯、人格特质3个维度共12个影响因素。目前,对于作风的研究多聚焦飞行员、维修人员等群体,而关于民航院校飞行学员安全作风的研究尚鲜见报道,已有研究多集中在探讨安全作风的内在影响因素,忽略了安全作风的形成机理。对飞行学员而言,安全作风的培养与塑造是一个复杂而系统的过程,涉及多种因素的相互作用。Ajzen[6]提出的计划行为理论模型(theory of planned behavior,TPB)整合了影响行为的各种因素,认为所有可能影响行为的因素均通过行为意愿间接作用于行为表现,而行为意愿则受主观规范、行为态度及知觉行为控制3个变量的影响。目前TPB理论因其全面综合的指标体系和较强的适用性,在管理学和心理学等多个领域得到了广泛应用。结合安全作风定义,该理论不仅可以解释飞行学员安全作风的2个变量(态度与行为),同时也可基于TPB视角,构建安全作风影响因素及相互作用的理论框架,进而量化各因素对安全作风的影响路径,最终能够较好地反映飞行学员安全作风形成机理。
鉴于此,将基于TPB模型,并引入组织安全文化作为扩展变量,构建飞行学员的安全作风形成机理理论假设模型,探讨飞行学员安全作风形成的过程,旨在为培养出作风优良的飞行学员提供理论依据和支持。
主观规范指的是个体在抉择是否要执行某一行为举动时所感受到的社会压力,这一社会压力将会影响个体自身对事物的理解[6-7]。Karimy等[7]研究发现,大学生周围的老师、好友和父母对于吸烟的观点和看法将对大学生群体是否吸烟的意愿产生显著影响。飞行学员作为大学生群体的成员,除了具有大学生群体的相似的外部社会环境外,飞行学员还具有一定的特殊性,即一方面严格的规章要求以及飞行教员的言传身教,可能增加其严格遵守规章制度的意愿。另一方面作风优良的班组和个人等典型和榜样的引领和示范作用,会增强飞行学员对优良安全作风和良好行为习惯的心理认同,从而有效影响他们的行为意向。据此,提出如下假设。
H1:飞行学员的主观规范对行为意愿有显著正向影响。
行为态度是指个体对执行某种行为时产生的喜好程度的评估[6]。飞行学员对于安全作风的行为态度反映该群体对采取实际行动遵守安全行为规范的认同和接受程度,以及自身主动养成良好安全作风的积极性。积极正面的行为态度能够促使飞行学员自觉具有良好的安全意识和较佳的安全行为习惯,有助于他们成长为一名具备优良安全作风的飞行员。钟异莹等[8]以公共交通出行方式选择为研究对象,着重研究了居住环境的公共交通出行选择行为模型,验证了行为态度对行为意愿具有显著正向作用。飞行学员对于日常行为规范和规章制度的评价越积极,就越可能具有更强的意愿来严格遵循规章要求实施行为。据此,提出如下假设。
H2:飞行学员的行为态度对其行为意愿有显著正向影响。
知觉行为控制指的是个体在执行某一行为时所感受到的难易程度,反映个体对于促进或阻碍行为实施的各项因素的感知和认知程度[6]。当个体本身对执行某项行为自信程度越高,能够从外部获取与执行该项行为相关的有利资源和机会越多,所感知的预期阻碍越少,知觉行为控制就越高。知觉行为控制对个体行为的影响,一是对行为意愿的影响,二是对实际行为的直接预测[6]。当飞行学员感知到外部组织重视安全作风培养及自身清晰了解日常行为规范的条件下,一方面将有可能促进其产生遵守规章的行为意愿[9],另一方面则有可能直接促使其采取遵守规章等实际行为。因此,基于上述分析提出如下假设。
H3:飞行学员的知觉行为控制对行为意愿有显著正向影响。
H4:飞行学员的知觉行为控制对安全作风表现有显著正向影响。
根据TPB中的关系假设,行为态度、主观规范和知觉行为控制这3个基本变量之间并不是相互独立的[6]。有学者指出在改进和重新构造三个基本变量之间的关系后,可以提升模型预测强度和解释相关研究的力度[10],如主观规范和知觉行为控制对行为态度有显著的正向影响[11-12]。飞行教员和周围同学对遵守规章制度的鼓励和引导倾向(主观规范)以及飞行学员对自身所具有能力的评价与认知较高(知觉行为控制),也有可能影响飞行学员严格遵守行为规范和规章的态度倾向。因此,提出如下假设。
H5:飞行学员的主观规范对行为态度有显著正向影响。
H6:飞行学员的知觉行为控制对行为态度有显著正向影响。
根据TPB,行为意愿是行为最重要的预测因素。即个体对参与某一特定行为的意愿越强,个体真正实施某一行为的可能性就越大[6]。Kubota[13]研究了城市市民在街道的超速驾驶行为,发现超速意愿与客观超速行为显著相关。Jiang等[14]的研究证实了行为意愿与船员不安全行为表现间的正向影响作用。除了机动车驾驶员、船员的安全行为意愿对交通安全行为起着重要作用,飞行员的行为意愿对保障飞行安全也显得十分重要。飞行员的成熟有赖于其在飞行学员训练期间表现出良好的作风[15],而良好的安全作风表现则要从飞行学员对执行日常行为规范具有积极意愿开始。因此,提出如下假设。
H7:飞行学员的行为意愿对安全作风表现有显著正向影响。
结合上文假设 H1、 H3和H7,可以提出如下假设。
H8:飞行学员的行为意愿在主观规范与安全作风表现间起中介作用。
H9:飞行学员的行为意愿在知觉行为控制与安全作风表现间起中介作用。
进一步结合假设 H2、H5、H6和H7,可以提出如下假设。
H10:飞行学员的行为态度与行为意愿在主观规范与安全作风表现间起链式中介作用。
H11:飞行学员的行为态度与行为意愿在知觉行为控制与安全作风表现间起链式中介作用。
李文琴等[16]研究表明,组织环境因素对组织内的成员个体产生影响作用。组织安全文化是以实现安全为目的,通过创设一种良好的安全观念和组织环境,使组织中的个体提高自觉性,达到降低事故发生的目的[17]。Choudhry等[18]研究发现,安全文化将影响组织内个体的态度和行为,并影响到组织的安全绩效和持续健康运行。Cooper[19]研究表明,安全文化是影响组织内成员态度和行为的重要因素。刘晴等[20]研究发现,建筑工人所处组织的良好安全氛围,将促进建筑工人良好的行为意愿转化为安全行为表现。由此可见,组织安全文化对于组织内个体的工作态度和行为表现会产生一定程度的影响。飞行学员在理论学习和飞行训练时,其态度和行为表现也将很有可能受到来自航校飞行教员和其他安全老师对于飞行安全、人员生命安全等组织安全文化理念的影响。良好的组织安全文化有利于增加飞行学员对于组织的认同感,进而促使飞行学员在学习、生活、训练形成积极正向的态度与行为,促进养成良好的安全作风。因此,提出如下假设。
H12:组织安全文化显著正向调节飞行学员的行为意愿对安全作风表现的影响。
综上,基于扩展的TPB模型,提出飞行学员的安全作风形成机理的理论模型如图1所示。
调查问卷主要包括两部分:一是样本的人口统计学特征,主要调查飞行学员、就读年级等信息;二是模型中变量的测量题项,基于TPB现有的题项,依据民航局发布的有关安全作风的相关文件,结合航校飞行学员现状,编制出飞行学员的行为态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制、行为意愿、安全作风表现、组织安全文化6个变量,23个题项。除组织安全文化变量对应的问答选项已单独设计外,其余第二部分剩余的19个问卷题项均采用Likert七级评分法。针对提问赞成程度的问题,问卷选项包括“非常不赞成”“不赞成”“有点不赞成”“没意见”“有点赞成”“赞成”“非常赞成”;针对提问行为发生频率的问卷题项,问卷选项包括“从不”“很少”“较少”“有时”“偶尔”“经常”“总是”等。所涉及的6个变量测量题目要点及参考文献如表1[3,21-26]所示。
研究对象选自中国部分民航院校处于理论学习阶段和飞行训练阶段的飞行学员进行研究。本次问卷发放以现场调查和网络调查相结合的形式进行。累计回收纸质问卷55份,电子问卷125份。为确保回收问卷的有效性,采用以下两个标准筛选无效问卷以确保所回收问卷数据的真实有效:①填写时间过短;②题目选项全部一致。在剔除20份无效问卷后,共获得160份有效问卷,有效问卷率为88%,符合问卷有效回收率的标准要求。对有效样本数据的基本信息进行描述统计,如表2所示。
为确保飞行学员填写问卷结果的真实可信,运用SPSS和AMOS对问卷的信度与收敛效度进行测量,结果如表3所示。
表3可知,各题项的因子载荷值均大于0.6,说明各题项能够有效地反映出所测变量的特质。行为态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制、行为意愿、安全作风表现、组织安全文化的克朗巴赫信度系数(Cronbach’s α)分别为0.873、0.878、0.847、0.901、0.904、0.916,均高于阈值0.7[27],说明各潜变量下的测量题目具有较好的内部一致性。各变量的组合信度值CR分别为0.873、0.879、0.847、0.902、0.904、0.917,均大于阈值标准0.7[28],表明各变量下的测量题项的一致性程度较好。同时各变量的平均变异萃取量AVE分别为0.633、0.645、0.581、0.754、0.702、0.735,均达到0.5以上[28],说明本次研究假设模型的收敛效度良好。
为证实本研究中所测各潜变量间存在差异,需对模型的区别效度进行测量。参考Fornell等[29]提出的测量区别效度的有效方法:若模型中每个潜变量平均变异萃取量(AVE)的开平方值均大于该潜变量与其余各变量间的相关系数值,则可说明该模型中所包含的各潜变量具有良好的区别效度。各变量的描述性统计分析结果如表4所示。由此可见,对角线上变量的AVE的平方根大于相关系数,可以表明所涉及的各变量之间具有良好的区别效度。
采用AMOS26.0,构建飞行学员的安全作风形成机理的结构方程模型,并对模型的拟合优度进行检验。根据表5所示的模型拟合结果可知,假设模型的各项拟合指标均达到模型拟合可接受标准。因此,模型拟合状况较为理想。
进行结构方程模型的路径分析,由表6图2可知,飞行学员的行为态度显著正向影响其行为意愿(P <0.05),飞行学员的主观规范、知觉行为控制显著正向影响其对行为意愿(P <0.001),故假设H1、H2、H3得到验证。飞行学员的主观规范和知觉行为控制显著正向影响其行为态度(P <0.001),假设H5、H6成立。飞行学员的行为意愿显著正向影响安全作风表现(P <0.001),假设H7得证。而飞行学员的知觉行为控制对其安全作风表现的影响未达到显著性水平(P=0.073>0.05),即假设H4未得到验证。
采用Zhao等[30]提出的Bootstrap中介效应分析,在95%置信区间条件下对样本进行1 000次重复抽样,若置信区间不包含0,则认为中介路径成立。经检验,如表7所示,主观规范→行为意愿→安全作风表现、知觉行为控制→行为意愿→安全作风表现路径的置信区间未包含0,表明行为意愿的中介效应显著存在,即假设H8和H9成立;知觉行为控制→行为态度→行为意愿→安全作风表现、主观规范→行为态度→行为意愿→安全作风表现置信区间均未包含0,模型存在链式中介路径,即假设H10、H11得证。
依据Hayes[31]的调节效应分析方法,采用SPSS27.0中的PROCESS模块,设定置信水平为95%,对样本进行5000次随机抽样,检验组织安全文化在行为意愿对安全作风表现的影响过程中是否起到调节作用。由表8可知,飞行学员的行为意愿和组织安全文化的交互项显著影响安全作风表现(β=0.060,P=0.049<0.05)。
进一步依据图3所示的调节效应图,当组织的安全文化水平越高,行为意愿对安全作风表现的正向作用越强,即组织安全文化正向调节行为意愿与安全作风表现的正向关系,从而假设H12得到验证。
以某航校的飞行学员为例,研究发现该航校的飞行学员的安全作风表现在学业成绩上存在差异性影响,如图4所示。其中成绩位居前10%的飞行学员与成绩位居10%~40%、成绩位居40%~70%、成绩位居70%后的飞行学员在安全作风表现得分上具有显著性差异。结合该航校飞行学习和训练现状,学业成绩反映了学员在理论知识和飞行技能方面的掌握程度。理论知识扎实的学员可能更能理解飞行安全的重要性和相关的操作规程和规章制度,从而在实际操作中表现出更好的安全作风。因此在分析和制定飞行学员安全作风管理对策时,可以重点考虑学业成绩位于中等及以下水平这部分群体。
结合前文民航飞行学员安全作风形成机理,进一步分析发现,飞行学员的行为意愿对安全作风表现具有显著正向影响,其他因素都经由行为意愿来间接影响其安全作风表现,即行为意愿是飞行学员安全作风形成的直接驱动力。因此,为了有效的促进飞行学员优良安全作风的形成,首先需要从各个方面培养和提高飞行学员的行为意愿开始。
飞行学员的主观规范、知觉行为控制对行为意愿具有显著正向影响,即主观规范、知觉行为控制是飞行学员安全作风形成的前驱因素。进一步在本研究中,主观规范、知觉行为控制对行为态度也有正向显著影响,并且对行为态度影响程度更大,这说明主观规范、知觉行为控制对行为意愿的积极影响在一定程度上是通过行为态度传递作用于行为意愿。当飞行学员认识到周围朋友同学对安全作风的正向看法以及所属航校对安全作风的正向支持与引导并且自身也具有较高的行为控制能力和认知水平时,首先会使飞行学员从思想中形成对安全作风较正向积极的态度,进而形成安全作风的行为意愿。因此,增强飞行学员的主观规范、知觉行为控制应是促进养成安全作风的直接手段。在飞行学员的日常教育中,应借助校友飞行员的经验分享等方式,加强他们对个人行为表现的自我约束和自我认知,并且利用学员所处环境中个体和群体的示范、引领和导向作用,树立学员对安全作风及管理制度的积极认同和正面评价,从而激发学员养成良好安全作风的意愿,进而形成具体的安全作风表现。同时对于飞行学员的管理者,如航校辅导员、飞行教员而言则既需要按照规章制度强化对学员在课堂和日常训练中的监督和管理,又要不断提升自身,成为学员在校行为的榜样。
此外,飞行学员行为意愿向实际安全作风表现的转化过程中,组织安全文化起正向调节作用,这表明飞行学员所属组织浓厚的安全文化能够促进行为意愿转化为优良的安全作风表现。组织安全文化水平越高,飞行学员越有可能将行为意愿转化为具体行为,形成良好的安全作风。组织的管理者要将飞行学员日常行为表现作为学员飞行训练进度的重要考虑因素;要不断完善针对飞行学员的日常行为的奖惩制度,确保制度贴近实际。通过上述措施,将使组织内学员重视日常表现,促进组织内部形成有利于飞行学员成长的良好安全文化氛围,进而培养出更多具备优良安全作风的飞行学员。
以TPB为基础,构建飞行学员的安全作风形成机理的理论模型,借助结构方程模型对其进行验证,得出以下结论。
(1) 飞行学员安全作风表现受行为意愿的显著正向影响,行为意愿则受行为态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制的影响,其中行为态度显著正向影响行为意愿,主观规范、知觉行为控制显著正向影响行为意愿和行为态度,且对行为态度的影响效应更大。主观规范、知觉行为控制可以通过行为意愿间接影响安全作风表现,同时也可通过影响行为态度,进而影响行为意愿,最终影响安全作风表现。因此,从不同维度提升飞行学员安全观念,增强飞行学员的行为意愿,可以有效促进安全作风的形成。
(2) 基于TPB,考虑组织安全文化对飞行学员的安全作风的影响,发现组织安全文化在行为意愿转化为飞行学员安全作风的过程中起正向调节作用。这为民航院校通过塑造良好的安全文化氛围,从而促进飞行学员的安全作风的形成,提供了新的管理思路。
(3)本次研究对象选取的是国内部分民航院校飞行学员,考虑到不同国家的文化差异,未来研究可以在研究对象的范围上进行拓展,可以考虑进一步增加国外航校飞行学员的样本量,以更好地明晰变量间的因果关系,拓展研究结论的普遍意义。
  • 教育部人文社会科学规划基金(23YJA190010)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费-自然科学一般项目(3122022084)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402206
  • 接收时间:2024-03-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-28
  • 修回日期:2024-11-25
基金
教育部人文社会科学规划基金(23YJA190010)
中央高校基本科研业务费-自然科学一般项目(3122022084)
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    中国民航大学安全科学与工程学院, 天津 300300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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