Article(id=1156963928589816399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402052, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711036800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-22, revisedDate=1734364800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753771295925, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1742227200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753771295925, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753771295925, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771295925, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156963927277003616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='3079', pageEnd='3528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753771295613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777038876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3288, endPage=3295, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156963929151853140, articleId=1156963928589816399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Structure and Motion Planning of Tunnel Pipeline Installation Robot, columnId=1156963928489157478, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Given the practical application background of installing underground pipelines in coal mine tunnels and the actual environmental conditions underground, a jointed tunnel pipeline installation robot was designed. The detailed design of the robotic arm structure was completed, along with its 3D modeling. The kinematic model of the robot was established, and MATLAB was employed to verify the forward and inverse kinematics of the robotic arm. Based on the established kinematic model, a trajectory planning algorithm for the Cartesian space of the robotic arm was designed, and MATLAB and ADAMS software were used to verify the robotic arm through simulation experiments. The simulation demonstrates that the structural design of the robotic arm is reasonable, and the trajectory planning scheme for the robotic arm is feasible.

, correspAuthors=Yan-jie LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ming-hang SUI, Yan-jie LI, Zhi-ming LANG, Chun-guang BU, Zhao-jun JI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156964035007697404, articleId=1156963928589816399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=巷道管道安装机器人结构设计与分析, columnId=1154013913436902243, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对煤矿井下巷道实际环境条件与井下管道安装这一实际应用背景,设计一款关节式巷道管道安装机器人,对机械臂结构进行详细设计并完成其三维建模。建立机器人运动学模型,通过 MATLAB 对机械臂的正逆运动学进行验证。基于所建的运动学模型进行机械臂笛卡尔空间的轨迹规划算法设计,通过MATLAB 和 ADAMS软件对机械臂进行仿真实验验证。仿真表明,本机械臂的结构设计合理,机械臂轨迹规划方案可行。

, correspAuthors=李艳杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李艳杰(1969-),女,汉族,辽宁北镇人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:复杂环境移动操作技术、智能机器人控制。E-mail: lyjsyit@126.com。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=mROSuzczTFJHDGujds5seg==, magXml=I8C7BrEFNshDnVAG47+AGg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=bm9z3TSqaCiQpRzJl5qe7A==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=cBMjMu2b3MnqYyUUYQW5wA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

隋明航(2000—),男,汉族,吉林磐石人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器人学、智能机器人控制。E-mail: 1499715981@qq.com。

, authorsList=隋明航, 李艳杰, 郎智明, 卜春光, 纪兆俊)}, authors=[Author(id=1156986845675475077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928589816399, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1499715981@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1156986845738389643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928589816399, authorId=1156986845675475077, language=EN, stringName=Ming-hang SUI, firstName=Ming-hang, middleName=null, lastName=SUI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 School of Mechanical Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University Shenyang 110159 China
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2 中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所 机器人学国家重点实验室 沈阳 110016, bio={"content":"

隋明航(2000—),男,汉族,吉林磐石人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器人学、智能机器人控制。E-mail: 1499715981@qq.com。

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隋明航(2000—),男,汉族,吉林磐石人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器人学、智能机器人控制。E-mail: 1499715981@qq.com。

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参数 数值
最大抓管抬升高度/m 5
管道质量/kg 500
管道长度 $/\mathrm{m}$ 6
管道直径/m 0.355
巷道高 $/\mathrm{m}$ 5
巷道宽 $/\mathrm{m}$ 5
夹爪重/kg 300
夹爪长度/m 1
), ArticleFig(id=1156986852440887623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928589816399, language=CN, label=表1, caption=巷道管道安装机器人设计要求, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
最大抓管抬升高度/m 5
管道质量/kg 500
管道长度 $/\mathrm{m}$ 6
管道直径/m 0.355
巷道高 $/\mathrm{m}$ 5
巷道宽 $/\mathrm{m}$ 5
夹爪重/kg 300
夹爪长度/m 1
), ArticleFig(id=1156986852499607880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928589816399, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=D-H parameters of hydraulic robotic arm, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
连杆 ${\theta }_{i}/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ ${d}_{i}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ ${a}_{i - 1}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ ${\alpha }_{i - 1}/\left(\circ \right)$ 关节旋转角 度范围/(${}^{\circ }$)
1 ${\theta }_{1}$ 800 0 0 $-{180}\sim {180}$
2 ${\theta }_{2}$ 0 0 -90 0~45
3 ${\theta }_{3}$ 0 1 500 0 0~70
4 ${\theta }_{4}$ 120 13 000 0 $-{112}\sim {68}$
5 ${\theta }_{5}$ 540 450 90 $-{90}\sim {90}$
6 ${\theta }_{6}$ 950 0 90 $-{90}\sim {90}$
), ArticleFig(id=1156986852562522442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928589816399, language=CN, label=表2, caption=液压机械臂 $\mathrm{D}- \mathrm{H}$ 参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
连杆 ${\theta }_{i}/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ ${d}_{i}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ ${a}_{i - 1}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ ${\alpha }_{i - 1}/\left(\circ \right)$ 关节旋转角 度范围/(${}^{\circ }$)
1 ${\theta }_{1}$ 800 0 0 $-{180}\sim {180}$
2 ${\theta }_{2}$ 0 0 -90 0~45
3 ${\theta }_{3}$ 0 1 500 0 0~70
4 ${\theta }_{4}$ 120 13 000 0 $-{112}\sim {68}$
5 ${\theta }_{5}$ 540 450 90 $-{90}\sim {90}$
6 ${\theta }_{6}$ 950 0 90 $-{90}\sim {90}$
), ArticleFig(id=1156986852633825612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928589816399, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=MATLAB robotic arm inverse kinematics validation of eight sets of solutions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第 1 组解 第 2 组解 第 3 组解 第 4 组解 第 5 组解 第 6 组解 第 7 组解 第 8 组解
20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 -138.7 -138.7 -138.7 -138.7
38.3 5.0 26.5 -18.0 13.4 -12.1 13.4 -12.1
-36.0 36.0 -23.3 21.2 -25.9 25.9 -25.9 25.9
18.6 -20.0 86.7 86.7 -10.5 -36.8 -10.5 -36.8
10.0 10.0 -1.9 -1.9 10.0 10.0 -1.9 -1.9
47.0 47.0 47.0 47.0 -152.7 -152.7 -152.7 -152.7
), ArticleFig(id=1156986852726100303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928589816399, language=CN, label=表3, caption=MATLAB 机械臂逆运动学验证 8 组解, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第 1 组解 第 2 组解 第 3 组解 第 4 组解 第 5 组解 第 6 组解 第 7 组解 第 8 组解
20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 -138.7 -138.7 -138.7 -138.7
38.3 5.0 26.5 -18.0 13.4 -12.1 13.4 -12.1
-36.0 36.0 -23.3 21.2 -25.9 25.9 -25.9 25.9
18.6 -20.0 86.7 86.7 -10.5 -36.8 -10.5 -36.8
10.0 10.0 -1.9 -1.9 10.0 10.0 -1.9 -1.9
47.0 47.0 47.0 47.0 -152.7 -152.7 -152.7 -152.7
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隋明航 1, 2 , 李艳杰 1, * , 郎智明 2, 3 , 卜春光 2, 3 , 纪兆俊 1
科学技术与工程 | 自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(8): 3288-3295
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科学技术与工程 | 自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(8): 3288-3295
巷道管道安装机器人结构设计与分析
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隋明航1, 2 , 李艳杰1, * , 郎智明2, 3, 卜春光2, 3, 纪兆俊1
作者信息
  • 1 沈阳理工大学 机械工程学院 沈阳 110159
  • 2 中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所 机器人学国家重点实验室 沈阳 110016
  • 3 中国科学院机器人与智能制造创新研究院 沈阳 110169
  • 隋明航(2000—),男,汉族,吉林磐石人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器人学、智能机器人控制。E-mail: 1499715981@qq.com。

通讯作者:

*李艳杰(1969-),女,汉族,辽宁北镇人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:复杂环境移动操作技术、智能机器人控制。E-mail: lyjsyit@126.com。
Structure and Motion Planning of Tunnel Pipeline Installation Robot
Ming-hang SUI1, 2 , Yan-jie LI1, * , Zhi-ming LANG2, 3, Chun-guang BU2, 3, Zhao-jun JI1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University Shenyang 110159 China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Robotics State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
  • 3 Innovation Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110169 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402052
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针对煤矿井下巷道实际环境条件与井下管道安装这一实际应用背景,设计一款关节式巷道管道安装机器人,对机械臂结构进行详细设计并完成其三维建模。建立机器人运动学模型,通过 MATLAB 对机械臂的正逆运动学进行验证。基于所建的运动学模型进行机械臂笛卡尔空间的轨迹规划算法设计,通过MATLAB 和 ADAMS软件对机械臂进行仿真实验验证。仿真表明,本机械臂的结构设计合理,机械臂轨迹规划方案可行。

结构设计  /  运动规划  /  MATLAB  /  运动学仿真

Given the practical application background of installing underground pipelines in coal mine tunnels and the actual environmental conditions underground, a jointed tunnel pipeline installation robot was designed. The detailed design of the robotic arm structure was completed, along with its 3D modeling. The kinematic model of the robot was established, and MATLAB was employed to verify the forward and inverse kinematics of the robotic arm. Based on the established kinematic model, a trajectory planning algorithm for the Cartesian space of the robotic arm was designed, and MATLAB and ADAMS software were used to verify the robotic arm through simulation experiments. The simulation demonstrates that the structural design of the robotic arm is reasonable, and the trajectory planning scheme for the robotic arm is feasible.

structure design  /  motion planning  /  MATLAB  /  kinematics simulation
隋明航, 李艳杰, 郎智明, 卜春光, 纪兆俊. 巷道管道安装机器人结构设计与分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3288 -3295 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402052
Ming-hang SUI, Yan-jie LI, Zhi-ming LANG, Chun-guang BU, Zhao-jun JI. Structure and Motion Planning of Tunnel Pipeline Installation Robot[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3288 -3295 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402052
煤炭作为重要的能源资源, 其开发利用面临着日益复杂的生产环境和安全挑战[1]。中国煤炭资源赋存条件复杂, 大部分煤炭开采采用地下开采的方式, 这种方式导致井下巷道掘进工作量巨大, 每年新铺设的管道长度超过${40000}\mathrm{\;{km}}$,而管道维护的长度更是超过${20000}\mathrm{\;{km}}$。目前,中国煤矿巷道管道安装的常规操作是一种半自动化操作形式, 仍然主要依赖人工配合完成[2]。首先把起吊架固定在梭矿车上, 用手拉葫芦起吊煤矿管道, 然后工人爬到固定好的管路上进行连接施工[3]。这种安装管道的工作形式自动化程度不高, 多处工作需人工配合完成。此外, 这些机械对于突发状况的应对策略往往不够完善,极容易发生砸伤,碰伤,射伤等安全事故。
近年来, 相关学者对煤矿机器人自主作业开展了大量研究。高永军等[4] 研制煤矿井下管路安装机器人,机器人具备机械臂抓取管道、视觉定位安装、自主或遥控操作模式等功能,代替人工实现管路抓取、转移、安装。费烨等[5] 针对煤矿管道安装机器人机械臂管道下放工作阶段液压缸爬行问题, 利用软件建立机液联合仿真模型, 通过仿真分析平衡回路液压缸产生爬行现象的原因。学者们对平衡回路进行改进, 改进后验证结果表明, 可使抓管机械臂管道下放工作阶段基本消除爬行现象,进行较为平稳的工作。但前人研究的机器人作业空间相对较小,自主安装能力相对简单。
鉴于此, 针对煤矿井下巷道实际环境条件与井下管道安装这一实际应用背景, 对巷道管道安装机器人机械臂的结构与轨迹规划开展研究, 研究成果将为巷道管道安装机器人自主导航、自主安装管道功能提供技术支持。
所研究的巷道管道安装机器人是用于在煤矿巷道环境中的墙壁管道安装工作, 巷道宽和高均为$5\mathrm{\;m}$。管道安装机器人需在这样的巷道环境下,移动到预定的工作点位, 从地上抓取管道, 抬升到适当高度, 放置到在墙壁上事先预留的架子上, 然后再去到下一个工作点位。这样循环完成上述安装动作的工作过程。
所研究巷道管道安装机器人的设计要求如表1 所示, 管道依靠夹爪夹取, 且夹爪结构无需自行设计,所选用夹爪为左右对称结构,质量为${300}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$、高度为$1\mathrm{\;m}$。依据该设计要求中的设计参数,确定巷道管道安装机器人的总体结构设计方案、并确定各部分尺寸参数。从而得到巷道管道安装机器人的机构运动简图并建立其各部分模型。
首先对底盘进行分析, 由于巷道管道安装机器人重量较大, 而履带式结构与地面的接触面积较大, 对巷道地面的损坏较小, 故选用履带式底盘设计方案。
针对机械臂部分进行分析, 机械臂主要保证的是末端执行器(夹爪)的三维空间运动。从节能性与耐久性的角度综合考虑选液压作为巷道管道安装机器人的动力来源。考虑到管道的初始位姿不确定性, 从机器人的通用性与经济性等多方面综合考虑, 故该液压机械臂系统选用六自由度串联设计方案[6]。机械臂的运动依靠 6 个回转关节完成,管道安装机器人的机械臂结构简图如图1 所示。
由巷道管道安装机器人的工作需求可知, 该机械臂的 6 个关节当中仅仅底座回转关节需实现整周回转,因此,管道安装机器人的底座回转关节设计利用液压马达驱动。
对于液压驱动原件, 相同工作压强情况下, 直线型液压缸间接推动的方案所能带动的负载最大, 故将其安排在机械臂负载最大的两个关节处, 驱动大臂与小臂的俯仰运动。
直线型液压缸虽能以较小的动力驱动较大的载荷, 但其驱动关节的俯仰角度却十分受限。为了增大机器臂的灵活性并减少其占用空间,腕部的 3 个关节选用摆动液压缸的驱动方式。摆动液压缸控制精度一般远高于液压马达, 并且由巷道管道安装机器人的工作需求可知腕部的 3 个关节在调整角度时无需进行连续性整周回转。
由上述设计要求可知, 夹爪与被夹持管道共重${800}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$,最大抬升高度为$5\mathrm{\;m}$,夹爪长度为$1\mathrm{\;m}$。以此为切入点, 故机械臂结构由末端开始进行反推设计。
腕部回转关节结构三维模型如图2 所示。腕部回转关节与腕部横摆关节以及与末端夹爪之间均通过法兰盘进行连接, 摆动缸被包裹其中, 由于摆动液压杠对弯矩的承载能力有限[7],故主要由外部壳体与法兰盘伸出部分来承载弯矩。并在外部壳体预留进出油口等孔洞。
腕部的横摆关节结构与腕部回转关节采用同样的结构。腕部俯仰关节主要负责机械臂末端的重力方向运动,阻力矩较大,直接靠摆动液压缸输出轴驱动关节运动所需驱动力矩极大,故需对机械臂末端重力进行平衡处理,因此在俯仰关节处增加了配重装置。
增加配重机构后的结构如图3 所示, 所加配重为一偏心扇型结构。配重的偏心是为了平衡腕部回转与腕部横摆关节间的偏置影响, 使其关节运行更加平稳。通过计算可知, 增加配重后, 腕部俯仰关节所需扭矩可减少 20%。
大臂与小臂部分主要完成末端管道的抬升与下降, 是通过直线型液压缸推动臂绕关节转动, 这种驱动方案驱动力臂较长,可以轻松实现大重量机械臂的旋转运动。为满足巷道管道安装机器人最大抬升高度为$5\mathrm{\;m}$ 的技术指标。图4 为所设计的大臂与小臂结构,大臂长度为${1.5}\mathrm{\;m}$,小臂等效长度为${1.2}\mathrm{\;m}$,并且将小臂设计为 “$\mathrm{V}$ ” 字形,这样可以使得机械臂的大臂与小臂可实现平行状态,可使机械臂在相同臂长的情况下达到更高的抬升高度[8]
机械臂的底座回转关节是整个机械臂中唯一一个需要整周回转的关节, 因此关节选用液压马达驱动。机械臂底座回转关节结构如图5 所示, 由于液压马达在低速工作时易发生爬行情况,因此设计一级齿轮减速机构对液压马达减速。这样可以使液压马达处于高速较小扭矩状态下运行。
通过对巷道管道安装机器人机械臂的各个关节为单位,对其结构进行反推设计,并对各个关节的液压驱动元件进行选型, 最后在 SOLIDWORKS 中将其装配在一起。为其搭配一个履带式底盘, 并将其装配到一起如图6 所示。
通过改进 D-H(Denavit-Hartenberg)法对巷道管道安装机器人机械臂创建关节坐标系,方法为:关节坐标系位置选在对应杆的近端关节处,${z}_{i}$ 轴方向为关节旋转轴线方向,选定一侧为正方向。选定${z}_{i}$ 轴与${z}_{i + 1}$ 轴的公垂线方向定为$x$ 轴,由${z}_{i}$ 轴指向${z}_{i + 1}$ 轴的方向定位$x$ 轴正方向,然后再根据右手定则确定$y$ 轴。根据上述方法可得到机械臂关节坐标系, 如图7 所示。
根据如图7 所示坐标系, 改进 D-H 参数, 如表2 所示。
${a}_{i - 1}$${Z}_{i - 1}$ 沿着${X}_{i - 1}$ 方向到${Z}_{i}$ 的垂直距离;${\alpha }_{i - 1}$${Z}_{i - 1}$${X}_{i - 1}$ 轴线旋转到${Z}_{i}$ 的角度;${d}_{i}$ 为沿着${Z}_{i}$ 轴线方向${X}_{i - 1}$${X}_{i}$ 的距离;${\theta }_{i}$ 为绕着${Z}_{i}$ 轴线${X}_{i - 1}$ 旋转到${X}_{i}$ 的角度
表2 中的角度活动范围是规定图7 中姿态各关节的角度为${0}^{\circ }$,从而得到的。根据表2 中的改进 D-H参数可以计算出两两关节之间的位姿变换矩阵,即
${}^{i - 1}\mathbf{T}= \left(\begin{matrix}\mathrm{c}{\theta }_{i}& \mathrm{\;s}{\theta }_{i}& 0 &{a}_{i - 1}\\\mathrm{\;s}{\theta }_{i}\mathrm{c}{\alpha }_{i - 1}& \mathrm{c}{\theta }_{i}\mathrm{c}{\alpha }_{i - 1}& -\mathrm{s}{\alpha }_{i - 1}& -\mathrm{s}{\alpha }_{i - 1}{d}_{i}\\\mathrm{\;s}{\theta }_{i}\mathrm{c}{\alpha }_{i - 1}& \mathrm{c}{\theta }_{i}\mathrm{c}{\alpha }_{i - 1}& \mathrm{c}{\alpha }_{i - 1}& {a}_{i - 1}{d}_{i}\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{matrix}\right)$
式 (1) 中:$\mathrm{c}$$\mathrm{s}$ 分别为所对应角的余弦值与正弦值;${\theta }_{i}$ 为绕着${Z}_{i}$ 轴线${X}_{i - 1}$ 旋转到${X}_{i}$ 的角度;${d}_{i}$ 为沿着${Z}_{i}$ 轴线方向${X}_{i - 1}$${X}_{i}$ 的距离;${a}_{i - 1}$${Z}_{i - 1}$ 沿着${X}_{i - 1}$ 方向到${Z}_{i}$ 的垂直距离;${\alpha }_{i - 1}$${Z}_{i - 1}$${X}_{i - 1}$ 轴线旋转到${Z}_{i}$ 的角度。
将所有关节角度均置为${0}^{\circ }$,即机械臂理应呈现出图7 中的姿态。将${0}^{\circ }$ 代入各个关节角,通过计算可得到此时末端 6 关节相对机器人 0 坐标系的变换矩阵为
${}_{6}^{0}\mathbf{T}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 &- 1 & 0 &- {540}\\ 1 & 0 & 0 &{120}\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 5\;{000}\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
在 MATLAB 中建立该液压机械臂模型, 通过机器人工具箱求解其在各关节角度均为${0}^{\circ }$ 时的变换矩阵,求解后与${}_{6}^{0}\mathbf{T}$ 矩阵一致,验证了上述正运动学过程的准确性。
由于巷道管道安装机器人的机械臂为六自由度且满足 Peiper 第二准则, 故选用代数法更加适合用来求解此机械臂运动学逆解[9]
通过代数法求解机械臂运动学逆解后可知,由于关节 1、关节 2 和关节 3 均有两个不同的解, 因此, 可以得到八组不同的逆解。
在 MATLAB 中验证上述机械臂逆运动学算法可行性,将(20,5,36,-20,10,47)这 6 个关节角度输入正运动学计算当中, 得到此姿态下机械臂末端的位姿, 再将此位姿输入到逆运动学计算当中, 得到表3 所示的 8 组解。第 2 组解为所输入的关节角度。
因为所设计的液压机械臂的 2、3 关节是由直线型液压缸推动其关节旋转,因此,在得到这 6 个关节角度后还应根据余弦定理将第 2、第 3 这两个关节旋转角度转化为液压缸的行程距离。
所设计的巷道管道安装机器人的机械臂为六自由度串联机械臂。目前机械臂工作空间求解方法最常用的是蒙特卡洛法。本次仿真是利用机器人工具箱中的 fkine 函数进行 8000 次描点, 从而得到巷道管道安装机器人机械臂的工作空间示意图, 如图8 所示, 机械臂工作空间的最高位置刚好为$5\mathrm{\;m}$,符合设计要求中的最大抓管抬升高度的需求, 验证了该液压机械臂的工作空间的合理性。
将 SOLIDWORKS 中的三维模型导入 ADAMS 中, 首先将一些宏观上并无相对运动的零件固连合并为一个整体, 使其成为其临近的臂的一部分, 将机械臂下方的履带式移动平台换成一个简单的圆柱底座代替, 最终简化为 “ 6 杆 6 关节 1 基座” 的简单结构。简化后的模型如图9 所示。然后, 通过 SOLIDWORKS MOTION 插件将机械臂模型导入到 ADAMS 软件中。在 ADAMS 中对机械臂中各个构件材料进行定义, 赋予各部分质量与设计时一致[10]
模型由 SOLIDWORKS 导入 ADAMS 后, 关节处的运动副关系有可能和预想的有些差别, 因此, 还需要在导入后对于有问题的运动副进行一些手动的修改。最终修改后的模型如图10 所示。
要求各关节需在${0.8}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时间内加速到${10}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$。机械臂各个关节的力矩 (直线液压缸为推力) 和关节速度随时间的变化如图11 所示。经过关节动力学仿真, 进一步验证了所选液压驱动元件的可行性与合理性。
机械臂的轨迹规划就是在机械臂运动学分析的基础上, 结合具体的工作要求, 规划出一条从起始点至末端点的合理轨迹并解算出运动过程中各时间点机械臂各关节的角度变化。下面针对巷道管道安装机器人的机械臂,在笛卡尔空间规划方面进行轨迹规划分析[11]
笛卡尔空间的轨迹规划相比于关节空间的规划, 更加关注于机械臂末端点位姿的变化。在已知机械臂末端的起始姿态与终止姿态时, 在笛卡尔空间中对末端的坐标系变换轨迹进行规划, 并通过前文介绍的机械臂逆运动学求解方法进行反算求解, 进而得到各个关节值并得到预期的期望轨迹。对于机械臂末端点的笛卡尔空间轨迹规划,通常要求机械臂的末端点走过一个直线或是一个圆弧的轨迹,采用圆弧插补法进行轨迹规划[12]
笛卡尔空间下的圆弧插补算法的主要思想是: 先将三维的空间圆弧转换到二维的平面圆弧, 再在二维平面中求的该段圆弧的圆心及半径等信息, 最后再通过坐标系间的转移变换这些信息重新转换为三维空间下的信息。假设对于机器人基础坐标系下的 3 个点$A\text{、}B\text{、}C$,将其转化为${O}_{1}{X}_{1}{Y}_{1}{Z}_{1}$ 坐标系中 3 个点${A}^{\prime }\text{、}{B}^{\prime }\text{、}{C}^{\prime }$,其中,其$Z$ 方向坐标均为${0}^{\left\lbrack {13}\right\rbrack }$。此时,三维空间内的圆弧规划问题转换为在新坐标系下${O}_{1}{X}_{1}{Y}_{1}{Z}_{1}$ 的二维平面问题,如图12 所示。
$A\text{、}B\text{、}C$ 为确定规划圆弧的 3 个已知点;$O$ 为圆弧圆心;$P\text{、}Q$ 分别为线段${AB}\text{、}{BC}$ 的中点;${\theta }_{0}$ 为该段圆弧所对应的总圆心角;${\theta }_{i}$ 为某插补点从$C$$i$ 点所走过的角度
由于该坐标值是相对${O}_{1}{X}_{1}{Y}_{1}{Z}_{1}$ 坐标系的,所以还需通过两坐标系间的变换矩阵将其转化为机器人基础坐标系下的坐标值。由几何关系可知, 将${O}_{1}{X}_{1}{Y}_{1}{Z}_{1}$ 坐标系的 3 条坐标轴${X}_{1}{Y}_{1}{Z}_{1}$ 的方向向量化为单位矩阵$\left\{{{n}_{x01},{n}_{y01},{n}_{z01}}\right\},\left\{{{o}_{x01},{o}_{y01},{o}_{z01}}\right\}$,$\left\{{{a}_{x01},{a}_{y01},{a}_{z01}}\right\},\left({{x}_{0},{y}_{0},{z}_{0}}\right)$ 代表圆心$O$ 在机器人基础坐标系下的坐标值。
$M$ 表示坐标系${O}_{1}{X}_{1}{Y}_{1}{Z}_{1}$ 向机器人基础坐标系${O}_{0}{X}_{0}{Y}_{0}{Z}_{0}$ 转化的齐次变换矩阵。可得转换矩阵$\mathbf{M}$
$\mathbf{M}= \left(\begin{matrix}{n}_{x01}& {o}_{x01}& {a}_{x01}& {x}_{0}\\{n}_{y01}& {o}_{y01}& {a}_{y01}& {y}_{0}\\{n}_{z01}& {o}_{z01}& {a}_{z01}& {z}_{0}\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{matrix}\right)$
巷道管道安装机器人在夹管运动至墙上预留脚架的正上方时,需要直线下落将所夹持管道平稳放置到预留脚架上[14]。本次笛卡尔空间的轨迹规划仿真主要模仿这一过程, 使机械臂的末端在笛卡尔空间内运行一段垂直于地面的直线轨迹。由于管道直径${335}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,选取管道中心为机械臂末端点, 预留脚架高度为$3\mathrm{\;m}$,所以设定上述过程机械臂末端点在机器人基础坐标系下的起始和终止位置分别为(3196.33,0,3725)和(3196.33,0,3167.5), 下落总高度为${557.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。此运动过程机械臂所运动的轨迹如图13 所示, 仿真的实际运动轨迹与期望轨迹相同。
运动过程中大臂俯仰关节、小臂俯仰关节和腕部俯仰关节的关节角度变化如图14 所示, 此运动过程中, 大臂、小臂和腕部 3 个俯仰关节相互配合, 从而保证了机械臂末端点只在$Z$ 轴方向上的直线移动。
(1)所设计的液压机械臂能够很好地满足最大抬升高度与最大负载等设计要求。使得该液压机械臂实现了在有限空间下的极致最大摸高。
(2)对该液压机械臂进行笛卡尔空间的直线轨迹规划仿真时, 机械臂末端执行器的运动轨迹与理论运动轨迹一致, 很直观地模拟了机器人抓着管道于墙壁预留脚架正上方垂直下落将管道放置于预留脚架上的这一过程。同时也进一步验证了机械臂结构的合理性与机械臂轨迹规划方案的实用性。本文的研究成果将为巷道管道安装机器人的关节式设计方案与自主导航自主工作提供理论支撑。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4703600)
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2025年第25卷第8期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402052
  • 接收时间:2024-03-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-22
  • 修回日期:2024-12-17
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4703600)
作者信息
    1 沈阳理工大学 机械工程学院 沈阳 110159
    2 中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所 机器人学国家重点实验室 沈阳 110016
    3 中国科学院机器人与智能制造创新研究院 沈阳 110169

通讯作者:

*李艳杰(1969-),女,汉族,辽宁北镇人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:复杂环境移动操作技术、智能机器人控制。E-mail: lyjsyit@126.com。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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