Article(id=1149774727046197882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309144, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700496000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-21, revisedDate=1737475200000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057256709, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057256709, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057256709, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057256709, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5181, endPage=5189, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774727373353597, articleId=1149774727046197882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Highway Tunnel Traffic Characteristics Analysis and Tunnel Segmentation Method Based on Vehicle Trajectory Data, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The confined space and fluctuating brightness levels inside and outside highway tunnels result in notable disparities in driving behaviors across various sections. It's difficult to achieve differential management of various sections within tunnels due to the challenge of implementing uniform warning and control across the entire roadway. Based on the Tongji road trajectory sharing platform (TJRD TS), continuous microscopic parameters of vehicles were extracted to quantify driving characteristics using eight indicators. This approach was aimed at analyzing the differences in driving behavior and safety risks of vehicles at different tunnel locations. Based on unsupervised learning algorithms, a segmenting method was proposed for highway tunnel sections that considers driving characteristics. Firstly, principal components analysis (PCA) was employed to determine the main features representing driving behavior and traffic safety. Subsequently, the K-means clustering algorithm was utilized to divide the distribution of main features along the tunnel direction into segments. Finally, the rationality of tunnel section division was validated through significance analysis. The results show that the driving behavior and safety vary significantly at different positions within the tunnel. Based on driving characteristics, the tunnel sections are segmented into six parts using PCA-K-means clustering: approach section, entrance section, transition section, middle section, exit section, and departure section. The entrance and transition sections exhibit high variability in speed changes and unstable traffic flow, while conflict frequencies are high in the transition and exit sections, with vehicle deceleration and acceleration reaching peak values of 14.89% and 15.65%, respectively. The research results reveal the evolution pattern of vehicle driving characteristics within tunnels and facilitates effective segmentation of highway tunnels. The research results contribute to the formulation of proactive safety control strategies for tunnel vehicles and the realization of precise vehicle-road cooperative control.

, correspAuthors=Chen LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Rui GUO, Yan-yan CHEN, Yun-chao ZHANG, Pan-yi WEI, Wen-hao LI, Chen LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774758625112743, articleId=1149774727046197882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于车辆轨迹数据的高速公路隧道行车特性分析及路段分段方法, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

高速公路隧道空间有限,内外亮度差异明显,驾驶员在隧道不同位置的驾驶行为差异较大,全路段统一的预警和管控难以精准地实现对隧道不同路段的差异性管理。基于同济道路轨迹数据平台 (Tongji road trajectory sharing platform,TJRD TS),提取车辆连续微观参数,以8项指标量化驾驶员行车特性,以此解析车辆在不同位置的驾驶行为和交通安全风险差异。基于无监督学习算法,提出一种考虑行车特性的高速公路隧道路段分段方法:首先运用主成分分析法 (principal components analysis,PCA)确定表征驾驶行为和交通安全的主要特征。随后通过K-means聚类算法将主要特征沿隧道方向的分布进行划分,最终结合显著性分析验证隧道路段划分的合理性。结果表明:驾驶员在隧道不同位置的驾驶行为和交通安全性具有较大的差异;根据行车特性,运用PCA-K-means聚类将隧道路段划分为接近段、入口段、过渡段、中间段、出口段、驶离段6个部分;入口段及过渡段车速变化离散性较大,交通流不稳定;过渡段、出口段交通冲突频发,并且车辆减速比例、加速比例分别达到最高值14.89%、15.65%。研究成果揭示了隧道内车辆行车特征的演化规律,基于此对高速公路隧道进行有效分段。研究成果有利于隧道车辆主动安全控制策略的制定以及精准的车路协同管控实现。

, correspAuthors=李臣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李臣(1988—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:通信工程。E-mail:
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郭蕊(1996—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,博士研究生。研究方向:隧道行车安全。E-mail:

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郭蕊(1996—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,博士研究生。研究方向:隧道行车安全。E-mail:

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郭蕊(1996—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,博士研究生。研究方向:隧道行车安全。E-mail:

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An analysis of influential factors of crashes at tunnels and open sections of mountainous freeways[J]. Journal of Transport Information and Safety, 2022, 40(3): 10-18., articleTitle=An analysis of influential factors of crashes at tunnels and open sections of mountainous freeways, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1179799765584855487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727046197882, awardId=2021-ZD2-047, language=CN, fundingSource=交通运输行业重点科技项目(2021-ZD2-047), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1179799761130504481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727046197882, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179799761134698786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727046197882, companyId=1179799761130504481, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China), 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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727046197882, language=CN, label=图9, caption=高速公路隧道不同路段驾驶行为参数统计, figureFileSmall=VjvafZ2R+B9rnEo74FGfvQ==, figureFileBig=4iO+ZwBUkzTO7VnoVfjLFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179799764985070000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727046197882, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Statistics of traffic safety parameters in different sections of highway tunnel, figureFileSmall=P90rv5xStfS+NTBM1uQlcQ==, figureFileBig=uXXgE7nFB7tzZVYjc08Itw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179799765043790258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727046197882, language=CN, label=图10, caption=高速公路隧道不同路段交通安全参数统计, figureFileSmall=P90rv5xStfS+NTBM1uQlcQ==, figureFileBig=uXXgE7nFB7tzZVYjc08Itw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179799765098316211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727046197882, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Principal component analysis parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 特征值 方差百分比/% 累计方差百分比/% 特征向量系数
主成分1 主成分2 主成分3 主成分4
速度 0.253 6 45.52 45.52 0.542 3 -0.181 5 -0.103 5 -0.120 3
速度标准差 0.220 5 39.57 85.08 0.100 9 0.007 5 -0.084 2 0.961 5
加速比例 0.041 1 7.37 92.46 -0.541 3 -0.305 8 -0.418 1 -0.062 7
减速比例 0.017 1 3.07 95.53 -0.127 3 0.457 5 0.220 9 0.036 8
车头时距 0.011 2 2.00 97.53 -0.298 5 0.433 2 0.321 8 0.098 8
速度差 0.010 8 1.95 99.48 0.516 5 0.028 7 -0.006 2 0.009 9
TTC 0.001 6 0.29 99.77 -0.033 6 -0.451 2 0.808 3 -0.008 0
DRAC 0.001 3 0.23 100.00 0.171 9 0.521 6 -0.041 4 -0.214 3
), ArticleFig(id=1179799765178007989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727046197882, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主成分分析参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 特征值 方差百分比/% 累计方差百分比/% 特征向量系数
主成分1 主成分2 主成分3 主成分4
速度 0.253 6 45.52 45.52 0.542 3 -0.181 5 -0.103 5 -0.120 3
速度标准差 0.220 5 39.57 85.08 0.100 9 0.007 5 -0.084 2 0.961 5
加速比例 0.041 1 7.37 92.46 -0.541 3 -0.305 8 -0.418 1 -0.062 7
减速比例 0.017 1 3.07 95.53 -0.127 3 0.457 5 0.220 9 0.036 8
车头时距 0.011 2 2.00 97.53 -0.298 5 0.433 2 0.321 8 0.098 8
速度差 0.010 8 1.95 99.48 0.516 5 0.028 7 -0.006 2 0.009 9
TTC 0.001 6 0.29 99.77 -0.033 6 -0.451 2 0.808 3 -0.008 0
DRAC 0.001 3 0.23 100.00 0.171 9 0.521 6 -0.041 4 -0.214 3
), ArticleFig(id=1179799765236728246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727046197882, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Related clustering parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 路段 观测值
个数
组内平
方和
平均
距离
最大
距离
1 较远路段 15 1.784 53 0.224 25 0.409 21
2 接近段 23 0.716 81 0.167 82 0.359 02
3 入口段 22 1.025 68 0.237 21 0.400 18
4 过渡段 37 2.841 72 0.290 15 0.606 33
5 中间段 74 3.256 14 0.256 34 0.582 57
6 出口段 38 1.554 17 0.190 27 0.302 51
7 驶离段 22 0.617 82 0.163 12 0.308 32
8 较远路段 20 1.402 95 0.151 07 0.304 52
), ArticleFig(id=1179799765303837112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727046197882, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

聚类相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 路段 观测值
个数
组内平
方和
平均
距离
最大
距离
1 较远路段 15 1.784 53 0.224 25 0.409 21
2 接近段 23 0.716 81 0.167 82 0.359 02
3 入口段 22 1.025 68 0.237 21 0.400 18
4 过渡段 37 2.841 72 0.290 15 0.606 33
5 中间段 74 3.256 14 0.256 34 0.582 57
6 出口段 38 1.554 17 0.190 27 0.302 51
7 驶离段 22 0.617 82 0.163 12 0.308 32
8 较远路段 20 1.402 95 0.151 07 0.304 52
), ArticleFig(id=1179799765375140282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727046197882, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Data of single factor analysis of variance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 单因素方差分析 Levene检验
均方 F P 均方 F P
速度 1 504.82 820.62 0.00 16.35 27.13 0.00
速度标准差 6.35 13.83 0.00 8.63 60.14 0.00
加速比例 939.41 761.56 0.00 7.11 14.53 0.00
减速比例 117.96 248.62 0.00 3.56 27.89 0.00
车头时距 21.37 138.07 0.00 1.23 15.83 0.00
速度差 199.57 504.27 0.00 5.20 57.64 0.00
TTC 28.63 86.15 0.00 1.07 15.39 0.00
DRAC 0.095 71.87 0.00 0.004 54.62 0.00
), ArticleFig(id=1179799765463220668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727046197882, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

单因素方差分析数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 单因素方差分析 Levene检验
均方 F P 均方 F P
速度 1 504.82 820.62 0.00 16.35 27.13 0.00
速度标准差 6.35 13.83 0.00 8.63 60.14 0.00
加速比例 939.41 761.56 0.00 7.11 14.53 0.00
减速比例 117.96 248.62 0.00 3.56 27.89 0.00
车头时距 21.37 138.07 0.00 1.23 15.83 0.00
速度差 199.57 504.27 0.00 5.20 57.64 0.00
TTC 28.63 86.15 0.00 1.07 15.39 0.00
DRAC 0.095 71.87 0.00 0.004 54.62 0.00
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基于车辆轨迹数据的高速公路隧道行车特性分析及路段分段方法
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郭蕊 1 , 陈艳艳 1 , 张云超 1 , 魏攀一 2 , 李汶昊 1 , 李臣 3, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(12): 5181-5189
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(12): 5181-5189
基于车辆轨迹数据的高速公路隧道行车特性分析及路段分段方法
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郭蕊1 , 陈艳艳1, 张云超1, 魏攀一2, 李汶昊1, 李臣3, *
作者信息
  • 1 北京工业大学城市建设学部, 北京 100124
  • 2 交通运输部公路科学研究院, 北京 100088
  • 3 济南轨道交通集团有限公司, 济南 250101
  • 郭蕊(1996—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,博士研究生。研究方向:隧道行车安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李臣(1988—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:通信工程。E-mail:
Highway Tunnel Traffic Characteristics Analysis and Tunnel Segmentation Method Based on Vehicle Trajectory Data
Rui GUO1 , Yan-yan CHEN1, Yun-chao ZHANG1, Pan-yi WEI2, Wen-hao LI1, Chen LI3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 2 Research Institute of Highway, Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100088, China
  • 3 Jinan Rail Transit Group Co. , Ltd. , Jinan 250101, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309144
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高速公路隧道空间有限,内外亮度差异明显,驾驶员在隧道不同位置的驾驶行为差异较大,全路段统一的预警和管控难以精准地实现对隧道不同路段的差异性管理。基于同济道路轨迹数据平台 (Tongji road trajectory sharing platform,TJRD TS),提取车辆连续微观参数,以8项指标量化驾驶员行车特性,以此解析车辆在不同位置的驾驶行为和交通安全风险差异。基于无监督学习算法,提出一种考虑行车特性的高速公路隧道路段分段方法:首先运用主成分分析法 (principal components analysis,PCA)确定表征驾驶行为和交通安全的主要特征。随后通过K-means聚类算法将主要特征沿隧道方向的分布进行划分,最终结合显著性分析验证隧道路段划分的合理性。结果表明:驾驶员在隧道不同位置的驾驶行为和交通安全性具有较大的差异;根据行车特性,运用PCA-K-means聚类将隧道路段划分为接近段、入口段、过渡段、中间段、出口段、驶离段6个部分;入口段及过渡段车速变化离散性较大,交通流不稳定;过渡段、出口段交通冲突频发,并且车辆减速比例、加速比例分别达到最高值14.89%、15.65%。研究成果揭示了隧道内车辆行车特征的演化规律,基于此对高速公路隧道进行有效分段。研究成果有利于隧道车辆主动安全控制策略的制定以及精准的车路协同管控实现。

交通安全  /  高速公路隧道  /  行车特性  /  主成分分析法  /  K-means聚类  /  隧道分段

The confined space and fluctuating brightness levels inside and outside highway tunnels result in notable disparities in driving behaviors across various sections. It's difficult to achieve differential management of various sections within tunnels due to the challenge of implementing uniform warning and control across the entire roadway. Based on the Tongji road trajectory sharing platform (TJRD TS), continuous microscopic parameters of vehicles were extracted to quantify driving characteristics using eight indicators. This approach was aimed at analyzing the differences in driving behavior and safety risks of vehicles at different tunnel locations. Based on unsupervised learning algorithms, a segmenting method was proposed for highway tunnel sections that considers driving characteristics. Firstly, principal components analysis (PCA) was employed to determine the main features representing driving behavior and traffic safety. Subsequently, the K-means clustering algorithm was utilized to divide the distribution of main features along the tunnel direction into segments. Finally, the rationality of tunnel section division was validated through significance analysis. The results show that the driving behavior and safety vary significantly at different positions within the tunnel. Based on driving characteristics, the tunnel sections are segmented into six parts using PCA-K-means clustering: approach section, entrance section, transition section, middle section, exit section, and departure section. The entrance and transition sections exhibit high variability in speed changes and unstable traffic flow, while conflict frequencies are high in the transition and exit sections, with vehicle deceleration and acceleration reaching peak values of 14.89% and 15.65%, respectively. The research results reveal the evolution pattern of vehicle driving characteristics within tunnels and facilitates effective segmentation of highway tunnels. The research results contribute to the formulation of proactive safety control strategies for tunnel vehicles and the realization of precise vehicle-road cooperative control.

traffic safety  /  highway tunnel  /  driving characteristics  /  principal component analysis  /  K-means clustering  /  tunnel segmentation
郭蕊, 陈艳艳, 张云超, 魏攀一, 李汶昊, 李臣. 基于车辆轨迹数据的高速公路隧道行车特性分析及路段分段方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5181 -5189 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309144
Rui GUO, Yan-yan CHEN, Yun-chao ZHANG, Pan-yi WEI, Wen-hao LI, Chen LI. Highway Tunnel Traffic Characteristics Analysis and Tunnel Segmentation Method Based on Vehicle Trajectory Data[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5181 -5189 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309144
高速公路隧道安全防控一直是交通安全领域的重要课题。受到隧道长管状形态和封闭的构筑空间的影响,驾驶员在隧道行车过程中的驾驶行为及行车安全性处于不断的变化中。隧道每公里交通事故次数要高于普通路段,隧道交通事故死亡率高达25%。并且与隧道内部区域相比,出入口区域的事故率更高[1-2],隧道进、出口段前后200 m范围内发生的交通事故占隧道总交通事故的58%,且事故严重程度远高于开放道路段[3]。隧道是公路运输网络安全的瓶颈路段,深入分析隧道不同位置的风险特征,实现隧道路段划分,对隧道智慧化、精细化管控具有重要意义。
以往对于隧道行车特性分析的研究主要通过实测数据(实车轨迹[4-5]、断面检测器数据[6-7])以及驾驶模拟数据(驾驶模拟轨迹[8]、驾驶员生心理指标[9-11])展开研究。胡立伟等[4]结合实车试验,分析了高原特长隧道路段跟车速度与跟车距离的变化趋势,构建行车危险性系数进行行车安全性评价。徐进等[7]通过断面检测数据,分析了隧道出入口区段的车辆行驶速度变化规律,构建运行速度预测模型。朱彤等[9]、乔建刚等[11]结合隧道照度、道路线形等因素,分析隧道环境中的驾驶员心理负荷变化规律,初步揭示了隧道不同区域对驾驶员的影响。
对于隧道路段划分方面的研究,《公路隧道照明设计细则》(JTGT D702-01—2014)[12]、《公路路线设计规范》(JTG D20—2017)[13]对隧道入口段、过渡段、中间段、出口段提出了相对明确的概念及长度计算公式,但均是基于照明停车视距、设计速度、平纵面线形一致性等参数,仅考虑了驾驶员的行车舒适性,并不能完全适用于隧道的精准管控。一些学者通过运行速度[14]、驾驶员心生理指标[15]等对隧道路段进行划分。张弛等[14]基于断面实测数据,构建了基于车辆速度变化和侧向偏移的隧道出入口过渡段长度关系模型,用于隧道出入口交通安全设施设置的合理性检验。胡立伟等[15]通过驾驶员瞳孔面积变化率将隧道出口区域划分为隧道出口接近段、隧道出口段和隧道出口过渡段,建立综合风险效应场模型以分析隧道出口区域不同路段的风险特征。现有相关研究所得出的隧道分段主要应用于驾驶员适应性分析、设施布设安全性等方面,并且未给出特征的边界或者阈值确定的依据。
出于安全考虑,车辆实测数据样本过少,不能完全反应出大多数驾驶员在隧道内的行驶特征;驾驶模拟数据虽然可以通过实验获得大量样本,但往往与驾驶员在隧道内的真实反应存在一定差异。马兆有等[16]通过隧道视频监控提取车辆行驶轨迹,选取9组采样点,分析平均车速、车速离散性、轨迹均值等分布特征,提出了一种动态平衡隧道限速值确定方法和流程。然而,受到设施布设位置及范围的限制,大部分研究只针对隧道内某些重要点位进行分析,很少探索驾驶员在隧道全域的行车特性和风险演变。随着计算机视觉和目标追踪技术的发展,大规模的基于雷视提取的轨迹数据应用于隧道安全分析中。轨迹数据可表征驾驶员的驾驶行为,通过分析隧道内的轨迹数据可以更加深入地探索驾驶员的驾驶特性。
因此,基于海量的隧道全轨迹数据,提取计算车辆位置、速度、加速度等微观信息,从驾驶行为以及交通安全特性两方面探究隧道行车特性演化规律。根据隧道不同位置行车特性的聚集程度,提出一种基于无监督学习的PCA-K-means高速公路隧道分段方法,明确隧道分段阈值,进行隧道不同路段的驾驶行为以及行车安全差异分析。研究成果有助于实现精准车路协同管控,对提高隧道的交通运行效率和保障交通安全有重要作用。
所用数据来源于同济大学道路轨迹数据平台(Tongji road trajectory sharing platform,TJRD TS)[17],该平台通过毫米波雷达和激光雷达采集数据,并基于多目标检测跟踪、轨迹拼接和边缘计算等技术获取准确、低延时的高速公路、快速路等道路的全域车辆连续轨迹数据。
山西阳泉五盂智慧重载示范基地路段全长15 km,五盂高速为双向四车道高速公路,设计速度80 km/h。沿线毫米波雷达设备采用单侧布设(上行方向),布设间距250 m,设备安装范围为K347+600~K362+600。采用五盂高速中的下细腰隧道(K349+919~K351+426),该隧道为单向隧道,隧道全长1 507 m,包括2个车道和1个应急车道,隧道限速80 km/h。轨迹数据为10 帧/s,车辆轨迹信息包含时间戳、车辆ID、车辆类型、纵向位置、车道、横纵向车速等。
高速公路隧道的封闭空间结构特性致使驾驶人在驶入、驶出隧道时要经历“暗适应”“明适应”过程以及隧道内外环境的过渡。选取下细腰隧道及隧道出、入口外各500 m内的道路进行分析(K349+419~K351+926),分析道路全长2 507 m,车道宽3.75 m,应急车道宽3.5 m,数据时间为07:00—16:00。分析路段示意图如图1所示。
轨迹数据采样间隔为100 ms,初始轨迹数据中会出现噪声较多等问题,数据不够连续光滑甚至存在异常点,为去除数据噪声,增加数据可用性,采用局部加权散点平滑法LOWESS(locally weighted smoothing scatterplots)对轨迹数据进行初步平滑处理,实现数据优化,以便观察数据在局部展现出来的规律和趋势。以单个车辆的行驶速度为例,平滑处理前后的单车速度曲线示例如图2所示。
轨迹数据中已经包含了时间、横纵坐标、速度特征,需要对原始轨迹数据进行进一步的处理和数据提取,获取车辆加速度、与前方车辆的速度差、跟车距离等参数。通过Python 3.8.8对原始轨迹数据进行车辆微观参数提取,其次筛选出具有研究路段全部轨迹的车辆共计752 辆,以此进行后续驾驶行为及交通安全特性分析。
驾驶员的生理、心理变化会直接影响驾驶员的反应操作过程,最终体现在行驶速度、加速、减速、跟车距离等诸多方面。驾驶员行驶状态不仅受个体驾驶行为的影响,同时还会受周围车辆交互行为的制约。通过车辆轨迹数据获取行车参数,将分析路段每10 m划分为一个最小道路单元,计算出各道路单元的行车特性指标值,以此探究驾驶员在隧道不同位置的特征变化规律。驾驶行为特性指标包括速度、速度变化标准差、加速比例、减速比例,交通安全特性指标包括车头间距、车速差、碰撞时间(time to collision,TTC)、避免碰撞减速度(deceleration rate to avoid a crash,DRAC)。
速度作为驾驶行为特性的核心表征,是外部行车环境对驾驶人影响的体现。交通事故与车辆速度存在密切的关系,追尾事故约占隧道总事故的73%[6]。车辆瞬时速度的计算公式为
v(t)= l i m Δ t 0 x ( t + Δ t ) - x ( t ) Δ t
式(1)中:v(t)为车辆瞬时速度,km/h;x(tt)、x(t)分别为ttt时刻车辆的位置坐标。
车速离散是造成交通流不稳定的主要原因之一,车速分布越离散,交通流越不稳定,无法维持车辆之间速度、车头时距等的平衡状态,进而导致路段交通冲突乃至事故的产生。通过标准差表征隧道各路段单元车辆速度变化的离散程度。
σ = i = 1 n ( Δ v i - Δ v ¯ ) 2 n
式(2)中:σ为速度变化标准差;Δvi为车辆i的速度变化; Δ v ¯为所有车辆的车速变化平均值;n为统计车辆个数。
在行驶过程中驾驶员会根据周围环境以及行驶需求频繁的变化速度。纵向速度的变化是描述驾驶人加速/减速行为的核心参。通过路段内驾驶员加速/减速比例来反应该路段群体驾驶员的驾驶行为。计算公式为
Si= 1 , a i > 0 - 1 , a i < 0
pj= i = 1 n S i ( S i = j ) n×100%, j=1或-1
式中:ai为车辆i在路段单元内的加速度;Si为车辆i在路段单元内的加速、减速状态;n为路段单元内的统计车辆个数;pj为路段单元内的加速、减速车辆比例。
随着驾驶状态以及环境影响,同一驾驶员的车头时距会发生变化,此外不同驾驶员间的车头时距也有显著差异。隧道路段由于未保持安全时距而引发的事故概率是开放路段的2.482 倍[18]。各道路单元的车辆的车头时距平均值计算公式为
ATH= i = 1 n x i - 1 ( t ) - x i ( t ) v i ( t ) 1 n
式(5)中:ATH为平均车头时距;xi(t)、xi-1(t)分别为t时刻ii-1车的位置坐标;vi(t)为t时刻i车的地点速度;n为统计车辆个数。
车辆间速度差异越大,车辆之间的纵向干涉程度越高。随着行车环境的突变,处于跟驰状态的车辆速度也会发生较大变化,当后方车辆车速与前车的车速差值越大,说明驾驶行为风险越高,越容易发生追尾事故。各道路单元的后方车辆与前车的平均车速差计算公式为
Δ v ¯ = v i ( t ) - v i - 1 ( t ) n
式(6)中: Δ v ¯为平均车速差;vi(t)、vi-1(t)分别为t时刻的ii-1车的地点速度。
交通冲突的本质是交通参与者的行为不安全因素的外在表现。冲突产生后若驾驶员能及时采取避险行为则可以消除冲突,否则,可能会导致交通事故。冲突与交通事故之间存在单向转化关系,本文选取常用的冲突度量指标,TTC、DRAC来度量跟驰距离较近时的车辆安全状态,计算公式为
TTCi= x i - 1 ( t ) - x i ( t ) - l i v i ( t ) - v i - 1 ( t )
式(7)中:TTCii车的碰撞时间;xi(t)、xi-1(t)分别为t时刻ii-1车的位置坐标;vi(t)、vi-1(t)为t时刻的ii-1车的地点速度;li为前车的车长。
DRACi= [ v i - 1 ( t ) - v i ( t ) ] 2 2 [ x i - 1 ( t ) - x i ( t ) - l i ]
式(8)中:DRACii车的避免碰撞减速度;vi-1(t)、vi(t)分别为t时刻后方车辆和前车的速度;xi-1(t)、xi(t)分别为t时刻后车、前车位置;li为前车的车长。
以上指标虽然能够代表不同隧道路段的驾驶行为和交通安全特征,但是依据这些特征划分隧道路段的阈值还没有明确给出。对于没有标签的数据,无监督学习方法是一种非常优秀的划分方法,能够有效的挖掘出数据间的相似性。使用基于PCA的K-means方法对隧道路段进行划分。将n维特征映射到k维,将原指标变换成彼此相互独立的主成分,以此作为聚类分析的新变量指标,进而实现样本数据的分类。分析框架如图3所示。
首先将分析道路分割为有限的路段单元集合S={S1,S2,…,Sn},随后采用LOWESS局部加权散点平滑法对指标参数进行平滑处理。每个路段单元Si均包含m个特征指标作为其属性变量,即X(Si)={x1(Si), x2(Si),…, xm(Si)},形成m×n的原始属性矩阵X
X= x 11 x 12 x 1 m x 21 x 22 x 2 m x n 1 x n 2 x n m
式(9)中:xij为矩阵X中的元素,其中,i=1,2,…,n; j=1,2,…,m
对原始数据矩阵X进行Z-Score标准化变换。
x i j *= x i j - x ¯ i S i j, i=1,2,…,n; j=1,2,…,m
x ¯ i= 1 m j = 1 mxij
Sij= 1 m - 1 k = 1 m(xik- x ¯ i)(xjk- x ¯ j)
式中: x i j *为矩阵X中的元素Xij进行Z-Score标准化变换后的值;Sij为元素Xij所对应特征指标的标准差; x ¯ i为第i个特征指标的均值;m为特征指标的个数;xik为第i个道路单元,第k个特征指标值。
Z-Score变换后,得到标准化矩阵X*,可表示为
X*= x 11 * x 12 * x 1 m * x 21 * x 22 * x 2 m * x n 1 * x n 2 * x n m *
式(13)中: x n m *为标准化矩阵X*中第n行、第m列的值。
求出标准化矩阵X*的样本相关矩阵R
R= 1 r 12 r 1 n r 21 1 r 2 n r n 1 r n 2 1
根据特征方程 R - λ i E=0,得出n个非负实根λi(i=1,2,…,n),其中E为单位矩阵,并求出对应的特征向量Ji=(Ji1,Ji2,…,Jin)。运用主成分分析法对变量进行降维,增强指标之间的关联性。
E= 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
根据主成分累计贡献率大小确定能够基本反映全部信息的几个主成分:当前面k个主成分Z1,Z2,…,Zk(k<n)的方差总和占全部总方差之比q接近于1时(q≥0.95)选取前k个主成分。
q= i = 1 k λ i i = 1 n λ i
聚类是一种典型的无监督学习任务。K-means聚类通过质心迭代求解,基于数据之间的内在关系将样本划分为若干类别,增大同类别样本之间的相似度,降低不同类别之间的样本相似度(增大类内聚,减少类间距),最终使聚类结果对应的损失函数达到最小。通过主成分分析法对数据进行降维后,每个路段单元Si(i=1,2,…,n)均包含有k维属性变量,即Z(Si)={z1(Si),z2(Si),…,zk(Si)}。采用K-means算法将属性相似的路段单元划分为p个相互无交集的非空子集,聚类步骤如下。
步骤1 对于拥有k维数据的给定数据集,随机选择p个初始聚类质心构成初始的质心集合μ={μ1,μ2,…,μp}。
步骤2 对于每个数据zi,利用欧式距离计算数据点与初始质心间的距离,将每个数据点分配到距其距离最近的质心,可表示为
C i z i=argmindist ( μ i , z i ) 2, μ i∈μ
对于每一类数据,重新计算数据点的均值,并作为该类数据新的质心,可表示为
μ'i= i = 1 p l { c i = j } z i i = 1 p l { c i = j }
式(18)中:μ'i为新的聚类中心;l为数据点分配至质心ci的数据集合;p为聚类数;ci为数据zip个类中距离最近的一类。
步骤3 重复步骤2,对数据不断进行迭代计算,直到每类数据中的数据点到所在类中心距离的总和最小即停止计算,将n个道路单元划分为p类。
(1)速度参数。不同驾驶员在隧道各位置的行车速度不同,但总的来说,在隧道行车过程中的车速变化趋势大体一致,在临近隧道时减速,驶入隧道一定距离后车速趋于稳定,临近出口时加速行驶。驾驶员在各道路单元的平均车速及速度标准差变化如图4所示。
图4可以看出,在隧道入口前350 m处,驾驶人有意识地降低车速以减缓受到“暗适应”的视觉冲击。在隧道入口前300 m处车速变化标准差迅速增加至5.54,随后逐渐降低,在隧道入口前约150 m处达到稳定。进入隧道内的50~120 m范围内,驾驶员平均车速急剧下降至60 km/h,在此过程中车速变化的标准差也处于波动状态;隧道内240 m处,车速达到稳定状态,保持在60 km/h。随着对隧道环境的适应,驾驶员对速度的调整主要基于前车的速度,不同驾驶员间的车速差异逐渐减小,车速变化标准差逐渐降低,在隧道内540 m后处于相对稳定状态。由于长时间的隧道内行车,驾驶员在临近隧道出口时出现“逃逸”心理,在距离隧道出口390 m处,开始加速行驶。驶出隧道后,驾驶员的隧道内行车压力得到释放,车辆速度逐渐提高,车辆平均速度约为65 km/h。
(2)加速、减速比例。隧道不同位置驾驶员的加、减速行为存在一定差异。驾驶员加速比例、减速比例变化如图5所示。驾驶员在驶入隧道前,会采取制动措施,隧道入口前400 m处减速比例逐渐增加,在隧道内260 m处驾驶员减速比例达到最高值19.28%;随后驾驶员逐渐适应隧道的亮度差异及行车环境,减速比例逐渐降低,在8%~12%范围内波动。
图5可以看出,隧道入口前400 m至隧道入口处,驾驶员加速比例逐渐减少,由6.38%降低至0.93%;驶入隧道100 m后,驾驶员加速比例逐渐增加;临近隧道出口时,驾驶员急于驶出隧道,因此在隧道出口前驾驶员加速比例出现小幅度的增加,并在隧道出口前170 m处达到最大值19.02%;随后驾驶员加速比例逐渐降低,在隧道外200 m达到稳定状态,加速比例在10%~15%范围内波动。
(1)跟车参数。驾驶人在隧道行车过程中会对前方车辆的下一行车状态及环境变化程度进行大概率的预测,进而调整自己的跟车距离、行驶车速等,做出对自己最有利的驾驶决策行为。驾驶员在各道路单元的平均车头时距、平均速度差如图6所示。
图6可以看出,在距离隧道较远路段,平均车头时距保持在4~6 s范围内。驾驶员在隧道内会保持较大的车头时距,降低车辆间的相互干扰。在隧道入口前150 m处,与前车的车头时距逐渐增大,隧道内200 m处平均车头时距最大,约为10 s;随后平均车头时距逐渐减小,在隧道出口前200 m处趋于稳定,平均车头时距在5~7 s范围内波动。
此外,由于车辆跟驰的延迟性和传递性,行驶速度及驾驶状态主要受到前方车辆的影响,在车辆进入隧道的过程中,平均速度差呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,驶入隧道400 m后,平均车速差较为稳定,在1~4 km/h范围内波动。
(2)交通冲突。通过TTC、DRAC两种冲突替代度量指标表征前、后车辆的交通安全状态。各道路单元的TTC、DRAC均值如图7所示。
驾驶员在驶入隧道的过程中,TTC均值逐渐减小,DRAC均值逐渐增大,行车风险逐渐增加,发生事故的可能性较大,在隧道入口170 m处,行车风险最大。隧道出口前260 m处,TTC均值逐渐降低,在距离隧道出口前60 m处最小,5.7 s,随后行车风险逐渐降低;在隧道出口外200 m处,TTC及DRAC变化较小,行车风险较低。
隧道路段作为道路交通的重要组成部分,车辆在通过隧道时,会发生明显的照度变化及空间变化,在隧道入口、出口处驾驶人的视线会受到一定影响。结合图4~图7的分析可知,在临近隧道路段、隧道进口路段、临近出口段、驶出隧道路段的行车风险体现在不同的方面,这些路段的驾驶行为及行车安全相比于普通路段存在较大差别。
基于隧道运行微观轨迹数据,提取计算出了速度、速度标准差、加速比例、减速比例、车头时距、速度差、TTC、DRAC共8项指标。最小道路单元长度取10 m,将分析路段分为251个单元,每个道路单元均包含8个指标,原始数据矩阵维度较高。通过PCA方法保留原始数据矩阵中所包含指标的大部分信息,降低数据维数。
首先通过式(10)对原始数据矩阵进行Z-Score标准化变换,得到标准化矩阵。运用主成分分析法计算得出各主成分的方差百分比,如表1所示。前5个主成分的累计方差百分比接近于1(大于0.95),结合特征向量系数,消除指标之间的相互影响,通过式(12)、式(13)对数据矩阵进行降维处理,得到分析矩阵,以此作为隧道路段划分参数。
现有关于隧道路段划分主要聚焦于隧道出入口附近的,大多仅考虑速度、速度离散性、驾驶员心生理等单一指标,隧道分段阈值不确定,主观性较强。基于4.1节分析可知,在隧道入口前400~200 m、隧道入口前后100 m、隧道入口内200~500 m、隧道出口前后200 m、隧道出口外200 m后的路段驾驶行为及交通安全存在较大差别。
提出一种基于无监督学习算法的隧道路段划分方法。使用K均值聚类算法对5个主成分进行聚类,将相似的道路单元划分为一类,各类别的驾驶特性呈现出不同程度的聚集。将隧道划分为6个路段:接近段、入口段、过渡段、中间段、出口段、驶离段。以上对隧道路段的划分也与标准和文献[16]研究相一致。聚类参数如表2所示,结合隧道结构,隧道路段划分示意如图8所示。
通过单因素方差分析判断不同路段指标是否存在显著差异,分析结果如表3所示。单因素方差分析以及方差齐性检验中,在0.05水平下,各指标的总体均值是显著不同的。隧道6个路段的行车特性存在显著差异,进一步表明PCA-K-means方法在隧道路段划分方面的有效性。
由于隧道内、外环境的变化,驾驶员空间辨认距离变短,注视时间变长、观察能力下降,心理状态也会随之改变,影响驾驶员的反应操作过程,进而引起车速、跟车行为等方面的变化。基于表2中的隧道路段划分结果,对隧道不同路段的驾驶行为及行车安全参数进行统计,如图9图10所示。
由各路段车速指标可以看出[图9(a)],在车辆驶入隧道的过程中,接近段、入口段、过渡段车速逐渐降低,隧道中间段车速最低,处于60 km/h;接近段车速变化的离散程度最高,导致车辆间的干扰增加,增大了发生交通事故的可能性。
图9(b)可以看出,车辆在隧道接近段、入口段、过渡段,驾驶员减速比例逐渐增加,驶入隧道后各路段驾驶员加速比例逐渐增加,在过渡段、出口段,驾驶员减速比例、加速比例平均值分别达到最高,为14.89%、15.65%。
图10(a)可以看出,由接近段至过渡段,车头时距逐渐增大,在隧道过渡段平均车头时距达到最大值,为8.63 s。驾驶员在接近段至过渡段的行程中,与前车的速度差平均值由8.77 km/h迅速降低至4.23 km/h;隧道中间段、出口段、驶离段的车辆与前车的速度差较为稳定,基本处于2~3 km/h范围内。
由隧道各路段冲突指标[图10(b)]可以看出,过渡段、出口段TTC值较低,均值分别为12.14、12.71 s,表明驾驶员需要在较短的时间内采取制动措施才能够避免与前车发生碰撞;此外入口段、过渡段DRAC指标均值较高,分别为0.09、0.14 m/s2,在与前车存在冲突的情况下,驾驶员需要采取急刹车以避免与前车碰撞。
(1)基于轨迹数据,通过8个指标分析驾驶员在隧道行车过程中的驾驶行为及行车安全风险的特征及变化规律,结果表明,驾驶员在隧道入口前后100 m、隧道入口内200~500 m、隧道出口前后200 m的范围内的驾驶行为及安全特征具有较大差异,呈现不同程度的聚集。
(2)通过PCA-K-means聚类算法对驾驶行为和安全指标呈现不同聚集特征的路段进行精准划分,将高速公路隧道划分为接近段、入口段、过渡段、中间段、出口段、驶离段6个部分。并通过显著性检验验证了隧道各路段的指标均值及方差存在显著差异,进一步验证了该方法在隧道路段划分方面的有效性。
(3)隧道入口段、过渡段、出口段驾驶行为以及交通安全性存在较大差异:入口段车辆速度变化较离散、DRAC较大;过渡段车辆速度离散性、车辆减速比例最高、交通冲突频发(TTC均值最小,为12.14 s,DRAC均值最大,为0.14 m/s2);出口段加速比例最高,达到15.65%,TTC均值较小,为12.71 s。
(4)在本次研究基础上,可针对隧道不同路段特性制定相应的交通管控措施,提醒驾驶员控制车速并加强对前方车辆及行车环境的观察,实现隧道路段精准化管控,为隧道内不同路段的车辆风险主动安全预警和防护提供新思路。
  • 交通运输行业重点科技项目(2021-ZD2-047)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309144
  • 接收时间:2023-11-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-21
  • 修回日期:2025-01-22
基金
交通运输行业重点科技项目(2021-ZD2-047)
作者信息
    1 北京工业大学城市建设学部, 北京 100124
    2 交通运输部公路科学研究院, 北京 100088
    3 济南轨道交通集团有限公司, 济南 250101

通讯作者:

* 李臣(1988—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:通信工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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