Article(id=1203753464850522461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308893, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1699804800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-13, revisedDate=1729180800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764926790677, onlineDateStr=2025-12-05, pubDate=1737129600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764926790677, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764926790677, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764926790677, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203753457208504777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='2', pageStart='439', pageEnd='878', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764926788856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764928745558, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=806, endPage=815, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203753465316090258, articleId=1203753464850522461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Road Feeling Design for Steer-by-Wire System, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Road feeling simulation is one of the key technologies for the development of the steer-by-wire system. In order to improve the quality of the road feeling simulation, the road feeling torque of the steer-by-wire system was designed based on the principle of steering resisting torque generation of the traditional steering system and the method of calculating the dynamics model. In order to reduce the torque pulsation of the road feeling motor caused by uncertain system parameters and sensor noise, a vector control strategy for the road feeling motor based on the active disturbance rejection control algorithm was designed, and the control parameters in the active disturbance rejection control algorithm were optimized using the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Based on the steering wheel middle position maneuvering stability test and the steering-effort test, the road feeling simulation effect was verified. The results show that the active disturbance rejection control based on particle swarm optimization algorithm has strong adaptability, and can effectively realize the accurate simulation of road feeling. It can effectively reduce the burden on the driver. The relevant research can provide a reference for the design of the steer-by-wire.

, correspAuthors=Kun YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-jun HE, Kun YANG, Chao MA, Jie WANG, Geng-long SHAO, Zhao-jun CHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1203753470521222108, articleId=1203753464850522461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=线控转向系统的路感设计研究, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

路感模拟是线控转向系统开发的关键技术之一,为了提高路感模拟的质量,基于传统转向系统转向阻力矩的产生原理和动力学模型计算方法,设计了线控转向系统的路感力矩;为了降低不确定性系统参数和传感器噪声引起的路感电机扭矩脉动,设计了基于自抗干扰算法的路感电机矢量控制策略,并使用粒子群算法对自抗干扰算法中的控制参数进行优化;基于转向盘中间位置操纵稳定性试验和转向轻便性试验,对路感模拟效果进行了验证。结果表明,基于粒子群优化的自抗干扰路感模拟控制算法具有较强的适应性,能有效实现对路感的精确模拟,并可有效减轻驾驶员负担,相关研究可为线控转向系统的设计提供参考。

, correspAuthors=杨坤, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 杨坤(1981—),男,汉族,山东淄博人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源汽车关键技术及整车动力学控制。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ET5H6PF8Ntm9K2wjoqnADw==, magXml=lHw4PAkEA6+l7B+Z1mOyXA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=uH8IIFEjbileQTBGiNpUjg==, pdfFileSize=7007435, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=vwFur8HI4y/2pZIffzW/Gg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Lq2ruoiqi7tfuJt05hs4mQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

何肖军(1999—),男,汉族,山东德州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:汽车线控转向控制。E-mail:

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何肖军(1999—),男,汉族,山东德州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:汽车线控转向控制。E-mail:

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何肖军(1999—),男,汉族,山东德州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:汽车线控转向控制。E-mail:

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Vehicle simulation parameters

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参数 数值
总质量/kg 1 270
转动惯量/(kg·m2) 1 536.7
轴距/m 2.91
质心到前轴的距离/m 1.015
质心到后轴的距离/m 1.895
机械拖距/m 0.017 5
主销偏移距/m 0.075 5
主销内倾角/rad 0.236
主销后倾角/rad 0.052 4
转向盘等效转动惯量/(kg·m2) 0.002 96
转向盘等效阻尼/[(N·m·s)·rad-1] 0.6
转向盘等效刚度/[(N·m)·rad-1] 0.1
库伦摩擦力矩/(N·m) 0.4
轮胎侧偏刚度/(N·rad-1) -73 000
), ArticleFig(id=1203787162341843882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464850522461, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

车辆仿真参数

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参数 数值
总质量/kg 1 270
转动惯量/(kg·m2) 1 536.7
轴距/m 2.91
质心到前轴的距离/m 1.015
质心到后轴的距离/m 1.895
机械拖距/m 0.017 5
主销偏移距/m 0.075 5
主销内倾角/rad 0.236
主销后倾角/rad 0.052 4
转向盘等效转动惯量/(kg·m2) 0.002 96
转向盘等效阻尼/[(N·m·s)·rad-1] 0.6
转向盘等效刚度/[(N·m)·rad-1] 0.1
库伦摩擦力矩/(N·m) 0.4
轮胎侧偏刚度/(N·rad-1) -73 000
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线控转向系统的路感设计研究
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何肖军 1 , 杨坤 1, * , 马超 1 , 王杰 1 , 邵庚龙 1 , 成兆君 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(2): 806-815
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(2): 806-815
线控转向系统的路感设计研究
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何肖军1 , 杨坤1, * , 马超1, 王杰1, 邵庚龙1, 成兆君2
作者信息
  • 1 山东理工大学交通与车辆工程学院, 淄博 255000
  • 2 山东省计量科学研究院, 济南 250100
  • 何肖军(1999—),男,汉族,山东德州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:汽车线控转向控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 杨坤(1981—),男,汉族,山东淄博人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源汽车关键技术及整车动力学控制。E-mail:
Road Feeling Design for Steer-by-Wire System
Xiao-jun HE1 , Kun YANG1, * , Chao MA1, Jie WANG1, Geng-long SHAO1, Zhao-jun CHENG2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Transportation and Vehicle Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
  • 2 Shandong Institute of Metrology, Jinan 250100, China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308893
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路感模拟是线控转向系统开发的关键技术之一,为了提高路感模拟的质量,基于传统转向系统转向阻力矩的产生原理和动力学模型计算方法,设计了线控转向系统的路感力矩;为了降低不确定性系统参数和传感器噪声引起的路感电机扭矩脉动,设计了基于自抗干扰算法的路感电机矢量控制策略,并使用粒子群算法对自抗干扰算法中的控制参数进行优化;基于转向盘中间位置操纵稳定性试验和转向轻便性试验,对路感模拟效果进行了验证。结果表明,基于粒子群优化的自抗干扰路感模拟控制算法具有较强的适应性,能有效实现对路感的精确模拟,并可有效减轻驾驶员负担,相关研究可为线控转向系统的设计提供参考。

线控转向系统  /  路感模拟  /  自抗干扰控制  /  粒子群算法

Road feeling simulation is one of the key technologies for the development of the steer-by-wire system. In order to improve the quality of the road feeling simulation, the road feeling torque of the steer-by-wire system was designed based on the principle of steering resisting torque generation of the traditional steering system and the method of calculating the dynamics model. In order to reduce the torque pulsation of the road feeling motor caused by uncertain system parameters and sensor noise, a vector control strategy for the road feeling motor based on the active disturbance rejection control algorithm was designed, and the control parameters in the active disturbance rejection control algorithm were optimized using the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Based on the steering wheel middle position maneuvering stability test and the steering-effort test, the road feeling simulation effect was verified. The results show that the active disturbance rejection control based on particle swarm optimization algorithm has strong adaptability, and can effectively realize the accurate simulation of road feeling. It can effectively reduce the burden on the driver. The relevant research can provide a reference for the design of the steer-by-wire.

steer-by-wire  /  road feeling simulation  /  active disturbance rejection control  /  particle swarm optimization
何肖军, 杨坤, 马超, 王杰, 邵庚龙, 成兆君. 线控转向系统的路感设计研究. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 806 -815 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308893
Xiao-jun HE, Kun YANG, Chao MA, Jie WANG, Geng-long SHAO, Zhao-jun CHENG. Road Feeling Design for Steer-by-Wire System[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 806 -815 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308893
线控转向系统(steer-by-wire,SBW)取消了方向盘与转向车轮之间的机械连接,可使车辆内部的空间布置更为灵活,但机械结构的取消会带来路感的缺失,使得驾驶员无法捕捉路面信息,极大地影响驾驶舒适性和安全性[1-2]。为此,中外学者针对SBW的路感力矩设计和路感电机控制开展了大量研究。目前,路感力矩设计研究主要有动力学模型计算、参数拟合和传感器测量三种方法。对于第一种方法:郑宏宇[3]等将转向系统划分为转向车轮总成模块、齿轮齿条转向器模块、电动助力转向系统(electronic power steering,EPS)助力模块、转向柱和方向盘等模块,通过对各模块建立精确的数学模型获得了路感力矩;张君等[4]和石晶等[5]在将转向系统作为整体的前提下,重点考虑车轮回正力矩、转向系统助力力矩以及由转向系统摩擦、惯性、阻尼、刚度产生的阻力矩等因素,搭建了较为精确的转向系统动力学模型,并得到了较为准确的路感力矩;通过该方法获得的路感与实车相近,且设计路感的灵活度比较高,但需要匹配的参数较多。对于第二种方法:从光好等[6]通过对方向盘转角、转角速度及车速等车辆状态参数进行函数拟合,建立了低速和中高速行驶工况下的转向盘力矩模型,并通过硬件在环仿真试验对拟合函数中的参数进行了标定,获取了良好的路感。Lee等[7]通过对方向盘力矩、转角和转速的拟合得到了三维转向扭矩图,根据三维扭矩图得到了目标扭矩,并基于自适应滑模控制来实现了对目标扭矩的跟踪,通过硬件在环实验验证了相应路感控制策略的可行性。这种方法具有计算简单,实时性高的优点,但存在需要对大量的数据进行分析,才能建立合适路感的缺点。传感器测量法需要使用力传感器,存在使转向系统成本增加的缺点。对于路感电机的控制,谢立刚[8]等使用粒子群算法对比例-积分-微分(proportion integration differentiation,PID)控制器的参数进行优化,仿真结果表明该控制方法可以较好地实现对目标力矩的跟随;Zhou等[9]采用扭矩和电流双闭环PID对路感电机进行控制,试验结果表明该控制策略有效消除了路感电机反电势对控制的负面影响并减小了转矩脉动。但上述研究没有考虑外在扰动对路感电机控制系统的影响。远绍羊等[10]提出了一种基于矢量控制的新型模糊自抗干扰转矩控制方法,可实现自抗干扰参数的在线整定,有效减小了转矩误差,但模糊规则的设置较为依赖专家经验。
现基于传统机械转向系统路感力矩的影响因素及线控转向系统中方向盘与转向车轮之间无机械连接的特点,针对线控转向车辆对路感模拟系统的需求和路感电机容易受到扰动而产生过大扭矩波动的问题,对基于动力学模型计算方法和粒子群优化自抗干扰控制策略的路感模拟系统开展研究,为线控转向车辆的路感模拟提供解决方案。
路感模拟系统主要由方向盘模块、路感电机模块和路感模拟系统控制器组成,如图1所示。系统工作时,路感模拟系统控制器中的路感力矩设计模块接收转向管柱的转矩信号和方向盘转角信号以及Carsim整车模型的车轮侧向力、垂向力和侧偏角信号,根据相应算法计算路感电机的目标转矩;路感模拟系统控制器中的路感电机控制模块接收路感力矩设计模块的目标转矩信号,路感电机的a相电流信号、b相电流信号、c相电流信号和位置信号,根据基于粒子群优化的自抗干扰控制算法和矢量控制算法计算逆变器的开关信号,逆变器输出三相电流,实现对路感电机转矩的闭环控制,最终实现路感模拟功能。
假设转向柱为刚体,考虑方向盘惯性、黏性阻尼和库仑摩擦,方向盘模型可表示为
T s w = J s w θ ¨ s w + B s w θ · s w + K c ( θ s w - θ m / g m ) + T f r i c
式(1)中:Tsw为驾驶员的输入力矩,N·m;Jsw为转向盘的转动惯量,kg·m2;Bsw为转向盘的阻尼系数,(N·m·s)/rad;θsw为转向盘的转角,rad;Kc为转矩传感器的扭转刚度,(N·m)/rad;θm为路感电机的转角,rad;gm为减速器减速比;Tfric为转向盘模型的等效摩擦力矩,N·m。
路感电机的动力学方程可表示为
T m = J m θ ¨ m + B m θ · m + K c ( θ m / g m - θ s w )
式(2)中:Tm为路感电机的电磁转矩,N·m;Jm为路感电机的转动惯量,kg·m2;Bm为路感电机的阻尼系数,(N·m·s)/rad。
表贴式永磁同步电机具有结构简单、生产成本低、工作性能好等优点,且应用广泛,因此本文研究使用该类型电机作为路感电机。路感电机在d-q同步旋转坐标系下的电压和转矩方程[11]
u d = R s i d + L d d i d d t - ω L q i q u q = R s i q + L q d i q d t + ω L d i d + ω ψ f T m = 3 2 p n i q [ ψ f + ( L d - L q ) i d ]
式(3)中:uduq分别为d-q坐标系下直轴和交轴的电压,V;idiq分别为d-q坐标系下直轴和交轴电流,A;LdLq分别为d-q坐标系下直轴和交轴电感,H;Rs为定子在d-q坐标系下的等效电阻,Ω;ω为电机转速,r/min;ψf为转子永磁体磁链,Wb;pn为极对数。
对于表贴式永磁同步电机,有Ld=Lq,则电机转矩方程可进一步化简为
T m = 3 2 p n i q ψ f
在传统转向系统中,路感力矩主要由三个部分构成,分别是由轮胎产生的回正力矩,由转向系统的刚度、阻尼、惯性和摩擦产生的阻力矩和由电动助力转向系统(electric power steering,EPS)产生的助力矩。在线控转向系统中,为了设计出与传统转向系统相近的路感,保留这3个主要力矩,并基于动力学模型计算方法实现对3个力矩的求解。同时,为了使驾驶员能够准确感知方向盘转动的极限角度,设计了限位控制力矩。因此,回正力矩、EPS助力矩、转向系统阻力矩和限位控制力矩构成了线控转向系统的总转向阻力矩,前三个力矩之和为路感力矩,主要用来反馈路面情况,限位控制力矩的作用是使方向盘转动角度维持在正常范围之内。
对于传统机械转向系统,车速是影响回正力矩的一个重要因素。在极低速(车速小于10 km/h)或原地转向时,转向车轮与地面之间的摩擦主要为滑动摩擦[12],此时,回正力矩主要与轮胎垂向力相关,计算式为
M f = μ 3 F z 3 P
式(5)中:Mf为车轮原地转向时的回正力矩,N·m;μ为路面与轮胎之间的摩擦系数;Fz为车轮垂直载荷,kN;P为轮胎气压,kPa。
车速较高时,转向车轮与地面之间的摩擦主要为滚动摩擦,回正力矩的主要组成部分变为轮胎的垂向作用力绕主销产生的阻力矩和轮胎的侧向作用力绕主销产生的阻力矩。轮胎的垂向作用力产生的回正力矩是由主销的内倾和后倾造成的,计算式为
MV=(Fzl+Fzr)dsinλsinδf+(Fzl-Fzr)dsinφsinδf
式(6)中:MV为前轮垂直载荷产生的回正力矩,N·m;FzlFzr分别为左前轮和右前轮的垂直载荷,N·m;d为主销偏距,m;λ为主销内倾角,rad;φ为主销后倾角,rad;δf为转向轮转角,rad。
前轮侧向力产生的回正力矩是由机械拖距rtanφ与轮胎拖距tp造成的。其中,轮胎拖距是指轮胎侧向力作用点与轮胎接地印迹几何中心之间的偏移距离,通常轮胎拖距在轮胎接地印迹几何中心的后方;机械拖距是指主销轴线与地面的交点与轮胎接地印迹几何中心之间的偏移距离,对于主销后倾的车辆,通常机械拖距在轮胎接地印迹几何中心的前方。前轮侧向力产生的回正力矩为
M L = ( F y l + F y r ) ( t p + r t a n φ ) c o s λ 2 + φ 2
式(7)中:ML为车轮侧向力产生的回正力矩,N·m;FylFyr分别为左、右前轮的侧向力,N;tp为轮胎拖距,m;r为车轮滚动半径,m。
轮胎拖距与轮胎侧偏角的关系式为
t p = t p 0 - t p 0 C α 3 μ F z t a n α , α α s l 0 ,
式(8)中:tp0为轮胎拖距的初始值,通常取轮胎接地印迹长轴线长度的1/6[13];α为轮胎侧偏角,rad;αsl为轮胎到达侧向附着力极限时的侧偏角,rad;Cα为轮胎侧偏刚度,N/rad。
轮胎到达侧向附着力极限时的侧偏角为
α s l = t a n - 1 3 μ F z C α
因此,车轮回正力矩的计算式为
M t i r e = M V + M L
式(10)中:Mtire为车轮的回正力矩,N·m;MV为前轮垂直载荷产生的回正力矩,N·m;ML为车轮侧向力产生的回正力矩,N·m。
在EPS系统的助力作用下,驾驶员感觉到的回正力矩被建模为关于前轮侧偏角的加权函数[14]。实际的回正力矩Mass
M a s s = M t i r e W f
式(11)中:Wf为前轮侧偏角的加权函数[14]
W f = e x p - α 2 2 σ 2 p s ( 1 - γ ) + γ
式(12)中:σps为加权函数的标准差;γ为加权函数下限值。
由转向系统的刚度、阻尼、惯性和摩擦产生的阻力矩Msys
M s y s = K s y s δ s w + B s y s δ · s w + J s y s δ ¨ s w + T s y s t a n h ( α f δ · s w )
式(13)中:Ksys为转向系统的等效刚度,(N·m)/rad;δsw为方向盘转角,rad;Bsys为转向系统的等效阻尼,(N·m·s)/rad;Jsys为转向系统的等效转动惯量,kg·m2;Tsys为转向系统的等效库伦摩擦力矩,N·m;αf为曲线上升系数。
限位力矩是保持方向盘在正常范围内转动的关键力矩,其实现限位功能的原理为:当方向盘转动角度在允许范围内时,限位控制力矩为零,此时驾驶员感知到的力矩全部为路感力矩;当方向盘转动角度超过允许值时,限位控制力矩快速增加,此时限位控制力矩远大于路感力矩,驾驶员明显感知到方向盘难以继续转动。限位力矩Mlim
M l i m = s i g n ( δ s w ) K l i m δ s w - δ l i m , δ s w > δ l i m 0 , δ s w δ l i m
式(14)中:sign为符号函数;Klim为转向系统的限位刚度,(N·m)/rad;δlim为方向盘最大转角的绝对值,rad。
s i g n (x) = 1 , x > 0 0 , x = 0 - 1 , x < 0
因此,基于传统转向系统转向阻力矩的产生原理和动力学模型计算方法获得的总转向阻力矩为
M f e e d = K t i r e M a s s + M s y s + M l i m
式(16)中:Mfeed为总方向盘阻力矩,N·m;Ktire为转向系统传动比的倒数。
在实际行驶过程中,车辆发生转向时,路感模拟系统会不可避免地受到未知扰动的影响,如转向盘的输入存在小幅度的摆动,传感器采集的转角等信号会存在不确定的噪声,以及电机存在不确定的谐波扭矩脉动。这些未知扰动会导致路感力矩脉动较大,进而影响驾驶员对路面的感知情况,严重影响驾驶体验。为了保证路感力矩能够为驾驶员提供清晰稳定的路感,要求路感电机控制器在上述扰动下具有良好的鲁棒稳定性。自抗干扰控制(active disturbance rejection control,ADRC)是从工程应用的角度出发,结合了经典控制理论和现代控制理论状态观测的优点,可以实现对输入信号进行快速跟踪并滤去信号中的噪声、对系统未知部分的估计以及“小误差大增益,大误差小增益”的控制目标[15]。因此,设计基于ADRC的路感电机矢量控制策略,并通过粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)对ADRC算法中的控制参数进行优化,以提高路感模拟系统的鲁棒性。
由式(4)可知,对路感电机转矩的控制是通过q轴电流来实现的,所以使用ADRC算法对电机q轴电流环进行控制。由式(3)可知,电机q轴电压和电机q轴电流的关系为
d i q d t = - R s L q + ω i q - ω ψ f L q + 1 L q u q
x1=iq,f(x1)=-(Rs/Lq+ω)iq,w=-ω×ψf/Lq,b=1/Lq,u=uq。由式(17)得到状态方程为
x 2 = x ˙ 1 = f ( x 1 ) + w + b u y = x 1
式(18)中:x1x2为状态变量;w为被控系统的外部总扰动;u为系统控制量;b为补偿因子;f(x1)为由状态变量x1构成的非线性函数;y为系统的输出。
由式(18)可知,这是一个一阶非线性系统。基于ADRC的路感电机控制策略结构如图2所示,驾驶员转向时,路感电机控制器接收来自路感力矩设计模块的力矩信号Tsw,根据q轴电流计算模块得到实际q轴电流iq0,并根据跟踪微分器(tracking differentiator,TD)模块得到目标q轴电流值iqc,PMSM的实际q轴电流iq经过扩张观测器(extended state observer,ESO)得到估计值z1和观测值z2,目标q轴电流值iqc和估计值z1的差值和差值积分被输入非线性误差反馈控制律(nonlinear state error feedback control law,NLSEF),NLSEF输出的q轴电压信号u0c与观测值z2/b作差,得到最终q轴电压uqc。由d轴电流环得到的最终d轴电压udc和最终q轴电压uqc经矢量控制算法(目标d轴电流idref=0)中的Park逆变换,转换为α轴相电压uαβ轴相电压uβ,经电压空间矢量PWM(space vector PWM,SVPWM)控制和逆变器将三相电压输入给PMSM,其输出为a相电流iab相电流ibc相电流ic,经过Clark变换后生成α轴相电流iαβ轴相电流iβ,从而形成闭环控制。基于ADRC的路感电机控制策略具体设计过程如下。
1)跟踪微分器
为了滤去输入信号中的噪声并防止高频震荡的产生,采用最速控制综合函数fhan(x1,x2,r,h0)来设计所需的跟踪微分器,最速控制综合函数的表达式[16]
u = f h a n ( x 1 , x 2 , r 0 , h 0 )
d = r 0 h 0 d 0 = h 0 d y 0 = x 1 + h 0 x 2 a 0 = d 2 + 8 r 0 | y 0 | a = x 2 + a 0 - d 2 s i g n ( y 0 ) , | y 0 | > d 0 x 2 + y 0 h 0 , | y 0 | d 0 f h a n ( x 1 , x 2 , r 0 , h 0 ) = - r 0 s i g n ( a ) , | a | > d r 0 a d , | a | d
式中:h0为滤波因子;r0为速度因子;dd0y0a0a均为中间计算变量。
最终设计的跟踪微分器为
ε 0 (k) = i q c (k) - i q 0 (k) i q c ( k + 1 ) = i q c (k) + T x 2 (k) x 2 ( k + 1 ) = x 2 (k) + T f h a n ( ε 0 , x 2 , r 0 , h 0 )
式(21)中:iq0q轴电流输入信号;iqc为输入信号iq0的跟踪信号;ε0为跟踪信号iqc与输入信号iq0的误差;T为系统的步长。
2)扩张状态观测器
扩张状态观测器主要依据永磁同步电机控制系统的反馈信号,实时估计系统的误差变化以及扰动,同时将估计出的扰动作为补偿加入反馈中[17]。最终设计的扩张状态观测器为
ε 1 = z 1 (k) - i q z 1 ( k + 1 ) = z 1 (k) + T [ z 2 (k) -         β 01 a t a n f a l ( ε 1 , α 11 , δ 11 ) + b u ] z 2 ( k + 1 ) = z 2 (k) - T β 02 a t a n f a l ( ε 1 , α 12 , δ 12 )
式(22)中:ε1为跟踪误差;z1iq的估计值;z2为对系统总扰动的观测值;β01β02为控制器参数;α11α12为非线性因子;δ11δ12为滤波因子;fal为最优综合控制函数。
3)非线性误差反馈控制律NLSEF
非线性误差反馈控制律是ADRC的重要组成部分,该环节可快速地调节偏差,使系统在响应快速性与超调之间取得了平衡。设计的NLSEF观测器为
e 0 = e 1 d t e 1 = i q - z 1 u 0 (t) = β 20 a t a n f a l ( e 0 , α 20 , δ 20 ) +         β 21 a t a n f a l ( e 1 , α 21 , δ 21 ) u (t) = u 0 (t) - z 2 / b
式(23)中:e1为电流期望值与估计值的误差;e0e1的积分值;β20β21为各误差的反馈增益;δ20δ21为滤波因子;α20α21为非线性因子;b为补偿因子。
尽管ADRC控制具有优良的控制性能,但其存在参数过多且整定困难的缺陷[18]。粒子群算法(PSO)从随机解出发,通过迭代寻找最优解,并通过适应度来评价解的品质,具有高效的搜索能力,可以快速得到最优解。因此,选择PSO对ADRC控制器中的关键参数进行优化,关键参数分别是β01β02β20β21α11α12α20α21。粒子群算法优化ADRC关键参数流程如图3所示。
设置粒子群规模为30,维度为8,最大迭代次数为100,最小适应值为0.01,粒子移动的最大速度取粒子每维变量变化范围的15%。待优化参数β01β02的取值范围均为[1 000,80 000],β20的取值范围为[-1,1],β21α11α12α20α21的取值范围均为[0,1]。在每次迭代寻优中,粒子的飞行速度和位置可根据个体极值和群体最优解进行动态调整,其速度与位置的更新方程[19]
v i , j ( t + 1 ) = w b v i , j (t) + c 1 r 1 [ p i , j (t) - x i , j (t) ] +             c 2 r 2 [ p g , j (t) - x i , j (t) ] x i , j ( t + 1 ) = x i , j (t) + x i , j ( t + 1 )
式(24)中:i为粒子群的规模,i= 1,2,…;J为搜索空间的维数,j=1,2,…; x i , j(t+1)为第t+1次迭代后粒子i位置矢量的第j维分量; v i , j(t+1)为第t+1次迭代后粒子i飞行速度矢量的第j维分量, p i , j为粒子i在第j维的个体极值点位置; p g , j为种群g在第j维的全局极值点位置;wb为权重惯量;c1为认知系数;c2为社会系数;r1r2为0~1均匀分布的随机数。
为使控制系统输出值更好地跟随参考值,使用误差性能指标作为目标函数。常用的误差性能指标包括平方误差积分准则(integrated square error,ISE)、绝对误差积分准则(integral absolute error,IAE)和时间乘绝对误差积分准则(integral time-weighted absolute error,ITAE)等,其中,ITAE可以使控制系统瞬态响应震荡较小,所以本文选用ITAE指标作为输出性能指标。ITAE的定义为
J = 0 t e (t) d t
式(25)中:J为输出性能指标;t为时间;e(t)为系统实际输出值和期望值的误差。
基于MATLAB/Simulink与Carsim搭建联合仿真平台,原理如图4所示。其中,整车模型由Carsim搭建,路感电机模型、方向盘模型、路感力矩设计模块和路感电机控制模型基于MATLAB/Simulink搭建,二者通过MATLAB编译为sim文件,通过sim接口嵌入Carsim中,实现联合仿真平台搭建。该联合仿真平台不仅可以验证算法的有效性和提高试验的安全性,还可以大大缩减了系统的开发时间和开发成本。
其中Carsim整车模型部分仿真参数如表1所示。
为了验证路感力矩设计模块的有效性,需要使用有效的方法来描述转向感觉,其中转向轻便性试验与转向盘中心区操纵稳定性试验可以较好地评价低速和高速行驶时的转向感觉。因此,设计了转向轻便性试验和转向盘中心区操纵稳定性试验来验证路感力矩设计模块的有效性。
转向盘中心区操纵稳定性试验是用来评价汽车高速行驶操纵稳定性和转向感觉的一个重要方法,根据国标GB/T 6323—2014的要求,其试验条件为:车速维持在100 km/h左右,方向盘转角呈近似周期为5 s的正弦输入,车辆侧向加速度峰值保持0.2g(g为重力加速度)左右[20]。根据上层控制策略得到的结果如图5图6所示。其中,图5为侧向加速度与转向盘转矩的关系曲线,通过该曲线来获得回正性、中心感和线性感等转向感觉的评价指标。
(1)回正性:方向盘转矩为零时的车辆侧向加速度的数值表征了汽车的回正性,其值越小表明汽车的回正性越好,取值区间为(0.012~0.132)g。本文设计的指标满足要求,并且回正性指标较小,可以满足驾驶员对回正性的要求。
(2)中心感:车辆侧向加速度在(-0.05~0.05)g的转向转矩梯度表征了汽车的中心感,其值表示驾驶员对路面信息的感受程度。过小的中心感会使驾驶员丧失对上述信息的判断,但过强的中心感又会导致转向沉重,增加驾驶员体力负担,一般取值为5.2~24.3 (N·m)/g。本文设计的指标满足要求,并且中心感居中,可以更好地满足驾驶员对中心感的要求。
(3)线性感:在(0.1~0.15)g侧向加速度下方向盘转矩梯度与(-0.05~0.05)g侧向加速度下方向盘转矩梯度的比值表征了汽车的线性感。它代表着车辆EPS的动力辅助效果,其值越高表明动力辅助效果越差,驾驶员对道路信息的感觉更加清晰,但会加大驾驶员的驾驶负担;较低的线性感可以减轻驾驶员的负担,更好的模仿现代车辆EPS的助力感觉。它的取值一般为6%~121%,本文设计的指标满足要求,并且线性感较小,可以高度模仿EPS的助力感觉,减轻驾驶负担。
图6为方向盘转角与方向盘转矩的关系曲线,通过该曲线可以确定有效转矩刚度。
有效转矩刚度:在最大转向输入的-20%~20%的方向盘力矩梯度表征了汽车的有效转矩刚度。有效转矩刚度越大,驾驶员越容易感觉到方向盘的中心位置,但过大的值会使转向感觉更加沉重。本文设计的有效转矩刚度为0.2(N·m)/(°),可以确保驾驶员有舒适的中心感觉。
转向轻便性试验是用来评价汽车低速转向轻便性的一个重要方法。根据国标GB/T 6323—2014的要求,其试验方法是汽车以(10±2) km/h的速度沿双纽线道路行驶。试验结果如图7所示。由图7可知,线控转向系统的方向盘最大转矩小于传统转向系统,满足低速行驶对转向轻便性的要求,在一定程度上能减轻驾驶员的负担。
为了验证电机控制策略的准确性和有效性,以转向盘中心区操纵稳定性试验获得的路感转矩作为目标转矩,对路感电机控制下的方向盘实际转矩与目标转矩的跟随情况进行分析。在PSO优化ADRC控制器参数时,控制器的参数变化如图8所示。最终确定的ADRC控制器参数为β01=11 613.9,β02=57 620.7, β 2 0=0.983 9, β 2 1=0.499 7,α11=0.251 5,α12=0.373 2,α20=0.315 1,α21=0.912 3,ITAE值为0.126 1。
为了验证PSO优化ADRC(PSO-ADRC)控制的有效性,将PI控制作为参照对象,对不同控制下方向盘实际转矩与目标转矩的跟随情况进行对比分析。PSO-ADRC控制和PI控制下的转矩跟随情况如图9所示,转矩误差如图10所示。
图9可知,PSO-ADRC控制下的方向盘转矩比PI控制更稳定,对目标转矩的跟踪效果更好。由图10可知,PI控制下的最大误差信号幅值约为0.12 N·m,PSO-ADRC控制下的最大误差信号幅值约为0.055 N·m,PSO-ADRC比PI控制小54.2%,有效地提升了驾驶体验。
为了验证所设计的路感转矩控制策略的鲁棒性,考虑驾驶员在操纵方向盘时存在的小幅度摆动和传感器采集信号存在的噪声,将这些因素作为干扰,并使用频率为1 000 Hz,幅值为0.1 N·m的随机转矩波动作为扰动输入,在扰动下,PI控制和PSO-ADRC控制的转矩跟随情况如图11所示,转矩误差如图12所示。
图11可知,在扰动的影响下,PI控制下的方向盘转矩波动明显变大,影响了车辆转向的稳定性,而PSO-ADRC控制下的方向盘转矩比PI控制下的方向盘转矩更稳定。由图12可知,PI控制和PSO-ADRC控制下的最大误差信号幅值分别约为0.20、0.11 N·m,与PI控制相比,PSO-ADRC控制下方向盘转矩跟踪误差信号的幅值降低了45%,提高了路感的质量。
综上所述,与PI控制相比,基于PSO-ADRC控制理论的路感控制策略能够显著降低因扰动引起的路感转矩脉动,提高路感的质量。
依据传统转向系统中路感力矩的组成和驾驶员对路感模拟系统的需求及其存在的问题,对线控转向系统中路感模拟部分如何设计路感和降低扰动对路感电机的影响进行了研究,得出如下结论。
(1)根据线控转向系统中转向阻力矩无法通过机械连接装置反馈到方向盘的问题,在分析传统转向系统中路感力矩来源的基础上,设计了基于动力学模型计算方法的路感力矩计算方案,该方案得到目标力矩满足需求,可有效减轻驾驶员的驾驶负担,还可以使高速下的路感更清晰,提高驾驶体验。
(2)针对路感电机转矩因受到不确定性系统参数和传感器噪声等扰动引起较大转矩脉动的问题,提出了基于ADRC的控制策略并使用粒子群算法对控制策略中的多个参数进行了整定。与PI控制相比,所提出控制策略下路感转矩跟踪误差信号的最大值降低了45%,有效提高了路感电机的自适应能力和对扰动的抵抗能力,取得了良好的控制效果,有效提高了路感的质量。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51605265)
  • 山东省重点研发项目(2018GGX105010)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308893
  • 接收时间:2023-11-13
  • 首发时间:2025-12-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-13
  • 修回日期:2024-10-18
基金
国家自然科学基金(51605265)
山东省重点研发项目(2018GGX105010)
作者信息
    1 山东理工大学交通与车辆工程学院, 淄博 255000
    2 山东省计量科学研究院, 济南 250100

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* 杨坤(1981—),男,汉族,山东淄博人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源汽车关键技术及整车动力学控制。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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