Article(id=1156908297996554991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308811, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1699545600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-10, revisedDate=1727280000000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753758032558, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1736265600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753758032558, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753758032558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753758032558, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156908295593223005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='438', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753758031985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765425680602, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=374, endPage=382, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908298596340465, articleId=1156908297996554991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Molecular Composition and Mechanism of Ultraviolet Aged Asphalt, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the molecular weight and molecular structure changes of asphalt under ultraviolet aging and the mechanism of their effects on macro properties, gel permeation chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance tests were carried out on four commonly used asphalt, respectively. The molecular weight composition changes, such as molecular weight and molecular relative mass distribution, and the molecular structure composition changes, such as hydrogen spectrum, carbon spectrum, hydrogen atom content and molecular structure parameters were studied. On the basis of macroscopic rheological tests, the molecular composition of asphalt rheological properties was characterized by correlation analysis, and the molecular mechanism of ultraviolet aging macroscopic properties was analyzed. The results show that ultraviolet aging causes the agglomeration of molecules in asphalt, small molecules decreases and aggregates into large molecules, and the molecular weight distribution boundary narrows gradually. From the changes of hydrogen atoms and molecular structure parameters, it can be seen that the alkyl substituents on the aromatic ring in the asphalt increase after ultraviolet aging, resulting in the increase of the volume and stability of the aromatic ring, and the increase of molecular backbone stiffness. On the macro level, the elastic properties of asphalt increase. The phase angle, rutting factor, irrecoverable compliance and recovery rate of asphalt before and after ultraviolet aging were obtained by macroscopic rheological tests. The correlation analysis shows that the rheological properties are most affected by condensation degree parameters, substitution rate of peripheral hydrogen, average molecular weight and branched degree of alkyl chain.

, correspAuthors=Ling-yun KONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Han XI, Ling-yun KONG, Zhen HE, Yao-guo FU, Zheng LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908430029050192, articleId=1156908297996554991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=紫外老化沥青分子组成试验及其宏观作用机理, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为研究紫外老化作用下沥青分子质量和分子结构组成变化及其对宏观性能作用机理,对4种常用沥青分别进行了凝胶渗透色谱和核磁共振试验,研究了分子质量、分子相对质量分布等分子质量组成变化和氢谱图、碳谱图、氢原子含量、分子结构参数等分子结构组成变化,并在宏观流变试验基础上,采用关联分析法对沥青流变性能进行了分子组成表征,分析了紫外老化宏观性能的分子作用机理。结果表明:紫外老化使沥青内部分子发生团聚现象,小分子不断减少并聚集成大分子,分子质量分布边界逐渐变窄。由氢原子和分子结构参数变化可知紫外老化后沥青中芳香环上烷基取代基增加,导致芳香环体积增大、稳定性增加,分子主链刚度增大,宏观层面则表现为沥青的弹性性能增加。通过宏观流变试验得出沥青紫外老化前后的相位角、车辙因子、不可恢复柔量和恢复率等流变性能指标,在采用关联法分析后发现缩合度参数、周边氢的取代率、平均分子质量和烷基链支化度对流变性能影响最大。, correspAuthors=孔令云, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 孔令云(1976—),女,汉族,江苏如皋人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:道路沥青材料。E-mail:
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席晗(1992—),男,汉族,河南开封人,博士研究生。研究方向:道路沥青材料。E-mail:

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席晗(1992—),男,汉族,河南开封人,博士研究生。研究方向:道路沥青材料。E-mail:

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articleId=1156908297996554991, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同紫外老化时间下沥青不可恢复柔量和恢复率变化, figureFileSmall=2YWNFhIF8vfJjKcsSzfhkw==, figureFileBig=Q9iGVzabSceaK4w9G5O5kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909039498719525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297996554991, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical properties of matrix asphalt

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沥青
样品
针入度(25 ℃,
0.1 mm)
软化
点/℃
延度
(15 ℃)/cm
运动黏度
(135 ℃)/(Pa·s)
KL 75 47.5 83.2 75
TRK 70 48.1 75.3 70
ZH 65 49.4 62.4 65
DH 67 48.7 70.1 67
技术要求 60~80 ≥46 ≥100 ≥180
测试方法 T0604 T0606 T0605 T0619
), ArticleFig(id=1205909039561634086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297996554991, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基质沥青物理性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沥青
样品
针入度(25 ℃,
0.1 mm)
软化
点/℃
延度
(15 ℃)/cm
运动黏度
(135 ℃)/(Pa·s)
KL 75 47.5 83.2 75
TRK 70 48.1 75.3 70
ZH 65 49.4 62.4 65
DH 67 48.7 70.1 67
技术要求 60~80 ≥46 ≥100 ≥180
测试方法 T0604 T0606 T0605 T0619
), ArticleFig(id=1205909039616160039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297996554991, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms belong[12-13]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原子归属 区域 化学位移δ/10-6 原子归属
氢原子 HA 6.0~9.0 与芳香碳直接相连的氢
Hα 2.0~4.0 与芳香环的α碳相连的氢
Hβ 1.0~2.0 芳香环的β碳上的氢以及β以远的CH2、CH基上的氢
Hγ 0.5~1.0 芳香环的γ位及γ以远的CH3基上的氢
碳原子 芳香碳 150~170 与—OH或—OR相连的芳香碳
130~150 与—R相连的芳香碳或芳香环系内碳
100~130 与—H相连的芳香碳
脂肪碳 14.1 CH3—(CH2)n—,n≥3
19.7 —CH2—CH (CH3)—CH2
22.7 CH3—CH2—(CH2)n—,n≥2
29.7 CH3—CH2—CH2—(CH2)n—CH2—CH2—,n≥2
32.0 CH3—CH2—CH2—(CH2)n—,n≥2
), ArticleFig(id=1205909039683268904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297996554991, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

氢原子和碳原子归属[12-13]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原子归属 区域 化学位移δ/10-6 原子归属
氢原子 HA 6.0~9.0 与芳香碳直接相连的氢
Hα 2.0~4.0 与芳香环的α碳相连的氢
Hβ 1.0~2.0 芳香环的β碳上的氢以及β以远的CH2、CH基上的氢
Hγ 0.5~1.0 芳香环的γ位及γ以远的CH3基上的氢
碳原子 芳香碳 150~170 与—OH或—OR相连的芳香碳
130~150 与—R相连的芳香碳或芳香环系内碳
100~130 与—H相连的芳香碳
脂肪碳 14.1 CH3—(CH2)n—,n≥3
19.7 —CH2—CH (CH3)—CH2
22.7 CH3—CH2—(CH2)n—,n≥2
29.7 CH3—CH2—CH2—(CH2)n—CH2—CH2—,n≥2
32.0 CH3—CH2—CH2—(CH2)n—,n≥2
), ArticleFig(id=1205909039758766377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297996554991, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Chemical peak area of asphalt hydrogen spectrogram

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沥青样品 老化类型 峰面积/10-6
0.5×10-6~1×10-6 1×10-6~2×10-6 6×10-6~9×10-6 7×10-6~8×10-6
TPK 原样 0.203 9 0.279 6 0.496 0 0.579 8
老化后 0.231 0 0.288 0 0.416 4 0.573 2
ZH 原样 0.163 4 0.312 5 0.544 5 0.647 0
老化后 0.202 0 0.315 5 0.405 1 0.657 9
DH 原样 0.196 3 0.323 3 0.475 6 0.571 8
老化后 0.195 5 0.317 6 0.427 5 0.623 2
KL 原样 0.081 1 0.334 4 0.622 2 0.685 5
老化后 0.131 7 0.358 2 0.560 0 0.518 0
), ArticleFig(id=1205909039838458154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297996554991, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

沥青氢谱图化学峰面积

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沥青样品 老化类型 峰面积/10-6
0.5×10-6~1×10-6 1×10-6~2×10-6 6×10-6~9×10-6 7×10-6~8×10-6
TPK 原样 0.203 9 0.279 6 0.496 0 0.579 8
老化后 0.231 0 0.288 0 0.416 4 0.573 2
ZH 原样 0.163 4 0.312 5 0.544 5 0.647 0
老化后 0.202 0 0.315 5 0.405 1 0.657 9
DH 原样 0.196 3 0.323 3 0.475 6 0.571 8
老化后 0.195 5 0.317 6 0.427 5 0.623 2
KL 原样 0.081 1 0.334 4 0.622 2 0.685 5
老化后 0.131 7 0.358 2 0.560 0 0.518 0
), ArticleFig(id=1205909039922344235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297996554991, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Carbon atom distribution parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沥青样品 老化类型 CA CN+F fA
TPK 原样 12.225 1 45.398 6 0.212 2
老化后 16.409 8 44.143 8 0.271 0
DH 原样 8.050 4 51.800 2 0.134 5
老化后 12.055 5 47.228 4 0.203 4
ZH 原样 9.621 4 43.622 7 0.180 7
老化后 12.402 5 40.215 6 0.235 7
KL 原样 12.825 0 46.822 1 0.215 0
老化后 14.444 5 47.300 7 0.233 9
), ArticleFig(id=1205909040010424620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297996554991, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

碳原子分布参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沥青样品 老化类型 CA CN+F fA
TPK 原样 12.225 1 45.398 6 0.212 2
老化后 16.409 8 44.143 8 0.271 0
DH 原样 8.050 4 51.800 2 0.134 5
老化后 12.055 5 47.228 4 0.203 4
ZH 原样 9.621 4 43.622 7 0.180 7
老化后 12.402 5 40.215 6 0.235 7
KL 原样 12.825 0 46.822 1 0.215 0
老化后 14.444 5 47.300 7 0.233 9
), ArticleFig(id=1205909040098505005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297996554991, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Average molecular structural parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沥青样品 老化类型 BI HAU/CA σ
TPK 原样 0.279 6 0.496 0 0.579 8
老化后 0.288 0 0.416 4 0.573 2
ZH 原样 0.312 5 0.544 5 0.647 0
老化后 0.315 5 0.405 1 0.657 9
DH 原样 0.323 3 0.475 6 0.571 8
老化后 0.317 6 0.427 5 0.623 2
KL 原样 0.334 4 0.622 2 0.685 5
老化后 0.358 2 0.560 0 0.518 0
), ArticleFig(id=1205909040169808174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297996554991, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

平均分子结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沥青样品 老化类型 BI HAU/CA σ
TPK 原样 0.279 6 0.496 0 0.579 8
老化后 0.288 0 0.416 4 0.573 2
ZH 原样 0.312 5 0.544 5 0.647 0
老化后 0.315 5 0.405 1 0.657 9
DH 原样 0.323 3 0.475 6 0.571 8
老化后 0.317 6 0.427 5 0.623 2
KL 原样 0.334 4 0.622 2 0.685 5
老化后 0.358 2 0.560 0 0.518 0
), ArticleFig(id=1205909040262082863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297996554991, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Results of correlation calculation between molecular structure and macro and micro properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 X01 X02 X03 X04
X1 0.55 0.78 0.56 0.62
X2 0.60 0.58 0.71 0.70
X3 0.63 0.57 0.63 0.74
X4 0.75 0.57 0.56 0.61
X5 0.72 0.56 0.57 0.63
), ArticleFig(id=1205909040329191728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297996554991, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

分子结构与宏微观指标相关性计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 X01 X02 X03 X04
X1 0.55 0.78 0.56 0.62
X2 0.60 0.58 0.71 0.70
X3 0.63 0.57 0.63 0.74
X4 0.75 0.57 0.56 0.61
X5 0.72 0.56 0.57 0.63
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紫外老化沥青分子组成试验及其宏观作用机理
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席晗 1 , 孔令云 1, 2, * , 何瑧 1 , 付耀国 3 , 李铮 4
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(1): 374-382
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(1): 374-382
紫外老化沥青分子组成试验及其宏观作用机理
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席晗1 , 孔令云1, 2, * , 何瑧1, 付耀国3, 李铮4
作者信息
  • 1.重庆交通大学土木工程学院, 重庆 400074
  • 2.重庆交通大学交通土建工程材料国家地方联合工程实验室, 重庆 400074
  • 3.重庆机场集团有限公司, 重庆 400074
  • 4.重庆市城市建设投资(集团)有限公司, 重庆 400074
  • 席晗(1992—),男,汉族,河南开封人,博士研究生。研究方向:道路沥青材料。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 孔令云(1976—),女,汉族,江苏如皋人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:道路沥青材料。E-mail:
Molecular Composition and Mechanism of Ultraviolet Aged Asphalt
Han XI1 , Ling-yun KONG1, 2, * , Zhen HE1, Yao-guo FU3, Zheng LI4
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 2. National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Materials for Transportation and Civil Engineering,Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 3. Chongqing Airport Group Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400074, China
  • 4. Chongqing Urban Construction Investment Group Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400074, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308811
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为研究紫外老化作用下沥青分子质量和分子结构组成变化及其对宏观性能作用机理,对4种常用沥青分别进行了凝胶渗透色谱和核磁共振试验,研究了分子质量、分子相对质量分布等分子质量组成变化和氢谱图、碳谱图、氢原子含量、分子结构参数等分子结构组成变化,并在宏观流变试验基础上,采用关联分析法对沥青流变性能进行了分子组成表征,分析了紫外老化宏观性能的分子作用机理。结果表明:紫外老化使沥青内部分子发生团聚现象,小分子不断减少并聚集成大分子,分子质量分布边界逐渐变窄。由氢原子和分子结构参数变化可知紫外老化后沥青中芳香环上烷基取代基增加,导致芳香环体积增大、稳定性增加,分子主链刚度增大,宏观层面则表现为沥青的弹性性能增加。通过宏观流变试验得出沥青紫外老化前后的相位角、车辙因子、不可恢复柔量和恢复率等流变性能指标,在采用关联法分析后发现缩合度参数、周边氢的取代率、平均分子质量和烷基链支化度对流变性能影响最大。
紫外老化  /  基质沥青  /  分子组成  /  流变性能  /  作用机理

In order to study the molecular weight and molecular structure changes of asphalt under ultraviolet aging and the mechanism of their effects on macro properties, gel permeation chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance tests were carried out on four commonly used asphalt, respectively. The molecular weight composition changes, such as molecular weight and molecular relative mass distribution, and the molecular structure composition changes, such as hydrogen spectrum, carbon spectrum, hydrogen atom content and molecular structure parameters were studied. On the basis of macroscopic rheological tests, the molecular composition of asphalt rheological properties was characterized by correlation analysis, and the molecular mechanism of ultraviolet aging macroscopic properties was analyzed. The results show that ultraviolet aging causes the agglomeration of molecules in asphalt, small molecules decreases and aggregates into large molecules, and the molecular weight distribution boundary narrows gradually. From the changes of hydrogen atoms and molecular structure parameters, it can be seen that the alkyl substituents on the aromatic ring in the asphalt increase after ultraviolet aging, resulting in the increase of the volume and stability of the aromatic ring, and the increase of molecular backbone stiffness. On the macro level, the elastic properties of asphalt increase. The phase angle, rutting factor, irrecoverable compliance and recovery rate of asphalt before and after ultraviolet aging were obtained by macroscopic rheological tests. The correlation analysis shows that the rheological properties are most affected by condensation degree parameters, substitution rate of peripheral hydrogen, average molecular weight and branched degree of alkyl chain.

ultraviolet aging  /  matrix asphalt  /  molecular composition  /  rheological property  /  action mechanism
席晗, 孔令云, 何瑧, 付耀国, 李铮. 紫外老化沥青分子组成试验及其宏观作用机理. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 374 -382 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308811
Han XI, Ling-yun KONG, Zhen HE, Yao-guo FU, Zheng LI. Molecular Composition and Mechanism of Ultraviolet Aged Asphalt[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 374 -382 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308811
紫外老化作为一种重要的沥青老化形式,其主要发生在沥青路面长期使用过程中。由于空气、水、光照和温度等环境因素的作用,沥青材料会逐渐氧化并使路面产生裂缝、凹槽等病害,进而影响沥青路面的使用寿命和行车舒适度[1]。紫外老化和热氧老化虽然同为沥青的老化形式,同样会对路面造成损害,但二者的老化机理并不相同,尤其在化学键断裂方式和老化程度方面二者差异较大[2-3]。因此许多学者提出不可用热氧老化代替紫外老化[4],并对沥青的紫外老化进行了研究。
高颖等[5]对老化后沥青的物理性能和官能团进行了试验,发现沥青老化后针入度和残留针入度比减小,羰基和亚砜基指数增加。付鑫等[6]采用光热耦合老化的方法对沥青的黏结性和相容性进行了研究,结果表明在热氧和紫外共同作用下沥青发生现界面相的分离与破坏,同时高温作用对沥青黏结力的影响也较大。唐智勇等[7]进行了沥青混合料的老化与冻融劈裂试验,试验表明在紫外光作用下沥青混合料的老化程度相较于热氧老化更深,同时紫外老化会严重影响沥青混合料的劈裂强度。许婧晖等[8]通过对自改性沥青进行紫外老化试验发现,沥青在光氧作用下老化的原因是因为进行化学反应的芳香烃等活性组分在氧气作用下发生了氧化反应,从而使沥青质增加所导致。Qian等[9]对紫外老化沥青进行了红外光谱试验,由红外光谱图可以看出沥青老化后的特征峰和官能团发生了变化,尤其是1 700 cm-1处出现相对明显的羰基特征峰,并据此认为应以羰基作为判断紫外老化程度的依据。Liu等[10]对紫外老化沥青进行了流变性能、化学组分和微观形貌等试验并根据高鉴别度原则提出了G-R指数、复数模量、凝胶指数和大分子应为沥青紫外老化的关键指标。Zhang等[11]将实验室紫外老化沥青与室外自然光照老化沥青进行了对比研究,并由流变性能和官能团试验发现紫外辐射对沥青的低温流变性能影响较大,同时现场老化的羰基和亚砜基均大于实验室老化,说明室外自然老化对沥青材料的破坏更严重。
由上述研究结果可知,紫外老化对沥青性能的影响较大,但现有研究主要侧重于沥青的宏观流变性能和微观组成,并没有深入到分子原子层面从分子组成角度对沥青内部的分子变化进行分析,这也是目前虽有很多相关研究但并未得出统一的紫外老化作用机理的原因。为了解沥青在紫外老化下内部分子的重构与解构机理和变化,明确具有代表性的宏观流变性能指标,研究宏观性能改变背后的分子组成变化机理,现从沥青的分子组成出发,研究沥青在紫外老化作用下分子质量和分子结构的变化,并从分子角度对沥青的宏观性能给出分子层面解释。同时对老化沥青进行流变性能试验,取得沥青流变性能的代表性指标,然后采用关联法对沥青的流变性能进行分子组成分析和表征,得出影响流变性能最大的分子质量和分子结构指标及其作用机理,以期减少紫外老化研究的试验量,为沥青抗老化技术的研究提供理论依据。
选取不同类型的昆仑AH-70(KL)、TPKAH-70(TPK)、中海AH-70(ZH)和东海AH-70(DH)4种沥青作为研究对象,其基本物理性能按照《公路沥青路面施工技术规范》(JTG F40—20117)和《公路工程沥青及沥青混合料试验规程》(JTG E20—2011)进行测定,结果如表1所示。
采用500 W的高压汞灯作为紫外光源进行室内模拟紫外老化,并采用步入式环境箱进行温度控制,如图1所示。紫外老化采用全天候24 h不间断老化方式,老化时间为16 d,设置老化温度为60 ℃。为在保证紫外线强度的同时不使试样温度过高,老化样品距紫外灯管50 cm。由于紫外老化只作用在沥青表层同时为保证样品老化均匀,样品厚度设为(1±0.5) mm。
凝胶渗透色谱技术(gel permeation chromatography, GPC)是高分子材料试验中常用的方法,通过冲洗路径和顺序的不同来区分大小分子,从而确定沥青分子质量的分布。试验采用Rid-20A凝胶色谱仪,如图2所示。色谱柱采用水相凝胶色谱柱,溶剂选取色谱级四氢呋喃,浓度为20 mg/mL,流速1 mL/min。
分子结构试验采用超导核磁共振波谱仪对沥青的氢原子、碳原子的含量与分布进行测定,如图3所示。试验共振频率采用400 MHz,试验将0.006 g沥青溶于6 mL氘代氯仿(CDCI3)溶剂中,溶剂采用内标四甲基硅烷(TMS)。
通过动态剪切流变温度扫描(dynamic shear rheological,DSR)和多重应力恢复蠕变试验(multiple stress creep recovery,MSCR)对沥青的相位角、车辙因子、回弹性能进行测定。两组试验仪器均采用动态剪切流变仪,如图4所示。DSR试验设置频率10 rad/s,圆盘转子直径25 mm,平行板间距1 mm,应变控制模式应变1%。MSCR试验采取依次在0.1 kPa和3.2 kPa两个应力下,试验温度60 ℃。
沥青是一种分子质量分布相对较宽的非均质材料,在紫外光作用下沥青内部化学结构破坏,使得老化后的分子质量分布发生变化并影响沥青的宏观性能。紫外老化16 d前后沥青数均分子质量(Mn)、重均分子质量(Mw)和分散系数(dispersion coefficient,D)的计算方法和结果如式(1)~式(3)和图5所示。
Mn= Σ N i M i Σ N i
Mw= Σ W i M i Σ W i
D= M w M n
式中:Mn为数均分子质量;Mw为重均分子质量;D为分散系数;Mi为分子质量;NiMi的分子个数;WiMi的组分的分子重量。
图5所示,4种基质沥青在老化16 d后均表现出Mn增加、MwD减少的趋势。Mn中ZH增加最多为5.10%,其次为TPK、KL、DH,由于数均分子质量Mn是由化学组成相同而聚合物不等的同系混合物组成的,主要用来表征分子的大小,因此Mn的增加也表示沥青老化是小分子不断减少并聚集成大分子的过程,说明了紫外老化会使沥青内部分子发生团聚现象。Mw中KL减少最多为7.72%,其次是TPK、ZH、DH,重均分子质量Mw是分子质量不同的同系物的混合物,是按质量的统计平均分子质量,由式(2)也可以看出大分子质量化合物对Mw的影响要大于小分子化合物,结合Mn的增加,可得Mw的减小主要是因为沥青原样内分子间化学键的断裂。由式(3)可知,Mn增加、Mw减小必然导致D变小,沥青在老化过程中小分子不断聚集成大分子,从而使分子质量分布边界逐渐变窄,分散系数变小。
将重均相对分子质量Mw取对数作为横坐标,以沥青的相对体积含量作为纵坐标,可得紫外老化16 d前后沥青的相对质量分布图,如图6所示。
图6可以看出,相对于沥青原样,紫外老化16 d后的分子相对质量分布图呈现由左向右的移动的趋势,说明紫外老化后沥青分子总体上是往大分子方向移动。102.0~103.5区间内,沥青分子相对质量分布较为集中,且由于老化后的分子相对质量相较于原样有所降低,说明该区间内分子相对质量随紫外老化时间的延长而减小。103.5~104.0区间内,紫外老化后的分布曲线出现肩峰,且老化后的分子相对质量相较于原样有所上升,说明该区域分子相对质量升高,这表明随着紫外老化程度的加深分子间会发生聚合反应。104.0~104.5区间内出现了谷峰,且老化后的分子相对质量相较于原样有所降低,说明基质沥青在紫外光的照射下,由于其沥青化学键能低于紫外光子能量,使得大分子有机化合物断裂形成分子较小的有机化合物,同时也说明基质沥青分子分布广泛,但经紫外老化后分散性降低,使得小分子化合物不断聚集成大分子化合物。
图6中既有肩峰也有谷峰说明沥青在老化中由于紫外光子能量使得分子化学键断裂,而断裂后的游离分子则会连接在更大更稳定的分子上,因此会呈现分子质量既减少又增加的情况。
氢原子按其所在区域不同可分为脂肪族氢原子(δ=0.5×10-6~4.0×10-6)和芳香族氢原子(HA,δ=6.0×10-6~9.0×10-6),其中脂肪区又可分为Hα(δ=0.5×10-6~1.0×10-6)、Hβ(δ=1.0×10-6~2.0×10-6)和Hγ(δ=2.0×10-6~4.0×10-6)三部分。虽然沥青中碳原子的分布可以通过氢谱图中氢原子的分布间接获取,但必须有一些假设,所以可采用碳谱直接获得碳原子的分布情况。沥青中的碳原子主要包含芳香碳和脂肪碳。氢原子和碳原子的归属如表2所示[12-13]
沥青的氢谱图和碳谱图均以样品分子中不同化学环境磁性氢原子核的吸收峰位置(化学位移)为横坐标、以测得吸收峰的相对高度(共振信号强度)为纵坐标所作的谱图,如图7所示。对氢谱图中化学峰进行积分可得化学峰面积,如表3所示。
图7可知,沥青在0~6×10-6和6×10-6~9×10-6 两处均出现3个不同强度的峰,说明沥青的氢谱吸收峰位置相似,但峰强度在部分脂肪区和芳香区存在差异。峰面积在1×10-6~2×10-6处达到最大,相比于老化前,16 d紫外老化的TPK、DH分别增加1.4%、3.3%,而ZH、KL降低10%、79.2%,说明ZH和KL芳香环上的烷基取代基种类较少,而TPK和DH的种类较多且排列较复杂。
同时由表3可知,沥青在1×10-6~2×10-6处的峰强度大于0.5×10-6~1×10-6和6×10-6~9×10-6两处,说明沥青中芳香环上的烷基取代基以亚甲基为主,取代甲基的含量相对较小,表明沥青的烷基取代基长度均较大。7×10-6~8×10-6是与芳香碳直接相连的氢,而各沥青老化后在7.25×10-6附近处波峰均有所降低,尤其是TPK峰值降低相对较多,说明在紫外老化过程中苯环上发生了氢的取代、结构异化等反应。
紫外老化16 d前后沥青中氢原子含量及变化结果如图8所示。
图8可以看出,紫外老化前后沥青的Hβ占比最高范围为55%~65%,其次为HγHαHA,说明沥青含有丰富的芳香环及环烷烃,且分子中的芳香族系主要以带侧链的稠环芳烃的形式存在。沥青在紫外老化后HA含量减小,KL减少最大为25.88%,其次是DH、ZH、TPK,表示在老化过程中芳香环的缩合程度逐渐增加。老化后沥青的Hα含量减小,Hβ含量增加,说明在紫外老化的过程中沥青发生了异构化,同时HαHβ含量变化率均为KL>TPK>ZH>DH。紫外老化后各沥青Hγ含量增加,其中TPK增加最多为2.77%,其次是KL、ZH、DH,表示在紫外老化后芳环上烷基取代基增加,主要是因为长链断裂、环化或芳化产生了较多短支链。
沥青紫外老化核磁共振试验的13C-NMR谱图如图9所示。采用改进Brown-Ladner法测定沥青碳原子的分布[14]。在对图9中脂肪碳区(AS)和芳香碳区(AA)的峰面积进行积分的基础上,按照式(4)~式(6)对沥青的芳香碳原子含量(CA)、脂肪碳原子含量(CN+P)和沥青芳香度(fA)进行计算,结果如表4所示。
CA= A C A A C A + A C N + F
CN+F= A C N + F A C A + A C N + F
fA= A S A A + A S
式中:CA为芳香碳原子含量;CN+F为脂肪碳原子含量; A C A为芳香碳区域峰面积; A C N + F为脂肪碳区域峰面积;AA为芳香碳区积分面积;AS为芳香碳区积分面积。
图9表4可知,紫外老化后沥青的CA增加CN+F减小,因此使fA增加,且两个指标变化率均为DH>TPK>ZH>KL。原因是芳香碳以芳香环的形态存在,芳香环作为一个非常稳定的结构,只有高光子能量才能起到开环作用,而脂肪碳是以链状存在的,随着紫外老化程度和碳链长度的增加,碳链中的C C键能逐渐减弱,使脂肪碳以取代基的方式连接到芳香结构中,从而使沥青中芳香碳含量增加,脂肪碳含量减少。这也与核磁共振氢谱试验分析一致。同时由于芳香族结构通常存在于高分子主链上,因此芳香结构的增加会使分子主链内旋困难,导致芳香结构的刚性提高,沥青流变性能降低。
以芳香碳原子含量及氢元素归属中的HAHαHβHγ为基础,按照式(7)~式(9)对沥青的芳香环系缩合指数(HAU/CA)、烷链支化度指数(branching index of alkane chain, BI)、芳香环系周边氢取代率(σ)等参数进行计算,结果如表5所示。
HAU/CA= H A + H α / 2 C A
BI= H γ H β
σ= H α / 2 H A + H α / 2
式中:HAU/CA为芳香环系缩合指数;BI为烷链支化度指数;σ为芳香环系周边氢取代率;CA为芳香碳原子含量。
表5可知,HAU/CA在紫外老化后降低,其中ZH最大为25.60%,其次是TPK、DH、KL,说明紫外辐射使得高聚合物分子之间的化学键断裂。BI在紫外老化后增加,其中KL最大为7.12%,其次是ZH、TPK、DH,因为BI反映的是烷烃的分化情况,其数值越大烷基部分支链或者环烷链越少。同时σ也在紫外老化后增大,其中TPK增大最多为3%,其次是KL、DH、ZH,σ增大表示沥青内部烷基支链数量增多,进一步说明紫外老化会导致沥青化学键的断裂。
为研究沥青在不同紫外老化时间下的流变性能,对样品进行了温度扫描试验,由于沥青的流变性能与温度扫描试验测试温度无关,所以此处进采用最具代表性的温度(82 ℃)描述沥青高温性能变化。沥青的相位角(δ')和车辙因子(G*/sinδ')变化如图10所示。
图10可以看出,相较于原样,老化后各沥青的车辙因子分别增加214.48%、262.75%、442.31%、267.18%,说明沥青的抗变形能力和弹性恢复能力增强。同时随着紫外老化时间增加沥青的车辙因子增长速率逐渐降低,说明沥青的紫外老化主要发生在前期,后期老化速度逐渐下降。老化后各沥青的相位角分别减少2.45%、6.99%、7.62%、4.58%,说明老化后沥青的弹性成分增加。
为了评价紫外老化对沥青回弹性能的影响,对样品的不可恢复柔量(non-recoverable creep compliance,Jnr)和恢复率(recovery rate,R)进行测定。由于相较于0.1 kPa和3.2 kPa时的JnrR变化幅度更大且更具代表性,因此选用3.2 kPa压力下JnrR的变化,如图11所示。
图11可得,随着沥青紫外老化时间的增加,4种沥青TPK、DH、ZH和KL的Jnr分别减小80.42%、73.17%、73.55%和44.09%,R分别增大204.04%、250.64%、180.59%和122.10%,说明随着老化程度不断加深,沥青抵抗高温变形和弹性恢复的能力增强。原因是随着老化程度逐渐加深,沥青中组分发生变化,4种基质沥青经过紫外老化后轻组分含量降低,沥青质含量增加[15]。由于轻组分在沥青中主要起到软化和润滑的作用,沥青质主要起到“骨架”的作用,也即随着老化程度的加深,基质沥青中起到软化和润滑作用的成分减少,起到“骨架”作用的成分增加,最终使得基质沥青往弹性体方向发展。
有上述试验可得,由于相位角、车辙因子、不可恢复柔量、恢复率等指标随沥青紫外老化程度的加深有明显变化,因此可用此4项指标代表沥青的流变性能。
沥青的宏观流变性能受沥青内部分子质量和分子结构变化的影响,即流变性能是分子质量与分子结构变化的宏观表现[16]。因此以分子质量和分子结构参数为基础研究其与紫外老化流变性能构效关系,分析沥青老化行为的内部分子作用机理。
采用关联法,以沥青老化行为指标相位角、车辙因子、不可恢复柔量、恢复率为参考数列,分别定义为X01X02X03X04;以分子质量和分子结构指标MnfA、BI、HAU/CAσ为比较数列,分别定义为X1X2X3X4X5。对数列进行关联度计算,结果如表6所示。以相关系数0.7作为分界值,对沥青老化行为和分子结构进行分析。
相位角与芳香环缩合度参数和芳香环周边氢的取代率的相关性最大,说明受芳香结构的影响最大。由平均分子参数分析可知,芳香结构的增加使得高分子主链内旋困难,导致芳香结构的刚性提高,流变性能变差。由于相位角表征黏性成分和弹性成分之间关系,因此沥青弹性成分的增加主要来自分子主链刚度的提高。
车辙因子与平均分子质量的相关性最大,说明受分子质量大小的影响最大。紫外老化后分子逐渐向大分子方向转移,使得沥青内部分子发生团聚现象。由于车辙因子表征抗车辙能力和高温性能,因此沥青抵抗变形的能力的提高主要来自沥青分子的团聚作用。
不可恢复柔量、恢复率与芳香碳率相关性最大,同时蠕变恢复率还与烷基链支化度具有高相关性,说明二者受烷基和环烷支链和芳香结构的影响最大。以链状形式存在的芳香碳和烷基链由于其键能低于紫外光的光子能量,导致芳香碳和烷基上的化学键断裂,断键后的游离分子逐渐聚集在稳定性较高的芳香结构上,使得沥青内部的分子稳定性得以提高。由于不可恢复蠕变柔量和蠕变恢复率主要表征沥青的高温和回弹性能,因此沥青高温和回弹性能主要与沥青内部分子稳定性有关。
(1)紫外老化后沥青数均分子质量增加、重均分子质量和分散系数减小,说明沥青在老化过程中发生了小分子团聚现象,即小分子不断聚集成大分子从而导致沥青分子分布边界变窄。同时由分子相对质量发现,老化后的沥青分布图不仅出现了肩峰而且还出现了谷峰,说明沥青分子在老化过程中不仅存在重构成大分子的现象同时也存在分子不断解构产生游离分子的现象。
(2)由氢原子含量在紫外老化过程中的变化可知,沥青老化后芳香环的缩合程度逐渐增加并发生异构化,而长链断裂和环化或芳化产生了短支链则使得紫外老化后芳香环上烷基取代基增加。分析分子结构参数可知由于芳香环存在于分子主链上,因此游离分子和短链增加引起的烷基取代基会增强芳香环的稳定性,导致分子主链内旋困难,从而使沥青宏观中的弹性成分增加,宏观表现为流变性能降低。
(3)随着紫外老化程度的加深,沥青的车辙因子和不可恢复柔量增加、相位角和恢复率减少,且4项指标变化明显,说明可用此4项指标代表沥青宏观流变性能变化。通过关联法对沥青流变性能指标和分子质量、分子结构指标进行关联性分析发现,芳香环缩合度参数和周边氢的取代率、平均分子质量、芳香碳率、烷基链支化度对相位角、车辙因子、不可恢复柔量、恢复率的影响最大,主要原因是分子主链刚度、分子团聚作用和分子稳定性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51508062)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308811
  • 接收时间:2023-11-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-10
  • 修回日期:2024-09-26
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国家自然科学基金(51508062)
作者信息
    1.重庆交通大学土木工程学院, 重庆 400074
    2.重庆交通大学交通土建工程材料国家地方联合工程实验室, 重庆 400074
    3.重庆机场集团有限公司, 重庆 400074
    4.重庆市城市建设投资(集团)有限公司, 重庆 400074

通讯作者:

* 孔令云(1976—),女,汉族,江苏如皋人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:道路沥青材料。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxjsygc/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308811
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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