Article(id=1156908305575662340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308308, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1698163200000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-25, revisedDate=1721318400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753758034365, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1736265600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753758034365, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753758034365, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753758034365, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156908295593223005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='438', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753758031985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765425680602, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=309, endPage=320, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908307123360523, articleId=1156908305575662340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Derivation of Similarity Relationship in 1g Shaking Table Test of Rock Slopes Considering Deformation Evolution Stage, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

1g shaking table test refers to the shaking table test carried out under conventional gravity conditions, which is the mainstream type of shaking table test at present. A distinction was made between strict similarity models and strain distortion models, primarily utilizing the control equation method with supplementary dimensional analysis. The similarity relationships between these models and the prototype during different deformation stages in rock slope 1g shaking table tests were theoretically derived, and the key parameters required to achieve similarity between the model and the prototype were established. Numerical tests were conducted to verify and evaluate the established similarity relationships for different deformation stages, considering the inherent vibration characteristics and dynamic response characteristics of rock slopes. The results indicate that both strict similarity models and strain distortion models can accurately calculate the natural vibration characteristics of the prototype slope and the dynamic response characteristics during the elastic deformation stage under seismic loads. However, for large deformation issues, it is recommended that the strain similarity ratio be close to or equal to 1. These research findings provide valuable references for the design of similarity relationships and the selection of similarity models in 1g shaking table tests for rock slopes.

, correspAuthors=Han-xiang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhao WEN, Han-xiang LIU, Ming-xuan WANG, Ying-song WEI, Peng XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908394171945496, articleId=1156908305575662340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=考虑变形演化阶段的岩质边坡1g振动台试验相似关系推导, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=1g振动台试验(g为重力加速度)是指在常规重力条件下开展的振动台试验,是目前开展振动台试验的主流类型。在区分严格相似模型、应变失真模型的基础上,以控制方程法为主、量纲分析法为辅,从理论上推导了岩质边坡1g振动台试验中不同变形演化阶段这两种相似模型与原型间的相似关系,并确立了模型与原型达到相似所需的关键参数。通过开展数值试验,从岩质边坡固有振动特性和动力响应特征两个方面验证并评价前述建立起来的不同变形演化阶段、不同相似模型的相似关系。结果表明:利用严格相似模型以及应变失真模型均能推算出原型边坡的自振特性以及地震荷载下弹性变形阶段的动力响应特性;而在涉及大变形问题时,应使应变相似比接近或等于1。研究成果可为岩质边坡1g振动台试验相似关系设计、相似模型的选取提供参考。, correspAuthors=刘汉香, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘汉香(1986—),女,汉族,福建龙岩人,博士,副教授。研究方向:岩土动力学及边坡地震工程。E-mail:
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文钊(1998—),男,汉族,四川巴中人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩土动力学及边坡地震工程。E-mail:

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文钊(1998—),男,汉族,四川巴中人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩土动力学及边坡地震工程。E-mail:

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文钊(1998—),男,汉族,四川巴中人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩土动力学及边坡地震工程。E-mail:

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Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University Press, 1998., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1205908567274614874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, awardId=2022YFC3003205, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3003205), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205908561582945269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205908561587139574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, companyId=1205908561582945269, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=CN, label=图3, caption=均质边坡模型在输入对应EL波下各监测点加速度放大系数, figureFileSmall=/eF+P+6cvyrYtIvxZAYD1Q==, figureFileBig=tPrtcNv6snnG295bsbDxsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908565429121092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Acceleration amplification coefficients of each monitoring point of the combined soft and hard rock slope model under the input corresponding EL wave, figureFileSmall=jbii0vsgHSepZudRwb/I1w==, figureFileBig=NCPqSqRdREiiTx4XAgN8ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908565517201477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=CN, label=图4, caption=软硬岩组合型边坡模型在输入对应EL波下各监测点加速度放大系数, figureFileSmall=jbii0vsgHSepZudRwb/I1w==, figureFileBig=NCPqSqRdREiiTx4XAgN8ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908565584310342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The plastic deformation zone of the homogeneous slope model when it reaches plastic deformation, figureFileSmall=lOM4CGJ1yMiA/MLAoIC4lA==, figureFileBig=eLWqnCAs8aohrkO8KjpeiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908565668196423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=CN, label=图5, caption=均质边坡模型在达到塑性变形时的塑性变形区情况, figureFileSmall=lOM4CGJ1yMiA/MLAoIC4lA==, figureFileBig=eLWqnCAs8aohrkO8KjpeiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908565726916680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Cloud map of the maximum shear strain increment when the homogeneous slope model reaches plastic deformation, figureFileSmall=aRiGU7IomfGdrZvJqNN/7g==, figureFileBig=uh4mvtd9ElQ1hlueGGj68Q==, tableContent=null), 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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Similarity coefficient table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 量名称 物理量符号 量纲 严格相似 应变失真
几何参数 *尺寸 L L CL CL
岩石材料参数 *密度 ρ ML-3 Cρ Cρ
弹性模量 E ML-1T-2 CLCρ CLCρ C ε - 1
应变 ε 无量纲 1 Cε
泊松比 μ 无量纲 1 1
黏聚力 C ML-1T-2 CLCρ CLCρ
内摩擦角 φ 无量纲 1 1
结构面材料参数 剪切刚度 Ks ML-2T-2 Cρ Cρ C ε - 1
法向刚度 Kn ML-2T-2 Cρ Cρ C ε - 1
黏聚力 C ML-1T-2 CLCρ CLCρ
内摩擦角 φ 无量纲 1 1
地震波参数 *加速度 a LT-2 1 1
频率 f T-1 C L - 1 / 2 C L - 1 / 2 C ε - 1 / 2
持时 T T C L 1 / 2 C L 1 / 2 C ε 1 / 2
), ArticleFig(id=1205908566087626829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

相似系数表(原型/模型)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 量名称 物理量符号 量纲 严格相似 应变失真
几何参数 *尺寸 L L CL CL
岩石材料参数 *密度 ρ ML-3 Cρ Cρ
弹性模量 E ML-1T-2 CLCρ CLCρ C ε - 1
应变 ε 无量纲 1 Cε
泊松比 μ 无量纲 1 1
黏聚力 C ML-1T-2 CLCρ CLCρ
内摩擦角 φ 无量纲 1 1
结构面材料参数 剪切刚度 Ks ML-2T-2 Cρ Cρ C ε - 1
法向刚度 Kn ML-2T-2 Cρ Cρ C ε - 1
黏聚力 C ML-1T-2 CLCρ CLCρ
内摩擦角 φ 无量纲 1 1
地震波参数 *加速度 a LT-2 1 1
频率 f T-1 C L - 1 / 2 C L - 1 / 2 C ε - 1 / 2
持时 T T C L 1 / 2 C L 1 / 2 C ε 1 / 2
), ArticleFig(id=1205908566213455950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Key parameters of deformation and evolution stages of different types of slopes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变形演化
阶段
均质边坡 层状边坡
自振模态 弹性变形阶段 塑性变形阶段 自振模态 弹性变形阶段 塑性变形阶段
岩石材料参数 ρEμ ρEμ ρEμCφ ρEμ ρEμ ρEμ
结构面材料参数 KnKs KnKs KnKsCφ
地震波参数 afT afT afT afT
), ArticleFig(id=1205908566284759119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同类型边坡各变形演化阶段的关键参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变形演化
阶段
均质边坡 层状边坡
自振模态 弹性变形阶段 塑性变形阶段 自振模态 弹性变形阶段 塑性变形阶段
岩石材料参数 ρEμ ρEμ ρEμCφ ρEμ ρEμ ρEμ
结构面材料参数 KnKs KnKs KnKsCφ
地震波参数 afT afT afT afT
), ArticleFig(id=1205908566389616720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of rock similar materials in homogeneous slope model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型编号 模型类型 密度/(g·cm-3) 弹性模量/MPa 泊松比 黏聚力/kPa 内摩擦角/(°)
1 基准模型 2.15 164.52 0.3 174.3 28.51
2 1∶2严格相似 2.15 82.26 0.3 87.17 28.51
3 应变失真 2.15 123.39 0.3 87.17 28.51
), ArticleFig(id=1205908566511251537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

均质边坡模型岩石相似材料物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型编号 模型类型 密度/(g·cm-3) 弹性模量/MPa 泊松比 黏聚力/kPa 内摩擦角/(°)
1 基准模型 2.15 164.52 0.3 174.3 28.51
2 1∶2严格相似 2.15 82.26 0.3 87.17 28.51
3 应变失真 2.15 123.39 0.3 87.17 28.51
), ArticleFig(id=1205908566578360402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of rock similar materials in soft and hard rock combined slope model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型编号 模型类型 岩石特征 密度/(g·cm-3) 弹性模量/MPa 泊松比 黏聚力/kPa 内摩擦角/(°)
4 基准模型 硬岩 2.15 164.5 0.3 174.34 28.51
软岩 2.45 48.14 0.3 100.4 35.56
5 1∶2严格相似 硬岩 2.15 82.26 0.3 87.17 28.51
软岩 2.45 24.07 0.3 50.2 35.56
6 应变失真 硬岩 2.15 123.3 0.3 87.17 28.51
软岩 2.45 36.11 0.3 50.2 35.56
), ArticleFig(id=1205908566641274963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

软硬岩组合型边坡模型岩石相似材料物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型编号 模型类型 岩石特征 密度/(g·cm-3) 弹性模量/MPa 泊松比 黏聚力/kPa 内摩擦角/(°)
4 基准模型 硬岩 2.15 164.5 0.3 174.34 28.51
软岩 2.45 48.14 0.3 100.4 35.56
5 1∶2严格相似 硬岩 2.15 82.26 0.3 87.17 28.51
软岩 2.45 24.07 0.3 50.2 35.56
6 应变失真 硬岩 2.15 123.3 0.3 87.17 28.51
软岩 2.45 36.11 0.3 50.2 35.56
), ArticleFig(id=1205908566716772436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Selection of structural surface mechanical parameters of soft and hard rock combined slope model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型编号 法向刚度/(Pa·m-1) 切向刚度/(Pa·m-1) 内摩擦角/(°) 黏聚力/Pa 抗拉强度/Pa
4 108 108 30 2×104 2×104
5 108 108 30 104 104
6 1.5×108 1.5×108 30 104 104
), ArticleFig(id=1205908566800658517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

软硬岩组合型边坡模型结构面力学参数的选取

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型编号 法向刚度/(Pa·m-1) 切向刚度/(Pa·m-1) 内摩擦角/(°) 黏聚力/Pa 抗拉强度/Pa
4 108 108 30 2×104 2×104
5 108 108 30 104 104
6 1.5×108 1.5×108 30 104 104
), ArticleFig(id=1205908566859378774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Natural frequency and natural period of the homogeneous slope model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶次 模型1 模型2 模型3
固有频
率/Hz
固有
周期/s
固有频
率/Hz
固有
周期/s
固有频
率/Hz
固有
周期/s
1 32.36 0.030 45.77 0.021 56.06 0.017
2 35.80 0.027 50.63 0.019 62.00 0.016
3 36.45 0.027 51.55 0.019 63.14 0.015
4 37.44 0.026 52.95 0.018 64.85 0.015
5 37.49 0.026 53.03 0.018 64.94 0.015
6 37.63 0.026 53.22 0.018 65.18 0.015
7 38.65 0.025 54.66 0.018 66.95 0.014
8 38.88 0.025 54.99 0.018 67.35 0.014
9 39.37 0.025 55.68 0.018 68.19 0.014
10 39.69 0.025 56.14 0.017 68.75 0.014
), ArticleFig(id=1205908566947459159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

均质边坡模型的固有频率和固有周期

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶次 模型1 模型2 模型3
固有频
率/Hz
固有
周期/s
固有频
率/Hz
固有
周期/s
固有频
率/Hz
固有
周期/s
1 32.36 0.030 45.77 0.021 56.06 0.017
2 35.80 0.027 50.63 0.019 62.00 0.016
3 36.45 0.027 51.55 0.019 63.14 0.015
4 37.44 0.026 52.95 0.018 64.85 0.015
5 37.49 0.026 53.03 0.018 64.94 0.015
6 37.63 0.026 53.22 0.018 65.18 0.015
7 38.65 0.025 54.66 0.018 66.95 0.014
8 38.88 0.025 54.99 0.018 67.35 0.014
9 39.37 0.025 55.68 0.018 68.19 0.014
10 39.69 0.025 56.14 0.017 68.75 0.014
), ArticleFig(id=1205908567043928152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Natural frequency and natural period of soft and hard rock combined slope model

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阶次 模型4 模型5 模型6
固有频
率/Hz
固有
周期/s
固有频
率/Hz
固有
周期/s
固有频
率/Hz
固有
周期/s
1 21.11 0.047 29.85 0.033 36.56 0.027
2 22.16 0.045 31.33 0.031 38.38 0.026
3 22.58 0.044 31.93 0.031 39.11 0.025
4 23.32 0.042 32.98 0.030 40.39 0.024
5 23.89 0.041 33.79 0.029 41.39 0.024
6 24.61 0.040 34.80 0.028 42.62 0.023
7 26.04 0.038 36.83 0.027 45.11 0.022
8 26.52 0.037 37.49 0.026 45.92 0.021
9 26.79 0.037 37.89 0.026 46.41 0.021
10 27.04 0.037 38.24 0.026 46.83 0.021
), ArticleFig(id=1205908567119425625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908305575662340, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

软硬岩组合型边坡模型的固有频率和固有周期

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阶次 模型4 模型5 模型6
固有频
率/Hz
固有
周期/s
固有频
率/Hz
固有
周期/s
固有频
率/Hz
固有
周期/s
1 21.11 0.047 29.85 0.033 36.56 0.027
2 22.16 0.045 31.33 0.031 38.38 0.026
3 22.58 0.044 31.93 0.031 39.11 0.025
4 23.32 0.042 32.98 0.030 40.39 0.024
5 23.89 0.041 33.79 0.029 41.39 0.024
6 24.61 0.040 34.80 0.028 42.62 0.023
7 26.04 0.038 36.83 0.027 45.11 0.022
8 26.52 0.037 37.49 0.026 45.92 0.021
9 26.79 0.037 37.89 0.026 46.41 0.021
10 27.04 0.037 38.24 0.026 46.83 0.021
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考虑变形演化阶段的岩质边坡1g振动台试验相似关系推导
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文钊 1 , 刘汉香 1, * , 王铭萱 2 , 魏应松 3 , 徐鹏 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(1): 309-320
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(1): 309-320
考虑变形演化阶段的岩质边坡1g振动台试验相似关系推导
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文钊1 , 刘汉香1, * , 王铭萱2, 魏应松3, 徐鹏1
作者信息
  • 1.成都理工大学环境与土木工程学院, 成都 610059
  • 2.中航勘察设计研究院有限公司, 北京 100098
  • 3.四川省第六建筑有限公司, 成都 610081
  • 文钊(1998—),男,汉族,四川巴中人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩土动力学及边坡地震工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘汉香(1986—),女,汉族,福建龙岩人,博士,副教授。研究方向:岩土动力学及边坡地震工程。E-mail:
Derivation of Similarity Relationship in 1g Shaking Table Test of Rock Slopes Considering Deformation Evolution Stage
Zhao WEN1 , Han-xiang LIU1, * , Ming-xuan WANG2, Ying-song WEI3, Peng XU1
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 2. Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, AVIC, Beijing 100098, China
  • 3. Sichuan Sixth Construction Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610081, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308308
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1g振动台试验(g为重力加速度)是指在常规重力条件下开展的振动台试验,是目前开展振动台试验的主流类型。在区分严格相似模型、应变失真模型的基础上,以控制方程法为主、量纲分析法为辅,从理论上推导了岩质边坡1g振动台试验中不同变形演化阶段这两种相似模型与原型间的相似关系,并确立了模型与原型达到相似所需的关键参数。通过开展数值试验,从岩质边坡固有振动特性和动力响应特征两个方面验证并评价前述建立起来的不同变形演化阶段、不同相似模型的相似关系。结果表明:利用严格相似模型以及应变失真模型均能推算出原型边坡的自振特性以及地震荷载下弹性变形阶段的动力响应特性;而在涉及大变形问题时,应使应变相似比接近或等于1。研究成果可为岩质边坡1g振动台试验相似关系设计、相似模型的选取提供参考。
岩质边坡  /  变形演化  /  1g振动台模型试验  /  相似关系  /  数值模拟

1g shaking table test refers to the shaking table test carried out under conventional gravity conditions, which is the mainstream type of shaking table test at present. A distinction was made between strict similarity models and strain distortion models, primarily utilizing the control equation method with supplementary dimensional analysis. The similarity relationships between these models and the prototype during different deformation stages in rock slope 1g shaking table tests were theoretically derived, and the key parameters required to achieve similarity between the model and the prototype were established. Numerical tests were conducted to verify and evaluate the established similarity relationships for different deformation stages, considering the inherent vibration characteristics and dynamic response characteristics of rock slopes. The results indicate that both strict similarity models and strain distortion models can accurately calculate the natural vibration characteristics of the prototype slope and the dynamic response characteristics during the elastic deformation stage under seismic loads. However, for large deformation issues, it is recommended that the strain similarity ratio be close to or equal to 1. These research findings provide valuable references for the design of similarity relationships and the selection of similarity models in 1g shaking table tests for rock slopes.

rock slope  /  deformation evolutionary process  /  1g shaking table model test  /  similarity relation  /  numerical simulation
文钊, 刘汉香, 王铭萱, 魏应松, 徐鹏. 考虑变形演化阶段的岩质边坡1g振动台试验相似关系推导. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 309 -320 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308308
Zhao WEN, Han-xiang LIU, Ming-xuan WANG, Ying-song WEI, Peng XU. Derivation of Similarity Relationship in 1g Shaking Table Test of Rock Slopes Considering Deformation Evolution Stage[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 309 -320 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308308
中国山区众多,地震频发,是世界上受地震影响最为严重的国家之一。在中国西部山区,地震诱发了大量边坡次生地质灾害,给人民的生命财产安全和工程建设项目造成了巨大的损失。因此,针对边坡在地震作用下的动力稳定性问题开展研究显得尤为重要。振动台模型试验是目前开展边坡地震动力问题研究的最常用手段之一。边坡振动台模型试验通常为缩尺模型试验,如何根据原型边坡特点和试验目的正确地给出原型与模型间的相似关系和选用关键相似系数,是振动台模型试验中的关键问题,关系到模型试验结果能否正确地反推到原型,从而为原型边坡的地震动力问题研究提供准确可靠的理论支撑。
在模型试验中,动力学相似是结构试验技术中的一个重要的基础性研究课题,主要包括动力模型的设计理论、动力模型试验技术以及用模型推算原型性能中的一系列理论和实践问题。对于大多数振动台试验,原型与模型之间相似关系是基于量纲分析法和控制方程法建立起来的。
在研究对象方面,目前已有的振动台试验动力学相似的研究,多数集中于建筑结构、结构-地基相互作用体系、岩爆、拱坝振动等领域。如鲁亮等[1]利用方程分析法推导出建筑结构振动台模型试验的动力相似关系;Meng等[2]建立了一种简化等效的动力相似关系,适用于振动台试验的小比例钢筋混凝土结构模型的非线性性能的相似;吕西林等[3]设计实现了3个不同比例的钢-混凝土混合结构高层建筑的振动台模型试验,对比3个模型的试验结果,对钢-混凝土混合结构高层建筑的动力相似关系进行了探讨;王雪亮等[4]采用量纲分析法推导了结构动力试验的相似条件,基于该相似条件可求出模型结构与原型之间的相似阻尼比,地面加速度的相似比和任何与结构动力相关的物理量的相似比。在土-结构相互作用体系相关研究方面,Iai等[5]利用控制方程法推导了1g振动台试验下的相似关系(g为重力加速度);吕西林等[6]通过设计缩比为1/10和1/20的结构-地基相互作用的振动台模型,开展1g振动台试验。对比分析两个缩尺模型的试验结果,评估了结构-地基相互作用体系的动力相似关系;姜忻良等[7]根据场地土的卓越周期是结构地震反应的主要因素,提出了采用土的卓越周期相似比设计模型土的方法,并实际应用于土-桩-结构振动台模型试验相似设计中;王志佳等[8]首次提出分离量纲分析理论,基于该理论建立模型试验的系统相似设计方法,并将该方法应用于土-地下管廊动力相互作用振动台模型试验的相似设计过程中。景立平等[9]通过凹陷地形的振动台试验和地下结构试验模型的数值分析,验证了时间相似比可以定性地反映地震动传播过程中土-结构动力相互作用特征;谢军等[10]、段志慧等[11]开展了隧道-土体相互作用体系振动台试验,系统地阐述和分析了试验中相似设计等关键问题。在拱坝振动相关研究方面,林皋等[12-13]以模型相似律的一般理论为基础,建立了适用于各种水工建筑物研究弹性力相似律、重力相似律以及弹性力-重力相似律,结合壳体振动的平衡方程,推导出不同情况下的拱坝震动的模型相似律。不难得出,不同研究对象对相似的要求并不完全相同,根据试验的目的,应尽量满足关键参数的相似要求,并可适当放宽或近似满足次要相似参数的要求。
对于斜坡振动台试验的相似问题,除了少数学者针对土质边坡的动力相似问题进行了详细的理论推导,多数学者对振动台试验相似关系的设计仅通过Buckingham π定理完成,它体现了各物理量和基本物理量之间的关系,却不能反映各物理量之间的重要程度。蒋良潍等[14]基于摩尔-库伦破坏准则和双曲线动本构模型恢复力骨干曲线,提出在保持归一化的剪应变比一致条件下,兼顾振动性态和破坏相似的振动台模型实验相似律;郭明珠等[15]以贡扎滑坡为例,详细介绍贡扎滑坡振动台模型的相似设计方法:以量纲分析法为主,分离相似设计和重力相似理论为辅,确定了贡扎滑坡相似设计关系和各物理量相似比。
从相似模型的类型来看,相似模型分为严格相似、重力失真、人工质量以及应变失真4种模型。严格相似模型要求材料同时具备高容重、低弹性模量以及低强度特性,在很多情况下难以满足,因此重力失真模型和人工质量模型在1g振动台模型试验中得到了较为广泛的应用。仅有少数学者针对应变失真问题进行研究,如林皋等[12-13]、夏颂佑等[16],而且都停留在理论分析,很少有人通过开展振动台试验或数值模拟的方式去验证应变失真模型相似问题,对边坡模型振动台试验应变失真模型相似问题的研究更是寥寥无几。
因此,现总结前人对振动台试验相似关系的设计思路,以控制方程法为主,考虑岩石在不同变形阶段对相似关系设计的不同要求,在区分严格相似模型以及应变失真模型的基础上,对1g振动台试验中岩质边坡动力特性和动力响应相似需要满足的相似关系进行推导,并采用数值模拟手段验证相似关系的适用性。研究成果可为岩质边坡1g振动台试验相似关系设计、相似模型的选取提供参考。
研究边坡的固有振动特性是研究边坡动力问题的前提[15-17],通过对结构的模态分析,可以获得模型的自振频率和振型,进而确定模型自身的固有振动特性。基于弹性力学原理的有限元法是模态分析的常用方法。
根据达朗贝尔原理,弹性结构的单自由度振动特性可以表示为
m a + c v + k x = p ( t )
式(1)中:m为结构的质量;k为结构的刚度系数;c为阻尼系数;x为位移;v为速度;a为加速度;p(t)为随时间变化的外力荷载函数。
对于多自由度体系而言,弹性结构的多自由度振动特性的动力控制方程为
M A + K X + C V = F
式(2)中:M为质量矩阵;K为刚度矩阵;C为阻尼矩阵;X为位移矢量;V为速度矢量;A为加速度矢量;F为随时间变化的外力荷载函数。
模态反映的是结构自身的动力学特性,通常与外激励无关。此外,现实中的阻尼项比较难以估计,并且对于结构自身的动力学特性而言通常影响较小。因此,模态分析中通常可不考虑外力和阻尼的影响。此时,可对模态分析的动力控制方程进行简化。
单自由度无阻尼自由振动的方程为
m a + k x = 0
多自由度无阻尼自由振动的方程为
M A + K X = 0
由式(3)及式(4)可以得出,在不计阻尼和外荷载的情况下,结构在自振时,惯性力(F=ma)和弹性恢复力(F=kx=σA=EεA)总是平衡的,即ma=EεA(达朗贝尔原理)。因此,可得到惯性力与弹性恢复力之间相应的力比例因素如下
1)惯性力(F=ma)
(1)当应变相似比Cε≠1时
质量相似常数(Cm):
C m = C ρ C L 3
加速度相似常数(Ca):
C a = C δ C T - 2 = C L C ε C T - 2
惯性力相似常数(CF):
C F = C m C a = C ρ C L 3 C L C ε C T - 2 = C ρ C L 4 C ε C T - 2
(2)当应变相似比Cε=1时
C F = C ρ C L 4 C T - 2
式中:下角标LT分别表示长度量纲和时间量纲。
2)弹性恢复力(F=EεA)
(1)当应变相似比Cε≠1时
弹性恢复力相似常数(CF):
C F = C E C L 2 C ε
式(9)中:CE为弹性模量相似系数。
(2)当应变相似比Cε=1时
C F = C E C L 2
结合式(7)、式(9),当应变相似比Cε≠1时,要满足的相似关系为
C ρ C L 4 C ε C T - 2 = C E C L 2 C ε
C T = C L C ρ 1 2 C E - 1 2
结合式(8)、式(10),当应变相似比Cε≠1时,要满足的μ相似关系为
C ρ C L 4 C T - 2 = C E C L 2
C T = C L C ρ 1 2 C E - 1 2
此外,边坡不同阶次的振型不同,其振型通常包括各个方向的弯曲、拉伸、扭转变形。因此,从变形的角度来看,要保证模型的振型相似,要求模型各个方向上的变形与原型相似,这就要求模型自振过程中,各个方向的应变的相似系数相等,即轴向应变与剪应变、横向应变的相似系数相同。其中,剪应变γ与轴向应变ε和泊松比μ的关系为:γ=ε(1+μ),横向应变εx与轴向应变ε和泊松比的关系为:εx=με。因此,若Cγ=Cε=Cεx,则泊松比相似系数Cμ=1。
值得一提的是,式(14)同样是林皋等[12-13]针对动力模型试验提出的3个相似率中的弹性力相似率的基本公式。其弹性力相似率适用于主要作用力为惯性力和弹性恢复力,忽略重力等次要影响,且结构在小变形阶段范围内的应力-应变之间存在线性关系的模型试验。自然界边坡的坡度大多小于60°,边坡的底部宽度通常远大于边坡的高度,因此,在边坡振动时,重力通常为次要影响。此外,从边坡岩石的应力应变曲线来看,岩石在受到外荷载作用下弹性变形阶段内的应力-应变曲线有明显的线性关系,这说明对岩质边坡动力问题进行研究时可采用3个相似率中的弹性力相似率,也进一步证明了利用式(14)研究岩质边坡固有振动特性相似问题的适用性。
对边坡在弹性阶段的动力响应进行研究时,不仅要保持模型与原型的固有振动特性相似,还要保证作用外力F的相似[11]。振动台试验中外力F主要为振动台所施加的地震动荷载,其震动参数主要为峰值加速度、频率和持续时间。通过动应力应变与震动参数和介质参数之间的关系,对岩质边坡弹性变形阶段模型与原型的相似关系及关键参数进行确定。
在地震过程中,地震荷载可以看作为往复循环动荷载。边坡的变形主要是由坡脚下方基岩垂直向上传播的剪切波(S波)和压缩波(P波)引起。在地震荷载下,岩体受到的动应力应变计算式可由以下关系推导获得[18]
弹性理论证明,P波传播速度VP和S波传播速度VS由岩体的介质特性所决定,它与岩体的密度ρ、泊松比μ以及弹性模量E之间的关系可以表示为
V P 2 = E ( 1 - μ ) ρ ( 1 + μ ) ( 1 - 2 μ )
V S 2 = E 2 ρ ( 1 + μ ) = G ρ
对于波传播方向岩体的动应变εd,与波传播方向介质质点的位移速度C、波在介质中传播速度V存在关系式为
ε d = C V
按照谐和振动,介质质点的位移速度C与加速度a和振动频率f之间的关系为
C = a 2 π f
将式(18)代入式(17),可得
ε d = C V = a 2 π f V
根据弹性理论可得,岩体受到的动应力为
σd=d= a P E 2 π f P V P= a P ρ E ( 1 + μ ) ( 1 - 2 μ ) 2 π f P 1 - μ
τd=d= a S G 2 π f S V S= a S ρ E 2 ( 1 + μ ) π f S
式中:G为岩体的剪切模量;σd为岩体受到的法向应力;τd为岩体受到的切向应力;aP为压缩波方向质点的加速度;aS为剪切波方向质点的加速度;fP为压缩波方向质点的振动频率;fS为剪切波方向质点的振动频率。
由此可见,地震荷载下岩体受到的动应力和动应变既与质点振动参数有关,又主要受到岩石的密度ρ、弹性模量E以及泊松比μ的影响。因此,对于需重点关注边坡弹性阶段的动力响应问题的振动台模型试验,在对岩石相似材料进行选择时,应优先保证ρEμ满足相似关系。
1)作用外荷载相似
(1)动力荷载相似。
由式(20)和式(21)可得,当泊松比相似系数为1时,压缩波和剪切波方向上岩体的受动荷载的相似关系为
C σ d = C a P C ρ 1 2 C E 1 2 C T = C ρ C L C a P
C ε d= C C C V= C a P C f C V P= C a P C T C E 1 / 2 C ρ - 1 / 2
(2) 静力荷载相似。
边坡受到的静荷载主要为边坡的重力,单位面积上边坡受到的重力荷载p=mg/A,要保证模型与原型作用静荷载相似,有
C P = C m C g C A = C ρ C L 3 C g C L 2 = C ρ C L C g
对于1g振动台试验而言,由于模型与原型均处在同一重力场下,因此,重力加速速度系数Cg=1要保证模型与原型作用外力相似,要求动力、静力均满足相似关系,有Ca=Cg=1,则压缩波、剪切波方向上模型受力满足:
C σ d = C τ d = C ρ C L
当输入加速度相似系数Ca≠1,则会使模型受力失真,即模型试验中常见的“重力失真问题”,在重力失真情况下,在剪切波、压缩波方向,模型受动荷载与静荷载的比值等于源地震波与振动台试验台面输入加速度之比。
2)变形相似
(1) 动态应变。
结合式(14)、式(19),可得
C ε d = C C C V = C a P C f C V P = C a P C T C E 1 / 2 C ρ - 1 / 2
C γ d = C C C V = C a S C f C V S = C a S C T C E 1 / 2 C ρ - 1 / 2
整理可得
C ε d = C L C ρ C a P C E
C γ d = C L C ρ C a S C E
(2) 静态应变。
C ε = C P C E = C ρ C L C E
与式(25)同理,要保证模型与原型变形情况相似,有Ca=Cg=1,则剪切波、压缩波方向上模型的动应变为
C ε d = C γ d = C L C ρ C E
在重力失真情况下,剪切波、压缩波方向模型动态应变与静态应变的比值等于原地震波与振动台试验台面输入地震波加速度之比。
对于岩质边坡进入塑性变形阶段甚至破坏阶段的相似问题,应首要保证模型材料与原岩在强度上满足相似关系。从模型与原型受力的角度来看,式(25)已证明,无论是否应变失真,模型与原型受到的应力的相似关系为CLCρCμ=1,因此,模型与原型中跟材料强度有关的参数不受应变相似比影响。
在应变失真的情况下,模型的弹性模量相似常数CLCρ/Cε,应变失真模型与原型的变形情况显然会存在差异。因此,从模型变形的角度出发,当要求模型完全正确地反映原型边坡在地震荷载下的全过程变形(弹性变形、塑性变形)时,需要利用严格相似模型,这要求模型强度的相似常数与弹性模量的相似常数相等;当忽略模型破坏应变以及模型在达到塑性变形后由几何非线性引起的二阶效应[19]时,可以首先保证模型与原型的强度参数满足相似关系,放宽弹性模量等变形参数的选取,即可以采用应变失真模型。但无论采用严格相似模型还是应变失真模型研究边坡全过程变形阶段,均要求模型与原型从弹性阶段直至破坏的全过程应力-应变曲线相似,即同一相对应变比ε/εmax对应的相对应力比σ/σmax相等。
综上所述,若采用严格相似模型或重力失真模型进行振动台试验全过程变形阶段的研究,在进行相似关系设计时,在材料的选择上需满足与强度有关的相似系数(如 C σ cCC)和与弹性模量相似系数(如CE)在数值上相等,进而通过式(14)所示相似关系,确定地震波的时间或频率压缩比;若采用应变失真模型进行试验时,在材料选择上需首要满足与强度有关的相似系数,随后,根据实测的弹性模量,通过式(14)确定地震波压缩比。
自然界中的边坡通常由多种岩性组成,且岩体中含大量结构面。不同岩性的岩石之间、岩石与结构面之间是否要满足同一套相似关系,是含结构面边坡模型试验中的关键问题。确定正确的含结构面边坡中各组成部分的相似关系,能使模型试验所反映出的物理现象及动力响应规律更加真实可靠。
图1所示,将层状边坡简化为两种不同岩性的组合体中间以结构面相连。设与岩性1有关的相似常数分别设为CL1CE1Cε1、…,与岩性2有关的相似常数分别设为CL2CE2Cε2、…,从单值条件相似出发,由单值条件的物理量所组成的相似判据在数值上相等,有
L P = C L L m E P = C E E m ρ P = C ρ ρ m   σ P = C σ σ m ε P = C ε ε m    
则必然有
C L 1 = C L 2 = C L C E 1 = C E 2 = C E C ρ 1 = C ρ 2 = C ρ   C σ 1 = C σ 2 = C σ C ε 1 = C ε 2 = C ε    
因此,在对同一边坡不同岩性的岩石相似材料进行选择时,不同岩石与相似材料之间必须满足1.1节~1.3节建立起来的同一套相似系数。
图1的边坡中,还存在结构面。根据前人的研究,结构面对边坡的自振特性、动力响应规律、动力变形演化规律等均存在较大影响。因此,在对结构面相似材料进行选取时,不应只关注结构面的强度特征,结构面弹性变形的力学特性也值得关注。
结构面弹性变形的力学特性通常由剪切刚度和法向刚度表示。剪切刚度、法向刚度分别是指剪切应力与法向应力梯度变化与应变的比值,该比值同样表示应力-位移曲线的斜率变化。剪切刚度Ks、法向刚度Kn的计算公式分别如式(34)、式(35)所示。
K s = τ δ
式(34)中:∂τ为单位剪切应力;∂δ为单位剪切位移。
K n = σ δ
式(35)中:∂σ为单位剪切应力;∂δ为单位剪切位移。
利用方程分析法中积分类比法[20-22]进行相似关系求解,有
C K s = C τ C L C γ
C K n = C σ C L C ε
通常情况下,结构面的强度远低于岩体的强度。因此,在塑性变形阶段及破坏阶段,对于含有结构面的斜坡而言,在设计相似关系时,应重点考虑结构面的强度和刚度特性,可适当放宽对岩石相似材料强度特性的要求。
综合1.1节~1.5节所推导出的相似关系表达式,表1分别给出了在利用严格相似模型和应变失真模型开展岩质边坡振动台试验时,若以Lρa作为控制参数,各物理量对应的相似系数。在表1的基础上,梳理了不同类型边坡在不同变形演化阶段的关键参数,结果如表2所示。
为了验证前述所建立的相似关系的合理性和正确性,采用数值模拟开展了均质岩质边坡和软硬组合型边坡的固有振动特性和动力响应特性分析。结合不同类型的数值计算软件在分析不同问题方面的优势,采用ABAQUS软件开展边坡的模态分析以获得边坡的固有频率和振型,采用3DEC软件开展边坡地震动力响应分析以获得边坡的加速度和变形响应,2种数值计算所采用的模型完全相同。对于每一类边坡,数值模型都分为基准模型和按严格相似模型与应变失真模型相似关系换算而成的相似模型。通过将相似模型的数值计算结果与基准模型的计算结果进行比较,对表1表2严格相似模型和应变失真模型相似关系进行验证。
分别设置均质边坡和软硬岩组合型边坡的基准模型以及对应的严格相似模型(几何相似比CL=1.5)、应变失真模型(应变相似比Cε=1.5)。各模型选取的物理力学参数如表3~表5所示。其中基准模型的材料参数来自实际边坡振动台试验所采用的参数。
图2给出了均质边坡和软硬岩组合型边坡的3DEC数值计算模型。在每个边坡的坡表以及内部分别设置5个加速度监测点,用以监测边坡各点的动力响应情况。在边坡底部设置一个监测点,监测振动台试验台面的加速度。
模型输入的地震波选取不同振动频率与幅值的EL-centro波,加载方向为水平向和竖直向。对模型1与模型4分别施加持时8 s、最大幅值为0.5g的EL-centro波。其余模型施加的地震波按照相似关系分别进行压缩。其中,模型2和模型5的输入地震波一致,均为模型1的输入地震波按照表1的相似关系Cf= C L - 1 / 2进行压缩,即地震波的持时为5.65 s,幅值为0.5g;模型3和6的输入地震波按照表1的相似关系Cf= C L - 1 / 2 C ε - 1 / 2对模型1的输入地震波进行压缩,地震波的持时为4.61 s,幅值为0.5g
表6表7分别为均质边坡以及软硬岩组合型边坡各模型的固有频率和周期。可以发现,不同几何相似比的均质边坡和软硬岩组合型边坡,严格相似、应变失真情况下与基准模型各阶固有频率的相似关系均满足公式CT=CL C ρ 1 / 2 C E - 1 / 2,振型完全一致,符合相似要求。
图3图4分别为均质边坡以及软硬岩组合型边坡各模型在输入对应地震波后各监测点的水平向加速度峰值(peak horizontal acceleration, PHA)、竖直向加速度峰值(peak vertical acceleration, PVA)放大系数。通过对比均质边坡与软硬岩组合型边坡各模型各对应监测点的PHA放大系数、PVA放大系数,可以发现,在输入不同压缩比的EL-centro波表现出来的水平向加速度响应规律基本一致。这说明,在模型试验弹性变形阶段内,无论是否满足严格相似,其各点PHA、PVA放大系数与原型坡保持一致,因此,即使用应变失真模型来研究边坡的弹性变形阶段的动力响应问题,也能获得较为理想的结果。
图5为均质边坡模型塑性变形区情况,模型3(均质边坡应变失真模型)对比模型1(均质边坡基准模型)和模型2(均质边坡严格相似模型)塑性变形区较为接近,结合式(22)、式(23)可推测出,应变失真模型在受力上与严格相似模型完全一致。因此,从理论上可以推测出不同均质边坡模型的破坏发生的时间以及破坏的位置均相同,也就导致各模型的塑性变形区一致。
图6为均质边坡模型塑性变形最大剪应变增量云图。由塑性应变增量可以得出,应变数值上符合Cε=Cσ/CE,这说明,应变失真模型可以反映出材料非线性的影响。但涉及破坏阶段,尽管其塑性变形区接近,但变形的大小显然与原型存在较大差异。这是由于Cδ=CεCL,塑性变形产生的位移与模型的几何达不到相似,在宏观上,应变失真模型的变形程度与原型必然会存在差异,差异的大小取决于应变相似系数Cε,应变相似系数越接近1,塑性变形产生的位移与模型的几何尺寸相似比越接近,破坏程度越接近原型。由于Cε>1,因此,应变失真模型变形的程度要小于原型变形的程度。
图7为软硬岩组合型边坡模型达在塑性变形阶段结构面的剪切位移云图。可以看出,在结构面剪切破坏后,模型4(软硬岩组合型边坡基准模型)结构面的位移基本是模型5(软硬岩组合型边坡严格相似模型)结构面位移的两倍,而二者的几何相似比也是2。因此,严格相似情况下,对于存在结构面的软硬岩组合型边坡,在结构面发生塑性变形时仍满足相似关系。模型6(软硬岩组合型边坡应变失真模型)的位移为0.56 mm,其破坏阶段的剪切位移满足公式Cδ=CεCL,可见,对含结构面的边坡而言,仍是应变相似比越接近1,破坏位移越接近原型。
在区分初始阶段、弹性变形阶段和塑性变形阶段的基础上,探讨了均质边坡和含单一结构面边坡严格相似模型与应变失真模型相似关系的建立方法,确定了各模型对应的关键参数,以期为岩质边坡在1g振动台模型试验中的相似关系设计提供理论依据,完善岩质边坡1g振动台试验相似理论。主要结论如下。
(1)在相似关系设计上,以控制方程法为主、量纲分析法为辅,推导了1g振动台试验中均质边坡和软硬组合型边坡在不同变形演化阶段,严格相似、应变失真模型与原型对应的相似关系,确立了各阶段所需的关键参数。其中,为满足边坡自身的振动性态以及弹性阶段动力响应相似所需的关键参数包括岩石相似材料的密度、弹性模量泊松比以及结构面的刚度特性。对于非线性范围的相似关系的确定,应重点考虑材料的强度特性。
(2)在边坡振动台模型试验相似模型的选择上,若重点研究边坡的自振问题或弹性变形阶段的相似问题,可采用应变失真模型。若重点研究边坡的塑性变形特性,应使模型与原型的应变相似比尽可能接近1。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3003205)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308308
  • 接收时间:2023-10-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-25
  • 修回日期:2024-07-19
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3003205)
作者信息
    1.成都理工大学环境与土木工程学院, 成都 610059
    2.中航勘察设计研究院有限公司, 北京 100098
    3.四川省第六建筑有限公司, 成都 610081

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* 刘汉香(1986—),女,汉族,福建龙岩人,博士,副教授。研究方向:岩土动力学及边坡地震工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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