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A method for optimizing the control parameters of the sample point distribution state within the framework of the unscented transform (UT) for the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) was introduced. The issue of abnormal filtering performance arising from the state of sample point distributions was addressed by this method. A multi-strategy improved sparrow search algorithm(ISSA) was employed to finely tune the control parameters. The goal is to enhance the distribution of Sigma points, thereby improving the effectiveness of nonlinear approximations and ultimately enhancing the accuracy of filtering estimations. To address the shortcomings of traditional sparrow search algorithms, several refinements were implemented. Initially, a Cubic chaotic mapping was applied to diversify the initial population. Furthermore, during the exploration phase, a nonlinear adaptive convergence factor was introduced to balance the algorithm’s capacity for global exploration and local exploitation. Additionally, a wavelet mutation strategy was integrated into the follower phase to prevent blind adherence to specific paths and mitigate the risk of becoming trapped in local optima. Lastly, an adaptive t-distribution perturbation capability was introduced to strengthen the algorithm’s ability to perform wide-ranging global searches. The efficacy of the proposed ISSA was demonstrated through simulation experiments conducted on various test functions. The results consistently show that ISSA outperforms other methods in terms of convergence and solution accuracy. Furthermore, the benefits of ISSA are extended to the optimization of parameters within the UKF algorithm. Experimental outcomes indicate that the ISSA-UKF algorithm reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) of position by 52.2% and the RMSE of velocity by 21.9%, thus affirming the viability and effectiveness of the proposed enhancements.

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针对无迹卡尔曼滤波(unscented Kalman filter, UKF)中无迹变换(unscented transform,UT)在状态估计时采样点分布状态控制参数异常对滤波性能的影响问题,提出了一种利用多策略改进麻雀搜索算法(improved sparrow search algorithm, ISSA)对UT中采样点分布状态控制参数进行寻优调整的方法,从而优化Sigma点分布以提高非线性近似效果,改善滤波估计性能。同时针对传统麻雀搜索算法面临的易陷入局部最优和收敛速度慢等问题,首先利用Cubic混沌映射改善初始种群的多样性;其次在发现者阶段引入非线性自适应收敛因子,提高平衡算法在全局探索和局部开发方面的能力;同时在追随者阶段利用小波变异策略,以避免追随者盲目追随而导致算法陷入局部最优;最后利用自适应t分布的扰动能力增强算法的全局搜索能力。通过测试函数对ISSA算法进行仿真实验,结果表明ISSA算法具有更好的收敛性和求解精度,同时验证ISSA优化UKF算法后的仿真结果,表明了ISSA-UKF算法相比于UKF算法的位置均方根误差降低了52.2%,速度均方根误差降低了21.9%,证明了改进方法的有效性和可行性。

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刘建娟(1978—),女,汉族,河南南阳人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能感知与导航定位。E-mail:

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刘建娟(1978—),女,汉族,河南南阳人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能感知与导航定位。E-mail:

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刘建娟(1978—),女,汉族,河南南阳人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能感知与导航定位。E-mail:

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Motorized target tracking[M]. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 1991., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1205914229345940369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, awardId=62201199, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(62201199), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1205914229442409363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, awardId=232102320037, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省科技攻关项目(232102320037), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1205914229522101141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, awardId=2021ZKCJ07, language=CN, fundingSource=河南工业大学自科创新基金(2021ZKCJ07), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205914222014296848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205914222026879761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, companyId=1205914222014296848, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Institute of Electromechanical Equipment and Measurement & Control Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205914222186263319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, companyId=1205914222165291796, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.河南工业大学机电设备及测控技术研究所, 郑州 450001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1205914225944359779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Distribution of Cubic chaotic mapping, figureFileSmall=WETmyzjaIgd+WdPU0t2AaA==, figureFileBig=m+CH+0ihSSQSiwpf01EijA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914226032440165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Cubic混沌映射分布图, figureFileSmall=WETmyzjaIgd+WdPU0t2AaA==, figureFileBig=m+CH+0ihSSQSiwpf01EijA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914226120520551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Plot of nonlinear convergence factor, figureFileSmall=kBxLEAWnLDjJlljpN4Q8tw==, figureFileBig=IFzLMCaqhTzZ1hWGmNQ7DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914226204406633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, language=CN, label=图2, caption=非线性收敛因子曲线图, figureFileSmall=kBxLEAWnLDjJlljpN4Q8tw==, figureFileBig=IFzLMCaqhTzZ1hWGmNQ7DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914226279904107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Flow chart of the ISSA-UKF algorithm, figureFileSmall=MwoDFjUkIzdfkLZv9dbCaw==, figureFileBig=j1UMHroPiQduD7clW32dQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914226372178797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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figureFileSmall=bC7mIpoV/iP1f6TM4Hx9BQ==, figureFileBig=Cmerzl+36oJQ3Ec/OYkbMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914226690945909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, language=CN, label=图5, caption=x方向位置均方误差, figureFileSmall=bC7mIpoV/iP1f6TM4Hx9BQ==, figureFileBig=Cmerzl+36oJQ3Ec/OYkbMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914226783220599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Y-direction position mean square error, figureFileSmall=pz/GwgcarLGroLhqmEFmVQ==, figureFileBig=Lg5747DI97ivybxk9DVwhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914226850329464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, language=CN, label=图6, caption=y方向位置均方误差, figureFileSmall=pz/GwgcarLGroLhqmEFmVQ==, figureFileBig=Lg5747DI97ivybxk9DVwhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914226930021241, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914227445920642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, language=CN, label=图10, caption=速度均方根误差统计, figureFileSmall=WKtnlIP/4htM5Ud68ZCK6w==, figureFileBig=ibCGljpUkiIHWqF6w8/CvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914227504640900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Benchmark function

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
函数 维数 范围 最优值
F1(x)= i = 1 n x i 2 30 [-100,100] 0
F2(x)= i = 1 n x i+ i = 1 n x i 30 [-10,10] 0
$F_{3}(x)=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(\sum_{j=1}^{i} x_{j}\right)^{2}$ 30 [-100,100] 0
F4(x)=maxi{ x i,1≤in} 30 [-100,100] 0
$F_{5}(x)=\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}\left[100\left(x_{i+1}-x_{i}^{2}\right)^{2}+\left(x_{i}-1\right)^{2}\right]$ 30 [-30,30] 0
F6(x)= i = 1 n -xisin(x i) 30 [-500,500] -418.982 8n
F7(x)= i = 1 n [ x i 2-10cos(2πxi)+10] 30 [-5.12,5.12] 0
$F_{8}(x)=-20 \exp \left(-0.2 \sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i}^{2}}\right)-\exp \left[\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \cos \left(2 \pi x_{i}\right)\right]+20+\mathrm{e}$ 30 [-32,32] 0
$F_{9}(x)=\frac{1}{4000} \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i}^{2}-\prod_{i=1}^{n} \cos \left(\frac{x_{i}}{\sqrt{i}}\right)+1$ 30 [-600,600] 0
$F_{10}(x)=\frac{\pi}{n}\left\{10 \sin \left(\pi y_{1}\right)+\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}\left(y_{i}-1\right)^{2}\left[1+10 \sin ^{2}\left(\pi y_{i+1}\right)\right]+\left(y_{n}-1\right)^{2}\right\}+\sum_{i=1}^{n} u\left(x_{i}, 10,100,4\right)$
$y_{i}=1+\frac{x_{i}+1}{4}$
u(xi,a,k,m)= k ( x i - a ) m ,   x i a 0 ,   - a x i a k ( - x i - a ) m ,   x i a
30 [-50,50] 0
), ArticleFig(id=1205914227571749765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基准测试函数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
函数 维数 范围 最优值
F1(x)= i = 1 n x i 2 30 [-100,100] 0
F2(x)= i = 1 n x i+ i = 1 n x i 30 [-10,10] 0
$F_{3}(x)=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(\sum_{j=1}^{i} x_{j}\right)^{2}$ 30 [-100,100] 0
F4(x)=maxi{ x i,1≤in} 30 [-100,100] 0
$F_{5}(x)=\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}\left[100\left(x_{i+1}-x_{i}^{2}\right)^{2}+\left(x_{i}-1\right)^{2}\right]$ 30 [-30,30] 0
F6(x)= i = 1 n -xisin(x i) 30 [-500,500] -418.982 8n
F7(x)= i = 1 n [ x i 2-10cos(2πxi)+10] 30 [-5.12,5.12] 0
$F_{8}(x)=-20 \exp \left(-0.2 \sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i}^{2}}\right)-\exp \left[\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \cos \left(2 \pi x_{i}\right)\right]+20+\mathrm{e}$ 30 [-32,32] 0
$F_{9}(x)=\frac{1}{4000} \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i}^{2}-\prod_{i=1}^{n} \cos \left(\frac{x_{i}}{\sqrt{i}}\right)+1$ 30 [-600,600] 0
$F_{10}(x)=\frac{\pi}{n}\left\{10 \sin \left(\pi y_{1}\right)+\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}\left(y_{i}-1\right)^{2}\left[1+10 \sin ^{2}\left(\pi y_{i+1}\right)\right]+\left(y_{n}-1\right)^{2}\right\}+\sum_{i=1}^{n} u\left(x_{i}, 10,100,4\right)$
$y_{i}=1+\frac{x_{i}+1}{4}$
u(xi,a,k,m)= k ( x i - a ) m ,   x i a 0 ,   - a x i a k ( - x i - a ) m ,   x i a
30 [-50,50] 0
), ArticleFig(id=1205914227676607365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Algorithm parameter setting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 参数设置
SSA ST=0.8; PD=0.2; SD=0.2
ISSA ST=0.8; PD=0.2; SD=0.2
WOA a∈[0,2],并从2线性递减至0
PSO ω=0.9;c1=c2=1.494 45;
GWO a∈[0,2],并从2线性递减至0;r1,r2∈[0,1]
), ArticleFig(id=1205914227747910535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

算法参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 参数设置
SSA ST=0.8; PD=0.2; SD=0.2
ISSA ST=0.8; PD=0.2; SD=0.2
WOA a∈[0,2],并从2线性递减至0
PSO ω=0.9;c1=c2=1.494 45;
GWO a∈[0,2],并从2线性递减至0;r1,r2∈[0,1]
), ArticleFig(id=1205914228544828295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of the test function

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
函数 指标 ISSA SSA WOA PSO GWO
F1 平均值 2.11×10-2 4.02×100 6.90×102 4.83×102 6.51×102
标准差 1.38×100 4.81×102 7×102 2.69×102 4.62×102
最优值 0 8.63×10-65 2.81×10-86 1.23×101 3.88×10-29
F2 平均值 1.39×10-2 3.33×106 6.62×1010 2.92×1010 4.90×1010
标准差 2.34×10-1 4×108 3.76×1012 9.12×1011 3.69×1012
最优值 0 1.43×10-137 1.21×10-60 3.62×100 2.19×10-17
F3 平均值 2.39×100 2.33×101 8.08×104 3.20×103 3.27×103
标准差 9.18×101 1.17×103 1.27×104 1.34×103 1.75×103
最优值 0 0 8.74×103 3.51×102 7.66×10-9
F4 平均值 2.17×10-3 9.18×10-3 5.40×101 1.45×101 3.37×100
标准差 8.75×10-2 6.67×10-1 1.07×101 6×10-1 1.44×100
最优值 0 3.07×10-155 1.92×10-1 6.38×100 6.58×10-8
F5 平均值 2.45×100 1.41×104 2×106 4.89×105 1.72×106
标准差 1.32×102 1.70×106 4.14×106 1.17×106 2.93×106
最优值 3.25×10-11 1.40×10-11 2.69×101 1.17×103 2.61×101
F6 平均值 -1.14×104 -8.62×103 -9.60×103 -5.75×103 -4.04×103
标准差 2.89×102 7.04×102 4.80×102 2.11×102 1.86×102
最优值 -1.26×104 -1.26×104 -1.26×104 -7.72×103 -7.90×103
F7 平均值 2.06×10-1 5.72×10-1 2.40×101 2.04×102 3.18×101
标准差 3.43×100 6.22×100 1.58×101 1.05×101 5.09×100
最优值 0 0 0 9.79×101 0
F8 平均值 7.58×10-3 1.53×10-2 7.61×10-1 8.69×100 7.44×10-1
标准差 9.04×10-2 2.21×10-1 3.24×10-1 3.82×10-1 1.24×10-1
最优值 8.88×10-16 8.88×10-16 8.88×10-16 4.14×100 7.19×10-14
F9 平均值 2.47×10-3 4.25×10-2 6.17×100 1.34×101 6.23×100
标准差 1.87×10-1 4.89×100 6.44×100 4.52×100 4.55×100
最优值 0 0 0 4.87×10-1 0
F10 平均值 2.26×10-3 3.70×10-3 4.49×106 1.66×105 3.44×106
标准差 5.75×10-2 1.17×10-1 1.03×107 1.14×106 6.26×106
最优值 1.77×10-11 2.93×10-10 5.56×10-3 3.38×100 1.25×10-2
), ArticleFig(id=1205914228981035914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

测试函数结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
函数 指标 ISSA SSA WOA PSO GWO
F1 平均值 2.11×10-2 4.02×100 6.90×102 4.83×102 6.51×102
标准差 1.38×100 4.81×102 7×102 2.69×102 4.62×102
最优值 0 8.63×10-65 2.81×10-86 1.23×101 3.88×10-29
F2 平均值 1.39×10-2 3.33×106 6.62×1010 2.92×1010 4.90×1010
标准差 2.34×10-1 4×108 3.76×1012 9.12×1011 3.69×1012
最优值 0 1.43×10-137 1.21×10-60 3.62×100 2.19×10-17
F3 平均值 2.39×100 2.33×101 8.08×104 3.20×103 3.27×103
标准差 9.18×101 1.17×103 1.27×104 1.34×103 1.75×103
最优值 0 0 8.74×103 3.51×102 7.66×10-9
F4 平均值 2.17×10-3 9.18×10-3 5.40×101 1.45×101 3.37×100
标准差 8.75×10-2 6.67×10-1 1.07×101 6×10-1 1.44×100
最优值 0 3.07×10-155 1.92×10-1 6.38×100 6.58×10-8
F5 平均值 2.45×100 1.41×104 2×106 4.89×105 1.72×106
标准差 1.32×102 1.70×106 4.14×106 1.17×106 2.93×106
最优值 3.25×10-11 1.40×10-11 2.69×101 1.17×103 2.61×101
F6 平均值 -1.14×104 -8.62×103 -9.60×103 -5.75×103 -4.04×103
标准差 2.89×102 7.04×102 4.80×102 2.11×102 1.86×102
最优值 -1.26×104 -1.26×104 -1.26×104 -7.72×103 -7.90×103
F7 平均值 2.06×10-1 5.72×10-1 2.40×101 2.04×102 3.18×101
标准差 3.43×100 6.22×100 1.58×101 1.05×101 5.09×100
最优值 0 0 0 9.79×101 0
F8 平均值 7.58×10-3 1.53×10-2 7.61×10-1 8.69×100 7.44×10-1
标准差 9.04×10-2 2.21×10-1 3.24×10-1 3.82×10-1 1.24×10-1
最优值 8.88×10-16 8.88×10-16 8.88×10-16 4.14×100 7.19×10-14
F9 平均值 2.47×10-3 4.25×10-2 6.17×100 1.34×101 6.23×100
标准差 1.87×10-1 4.89×100 6.44×100 4.52×100 4.55×100
最优值 0 0 0 4.87×10-1 0
F10 平均值 2.26×10-3 3.70×10-3 4.49×106 1.66×105 3.44×106
标准差 5.75×10-2 1.17×10-1 1.03×107 1.14×106 6.26×106
最优值 1.77×10-11 2.93×10-10 5.56×10-3 3.38×100 1.25×10-2
), ArticleFig(id=1205914229094282124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of root mean square error

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 UKF AUKF ISSA-UKF
位置均方根误差/m 1.058 76 0.723 819 0.505 756
速度均方根误差/(m·s-1) 0.168 18 0.150 927 0.131 186
), ArticleFig(id=1205914229194945422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908302530601862, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

均方根误差对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 UKF AUKF ISSA-UKF
位置均方根误差/m 1.058 76 0.723 819 0.505 756
速度均方根误差/(m·s-1) 0.168 18 0.150 927 0.131 186
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多策略改进麻雀搜索算法优化无迹卡尔曼滤波方法
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刘建娟 1, 2 , 李志伟 1, 2 , 姬淼鑫 1, 2 , 吴豪然 1, 2 , 许强伟 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(1): 227-237
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(1): 227-237
多策略改进麻雀搜索算法优化无迹卡尔曼滤波方法
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刘建娟1, 2 , 李志伟1, 2, 姬淼鑫1, 2, 吴豪然1, 2, 许强伟1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.河南工业大学电气工程学院, 郑州 450001
  • 2.河南工业大学机电设备及测控技术研究所, 郑州 450001
  • 刘建娟(1978—),女,汉族,河南南阳人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能感知与导航定位。E-mail:

Multi-strategy Improvement of the Sparrow Search Algorithm for Optimizing the UKF Method
Jian-juan LIU1, 2 , Zhi-wei LI1, 2, Miao-xin JI1, 2, Hao-ran WU1, 2, Qiang-wei XU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 2. Institute of Electromechanical Equipment and Measurement & Control Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2307849
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针对无迹卡尔曼滤波(unscented Kalman filter, UKF)中无迹变换(unscented transform,UT)在状态估计时采样点分布状态控制参数异常对滤波性能的影响问题,提出了一种利用多策略改进麻雀搜索算法(improved sparrow search algorithm, ISSA)对UT中采样点分布状态控制参数进行寻优调整的方法,从而优化Sigma点分布以提高非线性近似效果,改善滤波估计性能。同时针对传统麻雀搜索算法面临的易陷入局部最优和收敛速度慢等问题,首先利用Cubic混沌映射改善初始种群的多样性;其次在发现者阶段引入非线性自适应收敛因子,提高平衡算法在全局探索和局部开发方面的能力;同时在追随者阶段利用小波变异策略,以避免追随者盲目追随而导致算法陷入局部最优;最后利用自适应t分布的扰动能力增强算法的全局搜索能力。通过测试函数对ISSA算法进行仿真实验,结果表明ISSA算法具有更好的收敛性和求解精度,同时验证ISSA优化UKF算法后的仿真结果,表明了ISSA-UKF算法相比于UKF算法的位置均方根误差降低了52.2%,速度均方根误差降低了21.9%,证明了改进方法的有效性和可行性。

无迹卡尔曼滤波  /  麻雀搜索算法  /  Cubic混沌映射  /  非线性自适应收敛因子  /  小波变异策略

A method for optimizing the control parameters of the sample point distribution state within the framework of the unscented transform (UT) for the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) was introduced. The issue of abnormal filtering performance arising from the state of sample point distributions was addressed by this method. A multi-strategy improved sparrow search algorithm(ISSA) was employed to finely tune the control parameters. The goal is to enhance the distribution of Sigma points, thereby improving the effectiveness of nonlinear approximations and ultimately enhancing the accuracy of filtering estimations. To address the shortcomings of traditional sparrow search algorithms, several refinements were implemented. Initially, a Cubic chaotic mapping was applied to diversify the initial population. Furthermore, during the exploration phase, a nonlinear adaptive convergence factor was introduced to balance the algorithm’s capacity for global exploration and local exploitation. Additionally, a wavelet mutation strategy was integrated into the follower phase to prevent blind adherence to specific paths and mitigate the risk of becoming trapped in local optima. Lastly, an adaptive t-distribution perturbation capability was introduced to strengthen the algorithm’s ability to perform wide-ranging global searches. The efficacy of the proposed ISSA was demonstrated through simulation experiments conducted on various test functions. The results consistently show that ISSA outperforms other methods in terms of convergence and solution accuracy. Furthermore, the benefits of ISSA are extended to the optimization of parameters within the UKF algorithm. Experimental outcomes indicate that the ISSA-UKF algorithm reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) of position by 52.2% and the RMSE of velocity by 21.9%, thus affirming the viability and effectiveness of the proposed enhancements.

unscented Kalman filter  /  sparrow search algorithm  /  Cubic chaotic mapping  /  nonlinear adaptive convergence factor  /  wavelet mutation strategy
刘建娟, 李志伟, 姬淼鑫, 吴豪然, 许强伟. 多策略改进麻雀搜索算法优化无迹卡尔曼滤波方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 227 -237 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2307849
Jian-juan LIU, Zhi-wei LI, Miao-xin JI, Hao-ran WU, Qiang-wei XU. Multi-strategy Improvement of the Sparrow Search Algorithm for Optimizing the UKF Method[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 227 -237 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2307849
随着无人驾驶技术的快速发展,如何克服复杂环境的影响成为确保智能汽车安全的重要前提[1]。为了准确、实时地获取行驶状态的相关信息,目前常采用多传感器融合方法,将来自不同传感器的数据或信息进行集成和处理,以获得更全面、可靠的信息。多传感器融合定位依赖于各种滤波算法,其中常见的滤波算法包括卡尔曼滤波[2](Kalman filter, KF)、扩展卡尔曼滤波[3](extended Kalman filter, EKF)和无迹卡尔曼滤波[4](unscented Kalman filter, UKF)。这些算法已被应用于目标跟踪、组合导航以及锂电池荷电状态估计等多个领域,并成为国内外学者研究的焦点之一[5-7]
UKF针对非线性系统主要通过使用无迹变换(unscented transformation, UT)方法采用特定采样点来近似非线性函数,相比于EKF算法,UKF算法在非线性系统的估计和滤波中具有更好的性能。Zheng等[8]针对同时存在异常值和不确定协方差矩阵的情况,提出了一种基于创新和残差的鲁棒自适应UKF滤波方法;Yang等[9]为提高全球卫星导航系统与惯性测量单元组合导航系统的鲁棒性,提出一种基于广义极大似然估计的鲁棒无迹卡尔曼滤波器,减弱了动态模型和测量异常值干扰的影响;Li等[10]提出一种鲁棒自适应UKF算法来解决非线性和非高斯问题,该方法能自适应估计非高斯和非线性情况下的过程噪声协方差和测量噪声协方差;Novi等[11]提出一种集成人工神经网络和无迹卡尔曼滤波的滤波器,用以估算车辆的侧滑角;Yang等[12]提出了一种改进的自适应衰减平方根无迹卡尔曼滤波器,通过利用衰减因子实时调整滤波器增益,改善算法对突变状态的适应性;Dunik等[13]提出一种自适应的取值方法,利用网格方法或随机搜索方法对缩放参数进行选择,缩放参数的选择与网格的密度密切相关,网格密度越小,能够搜索到的缩放参数数量就越少,网格密度越大,搜索到的缩放参数就越多;贺军义等[14]提出一种利用和声差分进化算法对缩放参数进行最优选择的方法,将缩放参数作为优化目标,选择每时刻滤波误差最小的缩放参数。文献[8-12]的研究主要聚焦在UKF算法的噪声协方差方面,以及通过引入衰减因子改进其性能,然而在UKF算法中的UT变换理论的研究较为有限,其特点是通过缩放参数控制采样点的分布来影响近似的准确性,控制参数过小将使采样点过于集中在均值附近,导致滤波器低估状态的不确定性,使其对噪声和不确定性的抵抗能力下降;控制参数过大使得采样点分散太远,导致滤波器高估状态的不确定性,使其对噪声和不确定性的抵抗能力变强,但会导致估计值波动较大,影响滤波精度。文献[13]采用网格搜索方法对缩放参数进行选择,但网格搜索方法计算成本高同时可能错过最优解;文献[14]利用和声差分进化算法对缩放参数进行优化选择,但其对初始解较为敏感且存在早熟等问题。
针对上述问题,现提出一种利用麻雀搜索算法改进UKF的方法。麻雀搜索算法具有全局搜索能力强和易于实现等优势,但同时存在收敛速度慢和易陷入局部最优等问题,从而可能出现错过最优解的情况,因此,现提出利用Cubic混沌映射、非线性自适应收敛因子、小波变异策略以及自适应t分布变异方法对其进行改进,然后利用改进后的麻雀搜索算法对采样点分布状态控制参数α进行优化选择,从而控制UT变换中采样点的分布,以提高UKF算法的性能和估计精度,最后通过实验进一步验证改进方法的可行性和有效性。
麻雀搜索算法[15](sparrow search algorithm, SSA)主要灵感来自麻雀种群寻找食物和反掠食者捕食行为。该算法将麻雀按照不同职责分为发现者、追随者和预警者三大类,以实现高效的优化搜索。在SSA算法中,发现者负责寻找食物,并提供觅食区域和方向的信息,而追随者则依据发现者提供信息对食物进行获取,当预警者发现捕食者时会发出警报,此时位于边缘的个体会迅速飞往安全区域,即反捕食行为。值得注意的是,发现者和追随者可以相互转变身份,如果有更优的食物位置被发现,每只麻雀都可能是发现者,然而,在整个种群中,发现者和追随者的比重是不变的。
(1)发现者的位置更新计算。
X i , j t + 1= X i , j t e x p - i σ i t e r m a x ,   R 2 S T X i , j t + Q L ,   R 2 S T
式(1)中: X i , j t为第i只麻雀在第t代麻雀种群中第j维的位置;σ为(0,1]中的随机数;Q为正态分布随机数;R2为报警值,是取值范围[0,1]中的随机数;ST为预警阈值,取值范围为[0.5,1];L为一个所有元素都为1的1×d矩阵。R2<ST表示当前位置没有捕食者,发现者可以继续觅食;R2≥ST表示当前区域有捕食者,发现者需躲避危险,转移到安全区域。
(2) 追随者的位置更新计算。
X i , j t + 1= Q e x p X w o r s t t - X i , j t i 2 ,   i n / 2 X p t + 1 + X i , j t - X p t + 1 A + L ,  
式(2)中: X p t + 1为麻雀种群第t+1代的最优位置; X w o r s t t为第t代麻雀种群的最差位置;A+为1×d的矩阵,矩阵内各元素被随机赋值为1或-1,且A+=AT ( A A T ) - 1。当i>n/2时,麻雀没有得到食物,需要寻找一个新的位置去觅食;当in/2时,麻雀移动到当前最佳位置以获得更多的食物。
(3) 预警者的位置更新计算。
X i , j t + 1= X b e s t t + φ X i , j t - X b e s t t ,   f i f g X i , j t + K X i , j t - X w o r s t t f i - f w + ε ,   f i = f g
式(3)中: X b e s t t为麻雀种群第t代最优位置;φ为符合标准正态分布的随机数;K为[-1,1]的均匀随机数;fi为当前个体的适应度值;fgfw分别为全局最优和最差适应度值;ε为最小常数,避免分母为零。fi>fg表示此麻雀处于觅食区域边缘位置,易受到捕食者袭击;fi=fg表示处于中间位置的麻雀意识到危险,通过向其他麻雀靠拢减少被捕食风险。
为了克服SSA算法收敛速度慢和易陷入局部最优等问题,提出了一种多策略改进麻雀搜索算法,算法首先引入Cubic混沌映射改善初始种群的多样性,其次在发现者中引入非线性自适应收敛因子,使算法在前期拓展搜索区域,在后期提升收敛效率,协调算法整体与局部的开发拓展能力;同时在追随者引入小波变异策略,降低对发现者的依赖性,避免陷入局部最优;最后,利用自适应t分布方法,对个体进行扰动,以增强算法跳出局部最优解的能力。通过以上改进策略的融合,使得改进后的麻雀搜索算法能有效提高算法性能,改善求解的效率和精度。
混沌映射是一种自然界中存在的非线性现象,被广泛应用于各种优化算法。它的存在丰富了种群的多样性,并且由于其具有随机性和遍历性,使得算法能有效跳出局部最优解。其中,Cubic是一种典型的混沌映射[16],其标准形式为
xn+1=b x n 3-cxn
式(4)中:bc为混沌影响因子。一般在c∈(2.3,3)时,Cubic映射产生的序列处于混沌状态。通过文献[17]对16种常见一维混沌映射的最大Lyapunov指数计算和分析,可以发现Cubic映射的混沌性与Logistic映射、Tent映射的最大Lyapunov指数相近,且相比于Sine映射、Circle映射和Singer映射等一维映射具有很好的优势。修正后的Cubic映射特定表达式为
xn+1=ρxn(1- x n 2)
式(5)中:xn∈(0,1);ρ为控制参数。Cubic映射仿真结果如图1所示。
在麻雀捕食过程中,发现者在搜寻最佳觅食位置时,如果移动步长过大,尽管可以缩短寻找最优解的时间,但也存在容易错失全局最优解的风险。为了提升SSA算法的全局搜索性能,发现者在早期迭代阶段应执行全局勘探,这需要较大的收敛因子来扩大全局搜索范围;而在后期迭代阶段,发现者需较小的收敛因子,以增强局部开发能力,加快收敛速度,并避免陷入局部最优。为了解决上述问题,受灰狼优化算法启发,引入了一个系数A,当 A>1时,灰狼群体会扩大搜索范围以寻找猎物,即进行全局搜索,从而加快收敛速度快;当 A<1时,灰狼群体会收缩搜索范围以攻击猎物,即进行局部开发,且收敛速度较慢,因此,系数A成为影响全局探索和局部开发能力平衡的关键因素[18]。然而,从式(6)可看出,收敛因子a决定了A的取值大小,但收敛因子是线性递减的,无法准确反映复杂的非线性搜索过程。因此引入一种逆不完全Γ函数和符合beta分布的收敛因子,以提高算法的搜索性能,其具体表达式如式(7)所示。
A=2ar-a
a=amin+ a m a x - a m i n ξΓ ξ , 1 - t i t e r m a x+μbetarnd(p,q)
式(7)中:r为区间[0,1]上的随机数;amaxamin分别为收敛因子a的最大值和最小值;逆不完全Γ函数为γ(ξ,a)= 0 ξ  e-xxa-1dx,ξ为随机变量,取0.01;μ=0.1;betarnd(p,q)为服从贝塔分布的随机数,p=1,q=2。收敛因子a的变化曲线图如图2所示。
根据图2所示,改进后的非线性收敛因子在迭代前期表现类似于线性递减,这有利于算法进行全局探索;而在算法迭代后期,收敛因子开始呈指数形式下降,从而增强了算法的局部寻优能力。同时,引入了符合beta分布的随机数对非线性收敛因子进行局部扰动,实现了非线性因子的动态变化,意味着扰动了麻雀搜索步伐大小,提高了解的多样性。因此,改进后的非线性收敛因子有效协调了算法的全局探索和局部开发能力,提升了算法的优化性能。
改进后发现者的位置更新计算如下。
X i , j t + 1= A X i , j t e x p - i σ i t e r m a x ,   R 2 S T X i , j t + Q L ,   R 2 S T
标准SSA算法的追随者的更新方式是以占据最优位置的发现者为目标而进行位置更新,当追随者向最优位置靠近时,种群容易在短时间内迅速聚集,这种情况虽然实现了快速收敛,但也极大地增加了算法陷入局部最优的概率[19]。为了让追随者更好跟随发现者进行位置更新,在追随者的更新方式中引入小波变异系数,这使追随者在后期能以较大的步长移动,防止因盲目追随发现者而错过更好的位置,通过有效地避免趋同性,算法可以改善过早收敛和陷入局部最优的问题。
小波变异的思想来源于小波函数,其主要优势在于能够根据迭代次数来调控振幅值,实现对扰动的动态微调效果,从而增强算法跳出局部最优的能力[20]。小波变异的表达式为
$\eta=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\tau}} \mathrm{e}^{-\left(\frac{\varphi}{\tau}\right)^{2} / 2} \cos \left(5 \frac{\varphi}{\tau}\right)$
式(9)中:φ为[-2.5τ,2.5τ]内的随机数,伸缩参数τ随着迭代次数的增加而减小,其作为分母反向调控变异系数,使得小波变异系数逐渐减小,从而能够自适应地调控种群的变异程度。
τ= e - l n g 1 - i i t e r m a x δ + l n g
式(10)中:δ为形状参数,取δ=0.5;gτ的上限,取g=100。
改进后追随者的位置更新计算如下。
X i , j t + 1= Q e x p X w o r s t t - X i , j t i 2 ,   i n / 2 η X p t + 1 + X i , j t - X p t + 1 A + L ,  
t分布又称为学生分布,其曲线形态与自由度n密切相关,相比于正态分布,当自由度较小时,曲线较平坦,如果曲线峰值位置较低,则曲线两侧的尾部位置较高;当自由度为正无穷时,则逐渐接近标准正态分布[21]。高斯分布和柯西分布是t分布边界处的两个特例分布,t分布既有高斯分布的特点,也有柯西分布的特点,其概率密度函数为
pt(x)= Γ n + 1 2 n π Γ n 2 1 + x 2 n - n + 1 2
式(12)中:Γ n + 1 2= 0 +   x n + 1 2 - 1e-xdx为第二类欧拉积分。
为了提高传统麻雀算法的全局搜索能力并避免过早收敛,在发现者、加入者和预警者的位置更新之后,引入了自适应t分布的变异能力来扰动麻雀的位置。而自适应t分布的变异比柯西分布和高斯分布在扰动能力上更强,通过自适应t分布的变异扰动,可以有效提高麻雀算法的寻优性能,具体位置更新方式为
X i t + 1= X i t+ X i tt(iter)
式(13)中: X i t + 1为扰动后麻雀位置; X i t为麻雀i在第t次迭代时的位置。式(13)在 X i t的基础上引入了随机干扰项 X i tt(iter),充分利用了当前位置信息,并将自由度参数设置为迭代次数t。使算法在前期迭代次数较小时,具有全局探索能力,在算法后期,具有局部开发能力,而在算法中期,t分布综合了柯西分布和高斯分布两者的优点,从而改进了算法的全局探索和局部开发能力。这种更新方式使得算法能够在不同阶段灵活的调整其探索和开发能力,以便更好地搜索全局最优解并避免陷入局部最优。
ISSA算法步骤如下。
步骤1 初始化ISSA算法参数,包括种群大小、迭代次数、发现者比例、预警者比例等,然后使用式(5)初始化麻雀种群的初始位置。
步骤2 计算各麻雀适应度值,寻找当前最优适应度值和最差适应度值,以及它们的位置。
步骤3 发现者位置更新。根据式(8)更新发现者位置。
步骤4 追随者位置更新。根据式(11)更新追随者位置。
步骤5 预警者位置更新。随机选择一些麻雀作为预警者,并利用式(3)更新它们位置。
步骤6 利用式(13)进行自适应t分布变异,扰动当前最优值,生成新解。
步骤7 更新位置并计算适应度值。
步骤8 判断当前迭代次数是否达到最大迭代次数,若达到,则循环结束,算法输出最优解;否则,返回步骤2,直到满足结束条件。
UKF算法的关键在于UT变换,UT变换中Sigma点的统计特性由缩放比例参数控制,通过调整缩放比例参数,可以选择合理的采样点分布状态控制参数,从而有效影响缩放比例参数,以改善UKF算法的滤波性能。
为了找到预测误差最小的分布状态控制参数,需设定正确的适应度函数,因此选择以实际值与滤波输出估计值的均方误差作为适应度函数,适应度函数表达式为
fk= 1 M k = 1 M ( ϑ k - θ k ) 2
式(14)中:fk为第k次实际值与估计值的均方误差;M为估计长度;ϑk为实际值; θ k为滤波输出估计值。
当适应度函数值越小时,均方误差越小,则ISSA算法寻找的采样点分布状态控制参数最优。算法前期设置初始的采样点分布状态控制参数,然后通过ISSA算法的迭代搜索过程,生成和调节具有最小适应度函数值的采样点分布状态控制参数,即最优的采样点分布状态控制参数,将其作为输入参数应用于UKF算法,从而改善UKF算法的性能。通过自适应更新采样点分布状态控制参数,UKF算法可以更准确地估计系统状态,并提高滤波精度。
对于一般的非线性离散动态系统,过程和测量模型可以描述如下。
X k = f ( X k - 1 ) + W k - 1 Z k = h ( X k ) + V k
式(15)中:Xk∈Rn为状态向量;Zk∈Rm为测量向量;f(·)和h(·)分别为已知的非线性状态转移函数和测量函数;Wk-1Vk为不相关的零均值高斯白噪声,其协方差分别为Qk-1Rk。算法的实现过程如下。
步骤1 初始化。
X 0 = E [ X 0 ] P 0 = E [ ( X 0 - X 0 ) ( X 0 - X 0 ) T ]
式(16)中: X 0为初始状态;P0为初始误差协方差。
步骤2 Sigma点计算。
将通过ISSA算法寻优后获得的最优采样点分布状态控制参数α代入缩放比例参数计算公式。
x k - 1 0 = X k - 1 x k - 1 i = X k - 1 + [ ( n + λ ) P k - 1 ] , i = 1,2 , , n x k - 1 i = X k - 1 - [ ( n + λ ) P k - 1 ] , i = n + 1 , n + 2 , , 2 n
式(17)中:n为状态维数;λ=α2(n+κ)-n为缩放比例参数;ακ为调优参数,通常α反映样本点的分布。
步骤3 状态预测。
x k / k - 1 i = f [ x k - 1 ( i ) , k - 1 ] ,   i = 0,1 , 2 , , 2 n X k / k - 1 = i = 0 2 n ω i ( m ) x k / k - 1 i P X X = i = 0 2 n ω i ( c ) [ x k / k - 1 i - X k / k - 1 ] [ x k / k - 1 i - X k / k - 1 ] T P k / k - 1 = P X X + Q k - 1
式(18)中: ω i ( m ) ω i ( c )为权重,定义为
ω 0 ( m ) = λ n + λ ω 0 ( c ) = λ n + λ + ( 1 - α 2 + β ) ω i ( m ) = ω i ( c ) = 1 2 ( n + λ ) ,   i = 1,2 , , 2 n
式(19)中:待选参数β≥0是非负权重系数。
步骤4 测量预测。
z k / k - 1 i = h [ x k / k - 1 i , k ] ,   i = 0,1 , 2 , , 2 n Z k / k - 1 = i = 0 2 n ω i ( m ) z k / k - 1 i
步骤5 增益计算。
P X Z = i = 0 2 n ω i ( c ) [ x k / k - 1 i - X k / k - 1 ] [ z k / k - 1 i - Z k / k - 1 ] T P Z Z = i = 0 2 n ω i ( c ) [ z k / k - 1 i - Z k / k - 1 ] [ z k / k - 1 i - Z k / k - 1 ] T + R k K k = P X Z P Z Z - 1
步骤6 滤波更新。
X k = X k / k - 1 + K k ( Z k - Z k / k - 1 ) P k = P k / k - 1 - K k P Z Z K T k
步骤7 重复步骤2~步骤6,以实现完整UKF算法。ISSA-UKF算法流程图如图3所示。
首先为验证ISSA算法相比其他智能优化算法的性能优势和可行性,选取10个常见的基准测试函数,将其与SSA算法、鲸鱼优化算法(whale optimization algorithm, WOA)、粒子群优化算法(particle swarm optimization, PSO)以及灰狼优化算法(grey wolf optimizer, GWO)进行了实验对比。实验仿真平台基于Windows10系统,i7-8550U CPU @1.80 GHz,1.99 GHz,运行内存8 GB,仿真软件为MATLAB R2018b。基准测试函数如表1所示。为保证实验的公平性,设置各对比算法的种群数量均为30,迭代次数为500,其余参数设置如表2所示,在SSA算法和ISSA算法中,ST为安全阈值,PD为发现者比例,SD为意识到危险的麻雀占总数比例;WOA算法中,a为缩放因子;PSO算法中,ω为惯性权重,c1c2为学习因子;GWO算法中,a为收敛因子,r1r2为随机向量。
为了验证ISSA算法在寻优结果方面的准确性和稳定性,对每个测试函数独立运行30次,根据实验结果计算各算法的平均值和标准差作为性能评价依据,结果如表3所示。其中,F1~F5为单峰函数,可验证算法的局部搜索性能、收敛特性及稳定性,F6~F10为多峰函数,可验证算法跳出局部最优的能力以及全局寻优性能。
表3可以看出,ISSA在寻优稳定性和寻优精度方面比其他算法有显著的性能提升,对于单峰函数F1~F4的求解,ISSA能够稳定地找到其理论最优值,并且在平均值和标准差的计算方面表现更出色,寻优效果远超其他对比算法;对于F5, ISSA算法的寻优性能提升不明显,但其平均值和标准差仍然优于其他对比算法,表明ISSA具有良好的鲁棒性。对于多峰函数F7~F10,ISSA算法标准差和平均值均比其他算法更小,而且在函数F7F9中均能达到理论最优值;在函数F8中,ISSA与SSA、WOA找到的最优值一致,但比PSO和GWO更接近理论最优值;对于函数F6, ISSA算法的平均值优于其他算法,而标准差略逊于PSO和GWO,然而与传统SSA算法相比,ISSA在寻优性能方面有所提升。综合来看,ISSA算法在优化精度和鲁棒性方面均具有优势,在处理单峰函数时,ISSA算法能快速找到理论最优值,有效改善了全局搜索能力;在处理多峰函数时,ISSA算法具备跳出局部最优的能力。
为了直观地展示各个算法的收敛速度、收敛精度以及跳出局部最优值的能力,5种优化算法在10个基准函数下的收敛曲线如图4所示。
图4可知,ISSA算法相对于其他对比算法显示出更佳的收敛速度,能快速搜索空间,从而降低算法初始探索阶段,同时能在保持优化精度的情况下更接近最优解。对于单峰函数F1~F4,与其他算法相比,ISSA表现出收敛速度快和收敛精度高的性能,且具有良好的稳定性;对于函数F5, 虽未找到最优解,但ISSA的收敛速度和精度明显优于其他算法。在多峰函数F7F9中,ISSA展现出较强的寻优性能和抗停滞能力,随着迭代次数的增加,ISSA的下降速度最快,并且保持良好的稳定性;在函数F8中, ISSA的收敛精度与SSA、WOA相同,但可观察到ISSA具有更快的收敛速度且不容易陷入局部最优;而在函数F6F10中,ISSA的收敛精度和收敛速度均优于其他算法。
综上所述,ISSA在单峰函数和多峰函数中均展现出较强的寻优性能和抗停滞能力,证明了所提出的改进策略的有效性,即提高了算法的寻优性能,还降低了陷入局部最优的风险,使得ISSA整体性能优于SSA和其他对比算法,至此,ISSA算法的有效性和可行性得以证明。
假设车辆做匀加速直线运动,选取系统状态变量为Xk= [ x k , v x k , a x k , y k , v y k , a y k ] T,其中,xkvxkaxk分别为在x方向k时刻的位置、速度和加速度;ykvykayk分别为在y方向k时刻的位置、速度和加速度。
车辆运动模型利用文献[22]提出的“当前”统计模型,则状态方程为
Xk+1=φk+1Xk+Wk
式(23)中:Wk为状态噪声;Wk~N(0,Q),Q为过程噪声协方差矩阵。
φk+1=diag[φx,k+1,φy,k+1]
φx,k+1=φy,k+1= 1 T T 2 2 0 1 T 0 0 1
式中:T为采样周期。
量测方程为
Zk= x G , k y G , k ω k s k= x k y k v y , k a x , k - v x , k a y , k v x , k 2 + v y , k 2 T v x , k 2 + v y , k 2+ ν 1 ν 2 ν ω ν s
式(26)中:ν1ν2分别为GPS接收机输出的x方向和y方向位置的量测噪声;νω为角速度陀螺的量测噪声;νs为里程计的量测噪声。
将系统状态方程和量测方程代入ISSA-UKF算法模型中,实现对算法的仿真验证。
为验证ISSA-UKF算法的可行性和有效性,将其与UKF算法、自适应UKF(AUKF)算法进行仿真对比,设定算法的初始状态为X0=[0,10,0,0,10,0],采样周期T=1 s,采样次数N=300,智能优化算法种群数量为10,迭代次数为50,位置均方误差仿真结果如图5图6所示,速度均方误差仿真结果如图7图8所示。
可以看出,在x方向和y方向的位置均方误差中,AUKF算法相比于UKF算法表现出更小的波动,而ISSA-UKF算法相比于AUKF算法和UKF算法效果更好,位置均方误差的波动较小,更加稳定,因此,ISSA-UKF算法的滤波效果更好,精度较高,误差相对较小;在x方向和y方向的速度均方误差中,ISSA-UKF算法偶尔会得到较大的均方误差,但从整体效果仍然可看出,ISSA-UKF算法的效果更好,而UKF算法和AUKF算法的均方误差波动大,较不稳定。如表4所示,ISSA-UKF算法相对于UKF算法的位置均方根误差减小了52.2%,速度均方根误差减小了21.9%,与AUKF算法相比,ISSA-UKF算法在位置均方根误差上减小了30.1%,在速度均方根误差上减小了13%。综上可知,ISSA-UKF相比于传统UKF算法和AUKF算法的性能更好,能够有效降低误差,进一步验证了ISSA-UKF算法的有效性和可行性。
为验证ISSA-UKF算法的稳定性,选取10组数据,并在每组数据中,分别使各对比算法进行20次独立运行,取均方根误差的均值作为结果,实验结果如图9图10所示:从图9图10可知,AUKF算法相较于UKF算法具有较小的位置均方根误差和速度均方根误差,说明在加入SSA优化后,滤波效果得到了一定程度的改进,提高了滤波精度和稳定性;ISSA-UKF算法的位置均方根误差和速度均方根误差同样均比UKF算法和AUKF算法小,表明ISSA-UKF算法在滤波精度方面优于传统的UKF算法和AUKF算法,验证了ISSA-UKF算法的有效性和可行性,同时,在多组数据下能够保持较低的误差,说明ISSA-UKF算法具备较好的稳定性。
为了提高UKF算法的状态估计性能,提出利用麻雀搜索算法改进UKF的方法,但麻雀搜索算法具有收敛速度慢和易陷入局部最优等问题,因此针对麻雀搜索算法提出利用Cubic混沌映射策略、非线性自适应收敛因子、小波变异策略和自适应t分布等多种策略对其进行改进,以改善算法优化性能,然后通过改进后麻雀搜索算法对UT变换中的采样点分布状态控制参数进行寻找调整,以优化Sigma点分布,从而提高滤波效果。
通过测试函数仿真实验,表明了ISSA算法在寻优能力和收敛速度等方面相比其他算法具有显著优势。最后,验证了经ISSA优化后的UKF算法的效果,实验表明,相较于传统UKF算法,ISSA-UKF算法的位置均方根误差降低了52.2%,速度均方根误差降低了21.9%,与AUKF算法相比,ISSA-UKF算法的位置均方根误差降低了30.1%,速度均方根误差降低了13%,充分证明了ISSA-UKF算法的有效性,并为提升UKF系列滤波器性能提供了一定的参考价值。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62201199)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(232102320037)
  • 河南工业大学自科创新基金(2021ZKCJ07)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2307849
  • 接收时间:2023-10-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-09
  • 修回日期:2024-07-04
基金
国家自然科学基金(62201199)
河南省科技攻关项目(232102320037)
河南工业大学自科创新基金(2021ZKCJ07)
作者信息
    1.河南工业大学电气工程学院, 郑州 450001
    2.河南工业大学机电设备及测控技术研究所, 郑州 450001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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