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The sedimentary environment of Cardium formation in western Canada basin is the shallow sea coastal face. The conventional oil and gas reservoir was formed from the conglomerate and sandstone deposited on the coastal muddy seafloor. The unconventional tight oil reservoir was formed from the low-permeable argillaceous sandstone around the conglomerate. Faced with the coexistence of different types of resources, the development of SINOPEC oversea blocks with benefit needs to be realized. Firstly, the member A of Cardium formation was divided into three types according to the core observation and experiment test. Then the development features of different types of reservoirs were compared based on the production dynamic data. Thirdly, the geological knowledge was verified via single well theoretical models. Finally, the development potential of different types of reservoirs in the interest block were evaluated. The development strategies of different types of reservoirs were put forward. The results show that the member A of Cardium formation can be classified into type I conglomerate reservoir, type Ⅱ conglomerate reservoir and type III tight sandstone reservoir according to the lithology differences. From type I to type Ⅲ, the reservoir physical properties gradually weaken. The development way changes from vertical well development to multistage fracturing horizontal well development. The productivity controlling factors gradually complicates. Currently, type I and II reservoir in the interest block have a limited potential, which can be further released through reperforations on some old wells. Type III reservoir has a certain potential, which can be effectively released through deployment of large numbers of horizontal wells.

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西加盆地Cardium组为浅海滨岸相沉积,沿岸泥质海底上沉积的砾岩和砂岩形成常规油气储层,砾岩周围的低渗透泥质砂岩形成非常规致密油储层。面对多资源类型伴生格局,为实现中石化海外区块的效益开发,首先根据岩心观测与实验测试,将Cardium组A段储层划分为三类;基于生产动态数据对比了不同类型储层的开发特征差异,并通过单井概念模型对地质认识进行了验证;最后评价了权益区块不同类型储层的开发潜力,并提出了相应的挖潜对策。结果表明:根据岩性差异可将Cardium组A段储层划分为I类砾岩储层、II类砾岩储层和III类致密砂岩储层。从I类到III类,储层物性逐渐变差,开发方式由直井开发向多级压裂水平井开发转变,产能主控因素逐渐复杂化。当前权益区内I、II类储层潜力濒临极限,可通过老井加密补孔进一步挖潜;III类储层具备一定潜力,可通过部署批量水平井实现有效开发。

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吴双(1990—),女,汉族,安徽来安人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:油气储层评价、开发动态分析及数值模拟。E-mail:。

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吴双(1990—),女,汉族,安徽来安人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:油气储层评价、开发动态分析及数值模拟。E-mail:。

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吴双(1990—),女,汉族,安徽来安人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:油气储层评价、开发动态分析及数值模拟。E-mail:。

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Pittsburgh: Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2012: 1-12., articleTitle=Numerical simulation of enhanced oilrecovery in the Middle Bakken and Upper Three Forks tight oil reservoirs of the Williston Basin, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1203787164103451596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, awardId=P19020-1, language=CN, fundingSource=中国石油化工股份有限公司科技部项目(P19020-1), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203787153911292123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203787153923875037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, companyId=1203787153911292123, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (SINOPEC), Beijing 102206, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203787153978400998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, companyId=1203787153911292123, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国石化石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 102206)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1203787158587941529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Crosswell section of layer subdivision of single well, figureFileSmall=xXeBrsQD8s/HHVhKcCINHw==, figureFileBig=VGohoNrjXA9n+7tIepjLAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787158755713706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=CN, label=图1, caption=单井小层细分连井剖面

GR为自然伽马曲线;RESS为浅侧向电阻率曲线

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articleId=1203753461125980210, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Single well productivity comparison of different types of reservoir, figureFileSmall=AgcisZbnHDlNGmv8+oKtyg==, figureFileBig=U+B+R54kHPTqXXdKYE9tBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787159791706876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同类型储层的单井产能对比, figureFileSmall=AgcisZbnHDlNGmv8+oKtyg==, figureFileBig=U+B+R54kHPTqXXdKYE9tBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787159942701828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Single well production curves of different types of reservoir, figureFileSmall=7NnUY723V/B85jf2mr9BeQ==, figureFileBig=to3eqtOKFWYkbhSNERC9LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787160081113865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=CN, label=图6, 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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Reservoir thickness distribution of K block, figureFileSmall=fgAK9mkN113IEUwO8cuchw==, figureFileBig=eFokoJ6nSFPAa8SOipSq7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787161230353246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=CN, label=图10, caption=K区块储层厚度展布, figureFileSmall=fgAK9mkN113IEUwO8cuchw==, figureFileBig=eFokoJ6nSFPAa8SOipSq7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787161343599466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Distribution of residual oil abundance of K block, figureFileSmall=bFgPxQSb6nDvhRKWeXHnww==, figureFileBig=Yh7OsaL/pmo11tLQ7P0o7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787161448457069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=CN, label=图11, caption=K区块剩余油丰度分布, figureFileSmall=bFgPxQSb6nDvhRKWeXHnww==, figureFileBig=Yh7OsaL/pmo11tLQ7P0o7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787161595257719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Distribution of reservoir pressure of K block, figureFileSmall=+JLxsc5F6fyPlGbfamrGiQ==, figureFileBig=wTcMr0JAWdU9Gf6UY3sA3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787161708503932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=CN, label=图12, caption=K区块地层压力分布, figureFileSmall=+JLxsc5F6fyPlGbfamrGiQ==, figureFileBig=wTcMr0JAWdU9Gf6UY3sA3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787161784001411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mercury injection test results of 3 types of reservoir

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
储层分类 大孔隙占比/% 中孔隙占比/% 微孔隙占比/% 排驱压力/MPa 最大孔喉
半径/μm		 饱和度中值
压力/MPa		 孔喉半径中
值/μm
I类 37.4 8.4 54.2 0.01 80 2.5 0.271~0.334
II类 23.6 6.1 70.3 0.003 200 12 0.058
III类 1.8~10.2 7.2~13.4 76.4~90.9 0.25~0.31 3 10~40 0.017~0.078
), ArticleFig(id=1203787161884664716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三类储层的压汞实验结果

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储层分类 大孔隙占比/% 中孔隙占比/% 微孔隙占比/% 排驱压力/MPa 最大孔喉
半径/μm		 饱和度中值
压力/MPa		 孔喉半径中
值/μm
I类 37.4 8.4 54.2 0.01 80 2.5 0.271~0.334
II类 23.6 6.1 70.3 0.003 200 12 0.058
III类 1.8~10.2 7.2~13.4 76.4~90.9 0.25~0.31 3 10~40 0.017~0.078
), ArticleFig(id=1203787162018882452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Relative permeability test results of 3 types of reservoir

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
储层分类 孔隙度/% 渗透率/mD 束缚水饱和度/% 残余油
饱和度/%		 等渗点含水
饱和度/%		 洗油效率/%
I类 15.0 146.0 30.8 47.3 41.0 31.6
II类 23.0 25.6 25.7 56.0 36.0 24.6
III类 11.8 0.99 39.9 46.7 46.0 22.3
), ArticleFig(id=1203787162178266015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

三类储层的相渗实验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
储层分类 孔隙度/% 渗透率/mD 束缚水饱和度/% 残余油
饱和度/%		 等渗点含水
饱和度/%		 洗油效率/%
I类 15.0 146.0 30.8 47.3 41.0 31.6
II类 23.0 25.6 25.7 56.0 36.0 24.6
III类 11.8 0.99 39.9 46.7 46.0 22.3
), ArticleFig(id=1203787162320872358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameters of theoretical models

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参数 直井 水平井
I、II类储层 III类储层 III类储层
孔隙度/% 15 10 10
水平渗透率/mD 60 0.5 0.5
纵向渗透率/mD 12 0.1 0.1
储层厚度/m 2 7 11
平面网格数 29×29 29×29 29×29
平面步长/m 30 30 30
垂向网格数 1~8 9~15 1~11
垂向步长/m 0.25 1 1
初始地质储量/104 m3 28.8 32.8
初始油藏压力/MPa 16.8 12.0
初产油量/(m3·d-1) 15 50
井底流压下限/MPa 6 7
), ArticleFig(id=1203787162484450225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

概念模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 直井 水平井
I、II类储层 III类储层 III类储层
孔隙度/% 15 10 10
水平渗透率/mD 60 0.5 0.5
纵向渗透率/mD 12 0.1 0.1
储层厚度/m 2 7 11
平面网格数 29×29 29×29 29×29
平面步长/m 30 30 30
垂向网格数 1~8 9~15 1~11
垂向步长/m 0.25 1 1
初始地质储量/104 m3 28.8 32.8
初始油藏压力/MPa 16.8 12.0
初产油量/(m3·d-1) 15 50
井底流压下限/MPa 6 7
), ArticleFig(id=1203787162635445177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Development index forecast of different strategies for K block

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挖潜对策 井数 井型 挖潜层位 累计增油/
104 m3		 平均单井累增油/
104 m3		 采出程度
增幅/%
低成本对策 4 直井 I、II类储层为主,兼顾III类储层 9.1 2.3 0.4
高成本对策 18 水平井 III类储层 28.8 1.6 1.3
), ArticleFig(id=1203787162794828736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461125980210, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

K区块不同挖潜对策的预测开发指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挖潜对策 井数 井型 挖潜层位 累计增油/
104 m3		 平均单井累增油/
104 m3		 采出程度
增幅/%
低成本对策 4 直井 I、II类储层为主,兼顾III类储层 9.1 2.3 0.4
高成本对策 18 水平井 III类储层 28.8 1.6 1.3
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西加盆地Cardium组不同类型储层开发特征及潜力评价
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吴双 , 滕彬彬 , 项云飞 , 陈桂菊 , 陈志海
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(2): 530-541
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(2): 530-541
西加盆地Cardium组不同类型储层开发特征及潜力评价
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吴双 , 滕彬彬, 项云飞, 陈桂菊, 陈志海
作者信息
  • 中国石化石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 102206

    • 吴双(1990—),女,汉族,安徽来安人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:油气储层评价、开发动态分析及数值模拟。E-mail:。

Development Features and Potential Evaluation of Different Types of Reservoirs of Cardium Formation, Western Canada Basin
Shuang WU , Bin-bin TENG, Yun-fei XIANG, Gui-ju CHEN, Zhi-hai CHEN
Affiliations
  • Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (SINOPEC), Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2306335
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摘要
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西加盆地Cardium组为浅海滨岸相沉积,沿岸泥质海底上沉积的砾岩和砂岩形成常规油气储层,砾岩周围的低渗透泥质砂岩形成非常规致密油储层。面对多资源类型伴生格局,为实现中石化海外区块的效益开发,首先根据岩心观测与实验测试,将Cardium组A段储层划分为三类;基于生产动态数据对比了不同类型储层的开发特征差异,并通过单井概念模型对地质认识进行了验证;最后评价了权益区块不同类型储层的开发潜力,并提出了相应的挖潜对策。结果表明:根据岩性差异可将Cardium组A段储层划分为I类砾岩储层、II类砾岩储层和III类致密砂岩储层。从I类到III类,储层物性逐渐变差,开发方式由直井开发向多级压裂水平井开发转变,产能主控因素逐渐复杂化。当前权益区内I、II类储层潜力濒临极限,可通过老井加密补孔进一步挖潜;III类储层具备一定潜力,可通过部署批量水平井实现有效开发。

Cardium组  /  储层类型  /  砾岩  /  致密砂岩  /  开发特征  /  潜力

The sedimentary environment of Cardium formation in western Canada basin is the shallow sea coastal face. The conventional oil and gas reservoir was formed from the conglomerate and sandstone deposited on the coastal muddy seafloor. The unconventional tight oil reservoir was formed from the low-permeable argillaceous sandstone around the conglomerate. Faced with the coexistence of different types of resources, the development of SINOPEC oversea blocks with benefit needs to be realized. Firstly, the member A of Cardium formation was divided into three types according to the core observation and experiment test. Then the development features of different types of reservoirs were compared based on the production dynamic data. Thirdly, the geological knowledge was verified via single well theoretical models. Finally, the development potential of different types of reservoirs in the interest block were evaluated. The development strategies of different types of reservoirs were put forward. The results show that the member A of Cardium formation can be classified into type I conglomerate reservoir, type Ⅱ conglomerate reservoir and type III tight sandstone reservoir according to the lithology differences. From type I to type Ⅲ, the reservoir physical properties gradually weaken. The development way changes from vertical well development to multistage fracturing horizontal well development. The productivity controlling factors gradually complicates. Currently, type I and II reservoir in the interest block have a limited potential, which can be further released through reperforations on some old wells. Type III reservoir has a certain potential, which can be effectively released through deployment of large numbers of horizontal wells.

Cardium formation  /  reservoir type  /  conglomerate  /  tight sandstone  /  development feature  /  potential
吴双, 滕彬彬, 项云飞, 陈桂菊, 陈志海. 西加盆地Cardium组不同类型储层开发特征及潜力评价. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 530 -541 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2306335
Shuang WU, Bin-bin TENG, Yun-fei XIANG, Gui-ju CHEN, Zhi-hai CHEN. Development Features and Potential Evaluation of Different Types of Reservoirs of Cardium Formation, Western Canada Basin[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 530 -541 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2306335
正文
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北美落基山以东的西加拿大沉积盆地(简称西加盆地)是目前全球已知油气资源最丰富的沉积盆地之一,该盆地Colorado群是一套以海相页岩为主的地层,由多个次级海进-海退沉积旋回组成,岩性为大套泥页岩夹薄层砂岩、泥质砂岩及粉砂岩[1-4]。Cardium组位于Colorado群含油气系统中,其油气藏类型繁多,常规与非常规资源并存;随沉积时期的海平面变化,沿岸沉积的砾岩和砂岩形成主要的常规储层,而在常规油藏边缘或之间发育的以低渗透泥质砂岩储层为主的“裙边油藏”成为非常规致密油的有利开发区。常规油藏通常分布离散且具有独立边界,致密油藏则呈现连续大面积分布特点,二者纵向上下叠置,侧向互呈过渡关系,边界不明显[5-7]。迄今,Cardium油藏已有60余年的开发历史,20世纪50—80年代主要围绕常规油藏进行开发,目前常规油藏预测可采储量仅剩不到0.3×108 m3,单井产量低,开采成本高。近10余年,随着水平井钻井及水力压裂技术的重大工艺突破,加之高油价、政府财税补贴及优惠的资源政策支持,越来越多的石油公司开始转投致密油开发业务,这也推动了北美乃至全球致密油的新一轮开发热潮[8-13]。
为实现中石化海外资产的收益最大化,面对Cardium组常规与非常规资源并存的现象,既有必要排查摸清常规资源的剩余潜力,又有必要深入挖掘非常规资源的接替可行性。针对这一需求,现以西加盆地Cardium油藏为研究对象,采用多种分析手段实现储层类型的识别划分,在此基础上对比不同类型储层的生产动态特征,明确中石化权益区块的当前开发面临问题,并根据不同类型储层潜力提出不同挖潜对策,以供后续开发方案调整决策参考。
1 区域地质背景
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Cardium组为晚白垩系Colorado群厚层海相泥岩中夹的一套薄层浅海滨岸砂沉积,下部生物扰动现象明显,顶部发育海侵/海退形成的薄层底砾岩沉积。地层向东部逐渐尖灭,为北东-南西向的单斜构造特征,埋深约1 200 m,以细砂、粉砂为主,砂体呈席状、条带状或透镜状[3,7,13-15]。Cardium组内部整体呈现下细上粗的反旋回沉积,又可分出A和B两个次级旋回,B段以泥岩为主,A段为主力储层段,可细分为Cardium A和Cardium A Bio。Cardium A为薄砾岩层,单井沉积厚度变化较大,测井曲线上呈低伽马值、高电阻率值特征;Cardium A Bio为大套、稳定的浅海滨岸生物扰动砂岩沉积,与上部砾岩层相比,伽马值较高、电阻率值偏低(图1)。
2 储层类型识别及划分
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2.1 岩心观测
Cardium组自上至下,储层岩性差异明显。上部发育几十厘米至近2 m厚的薄砾岩层[图2(a)],砾石分选性差,磨圆度一般;下部以大段生物扰动泥质粉细-细砂岩为主[图2(b)],厚度近10 m,越靠近储层下部,泥质含量越高,底部逐渐过渡为泥岩沉积[图2(c)]。
2.2 岩石相描述
基于岩心的岩石相描述,Cardium组可识别划分出3种储层类型:I类储层主要为泥质含量少、较纯净、胶结作用弱、物性相对较好的砾岩;II类储层主要为泥质含量多、菱铁矿较发育、胶结作用强、物性相对较差的砾岩;III类储层主要为泥质含量较多的细-粉砂岩。
不同类型储层表现出较明显的孔渗分区特征,如图3所示。相对较纯的I类砾岩储层孔隙度主体分布于10%~20%,渗透率主体分布于10~1 000 mD,属中低孔-中高渗储层;含泥质、菱铁矿较多的II类砾岩储层孔隙度主体分布于5%~17%,渗透率主体分布于1~100 mD,属中低孔-中低渗储层;III类生物扰动砂岩储层孔隙度主体分布于5%~15%,渗透率主体分布于0.1~1 mD,属低孔-致密/特低渗储层。可见,Cardium组储层非均质性较强,不同类型储层物性变化较大。
2.3 实验分析
根据压汞实验数据(表1),I类储层的大孔隙(孔喉半径>1.5 μm)占比近40%,孔喉半径中值介于0.271~0.334 μm,表明平均孔喉半径较大,储层物性相对较好;II类储层虽然大孔隙占一定比例,最大孔喉半径甚至超过I类储层,但由于微孔隙(孔喉半径<0.5 μm)占比高达70%,导致孔喉半径中值普遍偏低,仅0.058 μm,表明平均孔喉半径相对较小,储层物性相对较差。III类储层主要发育微孔隙,占比80%~90%,大孔隙占比很低,最大孔喉半径远小于I、II类储层,孔喉半径中值介于0.017~0.078 μm,表明平均孔喉半径小,储层物性变得更差。
根据相渗曲线特征(表2和图4),Cardium组三类储层的典型相渗曲线均表现为束缚水饱和度较高(20%~25%)、残余油饱和度也较高(50%附近)、等渗点处含水饱和度小于50%、两相共渗区范围窄的特点,储层呈现双重润湿性,这是由于微孔隙在各类储层中均有较高占比,微孔隙表面亲水,导致束缚水饱和度较高;大孔隙在各类储层中也占据一定比例,大孔隙表面亲油,导致水驱洗油不充分,残余油饱和度也较高。
通过式1计算微观洗油效率,可以得到I类储层的洗油效率约为31.6%,II类储层的洗油效率约为24.6%,III类储层的洗油效率约为22.3%。
E D = 1 - S o r 1 - S w c × 100 %
式(1)中:ED为洗油效率,%;Sor为残余油饱和度,%;Swc为束缚水饱和度。
以上三类储层的物性特征揭示出:I、II类砾岩储层孔渗物性好,满足常规开发需求;III类致密砂岩储层孔渗物性差,需要通过更先进的工艺技术来开发;从流固耦合关系看,高束缚水饱和度及高残余油饱和度意味着Cardium油藏虽然具有庞大的地质储量,但一次采油可动用的储量规模有限,较低的洗油效率则意味着Cardium油藏的水驱采收率不会太高[17-19]。
3 不同类型储层开发特征
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3.1 实际生产动态
Cardium组不同类型储层的开发是一个循序渐进的过程。
20世纪50—80年代,油气开采工艺技术还比较局限,采用直井井型天然能量衰竭式开发物性较好的I、II类砾岩储层在当时占据主导地位[16]。砾岩储层直井的生产周期短则近10 a,长则近60 a,初产油量主体介于5~15 m3/d,累产油量主体介于1×104~7×104 m3,最高的近10×104 m3(图5)。生产动态上主要表现为早期产液(油)量增加并稳产1~5 a不等,之后快速递减并长期低产,生产气油比逐渐增大,后期近3 000 m3/m3,反映油藏能量严重衰竭[图6(a)]。
进入21世纪后,水平井钻完井及储层压裂改造工艺以较快的速度进步发展,这也推动了油气开发逐步迈向非常规储层领域。在这一时期,采用多级压裂水平井天然能量衰竭式开发物性较差的III类致密砂岩储层开始盛行推广[20-21]。致密砂岩储层水平井的生产周期大多不超过10 a,初产油量主体介于5~30 m3/d,累产油量多小于1×104 m3,最高的约2×104 m3(图5)。生产动态上表现为产液(油)量的“L形”快速递减特征。由于水平井初期配产过高,而储层物性无法满足开发需求,液量难以维持配产水平,在早期急剧下降,生产气油比在400~1 600 m3/m3范围波动,反映地层能量有一定亏空[图6(b)]。
从产能主控因素看,开发I、II类砾岩储层的直井,产能主要受地质因素控制,储层厚度和砾岩类型是两个主要的地质控制因素。对于同类型砾岩储层,储层厚度与产能呈现较好正相关性,储层厚度越大,单井累产油量越多。在相同储层厚度下,由于I类砾岩储层物性优于II类砾岩储层,I类砾岩储层的单井累产油量高于II类砾岩储层(图7)。开发III类致密砂岩储层的水平井,产能受地质和工程因素的叠加综合作用影响。一方面受致密砂岩储层物性的影响,井周砂岩呈现中-粗砂岩粒度特征、孔隙度介于10%~15%、渗透率介于1~40 mD、储层厚度为6~8 m的水平井产能较高,单井累产油可达2×104 m3水平;另一方面受水平井工程因素的影响,水平段长度、压裂级数、级间距等施工参数也一定程度地控制水平井产能,水平段长度约2 870 m、压裂级数在40级左右、平均级间距为72 m的水平井产能较高,单井累产油可达1.5×104 m3水平。
3.2 概念模型验证
根据Cardium油藏不同类型储层、不同开发井型的实际情况,建立单井概念模型,模拟单井生产动态,通过与实际生产动态对比,检验地质认识的合理性,并为区块数值模拟奠定基础[22-25]。
将直井模型上层2 m设为I、II类砾岩储层,下层7 m设为III类致密砂岩储层,射孔层位以I、II类砾岩储层为主;参考实际井距设置井到模型边界的距离约400 m,即一口单井的井控范围[图8(a)]。将水平井模型全层设为III类致密砂岩储层,厚度11 m;根据多级压裂参数统计,设置水平段长度为870 m,压裂缝级间距为70 m,缝高为11 m,即纵贯整个储层,半缝长为100 m[图8(b)]。详细模型参数如表3所示。
经概念模型计算,模拟直井在15 m3/d初产条件下能够保持1 a的稳产,随后产油量迅速递减,生产气油比逐渐增长至3 000 m3/m3,预测20 a累产油2.3×104 m3,采出程度为8 %[图9(a)]。模拟水平井在50 m3/d初产条件下无法保持稳产,产油量在投产1 a内急剧递减至5 m3/d以下,呈现L形递减特征,生产气油比介于300~600 m3/m3,预测10 a累产油1.5×104 m3,采出程度为4.6%,如图9(b)所示。两种井型的模拟生产动态与实际动态变化规律相似,模拟产能与实际产能级别相当,说明当前地质认识较准确,产能主控因素较落实,模型参数相对合理,能够满足刻画实际油藏开发机理的需要。
4 不同类型储层潜力评价
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基于不同类型储层的开发特征,此处将落脚中石化权益区块,研究各类储层的当前开发状况及未来潜力,为制定区块挖潜对策提供指导。
4.1 K区块概况
K区块Cardium组A段同时发育Cardium A薄砾岩层和Cardium A Bio生物扰动砂岩层。Cardium A薄砾岩在区块内部相对发育且连续展布,呈NW-SE向条带状分布,平面相变快,地层最厚达1.68 m,如图10(a)所示;Cardium A Bio生物扰动砂岩在区块西部砂体厚度较大,约10 m,往中、东部砂体厚度减薄,如图10(b)所示。
K区块于20世纪60年代初投产,全部采用直井井型、套管完井开发,90 %的井都射开了Cardium A薄砾岩层,该层为区块主力开发目的层。油藏温度为51 ℃,初始地层压力为16 MPa,泡点压力为9 MPa,原油性质好,API度介于32~34,属单斜构造背景下的常温常压-岩性-轻质油油藏。
K区块自始至终沿用早期的常规开发方式,即采用直井天然能量衰竭式开发I、II类砾岩储层。当前区块处于停产状态,由于一直没有外部能量补充,后期地层能量不足、低产能是油井关停废弃的主要原因。
4.2 剩余油分布及地层能量情况
通过油藏数值模拟,可明确当前各类型储层的剩余储量分布情况。对于Cardium组全A段,区块西部大范围区域、中-东部小范围区域的剩余油丰度较高,西部剩余油丰度最高可达7×105 m3/km2,中-东部剩余油丰度最高可达5×105 m3/km2,如图11(a)所示。分层对比,Cardium A层含油丰度低于Cardium A Bio层含油丰度,这是由于I、II类砾岩储层的累计厚度远小于III类致密砂岩储层,导致Cardium A层的储量规模远小于Cardium A Bio层,如图11(b)和图11(c)所示。对于Cardium A层,区块中部及东部I、II类砾岩储层厚度大(平均1.5 m)的区域显示有较高的剩余油丰度,丰度普遍高于1.5×105 m3/km2;对于Cardium A Bio层,区块西部III类致密砂岩储层厚度大(平均10 m)的区域显示有较高的剩余油丰度,丰度普遍高于4×105 m3/km2。可见,全A段的剩余油分布是不同类型储层剩余油分布的叠合结果。区块西部大范围区域的剩余油主要来自Cardium A Bio层的III类致密砂岩储层,区块中-东部小范围区域的剩余油主要来自Cardium A层的I、II类砾岩储层。
在地层能量方面,K区块经历了近60 a的天然能量衰竭开发,油藏平均压力已由初始16.8 MPa降至当前6.9 MPa,压力保持程度为41%,地层能量亏空严重。从压力分布特征看,对于Cardium组全A段[图12(a)],区块中部I、II类砾岩储层厚度大、高产井组区域的泄压程度最高,当前地层压力约4 MPa,其次为区块东部I、II类砾岩储层厚度大、中低产井组区域,当前地层压力约7 MPa,区块西部I、II类砾岩储层厚度小、低产井组区域的泄压程度最低,当前地层压力约10 MPa。可见,全A段储层的泄压主要受控于I、II类砾岩储层发育情况及油井产能大小。分层对比,Cardium A层和Cardium A Bio层具有大致相似的压力分布规律;虽然区块主力开发层位是A段上部的Cardium A层,但由于Cardium A层和Cardium A Bio层上下叠置发育,且通过油井压裂及射孔措施相互沟通,因此Cardium A Bio层虽然不主要贡献产油,但也有一定程度的泄压,如图12(b)和图12(c)所示。当前,Cardium A层的油藏平均压力为5.4 MPa,Cardium A Bio层的油藏平均压力为7.3 MPa,I、II类砾岩储层的地层能量要比III类致密砂岩储层更低。
4.3 挖潜对策研究
K区块为一生产历史悠久的老区块,对Cardium A层的I、II类砾岩储层开发已濒临极限,而下部Cardium A Bio层的III类致密砂岩储层储量规模庞大,采出程度较低。基于开发成本因素的考虑,制定低成本和高成本两套挖潜对策供决策参考。
4.3.1 低成本对策
不钻新井的前提下,低成本对策将延续常规开发思路,利用现存老井继续挖潜。油藏工程和数值模拟均已证实,Cardium油藏洗油效率低,且当前零散分布的可利用老井难以形成有效注采井网提高波及体积,水驱开发的可行性较差。在可利用老井中,A井和B井的I、II类砾岩储层厚度均为1.5 m,剩余油丰度为2×105 m3/km2,地层压力约6 MPa,建议对这两口井的I、II类砾岩储层进一步加密补孔,并配合一定规模酸压措施,有望获得较好的增油效果[图11(b)和图12(b)]。C井和D井的上部I、II类砾岩储层厚度小于1 m,但下部III类致密砂岩储层厚度超过10 m且连片展布、泥质夹层数量少,剩余油丰度为4×105 m3/km2,地层压力约10 MPa,建议对这两口井的I、II、III类储层全部射开,配合一定规模压裂措施,有望获得较好的增油效果[图11(c)和图12(c)]。预测15 a内4口挖潜老井累计增油9.1×104 m3,平均单井累计增油2.3×104 m3,区块采出程度提高0.4%(表5)。
4.3.2 高成本对策
面对区块I、II类砾岩储层的开发潜力即将耗尽,应及时转变开发思路,在III类致密砂岩储层中寻找潜力。当前技术条件下,采用多级压裂水平井天然能量衰竭式开发是III类致密砂岩储层的主流开发方式。虽然水平井单井产能递减快、生产周期短,但通过批量式的钻井作业,配合相对优质的储层物性及高效完善的工艺举措,有望获取一定开发效益。区块西部III类致密砂岩储层厚度普遍大于6 m,连续性好,泥质夹层数量少,直井井组采出程度低,当前含油丰度高于3×105 m3/km2且地层压力保持在10 MPa之上,可在该区域Cardium A Bio层部署批量水平井,提高III类致密砂岩储层的储量动用程度[图11(c)和图12(c)]。
参考外方石油公司在Cardium A Bio层的水平井部署方式,水平井方位均呈近东西向,长度约1 500 m;数模论证显示水平井单井泄压范围在300~350 m,为避免严重井间干扰,水平井井距控制在700~800 m;对单口水平井的多级压裂参数设置为级间距约50 m,缝高约10 m,即纵贯致密砂岩储层,半缝长约100 m;根据上述条件,设计18口加密水平井。预测15 a内18口水平井累计增油28.8×104 m3,平均单井累计增油1.6×104 m3,区块采出程度提高1.3%(表4)。
低成本和高成本两套挖潜对策,侧重不同类型储层开发,前者为常规开发思路下的老井增产,短期内的措施可操作性强,施工相对简单,作业成本较低;后者为非常规开发思路下的换层二次开发,需要批量部署新井,施工周期长,工艺技术复杂,不确定因素多,短期内难以见效。
5 结论
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(1)西加盆地Cardium组的A段为主力储层段,分为Cardium A薄砾岩层和Cardium A Bio生物扰动砂岩层。基于岩石相描述,Cardium A薄砾岩层又可划分为泥质含量少、较纯净、胶结作用弱的I类砾岩储层和泥质含量多、菱铁矿较发育、胶结作用强的II类砾岩储层;Cardium A Bio生物扰动砂岩层主要为泥质含量较多的III类细-粉砂岩储层。
(2)I、II类砾岩储层主要采用规模化直井射孔完井开发,生产周期长,平均单井累产油较高,产能主要受控于砾岩储层的厚度和类型。III类致密砂岩储层主要采用批量式水平井多级压裂完井开发,由于储层物性满足不了开发需求而导致产油量呈L形快速递减,生产周期短,平均单井累产油较低,产能主要受致密砂岩储层物性及压裂施工因素的综合作用影响。
(3)K区块同时发育Cardium A薄砾岩层和Cardium A Bio生物扰动砂岩层,自始至终采用常规式的以I、II类砾岩储层为目的层的天然能量直井开发,当前I、II类砾岩储层潜力即将耗尽,局部位置的III类致密砂岩储层潜力较大。基于成本考虑,若延续常规开发思路,建议对4口老井加密补孔,其中2口井补射I、II类储层,2口井补射I、II、III类储层;若摒弃常规开发思路,建议部署批量式多级压裂水平井开发III类储层。
基金
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  • 中国石油化工股份有限公司科技部项目(P19020-1)
文献
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2306335
  • 接收时间：2023-08-16
  • 首发时间：2025-12-05
  • 出版时间：2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期：2023-08-16
  • 修回日期：2024-10-17
基金
中国石油化工股份有限公司科技部项目(P19020-1)
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    中国石化石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 102206
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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