Article(id=1274383413957124580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153728261185069506, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)01-0056-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723392000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781766282786, onlineDateStr=2026-06-18, pubDate=1736438400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781766282786, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781766282786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781766282786, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153728261185069506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='361', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752999852701, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753063089305, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1153993494768116564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153728261185069506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1153993494768116565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153728261185069506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=56, endPage=61, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274383414384943590, articleId=1274383413957124580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Development Characteristics of Dangerous Rock and Rockfall Treatment Measures of Highway in Western Sichuan Mountainous Area, columnId=1151876674645226399, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Technology Innovation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The terrain and geological conditions in the mountainous area of western Sichuan are complex and changeable. Dangerous rocks are mostly developed in high and steep slope sections, which pose a serious threat to the safety of highway traffic after collapse. Taking the tail perilous rock of Qiaoqi Reservoir in Baoxing County of Ya’an City as an example, the basic characteristics of perilous rock were analyzed by means of UAV aerial survey and field investigation. Rocpro3 D software was used to simulate the three-dimensional kinematics to evaluate the collapse damage. The results show that the formation of dangerous rock in the working area is caused by the combined action of tectonic compression, rainfall erosion and weathering unloading. Strong rainfall and strong earthquake are the typical causes of dangerous rock collapse. The maximum impact energy after the collapse of dangerous rock in the working area is more than 5 000 kJ, and the removal of large-size dangerous rock can effectively reduce the impact energy value. After the collapse of the dangerous rock in the working area, it shows the stage motion characteristics of rolling along the slope → bouncing after hitting the road surface near the surface of the 351 national highway → stopping the accumulation of the riverbed and bank slope of the East River. The treatment scheme of dangerous rock removal+passive protection network+open hole+frame anchor rod can be used for prevention and control.

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川西山区地形地质条件复杂多变,高陡斜坡路段多发育危岩,其崩塌后对公路行车安全造成严重威胁。以雅安市宝兴县硗碛水库尾危岩为例,通过无人机航测、现场调查等技术手段分析危岩基本特征。采用RocPro3D软件进行三维运动学模拟,以进行崩塌灾损评价。结果表明:工作区危岩的形成是构造挤压、降雨冲刷和风化卸荷等因素综合作用导致的,强降雨和强震是危岩崩塌的典型灾变诱因;工作区危岩崩塌后冲击能量最大值超5 000 kJ,清除大粒径危岩能有效降低冲击能量值;工作区危岩崩塌后,呈沿坡面滚动→撞击国道351路面附近后弹跳→东河河床及岸坡停积的阶段性运动特征,可采用“危岩清除+被动防护网+明洞+框架锚杆”的处治方案进行防治。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
梅本强(1986—),男,四川邻水人,高级工程师,研究方向为交通建设。
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金鹏(1993—),男,四川安岳人,工程师,研究方向为交通建设管理;

何恩怀(1972—),男,四川新津人,教授级高级工程师,研究方向为公路与城市道路勘查设计;

张乐(1996—),男,河南三门峡人,博士研究生,助理工程师,研究方向为公路特殊路基与地质灾害防治;

何云勇(1986—),男,四川广安人,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向为道路工程。

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金鹏(1993—),男,四川安岳人,工程师,研究方向为交通建设管理;

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金鹏(1993—),男,四川安岳人,工程师,研究方向为交通建设管理;

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何恩怀(1972—),男,四川新津人,教授级高级工程师,研究方向为公路与城市道路勘查设计;

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何恩怀(1972—),男,四川新津人,教授级高级工程师,研究方向为公路与城市道路勘查设计;

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张乐(1996—),男,河南三门峡人,博士研究生,助理工程师,研究方向为公路特殊路基与地质灾害防治;

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张乐(1996—),男,河南三门峡人,博士研究生,助理工程师,研究方向为公路特殊路基与地质灾害防治;

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何云勇(1986—),男,四川广安人,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向为道路工程。

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何云勇(1986—),男,四川广安人,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向为道路工程。

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崩塌体 预测失稳崩塌体一般块径 预测失稳最大危岩单体块径 失稳模式 对公路的危害形式
WYD1、WYD2、WYD3 0.1 m×0.1 m×0.1 m~
1.5 m×1.5 m×1.5 m
1.5 m×1.5 m×1.5 m 坠落式、局部滑移式 浅表基岩掉块
WYD4、WYD5 0.1 m×0.1 m×0.1 m~
1.5 m×3 m×1.5 m
1.5 m×3 m×1.5 m 滑移式 坡表松散堆积物、
崩塌岩体
), ArticleFig(id=1274387149453583101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1274383413957124580, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各危岩带危岩单体失稳模式统计

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崩塌体 预测失稳崩塌体一般块径 预测失稳最大危岩单体块径 失稳模式 对公路的危害形式
WYD1、WYD2、WYD3 0.1 m×0.1 m×0.1 m~
1.5 m×1.5 m×1.5 m
1.5 m×1.5 m×1.5 m 坠落式、局部滑移式 浅表基岩掉块
WYD4、WYD5 0.1 m×0.1 m×0.1 m~
1.5 m×3 m×1.5 m
1.5 m×3 m×1.5 m 滑移式 坡表松散堆积物、
崩塌岩体
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断面编号 工况 稳定系数 稳定性
2—2' 天然 1.17 基本稳定
暴雨 0.96 不稳定
暴雨+地震 0.83 不稳定
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危岩稳定性计算结果

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断面编号 工况 稳定系数 稳定性
2—2' 天然 1.17 基本稳定
暴雨 0.96 不稳定
暴雨+地震 0.83 不稳定
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危岩带 危岩数量 块石密度/
(kg·m-3)
危岩尺寸
WY1 50 2 500 2.0 m×1.6 m×0.8 m
WY2 50 2 500 2.0 m×1.6 m×0.8 m
WY3 50 2 500 2.0 m×1.6 m×0.8 m
WY4 50 2 500 2.0 m×1.6 m×0.8 m
WY5 100 2 700 0.5 m×0.5 m×0.5 m
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工作区坡表危岩参数

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危岩带 危岩数量 块石密度/
(kg·m-3)
危岩尺寸
WY1 50 2 500 2.0 m×1.6 m×0.8 m
WY2 50 2 500 2.0 m×1.6 m×0.8 m
WY3 50 2 500 2.0 m×1.6 m×0.8 m
WY4 50 2 500 2.0 m×1.6 m×0.8 m
WY5 100 2 700 0.5 m×0.5 m×0.5 m
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川西山区公路危岩发育特征及崩塌防治措施
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金鹏 1 , 梅本强 2 , 何恩怀 3 , 张乐 3 , 何云勇 3
科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025,25(1): 56-61
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科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025, 25(1): 56-61
川西山区公路危岩发育特征及崩塌防治措施
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金鹏1, 梅本强2, 何恩怀3, 张乐3, 何云勇3
作者信息
  • 1 雅安市公路应急抢险保障中心, 四川 雅安 625000
  • 2 雅安市交通建设(集团)有限责任公司, 四川 雅安 625000
  • 3 四川省公路规划勘察设计研究院有限公司, 成都 610041
  • 金鹏(1993—),男,四川安岳人,工程师,研究方向为交通建设管理;

    何恩怀(1972—),男,四川新津人,教授级高级工程师,研究方向为公路与城市道路勘查设计;

    张乐(1996—),男,河南三门峡人,博士研究生,助理工程师,研究方向为公路特殊路基与地质灾害防治;

    何云勇(1986—),男,四川广安人,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向为道路工程。

通讯作者:

梅本强(1986—),男,四川邻水人,高级工程师,研究方向为交通建设。
Development Characteristics of Dangerous Rock and Rockfall Treatment Measures of Highway in Western Sichuan Mountainous Area
Peng JIN1, Benqiang MEI2, Enhuai HE3, Le ZHANG3, Yunyong HE3
Affiliations
  • 1 Ya’an Highway Emergency Rescue Center, Ya’an 625000, Sichuan, China
  • 2 Ya’an Communications Construction Group Project Management Co., Ltd., Ya’an 625000, Sichuan, China
  • 3 Sichuan Highway Planning, Survey, Design and Research Institute LTD., Chengdu 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-01-10
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川西山区地形地质条件复杂多变,高陡斜坡路段多发育危岩,其崩塌后对公路行车安全造成严重威胁。以雅安市宝兴县硗碛水库尾危岩为例,通过无人机航测、现场调查等技术手段分析危岩基本特征。采用RocPro3D软件进行三维运动学模拟,以进行崩塌灾损评价。结果表明:工作区危岩的形成是构造挤压、降雨冲刷和风化卸荷等因素综合作用导致的,强降雨和强震是危岩崩塌的典型灾变诱因;工作区危岩崩塌后冲击能量最大值超5 000 kJ,清除大粒径危岩能有效降低冲击能量值;工作区危岩崩塌后,呈沿坡面滚动→撞击国道351路面附近后弹跳→东河河床及岸坡停积的阶段性运动特征,可采用“危岩清除+被动防护网+明洞+框架锚杆”的处治方案进行防治。

公路  /  危岩崩塌  /  运动学模拟  /  发育特征  /  灾损评价  /  地质灾害治理

The terrain and geological conditions in the mountainous area of western Sichuan are complex and changeable. Dangerous rocks are mostly developed in high and steep slope sections, which pose a serious threat to the safety of highway traffic after collapse. Taking the tail perilous rock of Qiaoqi Reservoir in Baoxing County of Ya’an City as an example, the basic characteristics of perilous rock were analyzed by means of UAV aerial survey and field investigation. Rocpro3 D software was used to simulate the three-dimensional kinematics to evaluate the collapse damage. The results show that the formation of dangerous rock in the working area is caused by the combined action of tectonic compression, rainfall erosion and weathering unloading. Strong rainfall and strong earthquake are the typical causes of dangerous rock collapse. The maximum impact energy after the collapse of dangerous rock in the working area is more than 5 000 kJ, and the removal of large-size dangerous rock can effectively reduce the impact energy value. After the collapse of the dangerous rock in the working area, it shows the stage motion characteristics of rolling along the slope → bouncing after hitting the road surface near the surface of the 351 national highway → stopping the accumulation of the riverbed and bank slope of the East River. The treatment scheme of dangerous rock removal+passive protection network+open hole+frame anchor rod can be used for prevention and control.

highway  /  dangerous rock collapse  /  kinematics simulation  /  developmental characteristics  /  disaster damage evaluation  /  geological disaster management
金鹏, 梅本强, 何恩怀, 张乐, 何云勇. 川西山区公路危岩发育特征及崩塌防治措施. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (1) : 56 -61 .
Peng JIN, Benqiang MEI, Enhuai HE, Le ZHANG, Yunyong HE. Development Characteristics of Dangerous Rock and Rockfall Treatment Measures of Highway in Western Sichuan Mountainous Area[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (1) : 56 -61 .
川西山区处于青藏高原与四川盆地过渡带,受地壳运动影响,地质构造显著发育。以宝兴县为例,其县域具有龙门山断裂带南段的双石-大川断裂、盐井-五龙断裂和耿达-陇东断裂等多条大型构造带,致使斜坡山体构造结构面显著发育[1-3]。同时,发源于夹金山的东河、西河下切河床,“雨城”之称的雅安全年降雨丰沛且集中于5—9月,为地质灾害的形成提供了极其有利的自然地理条件[4]
此外,2022年6月1日芦山Ms6.1级地震(Ms表示面波震级)、宝兴Ms4.5级地震后,地震荷载进一步对山体产生震裂松动效应,加剧了结构面的扩展和延伸[5]。因此,近两年来宝兴县内崩滑流等地质灾害显著发育,尤其是短时强降雨后斜坡在地表汇水冲刷、结构面饱水软化、裂隙充水鼓胀贯通等多尺度综合影响下,受多组结构面切割的岩体易于形成危岩,具有脱离母岩形成崩塌的隐患[5-8]
相较于滑坡,崩塌灾害多具有高位发育、识别困难、成灾时间短等典型特征。对于植被覆盖茂密的高陡斜坡,工程师们难以抵达相应位置进行踏勘,而无人机航测能够在一定程度上解决这一问题。危岩崩塌后,落石沿斜坡的运动特征是地质灾害防治的重要信息,尤其是冲击能量、弹跳高度、运动速度和堆积位置等,直接决定了防护措施、能级设置和防护位置的选择[9-13]
近年来,三维运动学模拟不断被应用于地质灾害防治领域,如UDEC3D、PFC3D、FLAC3D、ABAQUS等离散元、有限差分和有限元程序,其计算结果对工程设计具有重要意义[14-16]。相对而言,RocPro3D是一款基于概率统计分析的落石运动学分析三维软件,其能够充分考虑斜坡地貌特征,获取随坡表起伏波动的运动轨迹,进而确定承灾体的灾损特征[17-18]
基于此,本文以雅安市宝兴县硗碛水库尾危岩崩塌为例,通过无人机航测和现场调查,总结归纳危岩发育特征,并采用RocPro3D软件进行运动学模拟计算,以评价其灾损特征。最后,针对G351提出危岩崩塌防护设计措施。研究成果可供顺层岩质边坡牵引式滑动破坏的防灾减灾工程参照。
G351线K3109+860~K3110+250段边坡(自然灾害综合风险公路承灾体普查库内二级灾害风险点),位于宝兴县硗碛藏族乡夹金山村,斜坡高陡,危岩崩塌频发频现。
该段既有道路为双向两车道四级公路,按设计时速20 km/h技术标准设计建设,路基宽度8.5 m,沥青混凝土路面危岩体发育于靠山侧,崩塌后落石堆积G351线及东河河道,对应线路长约390 m,边坡顶部有电塔建设形成平台,距离公路路面约80 m;平台后部斜坡仍有约150 m高陡坡,危岩分布广泛,如图1所示。
该段以构造剥蚀高中山地貌为主,东河及其支流形成的冲沟切割强烈,自然斜坡坡度较大,利于危岩崩塌地质灾害的发育,受坡脚东河侧蚀和硗碛水库水位升降影响明显。区内地层主要为泥盆系中统D2玄武质砂岩和石炭系C千枚岩,危岩主要为千枚岩地层。
2022年6月1日芦山、宝兴先后发生Ms6.1级地震、Ms4.5级地震,震后调查发现G351线K3019+860~K3110+250段有危岩崩落至公路路面,大部分堆积于下方公路上,部分落入东河,最远的落石停留在公路外侧东河河道中心处,未发生人员伤亡。
区内崩塌分布于国道351线右侧中上部斜坡地带,斜坡内共发育5处崩塌带,依次命名为WYD1、WYD2、WYD3、WYD4及WYD5,整个崩塌体影响区长约500 m,如图1所示。崩坡所处斜坡以陡坡、陡崖微地貌为主,分布标高在2 164~2 372 m。坡向整体较为一致,约为250°,坡度65°~75°。
现针对WYD1~WYD5分别研究其分布、类型和形态特征。
(1)WYD1~WYD3。WYD1主要位于斜坡中下部,崩塌坐标为X:34 571 861.978 1,Y:3 401 546.367 4,高程分布范围多为2 164~2 200 m,整个危岩带长度约100 m,岩性主要为坡表松散碎石及千枚岩,危岩总方量为1 000~2 000 m3。岩性主要为千枚岩。千枚岩岩质较硬,以强~中风化为主,层理产状为253°,∠77°,切向坡。区内岩层中主要发育两组节理。L1:157°∠30°,延伸6~9 m,切深1~2 m,面较粗糙,平均间距3 m,微张,结合差~较差;L2:331°∠80°,延伸7~8 m,切深1~3 m,面较平,平均间距2.6 m,微张~张开,结合差~较差,近地表裂隙中充填碎石。斜坡面较平整,整体坡度70°~80°,植被不发育,构造发育,岩体破碎,竖向裂缝发育,局部见基岩裸露,风化卸荷、基岩滑移变形现象明显,影响深度多为0.5~2 m。
目前多发强风化带基岩风化卸荷掉块,存在零星风化掉块现象,主要沿节理或层理面滑落,单体粒径一般为0.1 m×0.1 m×0.1 m~1.5 m×1.5 m×1.5 m,距路面高差20~50 m。目前坡脚多块状碎石,因坡度较陡,崩塌体发育较强,对过往车辆和行人安全造成威胁,亟须进行坡面封闭,防止强风化岩体崩落及垮塌上部土体发生滑塌。
(2)WYD2。该区主要位于斜坡中下部,崩塌坐标为X:34 571 861.978 1,Y:3 401 546.367 4,高程分布范围多为2 200~2 220 m,整个危岩带长度约80 m,岩性主要为坡表松散碎石及千枚岩,危岩总方量为800~1 500 m3。其余特征与WYD1相同。
(3)WYD3。该区主要位于斜坡中下部,崩塌坐标为X:34 571 861.978 1,Y:3 401 546.367 4,高程分布范围多为2 220~2 238 m,整个危岩带长度约50 m,岩性主要为坡表松散碎石及千枚岩,危岩总方量为500~1 000 m3。其余特征与WYD1相同。
(4)WYD4。该区主要位于斜坡上部,崩塌坐标为X:34 571 984.780 1,Y:3 401 619.919 7,高程分布范围多为2 282~2 390 m,整个危岩带长度约170 m,岩性主要为坡表松散碎石及千枚岩,危岩总方量为10 000~20 000 m3。其余特征与WYD1相同。
(5)WYD5。该区主要位于斜坡中上部,崩塌坐标为X:34 571 774.425 2,Y:3 401 709.927 1,高程分布范围多为2 164~2 244 m,整个危岩带长度约80 m,岩性主要为坡表松散碎石及千枚岩,危岩总方量为5 000~10 000 m3。岩性主要为千枚岩。千枚岩岩质较硬,以强~中风化为主,层理产状为253°∠77°,切向坡。区内岩层中主要发育两组节理。L1:157°∠30°,延伸6~9 m,切深1~2 m,面较粗糙,平均间距3 m,微张,结合差-较差;L2:331°∠80°,延伸7~8 m,切深1~3 m,面较平,平均间距2.6 m,微张~张开,结合差~较差,近地表裂隙中充填碎石。斜坡面较平整,整体坡度70°~80°,植被不发育,构造发育,岩体破碎,竖向裂缝发育,局部见基岩裸露,风化卸荷、基岩滑移变形现象明显,影响深度多为0.5~2 m。
目前多发强风化带基岩风化卸荷掉块、滑移变形基岩滑塌,存在零星风化掉块现象,主要沿节理或层理面滑落,单体粒径一般为0.1 m×0.1 m×0.1 m~1.5 m×3 m×1.5 m,距路面高差100~200 m。目前坡脚多块状碎石,因坡度较陡,崩塌体发育较强,对过往车辆和行人安全造成威胁,亟须进行坡面封闭,防止强风化岩体崩落及垮塌上部土体发生滑塌。
区内崩塌体破坏模式特征明显,变形特征存在一定的规律。WYD1、WYD2、WYD3主要为浅表基岩的风化掉块,运动过程中崩塌体极易解体,单体粒径小,对公路的影响主要表现为崩塌岩体对公路的破坏;WYD4、WYD5主要为滑移变形体、失稳崩塌体发生滑移破坏及坡表松散崩塌堆积物失稳破坏,对公路的影响主要表现为崩塌岩体对公路的破坏,见表1
经调查,硗碛水库尾崩塌2024年5月、6月降雨造成山体松动发生崩塌,山体大面积表层滑落,常有落石掉落在路面上,落石方量较大,最大尺寸为2.0 m×1.6 m×0.8 m,掩埋道路造成道路中断。该地灾点,对车辆行人安全存在极大安全隐患,尤其是汛期强降雨作用下极易发生崩塌落石,现有公路护栏已维修更换多次,且公路路面仍有落石持续冲击损毁,如图2所示。
根据《崩塌防治工程勘查规范(试行)》(T/CAGHP011—2018),对崩塌稳定性进行评价。选取危害性大且现状稳定性最差的危岩进行定量分析,故选2—2'断面,分别对天然工况(自重)、暴雨工况(自重+暴雨)、地震工况(自重+暴雨+地震)进行稳定性计算。
由于该崩塌边坡以千枚岩为主,岩体破碎,千枚岩天然状态下容重取2.75 g/cm3,饱和状态下综合取2.85 g/cm3,由于现场较难取得完整岩样,岩体物理力学参数主要根据野外宏观判断,通过稳定性反演计算,并结合附近工程类比,综合确定千枚岩在天然状态下黏聚力c=20.0 kPa,内摩擦角ϕ=55.0°;饱和状态下黏聚力c=18.0 kPa,内摩擦角ϕ=53.0°。计算结果见表2
由以上计算可知,该崩塌在天然工况处于基本稳定状态,暴雨工况处于不稳定状态,地震工况处于不稳定状态。
通过三维运动学模拟分析,量化评价工作区危岩崩塌后落石的运动轨迹、冲击能量、弹跳高度等灾损信息,以精确评价灾害对公路及周边建筑物的危害。
综合现场调查及工作区地勘成果,采用狄洛尼三角单元依据地形信息点划分网格,含8 864个节点、17 244个面单元,建立三维数字模型如图3所示。其中,赋予东河为water surface材料(恢复系数均为0),坡表赋予sand rock材料(法向恢复系数为0.35,切向恢复系数为0.84)。
结合现场调查及地勘成果,设置坡面3处危岩带信息见表3,灾损评价过程中为提高效率,并获取最不利的损坏结果,设定WY1~WY4各50处危岩,其粒径均设置为最大落石尺寸2.0 m×1.6 m×0.8 m;设定WY5为50处危岩,其粒径设置为0.5 m×0.5 m×0.5 m。
图3(b)可知,工作区危岩设置主要为电塔下部凸出危岩体(计算中设置WY1~WY3危岩带表示)、电塔上部边坡危岩体(计算中设置WY4危岩带表示)和大桩号侧公路边坡危岩体(WY5)。
图4为无支护状态下危岩崩塌后落石运动轨迹及能量分布。可知,处治前工作区危岩崩塌后最不利条件下冲击能量可达5 432 kJ,坡表能量分布位于G351左侧东河岸坡位置,这与图1影像所得位置基本一致。
图5为工作区落石冲击能量最大位置的运动迹线。结合图4可知,工作区危岩崩塌后,落石沿坡面以翻滚为主,直至撞击G351路面后发生弹跳,但高度较低,且最终停积多处于东河河床及岸坡,部分落石及其破碎物停积路面,如图6所示。
综上可见,工作区危岩崩塌会对公路路面和路基造成直接破坏。路面受冲击后出现裂缝、凹陷、隆起等现象,路基则会受到落石的冲击和掩埋,导致公路的通行能力严重受损。特别是G351作为近断层强震多雨区的山区公路,受地形条件限制,灾后清理崩积物和恢复交通需要耗费大量时间、人力和物力,修复过程中将阻断交通,运营养护成本高。
3.1节针对危岩稳定性分析和崩塌灾变机制进行分析,并通过运动学三维模拟获得自然斜坡危岩崩塌后的落石最大冲击能量为5 432 kJ。这一计算结果表明,在针对工作区危岩进行防治设计时,坡表清危是首要的[19]
将尺寸大于0.70 m3的危岩清除后(仅针对WY1~WY4),工作区落石运动学计算如图7所示。可见,落石最大冲击能量为1 590 kJ,其位置处于G351东河侧的边坡坡脚附近。
图8所示,从弹跳高度来看,清除>0.70 m3危岩后工作区落石沿运动轨迹呈“沿坡面滚动→撞击G351路面附近后弹跳→东河河床及岸坡停积”的阶段性运动特征,弹跳高度最大值为27.18 m,在G351路面位置弹跳高度0.55~10.0 m。
显然,大粒径危岩清除后,落石冲击能量及弹跳高度均已处于工程措施可防可控范畴。
山区公路危岩崩塌防治,应综合发育规律、分布位置、成灾特征和构筑物布设空间等因素确定。针对图1所示的5处危岩带,清危后处置措施如下。
(1)WYD1~WYD3。该段斜坡危岩高陡,岩体发育顺倾结构面,原位清除方量大、锚固耐久性差。综合原路利用改造、防灾要求与正常使用功能,推荐采用拱形明洞,在减少治理时间成本与经济成本的同时,可满足K3109+860~K3110+250段灾害防治需求。
(2)WYD4。考虑工作区危岩崩塌后落石主要以沿坡面滚动为主要运移形式,在坡表具有足够空间时,布设被动防护网或导石墙是经济有效的防护方法。结合现场调查及地勘成果,针对小桩号端(宝兴方向)电塔后部斜坡上的危岩,电塔所在平台满足布设被动防护网的空间需求。
图8所示,小桩号端(宝兴方向)电塔后部斜坡上的危岩崩塌后,落石基本沿坡面运动,弹跳高度基本小于6.0 m,在平台设置被动防护网,施工空间充裕,且具有较好的崩积物清理通道,故被动防护网平面位置。
(3)WYD5。现场调查发现K3110+130~K3110+250区域崩落物较小,且危岩高度不超过100 m,具有原位锚固的条件。因此,为保证该段路线的行车安全,拟采用框架锚杆防护。
本文以雅安市宝兴县G351线硗碛水库尾危岩崩塌为例,探讨了川西山区公路危岩崩塌发育特征,采用RocPro3D软件模拟分析了落石三维运动学特征,并进行灾损评价,最后结合工程地质条件探讨了综合防治措施。主要结论如下。
(1)构造侵蚀高中山区,受构造挤压、降雨冲刷、风化卸荷等因素影响,研究区发育5处危岩带,其危岩形成特征具有一致性。经计算,强降雨和强震是诱发工作区危岩失稳的典型因素,稳定系数将明显降低。
(2)运动学模拟计算表明,研究区危岩崩塌后冲击能量为5 432 kJ,落石主要停积G351路面和东河岸坡,严重影响公路通行安全。
(3)大粒径危岩清除后研究区崩塌落石的冲击能量显著降低,最大值约1 590 kJ;落石沿运动轨迹呈“沿坡面滚动→撞击G351路面附近后弹跳→东河河床及岸坡停积”的阶段性运动特征,弹跳高度最大值为27.18 m,在G351路面位置弹跳高度0.55~10.0 m不等。
(4)本着空间充分利用的原则,分区段因地制宜采用“危岩清除+被动防护网+明洞+框架锚杆”的综合方案,能够有效治理川西山区公路危岩崩塌地质灾害。
  • 四川省交通运输科技项目(2022-A-01)
  • 四川省交通运输科技项目(2023-A-08)
  • 交通运输部交通运输行业重点科技项目(2021-ZD1-020)
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2025年第25卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-12
  • 首发时间:2026-06-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-12
基金
四川省交通运输科技项目(2022-A-01)
四川省交通运输科技项目(2023-A-08)
交通运输部交通运输行业重点科技项目(2021-ZD1-020)
作者信息
    1 雅安市公路应急抢险保障中心, 四川 雅安 625000
    2 雅安市交通建设(集团)有限责任公司, 四川 雅安 625000
    3 四川省公路规划勘察设计研究院有限公司, 成都 610041

通讯作者:

梅本强(1986—),男,四川邻水人,高级工程师,研究方向为交通建设。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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