Article(id=1208054533524136730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1208054446576215005, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)13-0175-11, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737475200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765952245360, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765952245360, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765952245360, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765952245360, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208054446576215005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='310', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765952224630, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765952288340, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208054713870815567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1208054446576215005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208054713870815568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1208054446576215005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=175, endPage=185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208054534040036145, articleId=1208054533524136730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Optimal Scheduling of Energy System with Shared Energy Storage Considering Uncertainty of New Energy Output, columnId=1151877660386357290, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Industrial Development, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the increasing penetration of new energy such as wind turbine(WT) and photovoltaic(PV) output in the energy system, the consumption of new energy in the energy system has become an urgent problem to be solved. At the same time, shared energy storage continues to participate in the grid connection, and the trading relationship between shared energy storage and other participants in the energy system is also the key to the optimization of power scheduling in the energy system. In this context, taking the energy system with micro-grids(MGs) and shared energy storage (SES) as the research object, and considering the uncertainty of new energy output, the energy system scheduling mechanism was designed based on Stackelberg game. The results of example analysis show that the actual energy capacity and power capacity of SESC have decreased by 11.83% and 31.89% respectively, and the new energy consumption rates of MGS has increased to more than 90%. The Stackelberg game scheduling strategy improves the overall operating income and stability of the energy system.

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随着风电(WT)、光伏(PV)输出等新能源在能源系统中的渗透率不断提高,能源系统的新能源消纳成为亟待解决的问题。同时共享储能不断参与并网,共享储能与能源系统内其他参与者之间的交易关系也成为能源系统优化电力调度的关键所在。基于此,以含有微电网(MGs)和共享储能(SES)的能源系统为研究对象,在系统规划阶段考虑新能源出力不确定性,提出共享储能租赁策略,设计基于主从博弈的能源系统调度机制。分析结果表明,共享储能实际使用能量容量和功率容量分别降低11.83%和31.89%,微电网的新能源消纳率提升到90%以上。在设计能源系统主从博弈调度策略时加入差异化分时电价策略,提高了能源系统的整体运行收益。

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侯强(1980—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,博士,教授,研究方向为供应链管理;

王实权(2000—),男,江苏连云港人,硕士研究生,研究方向为电力系统优化调度。

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侯强(1980—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,博士,教授,研究方向为供应链管理;

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侯强(1980—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,博士,教授,研究方向为供应链管理;

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王实权(2000—),男,江苏连云港人,硕士研究生,研究方向为电力系统优化调度。

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王实权(2000—),男,江苏连云港人,硕士研究生,研究方向为电力系统优化调度。

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时间段 ρ t g , b/[元·(kW·h)-1] ρ t g , s/[元·(kW·h)-1]
谷段(01:00-07:00,
23:00-24:00)
0.30 0.27
平段(08:00-11:00,
15:00-18:00)
0.70 0.63
峰段(12:00-14:00,
19:00-22:00)
1.10 0.99
), ArticleFig(id=1208459464370405640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1208054533524136730, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

能源服务商向上级电网的购售电价格

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间段 ρ t g , b/[元·(kW·h)-1] ρ t g , s/[元·(kW·h)-1]
谷段(01:00-07:00,
23:00-24:00)
0.30 0.27
平段(08:00-11:00,
15:00-18:00)
0.70 0.63
峰段(12:00-14:00,
19:00-22:00)
1.10 0.99
), ArticleFig(id=1208459464492040464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1208054533524136730, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 EP/元 SESO/元 MGCO/元
1 2 250.7 1 818.7 -9 811.2
2 2 763.2 2 008.9 -10 269.9
3 3 155.8 1 834.7 -10 286.6
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各主体运行收益

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 EP/元 SESO/元 MGCO/元
1 2 250.7 1 818.7 -9 811.2
2 2 763.2 2 008.9 -10 269.9
3 3 155.8 1 834.7 -10 286.6
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微电网 R2/元 R1/%
MG1 1 330.80 89.77
MG2 959.77 90.93
MG3 809.99 95.10
), ArticleFig(id=1208459464781447473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1208054533524136730, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

微电网多目标优化结果

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微电网 R2/元 R1/%
MG1 1 330.80 89.77
MG2 959.77 90.93
MG3 809.99 95.10
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微电网 Ecap/(kW·h) Pcap/kW
MG1 1 836.71 302.40
MG2 1 205.48 416.49
MG3 1 156.78 369.54
M G 4 198.97 1 088.43
MGCO 3 702.12 741.35
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微电网储能需求量和共享储能中心实际使用储能容量

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微电网 Ecap/(kW·h) Pcap/kW
MG1 1 836.71 302.40
MG2 1 205.48 416.49
MG3 1 156.78 369.54
M G 4 198.97 1 088.43
MGCO 3 702.12 741.35
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考虑新能源出力不确定性含共享储能的能源系统优化调度
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侯强 , 王实权
科技和产业 | 产业发展 2025,25(13): 175-185
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科技和产业 | 产业发展 2025, 25(13): 175-185
考虑新能源出力不确定性含共享储能的能源系统优化调度
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侯强, 王实权
作者信息
  • 沈阳工业大学管理学院, 沈阳 110870
  • 侯强(1980—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,博士,教授,研究方向为供应链管理;

    王实权(2000—),男,江苏连云港人,硕士研究生,研究方向为电力系统优化调度。

Optimal Scheduling of Energy System with Shared Energy Storage Considering Uncertainty of New Energy Output
Qiang HOU, Shiquan WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Management, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
出版时间: 2025-07-10
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随着风电(WT)、光伏(PV)输出等新能源在能源系统中的渗透率不断提高,能源系统的新能源消纳成为亟待解决的问题。同时共享储能不断参与并网,共享储能与能源系统内其他参与者之间的交易关系也成为能源系统优化电力调度的关键所在。基于此,以含有微电网(MGs)和共享储能(SES)的能源系统为研究对象,在系统规划阶段考虑新能源出力不确定性,提出共享储能租赁策略,设计基于主从博弈的能源系统调度机制。分析结果表明,共享储能实际使用能量容量和功率容量分别降低11.83%和31.89%,微电网的新能源消纳率提升到90%以上。在设计能源系统主从博弈调度策略时加入差异化分时电价策略,提高了能源系统的整体运行收益。

新能源出力不确定  /  能源服务商  /  共享储能  /  微电网联盟  /  主从博弈

With the increasing penetration of new energy such as wind turbine(WT) and photovoltaic(PV) output in the energy system, the consumption of new energy in the energy system has become an urgent problem to be solved. At the same time, shared energy storage continues to participate in the grid connection, and the trading relationship between shared energy storage and other participants in the energy system is also the key to the optimization of power scheduling in the energy system. In this context, taking the energy system with micro-grids(MGs) and shared energy storage (SES) as the research object, and considering the uncertainty of new energy output, the energy system scheduling mechanism was designed based on Stackelberg game. The results of example analysis show that the actual energy capacity and power capacity of SESC have decreased by 11.83% and 31.89% respectively, and the new energy consumption rates of MGS has increased to more than 90%. The Stackelberg game scheduling strategy improves the overall operating income and stability of the energy system.

uncertainty of new energy output  /  energy provider  /  shared energy storage  /  micro-grid alliance  /  Stackelberg game
侯强, 王实权. 考虑新能源出力不确定性含共享储能的能源系统优化调度. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (13) : 175 -185 .
Qiang HOU, Shiquan WANG. Optimal Scheduling of Energy System with Shared Energy Storage Considering Uncertainty of New Energy Output[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (13) : 175 -185 .
近年来中国新能源发电成果显著,已经成为中国能源绿色低碳转型的主要途径[1]。同时,微电网作为能源系统中的产消者既生产电能又消费电能,是能源系统中接入分布式新能源的主要接口[2]。但随着新能源在能源系统中占比不断增加,新能源发电的随机性和波动性愈发明显,严重影响了能源系统的电能调度。如何对接入高比例新能源的能源系统进行高效能源调度,降低微电网新能源出力波动性对系统运行的影响,已经成为能源系统电力协同调度亟待解决的问题。配置储能是解决“弃风弃光”问题的有效手段。储能设备可以进行快速充电或放电,降低微电网波动幅度,减少对上级电网的冲击程度,实现新能源就地消纳。然而储能发展存在诸多限制,如储能投资成本较高、储能容量定制化难和储能设备利用率较低等问题[3]。为解决上述问题,共享储能模式应运而生。共享储能是由一个公共储能设备为多个用户提供储能服务的模式[4]
学者们从共享储能的运营机制、交易模式以及定价机制做了系统研究[5-6]。为了解决储能投资成本高的问题,朱宗耀等[7]对比了3种共享储能投资方案,结果表明采用集中式储能并进行电量共享的方案更具经济性;陆秋瑜等[8]将储能收益最大和投资成本最小作为目标建立了考虑多应用场景的分布鲁棒优化模型,实现了规模化储能多点选址定容。为解决微电网所需储能容量定制化难的问题, 栗然等[9]提出在阶梯成本模式下构建“自建+租赁”的混合云储能容量配置方案;郝丽丽等[10]考虑新能源场站、电网和用户侧独立储能的收益模式及容量共享能力,提出考虑三方协调的容量共享机制。为解决储能设备利用率低的问题,吴云芸等[11]综合考虑了不同场景下储能负荷需求的差异性和互补性,提出了一种计及需求响应的数据中心联盟共享储能规划方法;李咸善等[12]将共享储能机制作为独立主体引入能源系统中,利用闲置储能产生收益;Liu[13]为了实现能源系统内多个利益相关者的共赢,建立了考虑碳交易机制能源系统Stackelberg博弈模型;Li等[14]使用Stackelberg博弈,在规划阶段引入共享储能模型解决了储能的无序规划问题。
然而仅使用共享储能来降低新能源不确定性对电力系统调度影响,投资成本高昂,而且存在较大误差,可靠性低。因此,有学者考虑使用含不确定变量的优化模型参与到电力系统调度策略中。陈曦等[15]基于条件生成对抗网络生成周净发电功率典型场景研究了不确定环境下共享储能和微电网群的调度问题。Munkhammar等[16]则利用马尔可夫链混合分布模型对居民区发电量进行了日内预测。黄宇等[17]则是使用混合Copula优化算法对不同地区的风电场进行了预测,描述了风电场中风电机组之间存在的复杂时空相关性。基于鲁棒优化方法,Li等[18]考虑了用户需求响应问题,构建了两阶段分布式鲁棒优化模型来描述风电的不确定性。基于分布鲁棒优化,Wang等[19]为解决虚拟电厂聚合分布式能源面临的不同电价差异问题使用分布鲁棒优化来应对电价的不确定性。
综合上述研究发现:现有研究在设计共享储能容量配置时鲜有将新能源消纳水平作为独立目标;在制定能源系统调度策略规划阶段缺少对微电网新能源出力不确定性的考虑;同时现有研究在确定能源系统调度策略时缺少针对共享储能和微电网这两个参与主体设置差异化的定价策略。
基于以上分析,本文在规划阶段考虑微电网新能源出力的不确定性,以一个含有微电网群和共享储能的能源系统为研究对象,设计了基于主从博弈的能源系统调度策略。首先,使用非参数核密度估计法搭配Copula函数构建风光出力典型场景;其次,提出微电网储能租赁策略,建立微电网储能租赁多目标模型,确定微电网最优充放电策略和租赁容量计划;再次,提出含共享储能的能源系统框架,建立以能源服务商为主体,共享储能中心和微电网联盟为从体的主从博弈模型;最后,通过算例分析验证本文所提调度策略的有效性和可行性。
本文提出的能源系统包含以下参与主体:能源服务商(EP)、共享储能中心(SESC)、微电网联盟(MGCO)以及微电网(MG),具体框架如图1所示。
能源系统优化调度策略由以下两部分组成,调度策略框架如图2所示。
第1部分:系统规划阶段。使用随机优化方法生成能够描述风电、光伏出力的不确定性的典型场景集。首先将微电网历史风力、光伏出力作为基础数据,使用基于非参数核密度估计法和Copula理论的场景生成方法生成能够体现风光出力不确定性的随机优化场景,然后使用场景聚类方法对随机优化场景进行聚类得到典型场景,最后将典型场景作为风光出力数据代入第2部分。
第2部分:系统调度阶段。能源服务商是领导者,共享储能中心和微电网联盟是追随者。能源服务商为共享储能中心和微电网联盟制定差异化分时电价,激励共享储能中心和微电网联盟积极参与能源系统电力调度,实现系统平衡。共享储能中心和微电网联盟实行两阶段调度策略。第1阶段,储能租赁策略。微电网依据自身的负荷状况和新能源出力情况确定充放电计划。共享储能中心结合微电网充放电信息得出微电网的净充放电功率需求,为其提供储能租赁容量,满足微电网储能租赁需求。第2阶段,共享储能中心和微电网联盟调度策略。共享储能中心要利用自身空闲的储能容量实现“低储高放”套利、微电网联盟要对充放电平抑后的净负荷进行平衡,二者响应能源服务商制定的差异化分时电价,分别制定购售电策略并反馈到能源服务商。领导者与追随者之间的决策相互影响、相互制约,最终达到各博弈主体的利益均衡。
能源服务商以运行收益最大化为目标,其收益函数UEP
U E P = I M G C O + I S E S O - C g r i d
式中: IMGCOISESO分别为能源服务商与微电网联盟、共享储能中心进行功率交互的收益; Cgrid为能源服务商向上级电网的购售电的成本。
I M G C O = i = 1 N t = 1 T ( ρ t M , b p i , t M G , b - ρ t M , s p i , t M G , s )
I S E S O = t = 1 T ( ρ t S , b P t S E S O , b - ρ t S , s P t S E S O , s )
C g r i d = t = 1 T ( ρ t g , s P t E P , b - ρ t g , b P t E P , s )
式中: ρ t M , b ρ t M , s分别为能源服务商制定的微电网t时刻的购、售电价; p M G , b i , t p i , t M G , s分别为微电网it时刻向能源服务商购电功率和售电功率; ρ t S , b ρ t S , s分别为能源服务商制定的共享储能中心购、售电价; P t S E S O , b P t S E S O , s分别为共享储能中心在t时刻向能源服务商购电功率和售电功率; ρ t g , b ρ t g , s分别为上级电网制定的t时刻购、售电价; P t E P , b P t E P , s分别代表能源服务商在t时刻向上级电网购电功率和售电功率;NT分别为微电网数、运行周期。
能源服务商按照一定的市场约束范围为微电网和共享储能运营商制定电价:
ρ t M , b = ρ t M , b p , ρ p , m i n ρ t M , b p ρ p , m a x ,   t T p ρ t M , b f , ρ f , m i n ρ t M , b f ρ f , m a x ,   t T f ρ t M , b v , ρ v , m i n ρ t M , b v ρ v , m a x ,   t T v
ρ t S , b = ρ S , b p , ρ p , m i n ρ S , b p ρ p , m a x ,   t T p ρ S , b f , ρ f , m i n ρ S , b f ρ f , m a x ,   t T f ρ S , b v , ρ v , m i n ρ S , b v ρ v , m a x ,   t T v
式中:TpTfTv为峰、平、谷价的时段; ρ t M , b p ρ t M , b f ρ t M , b v分别为微电网在峰、平、谷时段内t时刻向能源服务商的购电价格;ρS,bpρS,bfρS,bv分别代表共享储能中心在峰、平、谷时段内t时刻向能源服务商的购电价格。本文假定,微电网和共享储能中心向能源服务商售电价格是购电价格的80%。
1)共享储能租赁策略
共享储能中心采取按租赁容量和充放电功率的混合计费方式。其中租赁容量由能量容量和功率容量构成。租赁容量大小体现了储能需求量多少。充放电功率大小体现了使用储能频率多少。
(1)功率容量需求 P i c a p。考虑到使用储能时充放电高稳定性需求,微电网i的功率容量需求取充放电功率的最大值:
P i c a p=max( P i , t M G , c, P i , t M G , d)
(2)能量容量需求 E i c a p。在系统调度周期内,各时段储能电量是区间波动的,该区间的大小即是周期内能量容量需求大小。
E i c a p=μ( E i , t M G , m a x, E i , t M G , m i n)
式中:μ为储能容量裕量系数,本文取 1.25; E i , t M G , m a x E i , t M G , m i n为微电网i在调度周期内储能容量的最大值和最小值。
2)微电网储能租赁的多目标模型
由于储能租赁费用较高,而提高微电网新能源就地消纳水平需要大量储能。因此,构建了以新能源消纳最大和储能使用成本最小为目标的微电网储能租赁模型。
(1)目标函数。目标1:微电网新能源消纳率R1,i最大。
R 1 , i = t = 1 24 [ P i , t L C + P i , t M G , c ] t = 1 24 [ P i , t P V + P i , t W T ] × 100 %
P i , t L C=min{ P i , t P V+ P i , t W T, P i , t l o a d}
式中: P i , t L C为微电网it时段负荷实时消纳的总新能源出力; P i , t P V为微电网it时段的光电出力; P i , t W T为微电网it时段的风电出力; P i , t l o a d为微电网it时段的负荷功率。
目标2:微电网储能租赁成本R2,i最小。
R2,i= C i r e n t+ C i s e r v e
C i r e n t E i c a p P i c a p
C i s e r v e = γ t = 1 T ( P i , t M G , c + P i , t M G , d )
式中: C i r e n t C i s e r v e分别为微电网i的租赁共享储能的容量费用和充放电费用;αβγ分别为单位能量容量、单位功率容量的租赁费用以及单位充放电功率费用; P i , t M G , c P i , t M G , d分别为微电网it时使用租赁储能的充放电功率。
(2)约束条件。①微电网充放电功率约束如式(14)所示;②微电网相邻时段储能容量约束如式(15)所示;③始末电量约束如式(16)所示。
0 P i , t M G , c m i n ( - Δ P L i , t , P i c a p , m a x ) P i , t M G , d = 0 , Δ P L i , t 0 P i , t M G , c = 0 0 P i , t M G , d m i n ( Δ P L i , t , P i c a p , m a x ) ,     Δ P L i , t > 0
E i , t M G = E i , t - 1 M G + ( η c P i , t M G , c - P i , t M G , d / η d ) Δ t
E i , 0 M G= E i , T M G
1)目标函数
共享储能中心以运行效益最大化为运营目标,其收益函数USESO
U S E S O = I S E S O , b s + i = 1 N R 2 , i - C O M
式中:ISESO,bs为辅助配电网调峰获利; i = 1 N R 2 , i为共享储能中心收取的储能容量租赁费用和充放电服务费用; C O M为共享储能中心的日常维护费用。
I S E S O , b s = t = 1 T ( ρ t S , s P t S E S O , s - ρ t S , b P t S E S O , b )
C O M = t = 1 T δ ( P t S E S , c + P t S E S , d )
式中:δ为储能单位功率维护费用; P t S E S , c P t S E S , d分别为共享储能中心在t时段内的充电和放电功率。
2)约束条件
(1) 功率平衡约束:
i = 1 N ( P i , t M G , c - P i , t M G , d ) + P t S E S O , b - P t S E S O , s = P t S E S , c - P t S E S , d
(2)储能状态量约束:
SESC在t时段的储能电量值为
E t S E S= E t - 1 S E S+(ηc P t S E S , c- P t S E S , dd)Δt
荷电状态上下界约束:
0.1 E c a p S E S E t S E S 0.9 E c a p S E S
始末荷电状态相等:
E 0 S E S= E T S E S
式中: E c a p S E S为共享储能中心的额定能量容量; E t S E S为共享储能中心在t时段的储能电量;ηcηd为共享储能中心充电、放电效率。
(3)充放电功率约束:
m i n ( P t M G C O , P S E S , c a p ) P t S E S , C P S E S , c a p P i , t M G , D = 0 ,   P t M G C O 0 P i , t M G , C = 0 m i n ( - P t M G C O , P S E S , c a p ) P t S E S , D P S E S , c a p , P t M G C O < 0
式中:PSES,cap为共享储能中心的额定功率容量; P t M G C O为共享储能中心汇总得到的微电网联盟净充放电功率,其大于0表示将微电网联盟的放电功率需求分配至充电功率需求后仍有剩余充电功率需求,反之亦然。
(4) 购售电功率约束:
0 P t S E S O , b D B t P S E S O , b s 0 P t S E S O , s D S t P S E S O , b s
D B t D S t≤1
式中:PSESO,bs为共享储能中心与能源服务商之间的最大联络线功率; D B t D S t为0-1变量,当 D B t为1时, D S t为0,代表此时共享储能中心向能源服务商购电,反之亦然,是共享储能中心向能源服务商售电。
1)目标函数
微电网联盟以实现整体的运行效益最大,其收益函数UMGCO
U M G C O = i = 1 N U M G i = i = 1 N ( I i M G , b s - R 2 , i - C i o m - C i t a x )
式中: I i M G , b s为微电网i向能源服务商购售电的收益;R2,i为微电网i租赁储能容量的费用和充放电服务费用; C i o m为微电网i新能源设备发电费用; C i t a x为微电网联盟内部之间进行功率互济产生的过网费。
I i M G , b s = t = 1 T ( ρ t M , s P i , t M G , s - ρ t M , b P i , t M G , b )
C i o m = t = 1 T ( C W T P i , t W T + C P V P i , t P V )
C i t a x = λ t a x t = 1 T j = 1 N P j i , t ,   j i
式中:CWTCPV分别为微电网的风、光发电成本系数;λtax为过网税率;Pji,t为微电网联盟中微电网jt时段向微电网i输出的电功率。
2)约束条件
(1)购售电功率约束:
0 P i , t M G , b D b i , t P M G , b s 0 P i , t M G , s D s i , t P M G , b s
D b i , t D s i , t 1
式中:PMG,bs为微电网与能源服务商之间的最大联络线功率; D b i , t D s i , t为0-1变量,当 D b i , t为1时, D s i , t为0,代表此时共享储能中心向能源服务商购电,反之亦然,享储能中心向能源服务商售电。
(2)功率平衡约束:
j = 1 N ( P j i , t - P i j , t ) + P i , t P V + P i , t W T - P i , t l o a d + P i , t M G , b - P i , t M G , s = P i , t M G , c - P i , t M G , d , j i
(3)联络线功率约束:
- P i P C C P i , t M G , d - P i , t M G , c + j = 1 N ( P j i , t - P i j , t ) + P i , t M G , b - P i , t M G , s P i P C C , j i
式中: P i P C C为微电网i使用联络线功率的最大值。
(4)微电网联盟内部功率互济约束:
j = 1 N P j i , t P i , t M G , e q , j = 1 N P i j , t = 0 , P i , t M G , e q > 0 j = 1 N P j i , t = 0 , j = 1 N P i j , t - P i , t M G , e q , P i , t M G , e q < 0 j = 1 N P j i , t = 0 , j = 1 N P i j , t = 0 , P i , t M G , e q = 0 , j i
P i , t M G , e q = P i , t l o a d - P i , t P V - P i , t W T + P i , t M G , c - P i , t M G , d
式中: P i , t M G , e q为微电网充放电后的净负荷曲线,其大于零代表微电网在储能电池放电后仍有缺额部分,优先接收其他微电网多余电能,之后再向能源服务商购售电实现功率平衡;反之亦然。
将历史风电、光伏出力数据作为基础,首先引入非参数核密度估计法,使用高斯核函数生成24 h每时段的风光出力概率密度函数,以此描述样本间不确定性。得到风光出力的累积分布函数后,使用Frank-Copula函数建立每个时段的风光出力联合分布函数,描述样本间相关性。再后使用三次样条插值法对风光出力联合分布函数采样,得到各时段的出力曲线。最后,使用K-means(K均值)场景聚类法对采样结果进行聚类,得到K个出力典型场景和各场景出现的概率,具体过程如图3所示。
模型整体求解流程如图4所示。
本文建立的储能租赁多目标优化模型中,微电网的新能源消纳率最大目标和储能租赁成本最小目标之间存在冲突,当一个目标达到最优时,另一个目标可能是最差的,这种解为Pareto 解。因此,引入了快速非支配多目标优化算法(NSGA-II)来求解储能需求的多目标冲突问题[20]
G = { N ; X E P ; Y S E S O ; Z M G C O ; U E P ; { U S E S O , U M G C O } }
(1)参与者集N:能源服务商EP为领导者、共享储能中心SESO和微电网联盟MGCO为追随者。
(2)策略集:能源服务商决策变量的为XEP=( ρ t M , b, ρ t M , s, ρ t S , b, ρ t S , s);共享储能中心的决策变量为YSESO=( P t S E S O , b, P t S E S O , s);微电网联盟的决策变量为ZMGCO=( P i , t M G , b, P i , t M G , s)。
(3)效益集:领导者能源服务商的效益函数为UEP;追随者共享储能中心和微电网联盟的效益函数为USESOUMGCO
当任何一方通过改变策略无法为自身争取到更大利润,则认为博弈达到纳什均衡。此时的策略集{XEP;YSESO;ZMGCO}为均衡解。上层能源服务商使用粒子群算法优化求解,下层共享储能中心和微电网联盟均采用CPLEX商业求解器求解[21-22]
选取沈阳康平县、法库县各1个风电场、1个光电站,2024年4月1日至5月31日发电功率实测数据作为数据集,采样间隔为1 h,每个场站提供1 464 组实测数据,最终生成两地区各500组的风光出力数据,将其聚类为3个典型日风光出力场景,如图5所示,其中右上角图例表示典型日风光出力场景的出现概率。
以康平县某地区的典型场景生成结果为例分析,各个场景中风光出力变化趋势反映了风光出力之间的随机性和相关性。分析图5(a)康平县某地区的风光出力数据可以看出,风、光主要出力时间段存在明显的差异,在白天的10:00—15:00,光伏出力普遍较大,而此时风机出力处在平均水平;而在14:00—17:00,光伏出力迅速衰减时,风电出力则达到出力峰值;除此之外,在夜晚时间段,光伏出力为0,此时风电仍有不同程度的出力。数据表明,考虑风光不确定性和相关性的场景生成方法能较好地模拟区域风光的随机性和相关性,有利于能源系统的整体调度策略制定。
各微电网的风电、光伏出力功率预测曲线使用本文中场景生成方法生成的风光出力数据。风光出力预测曲线与电负荷曲线如图6所示。
微电网1~微电网3与能源服务商的联络线最大传输功率为1 200 kW,购售电最大功率为1 000 kW。共享储能中心的集中式储能容量 E c a p S E S为5 000 kW·h,功率容量PSES,cap为1 200 kW·h,储能系统充放电效率95%,相关成本系数αβγ分别为0.408元/(kW·h)、1.429元/(kW·h)、0.154 2元/(kW·h)。微电网的风力发电成本系数CWT和光伏发电成本系数CPV分别为0.009 6元/(kW·h)、0.029 6元/(kW·h),微电网之间进行功率交互的过网税率λtax为0.019 5元/(kW·h)。能源服务商向上级电网的购售电价格参见表1
使用MATLAB软件进行仿真分析,迭代过程如图7所示。最终,第 24次迭代时达到稳定。能源服务商的运行收益是3 155.8元,共享储能中心的运行收益是1 834.7元,微电网联盟的运行成本为10 286.6元。
在博弈均衡时,能源服务商制定的差异化分时电价如图8所示。图8中,黑色虚线是能源服务商制定分时电价的上下限。以01:00—7:00和23:00—24:00时段为例分析,微电网联盟新能源出力满足大部分电荷需求后有少部分电荷缺额。但此段分时电价处于低谷,共享储能中心进行大量电能补充,所以共享储能中心分时电价较高。
除本文提出的调度策略外,设置了另外两种调度策略,对比分析不同调度策略下各主体的效益情况。方案1:能源服务商与微电网联盟之间采用主从博弈策略制定动态分时电价,而共享储能中心仅提供储能租赁服务,不参与博弈;方案2:能源服务商与微电网联盟、共享储能中心之间采用主从博弈策略制定相同的动态分时电价进行电能交易;方案3(本文所提策略):能源服务商与微电网联盟、共享储能中心之间采用主从博弈策略制定差异化动态分时电价。
3种方案下各参与主体的收益对比见表2。分析表2可知,方案3的系统综合收益相较于方案1和方案2分别提高 445.7和201.0,这表明本文所提的调度策略使得系统运行稳定性和收益都得到了提高。
采用本文所提的储能租赁多目标策略,求解微电网的充放电功率需求和租赁储能容量需求。图9为微电网1~微电网3使用租赁储能充放电前、后净负荷对比。在图9中,微电网1~3使用租赁储能充放电后自身的净负荷波动都有不同程度的降低,这表明共享储能中心提供的储能租赁服务有效地降低了微电网净负荷的波动率。
表3为微电网多目标结果,分析表3可以看出,微电网1~微电网3租赁储能充放电后的新能源消纳率达到了90%以上,有效改善了风光资源闲置和浪费问题。
表4为微电网储能需求量和共享储能中心实际使用储能容量的对比。经过数据对比可以看出,共享储能中心汇总微电网的充放电信息得到的实际能量容量需求对比3个微电网租赁储能能量容量总和减少了496.85 kW·h,功率容量需求减少了347.08 kW。
以上数据分析说明,共享储能的引入可以减少微电网实际储能容量需求,减少储能设备的投资建设,降低储能投资成本,实现能源系统整体运行利益的提高。
微电网联盟能量调度策略结果如图10所示。微电网的电负荷优先使用自身新能源出力予以满足,若有余(缺),则使用租赁储能设备充(放)电;若仍有余(缺),则传递(接收)其他微电网的互济功率;最后的余(缺)功率部分,则与能源服务商进行售(购)电予以满足,最终实现微电网的功率平衡。
以微电网1为例展开分析。在01:00—07:00和23:00—24:00时间段为谷价时段,微电网1的光伏设备无出力,此时微电网1的负荷优先使用储能放电来满足,剩余的负荷则从能源服务商处购买低价电满足。在08:00—11:00时间段为平价时段,此时微电网1的光伏设备出力功率提高,在满足自身的负荷功率并对储能进行充电后仍有部分盈余,此时则将一部分过剩的新能源互济给其他需要电力的微电网,还有余电则出售给能源服务商获取利润。
为提高能源系统整体运行的经济性和稳定性,提出了一种考虑新能源出力不确定性含共享储能的能源系统优化调度策略模型,得到以下结论。
(1)在能源系统电力调度规划阶段引入对新能源出力场景的预测,降低了新能源出力不确定性的影响,提高了微电网的新能源出力预测精度。
(2)本文设计的微电网储能租赁多目标模型,平衡了微电网多目标之间的冲突,实现了新能源和储能资源的高效利用。
(3)本文设计的主从博弈双层优化调度模型,能源服务商为微电网联盟和共享储能中心制定的差异化分时电价,实现了系统内多参与主体的利益均衡,提高了能源系统内整体的收益水平。
  • 辽宁省教育厅基本科研项目(JYTMS20231227)
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2025年第25卷第13期
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  • 接收时间:2025-01-22
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-22
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    沈阳工业大学管理学院, 沈阳 110870
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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