Article(id=1208054528700683097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1208054446576215005, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)13-0241-05, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1735315200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765952244210, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765952244210, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765952244210, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765952244210, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208054446576215005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='310', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765952224630, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765952288340, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208054713870815567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1208054446576215005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208054713870815568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1208054446576215005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=241, endPage=245, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208054529086559071, articleId=1208054528700683097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Customer Churn Prediction Based on BO-Stacking Ensemble Learning, columnId=1151877663716159826, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Enterprise Application, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
To enhance the accuracy of customer churn prediction, an improved Stacking ensemble learning method with Bayesian optimization(BO) incorporated was introduced. First, base learners were selected based on their predictive performance and inter-model correlations. Noticing the fact that the performance variation among base learners was neglected in the traditional Stacking methods, the Bayesian optimization was introduced to fine-tune the weights of each base learner for minimizing prediction errors. Finally, the weighted predictions from the base learners were combined, and the Logistic Regression serves as the meta-learner for the final prediction. The results demonstrate that the proposed BO-Stacking model outperforms both the single models and the traditional Stacking methods in terms of recall rate, F1-score, and AUC(area under the curve) value, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed approach. This provides a reliable reference for enterprises to develop effective customer retention strategies.
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为了提高客户流失预测的准确性,提出一种基于贝叶斯优化算法(BO)的改进Stacking集成学习方法。首先,依据模型的预测性能和相关性确定基学习器的种类;然后,针对传统的Stacking方法中忽略基学习器间差异性的缺陷,引入贝叶斯优化算法来精细地调整各基学习器的权重,以降低预测误差;最后,将各基学习器的预测结果进行加权组合,并选用Logistic回归作为元学习器进行最终预测。结果显示,相较于单一模型和传统的Stacking方法,所提出的BO-Stacking模型在召回率、F1-score和AUC(敏感度曲线下方的面积)上均表现最佳,验证了所提方法的有效性,可为企业制定有效的客户保留策略提供参考。
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耿宇(2000—),女,安徽滁州人,硕士研究生,研究方向为数据分析中的统计方法及应用。
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耿宇(2000—),女,安徽滁州人,硕士研究生,研究方向为数据分析中的统计方法及应用。
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| 算法 | 优点 | 缺点 |
| GBDT | 高鲁棒性和适应性;通过弱分类器的级联提升整体性能 | 稳定性较低;难以并行化 |
| XGBoost | 支持自动并行计算;通过引入正则化项减少过拟合风险;支持稀疏数据、自定义损失函数等功能 | 仅接受特定格式的数据作为输入;对噪声敏感 |
| CatBoost | 类别特征处理能力优秀;通过排序提升策略减少偏差 | 解释性较差;训练时间较长 |
| RF | 抗过拟合能力强;算法简单易于实现 | 解释性较差;对噪声敏感;训练速度较慢 |
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各算法优缺点
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| 算法 | 优点 | 缺点 |
| GBDT | 高鲁棒性和适应性;通过弱分类器的级联提升整体性能 | 稳定性较低;难以并行化 |
| XGBoost | 支持自动并行计算;通过引入正则化项减少过拟合风险;支持稀疏数据、自定义损失函数等功能 | 仅接受特定格式的数据作为输入;对噪声敏感 |
| CatBoost | 类别特征处理能力优秀;通过排序提升策略减少偏差 | 解释性较差;训练时间较长 |
| RF | 抗过拟合能力强;算法简单易于实现 | 解释性较差;对噪声敏感;训练速度较慢 |
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| 变量 | 预测流失 | 预测正常 | 合计 |
| 实际流失 | True Positive (TP) | False Negative (FN) | TP+FN |
| 实际正常 | False Positive (FP) | True Negative (TN) | FP+TN |
| 合计 | TP+FP | FN+TN | TP+FN+FP+TN |
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混淆矩阵
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| 变量 | 预测流失 | 预测正常 | 合计 |
| 实际流失 | True Positive (TP) | False Negative (FN) | TP+FN |
| 实际正常 | False Positive (FP) | True Negative (TN) | FP+TN |
| 合计 | TP+FP | FN+TN | TP+FN+FP+TN |
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| 变量 | 变量含义 | 系数 |
| SeniorCitizen | 是否是老年人 | 0.099 876 30 |
| Partner | 是否使用电子账单 | -0.067 173 64 |
| Dependents | 有无合作伙伴 | -0.020 995 43 |
| TotalCharges | 总费用 | -1.847 723 47 |
InternetService_ Fiber.optic | 互联网服务_光纤 线路 | 0.899 771 20 |
| OnlineSecurity_No | 网络安全服务_无 | 0.495 815 27 |
| OnlineBackup_No | 在线备份服务_无 | 0.126 459 09 |
| DeviceProtection_No | 设备保护功能_无 | 0.030 051 51 |
| TechSupport_No | 技术支持功能_无 | 0.378 167 63 |
| StreamingTV_Yes | 流媒体电视功能_有 | 0.121 028 82 |
| StreamingMovies_Yes | 流媒体电影功能_有 | 0.131 366 03 |
| Contract_One.year | 合同期限_1年 | -0.723 544 21 |
| Contract_Two.year | 合同期限_2年 | -1.228 023 50 |
PaymentMethod_ Electronic.check | 支付方式_电子支票 | 0.334 607 56 |
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最优λ下的系数
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| 变量 | 变量含义 | 系数 |
| SeniorCitizen | 是否是老年人 | 0.099 876 30 |
| Partner | 是否使用电子账单 | -0.067 173 64 |
| Dependents | 有无合作伙伴 | -0.020 995 43 |
| TotalCharges | 总费用 | -1.847 723 47 |
InternetService_ Fiber.optic | 互联网服务_光纤 线路 | 0.899 771 20 |
| OnlineSecurity_No | 网络安全服务_无 | 0.495 815 27 |
| OnlineBackup_No | 在线备份服务_无 | 0.126 459 09 |
| DeviceProtection_No | 设备保护功能_无 | 0.030 051 51 |
| TechSupport_No | 技术支持功能_无 | 0.378 167 63 |
| StreamingTV_Yes | 流媒体电视功能_有 | 0.121 028 82 |
| StreamingMovies_Yes | 流媒体电影功能_有 | 0.131 366 03 |
| Contract_One.year | 合同期限_1年 | -0.723 544 21 |
| Contract_Two.year | 合同期限_2年 | -1.228 023 50 |
PaymentMethod_ Electronic.check | 支付方式_电子支票 | 0.334 607 56 |
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| 模型 | 最佳超参数 | 模型 | 最佳超参数 |
| XGBoost | n_estimators=100 | CatBoost | max_depth=7 |
| max_depth=9 | learning_rate=0.16 |
| min_child_weight=3 | l2_leaf_reg=3 |
| Subsample=0.8 | Iterations=500 |
| learning_rate=0.54 | Subsample=0.6 |
| GBDT | n_estimators=50 | RF | n_estimators=50 |
| max_depth=5 | max_depth=9 |
| Subsample=1 | min_samples_split=1 |
| learning_rate=0.05 | min_samples_leaf=2 |
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不同优化算法下各模型主要超参数取值
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| 模型 | 最佳超参数 | 模型 | 最佳超参数 |
| XGBoost | n_estimators=100 | CatBoost | max_depth=7 |
| max_depth=9 | learning_rate=0.16 |
| min_child_weight=3 | l2_leaf_reg=3 |
| Subsample=0.8 | Iterations=500 |
| learning_rate=0.54 | Subsample=0.6 |
| GBDT | n_estimators=50 | RF | n_estimators=50 |
| max_depth=5 | max_depth=9 |
| Subsample=1 | min_samples_split=1 |
| learning_rate=0.05 | min_samples_leaf=2 |
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| 模型 | 准确率/% | 精确率/% | 召回率/% | F1-score/% | AUC |
| XGBoost | 72.32 | 48.63 | 72.55 | 58.23 | 0.814 1 |
| CatBoost | 72.46 | 48.73 | 68.63 | 56.99 | 0.796 0 |
| GBDT | 73.46 | 50.06 | 75.04 | 60.06 | 0.821 5 |
| RF | 72.46 | 48.77 | 70.94 | 57.81 | 0.815 6 |
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各模型的性能指标
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| 模型 | 准确率/% | 精确率/% | 召回率/% | F1-score/% | AUC |
| XGBoost | 72.32 | 48.63 | 72.55 | 58.23 | 0.814 1 |
| CatBoost | 72.46 | 48.73 | 68.63 | 56.99 | 0.796 0 |
| GBDT | 73.46 | 50.06 | 75.04 | 60.06 | 0.821 5 |
| RF | 72.46 | 48.77 | 70.94 | 57.81 | 0.815 6 |
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| 基学习器 | 权重 |
| XGBoost | 0.363 7 |
| GBDT | 0.501 9 |
| RF | 0.134 4 |
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基学习器的权重
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| 基学习器 | 权重 |
| XGBoost | 0.363 7 |
| GBDT | 0.501 9 |
| RF | 0.134 4 |
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| 模型 | 准确率/ % | 精确率/ % | 召回率/ % | F1-score/ % | AUC |
传统Stacking 模型 | 73.79 | 50.48 | 74.87 | 60.30 | 0.825 6 |
BO_Stacking 模型 | 73.36 | 49.94 | 78.43 | 61.03 | 0.834 2 |
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各Stacking模型的评价指标
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| 模型 | 准确率/ % | 精确率/ % | 召回率/ % | F1-score/ % | AUC |
传统Stacking 模型 | 73.79 | 50.48 | 74.87 | 60.30 | 0.825 6 |
BO_Stacking 模型 | 73.36 | 49.94 | 78.43 | 61.03 | 0.834 2 |
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