Article(id=1208054449143124202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1208054446576215005, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)13-0028-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736697600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765952225242, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765952225242, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765952225242, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765952225242, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208054446576215005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='310', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765952224630, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765952288340, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208054713870815567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1208054446576215005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208054713870815568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1208054446576215005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=28, endPage=33, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208054450774708483, articleId=1208054449143124202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Seismic Waveform Classification Techniques and Applications for Unequally Thick Layers, columnId=1151876674645226399, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Technology Innovation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The prevailing techniques for seismic phase analysis encompass waveform classification, seismic attribute feature mapping, and seismic geomorphological delineation. The waveform classification method is a well-established and extensively utilized technique for lithological, sand body, and oil and gas reservoir prediction. Nevertheless, the conventional approach relies on equal-length time window waveform similarity, which is only pertinent to the stable zone of formation thickness. As a consequence of changes in formation thickness, equal-length seismic waveforms cannot reflect the complete lithological information, or conversely, may lead to the phenomenon of ‘time-warp’, which in turn affects the accurate revelation of the relationship between reservoirs and waveforms. A seismic waveform classification method for unequally thick layers, intending proposes to reduce complexity and enhance classification efficacy. In comparison to the traditional classification method, this approach transfers unequal seismic signals from the time domain to the Hilbert domain with constant bandwidth, thereby ensuring the completeness of the waveform extraction and simplifying the traditional two-dimensional self-organized feature mapping network into a structure with fewer neurons and a one-dimensional output layer. This adaptation is better suited to the resolution of the seismic data and the need for classification efficiency. The enhanced network retains the capacity to modify the field and value of weight correction by with the responsiveness of the output neurons to the input neurons, thereby facilitating effective control of the network size, reducing the complexity of classification calculations, and enhancing classification efficacy. The practical results confirm the effectiveness of the method and significantly improve the accuracy of waveform classification.

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地震相分析主流方法包括波形分类、地震属性特征映射及地震地貌学划分等。波形分类法成熟且广泛应用于岩性、砂体、油气藏预测等。但传统方法基于等长时窗波形相似性,仅适用于地层厚度稳定区。随着地层厚度变化,等长的地震波形难以反映完整岩性信息,或致“穿时”现象,影响储层与波形关系的准确揭示。为此,提出一种针对不等厚层段的地震波形分类方法,能够减少复杂度,并改善分类效果。相对于传统分类方法,该方法将不等长的地震信号由时间域转移到具有恒定频宽的希尔伯特域,确保了波形提取的完整性,并且,将传统二维自组织特征映射网络简化为神经元数量更少且输出层为一维的结构,从而更好地适应地震数据的分辨率和分类效率需求。改进后的网络仍可根据输出层神经元对输入神经元的响应度来调整权重修正的领域以及数值,从而有效控制网络规模,减少分类计算时的复杂度并改善分类效果。实际应用结果验证了该方法的有效性,显著提升了波形分类的准确性。

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肖仁睿(1996—),男,湖北武汉人,硕士,工程师,研究方向为地震资料综合解释;

陈科(1985—),男,四川仁寿人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为地震资料综合解释;

王昌平(1995—),男,河南南阳人,硕士,工程师,研究方向为地震资料采集设备研发。

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王昌平(1995—),男,河南南阳人,硕士,工程师,研究方向为地震资料采集设备研发。

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红色虚线表示的等长时窗不能包含上下层之间的所有地质信息

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不等厚层段的地震波形分类技术及应用
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肖仁睿 , 陈科 , 王昌平
科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025,25(13): 28-33
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科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025, 25(13): 28-33
不等厚层段的地震波形分类技术及应用
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肖仁睿, 陈科, 王昌平
作者信息
  • 中石化石油物探技术研究院有限公司, 南京 211103
  • 肖仁睿(1996—),男,湖北武汉人,硕士,工程师,研究方向为地震资料综合解释;

    陈科(1985—),男,四川仁寿人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为地震资料综合解释;

    王昌平(1995—),男,河南南阳人,硕士,工程师,研究方向为地震资料采集设备研发。

Seismic Waveform Classification Techniques and Applications for Unequally Thick Layers
Renrui XIAO, Ke CHEN, Changping WANG
Affiliations
  • Sinopec Geophysical Research Institute, Nanjing 211103, China
出版时间: 2025-07-10
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地震相分析主流方法包括波形分类、地震属性特征映射及地震地貌学划分等。波形分类法成熟且广泛应用于岩性、砂体、油气藏预测等。但传统方法基于等长时窗波形相似性,仅适用于地层厚度稳定区。随着地层厚度变化,等长的地震波形难以反映完整岩性信息,或致“穿时”现象,影响储层与波形关系的准确揭示。为此,提出一种针对不等厚层段的地震波形分类方法,能够减少复杂度,并改善分类效果。相对于传统分类方法,该方法将不等长的地震信号由时间域转移到具有恒定频宽的希尔伯特域,确保了波形提取的完整性,并且,将传统二维自组织特征映射网络简化为神经元数量更少且输出层为一维的结构,从而更好地适应地震数据的分辨率和分类效率需求。改进后的网络仍可根据输出层神经元对输入神经元的响应度来调整权重修正的领域以及数值,从而有效控制网络规模,减少分类计算时的复杂度并改善分类效果。实际应用结果验证了该方法的有效性,显著提升了波形分类的准确性。

不等厚层段  /  波形分类  /  时频转换  /  自组织神经网络

The prevailing techniques for seismic phase analysis encompass waveform classification, seismic attribute feature mapping, and seismic geomorphological delineation. The waveform classification method is a well-established and extensively utilized technique for lithological, sand body, and oil and gas reservoir prediction. Nevertheless, the conventional approach relies on equal-length time window waveform similarity, which is only pertinent to the stable zone of formation thickness. As a consequence of changes in formation thickness, equal-length seismic waveforms cannot reflect the complete lithological information, or conversely, may lead to the phenomenon of ‘time-warp’, which in turn affects the accurate revelation of the relationship between reservoirs and waveforms. A seismic waveform classification method for unequally thick layers, intending proposes to reduce complexity and enhance classification efficacy. In comparison to the traditional classification method, this approach transfers unequal seismic signals from the time domain to the Hilbert domain with constant bandwidth, thereby ensuring the completeness of the waveform extraction and simplifying the traditional two-dimensional self-organized feature mapping network into a structure with fewer neurons and a one-dimensional output layer. This adaptation is better suited to the resolution of the seismic data and the need for classification efficiency. The enhanced network retains the capacity to modify the field and value of weight correction by with the responsiveness of the output neurons to the input neurons, thereby facilitating effective control of the network size, reducing the complexity of classification calculations, and enhancing classification efficacy. The practical results confirm the effectiveness of the method and significantly improve the accuracy of waveform classification.

unequally thick layers  /  waveform classification  /  time-frequency conversion  /  self-organising neural networks
肖仁睿, 陈科, 王昌平. 不等厚层段的地震波形分类技术及应用. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (13) : 28 -33 .
Renrui XIAO, Ke CHEN, Changping WANG. Seismic Waveform Classification Techniques and Applications for Unequally Thick Layers[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (13) : 28 -33 .
地震属性分析主要聚焦于地震信号的振幅、相位及频率等单一属性,但其局限性在于难以全面表征地震信号整体层面上的异常特性[1]。研究表明,地震信号的异常响应通常伴随着地震道的形态变化,深入剖析其变化趋势可揭示地震相的动态变化规律,进而为沉积相与岩相变化的研究提供有力依据。
波形分类法作为一种成熟且有效的分析手段,已成功应用于砂体识别[2]、储层展布预测[3]、地质异常体解释[4]等关键领域。然而,传统波形分类方法受限于等长时窗内波形相似性的比对,其使用局限于地层厚度相对稳定、地震时间厚度波动较小的目的层段[5]。当目的层段厚度变化显著时,等长时窗提取的地震波形可能无法准确捕捉目标层的完整岩性信息,甚至导致“穿时”问题,即波形与实际地质层位不匹配,干扰了储层特征与地震波形关系的准确解读。如图1所示,红色虚线间标示的时窗范围在提取地震信号时,可能无法涵盖上下间隔的全部地质信息,特别是当时窗过短时,提取的波形中的地质信息将呈现不完整状态。
为此,针对不等厚层段的地震波形分析,亟须开发一种高效且精准的分类技术。地震波形分类领域主要依赖无监督神经网络方法。Balch[6]最早将波形分类方法引入地震资料解释领域;Gao[7]将自组织特征映射网络(self-organizing feature map,SOM)[8]应用于纹理属性聚类分析;Roy等[9]则进一步提出了基于SOM网络的地震多属性聚类方法,以深化地震相分析;王明春和明君[10]的创新之处在于采用傅里叶变换将时间域内长度不一的地震信号转换至频率域,实现了变时窗的地震波形分类;Hong等[11]则利用动态时间规整(dynamic time warping,DTW)[12]技术,有效衡量了不同长度地震波形间在变厚度地层中的相似性。但是传统的傅里叶变换只适用于稳定信号的频域分析,而实际地震信号往往具有复杂的时频特性,傅里叶变换难以完全反映其特点;并且二维SOM网络及基于DTW的方法在实际地震数据处理中,由于网络结构庞大,导致运行复杂度高、计算效率低下,从而影响分类结果的准确性和后续的综合评估。
为了解决上述问题,本文聚焦于优化变时窗波形分类技术,并着力解决分类算法的复杂度问题,提出一种专为不等厚层段设计的地震波形分类新方法。该方法创新性地采用希尔伯特变换将时间域内长度不一的地震信号转换至具有恒定频宽的希尔伯特域。与以往常用的傅里叶变换相比,希尔伯特变换更适用于地震信号这种具有复杂时频特性的非线性、非平稳信号。这一转换可确保波形提取的完整性,为后续精确的波形分类奠定基础。此外,针对传统二维SOM网络在波形分类应用中存在的神经元冗余映射、网络规模庞大、计算效率低下等问题,采用结构简单的改进SOM网络,将原二维结构的输出层改进为线性拓扑形式,大幅减少了神经元数量。该结构可实现对网络规模的有效控制并有效降低运行复杂度,从而满足地震资料分类分析实际需求。
地震相分析利用波形分类技术,通过对比地震数据道中的各波形特征,在目标层段内逐道识别并归类那些反映相同沉积相特征的地震反射波。这一过程揭示了地震异常体的分布规律及沉积相带的构造特征[13]
现有技术多基于等长时窗选取目标层段,难以精确捕捉完整波形,限制了波形与储层复杂对应关系的准确反映。鉴于复杂储层在纵横向上的显著变化,需开发一种创新的地震波形提取技术,即引入可变时窗的方法。当前实现可变时窗主要有两大途径。第1种方法是通过重采样技术将不等长的地震波形在时间域内拉伸或压缩为等长波形。例如,Hong等[11]所采用的动态时间规整(DTW)技术,其核心机制在于动态地拉伸或压缩信号,以消除长度差异,进而实现有效的距离度量。第2种方法则是将这些在时间域内长度不一的地震波形转换至频率域进行处理。例如,王明春和明君[10]运用傅里叶变换实现了波形的时频转换。
然而,第1种方法在重采样过程中可能会引入波形畸变,进而对后续的波形聚类分析产生不利影响。第2种方法中不存在波形的拉伸或压缩,但是采用传统频谱分析方法只适用平稳信号的时频分析,无法准确描述非线性信号的时频特性[14]
综上所述,本文选择了第2种可变时窗技术,即基于时频变换的策略,利用信号处理的时频不变性来提取地震波形。因此,针对实际地震波形这种具有复杂时频特性的非线性、非平稳信号,引入希尔伯特变换来替换原来简单的傅里叶变换,将时间域内长度不固定的地震信号转换至希尔伯特域,并基于恒定频宽的特征进行后续的分类操作。希尔伯特变换是傅里叶变换的一种拓展,相较于传统的傅里叶变换,它更适用于地震信号这种具有复杂时频特性的非线性、非平稳信号[15],能够有效克服传统方法在处理不等厚层段地震信号时的局限性,确保波形提取的完整性,避免 “穿时” 现象的发生,为后续精确的波形分类提供可靠保障。
在深入剖析可变时窗技术核心原理的基础上,本文系统性地归纳了运用该技术提取地震波形的详细步骤。具体流程如图2所示。
(1)明确目标层段后,精确计算出目标层上下界之间的最大时间差值Δtmax,并据此通过式(1)设定一个适宜的恒定频宽Wfreq
W f r e q = 2 [ l o g 2 Δ t m a x ]
式中: [ x ]为不小于 x的最小整数(即向上取整)。
(2)基于上下层提取地震数据,并利用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)[16]技术将这些数据转换至频率域,从而获取振幅谱信息。
(3)对振幅谱实施希尔伯特变换(HT)[15],以生成复信号。
(4)通过计算复信号的逆快速傅里叶变换(IFFT)[16],得到最终的波形提取结果。该结果作为后续波形分类任务的关键输入数据,为进一步的分析与识别奠定了坚实基础。
自组织特征映射网络(SOM)是一种无监督自组织学习的双层网络,其网络结构如图3所示。它由输入层和输出层组成。输入层神经元数为n,输出层是由m个神经元组成的二维平面阵列,网络是全连接的,即每个输入结点都同所有的输出神经元相连接[17]
直接应用传统的二维SOM网络时,常出现多个神经元映射到同一类地震相上,这不仅导致网络规模显著膨胀,还减慢了算法的收敛速度,降低了分类结果的准确性。因此,在利用SOM网络进行波形分类时,需有效减少神经元的冗余映射,加快算法的收敛进程。
本文中,针对地震数据的分辨率要求及地震相分类的精确性需求,引入了一种改进的一维SOM网络[18]。如图4所示,该网络将输出层简化为线性拓扑形式,由一系列有序排列的输出神经元构成,大大减少了神经元数量。在保持 SOM 核心学习机制的基础上,新网络能够根据输出层神经元对输入神经元的响应度精准调整权重修正的领域及数值,实现了对网络规模的有效控制和计算复杂度的显著降低,从而更好地适应地震数据的分辨率和分类效率需求。
在波形分类中,追求的理想分类效果在于实现各类别之间的最大化距离与类别内部的最小化距离。通常随着分类数的增加,类间距会逐渐减小。在实际应用时,往往从类间距随分类数变化的曲线上找到单调下降并趋于平缓的那个拐点,即为合适的分类数。据此,实际应用中可以确定一个相对合适的分类数。
本文应用改进后的一维SOM网络进行波形分类,通过式(2)可计算每个分类数下的类内距离之和:
E R R k = i = 1 K j = 1 n ( i ) [ x j ( i ) - w ( i ) ] 2
式中:ERR为所求取的类内距离之和; x j ( i )为属于第i类的样本数; i = 1,2 , , K, K为当前分类数; j = 1,2 , , n ( i ) , i = 1 K n ( i ) = M, M为训练样本的总数; w ( i )为此类对应的权向量。
图5所示为基于改进的SOM网络的地震波形分类方法流程。首先,利用基于可变时窗技术提取地震波形并建立训练样本;其次,设定分类数范围,并通过改进的 SOM 网络进行波形分类,创建模型道,依据类间距随分类数变化的曲线确定合适的分类数;最后,运用相似性原理对整个工区地震道分类,生成平面地震相图。
分类数的选择依赖于具体的研究目标以及解释人员的数据理解程度。如果分类数过大,会导致结果过于烦琐;而如果分类数过小,则结果会显得粗糙。本文中根据地震信号的复杂程度、目标层段的厚度等情况,将分类数的范围 C设置为5~15。
选取塔河油田托普台工区的实际生产资料开展波形分类工作。托普台区位于库车县和沙雅县境内,属于塔河油田西南外扩部分, 主力产层中奥陶统一间房组为台地浅滩-台内礁沉积;储层以灰岩为主,非均质性强。由于托普台区奥陶系储层储集类型的复杂性以及地层时间厚度变化大,常规基于等长时窗的波形分类方法无法适用。因此,可采用不等厚层段的地震波形分类技术,验证该工区河道识别的预测效果。
在对该工区进行波形分类之前需要先确定一个合适的分类数。图6展示了类间距随分类数变化曲线。从图中可以发现,随着分类数的不断增加,类间距逐渐减小,当分类数大于10时,曲线趋于平缓。因此,选取分类数为10进行波形分类。
为了测试不等厚层段地震波形分类技术的效果,采取了两种策略,并都应用了改进后的SOM网络进行分类。具体的,在第1种策略中,采用了基于等长时窗的波形分类方法。该方法以目的层的顶层为基准面,通过向上调整10 ms、向下调整70 ms的时窗范围来实施分类操作,结果如图7(a)所示。
另一方面,利用不等厚层段的波形分类方法时,直接选取目的层的顶层与底层之间的层间区域作为分析对象,无须进行额外的时窗调整。在此基础上,对比了传统傅里叶变换与希尔伯特变换这两种波形提取技术在分类结果上的影响,相关结果如图7(b)图7(c)所示。
图7分析可知,用于河道识别的不同波形分类方法及其波形提取技术之间存在显著差异,其中河道主要显示为第1类深蓝色并由白色点线标识。如图7(a)所示,基于等长时窗的波形分类方法所展示的河道连通性差、特征相对模糊,难以精确描绘出河道的轮廓,特别是在左侧部位,这一问题尤为突出。相比之下,图7(b)图7(c)中展示的针对不等厚层段的波形分类方法对河道特征的划分更为清晰。
进一步对比图7(b)图7(c)可以发现,利用希尔伯特变换进行波形提取的技术在河道识别方面具有显著优势。在图7(c)中,河道更加清晰且连通性更好,尤其是左侧部分的效果更为明显。这充分证明了基于希尔伯特变换的波性提取技术在提升波形分类精度方面的有效性。
总之,与基于等长时间窗的波形分类方法相比,本文提出的针对不等厚层段的地震波形分类方法,特别是结合了希尔伯特变换的波形提取技术,在波形分类上展现出了更高的精度和更好的效果,为河道形态的准确描绘提供了有力支持。
(1) 提出了一种针对不等厚层段的地震波形分类方法。该方法首先优化了可变时窗的波形提取技术,利用希尔伯特变换,将时间域内长度不一的地震信号转换至具有恒定频宽的希尔伯特域,从而确保了波形的完整性,有效避免了因地层厚度变化所引发的“穿时”现象。同时,采用结构简单的改进SOM网络,有效减少了神经元数量,进一步降低了计算复杂度。
(2) 与传统的基于等长时间窗的波形分类方法相比,结合实际工区数据,采用本文所述的不等厚层段的地震波形分类方法,特别是借助希尔伯特变换的波形提取技术,能够更为清晰地刻画出河道的形态,显著提升了河道识别的精确度和效率。
(3) 该方法在其他地质构造复杂区域的储层预测、砂体识别等方面也具有潜在应用价值。例如在山地褶皱带等地层变形剧烈、厚度变化频繁的地区,传统方法难以有效应用,而本文方法有望通过准确提取和分类地震波形,为储层分布研究提供可靠依据,助力油气勘探开发工作的高效开展。
  • 国家自然科学基金企业创新发展联合基金(U19B6003)
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2025年第25卷第13期
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  • 接收时间:2025-01-13
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-13
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国家自然科学基金企业创新发展联合基金(U19B6003)
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    中石化石油物探技术研究院有限公司, 南京 211103
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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