Article(id=1208052404528976474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1208052403727864410, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)12-0009-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733846400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951737768, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951737768, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951737768, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951737768, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208052403727864410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951737577, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951864175, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208052934781281080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1208052403727864410, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208052934781281081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1208052403727864410, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208052405925679708, articleId=1208052404528976474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Research on the Stability of Surrounding Rock in TBM Tunneling of Metal Mine Roadways under Adverse Geological Conditions, columnId=1151876674645226399, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Technology Innovation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Addressing the issue of large rock block detachment during TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) construction in unfavorable geological conditions at a metal mine in Jiangxi Province, China, the horizontal thrust force of the gripper shoes was systematically analyzed for the first time to reveal its mechanism of inducing tensile failure in surrounding rock, based on the PLAXIS 3D finite element simulation platform and field observations. An optimized support scheme combining “pre-grouting reinforcement and rock bolt-mesh-shotcrete support” was proposed. The study reveales that during TBM construction in Class V rock mass conditions, tensile failure zones developes on the tunnel roof and progressively expandes as the TBM advanced, leading to roof collapse phenomena observed in the project. The support optimization analysis compared three scenarios, such as no support, “rock bolt+mesh+shotcrete” (referred to as bolt-mesh-shotcrete support), and “pre-grouting reinforcement+bolt-mesh-shotcrete support.” Results show that the pre-grouting reinforcement scheme significantly enhances the stability of the surrounding rock, reducing the maximum roof deformation by 21.83% and the final deformation by 36.72%. While bolt-mesh-shotcrete support alone has limited effectiveness, it effectively restraines further deformation of the surrounding rock and prevents the detachment of loose rock masses. It is recommended that in similar TBM tunnel construction scenarios in metal mines encountering unfavorable geological conditions, the combined use of pre-grouting reinforcement and bolt-mesh-shotcrete support should be adopted to improve construction safety and efficiency.

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针对江西某金属矿山在TBM(tunnel boring machine)法施工过程中穿越不良地质时出现的大块岩石掉落问题,基于PLAXIS 3D有限元仿真平台,结合现场实际情况,首次系统分析撑靴水平力对围岩拉伸破坏的影响机制,并提出“超前注浆+锚网喷支护”的优化方案。研究表明,TBM在Ⅴ级围岩工况下施工,围岩顶板出现拉伸破坏点,并随着TBM的前进,拉伸破坏区逐步发展,导致工程中顶板垮塌现象。支护优化研究分析无支护、“钢筋网+锚杆+喷射混凝土”(以下简称锚网喷支护)和“超前注浆+锚网喷支护”三种工况。结果表明,超前注浆加固方案显著提高围岩稳定性,顶板最大变形量减少了21.83%,最终变形量减少了36.72%。单独采用锚网喷支护效果有限,但能有效限制围岩变形的自由发展,并防止岩体松散掉落。建议在类似金属矿山巷道TBM穿越不良地质地段时,采用超前注浆加固和锚网喷联合支护方案,以提高施工安全性和效率。

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张春虎(1986—),男,江西靖安人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为井巷工程及岩土力学;

周少兵(1975—),男,江西南昌人,工程师,研究方向为采矿工程;

刘荣乐(1982—),男,湖南株洲人,高级工程师,研究方向为采矿工程、井巷工程及岩土力学等;

孙志浩(1993—),男,山东青岛人,博士(后),研究方向为岩土力学;

李明睿(1995—),男,江西南昌人,硕士,助理工程师,研究方向为井巷工程及岩土力学;

范书恒(1990—),男,河南沁阳人,工程师,研究方向为采矿工程;

周新勍(1990—),男,江西南昌人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为井巷工程及岩土力学。

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张春虎(1986—),男,江西靖安人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为井巷工程及岩土力学;

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张春虎(1986—),男,江西靖安人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为井巷工程及岩土力学;

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周少兵(1975—),男,江西南昌人,工程师,研究方向为采矿工程;

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周少兵(1975—),男,江西南昌人,工程师,研究方向为采矿工程;

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刘荣乐(1982—),男,湖南株洲人,高级工程师,研究方向为采矿工程、井巷工程及岩土力学等;

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刘荣乐(1982—),男,湖南株洲人,高级工程师,研究方向为采矿工程、井巷工程及岩土力学等;

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孙志浩(1993—),男,山东青岛人,博士(后),研究方向为岩土力学;

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孙志浩(1993—),男,山东青岛人,博士(后),研究方向为岩土力学;

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李明睿(1995—),男,江西南昌人,硕士,助理工程师,研究方向为井巷工程及岩土力学;

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李明睿(1995—),男,江西南昌人,硕士,助理工程师,研究方向为井巷工程及岩土力学;

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范书恒(1990—),男,河南沁阳人,工程师,研究方向为采矿工程;

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范书恒(1990—),男,河南沁阳人,工程师,研究方向为采矿工程;

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周新勍(1990—),男,江西南昌人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为井巷工程及岩土力学。

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周新勍(1990—),男,江西南昌人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为井巷工程及岩土力学。

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岩石
类型
重度/
(kN·m-3)
弹性
模量/
GPa
泊松比 凝聚力/
MPa
内摩
擦角/
(°)
抗拉
强度/
MPa
Ⅱ类 25 17 0.3 4.3 44.0 4.8
Ⅴ类 22.5 3 0.28 1.9 40.9 2.0
), ArticleFig(id=1208083801234838299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1208052404528976474, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

围岩物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石
类型
重度/
(kN·m-3)
弹性
模量/
GPa
泊松比 凝聚力/
MPa
内摩
擦角/
(°)
抗拉
强度/
MPa
Ⅱ类 25 17 0.3 4.3 44.0 4.8
Ⅴ类 22.5 3 0.28 1.9 40.9 2.0
), ArticleFig(id=1208083801339695905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1208052404528976474, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
类型
弹性
模量/
GPa
泊松
抗压
强度/
MPa
拉伸
强度/
MPa
横截
面积/
m3
间距
(横向×
纵向)/
(m×m)
喷砼 28 0.2 25 2.7
钢筋网片 200 0.3 360 2.8×10-5 0.1×0.1
锚杆 210 0.3 270 3.14×10-4 1×1
), ArticleFig(id=1208083801436164903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1208052404528976474, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

支护材料物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
类型
弹性
模量/
GPa
泊松
抗压
强度/
MPa
拉伸
强度/
MPa
横截
面积/
m3
间距
(横向×
纵向)/
(m×m)
喷砼 28 0.2 25 2.7
钢筋网片 200 0.3 360 2.8×10-5 0.1×0.1
锚杆 210 0.3 270 3.14×10-4 1×1
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不良地质条件下金属矿山巷道TBM掘进围岩稳定性研究
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张春虎 1 , 周少兵 2 , 刘荣乐 1 , 孙志浩 3 , 李明睿 1 , 范书恒 4 , 周新勍 1
科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025,25(12): 9-14
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科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025, 25(12): 9-14
不良地质条件下金属矿山巷道TBM掘进围岩稳定性研究
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张春虎1, 周少兵2, 刘荣乐1, 孙志浩3, 李明睿1, 范书恒4, 周新勍1
作者信息
  • 1 中国瑞林工程技术股份有限公司, 南昌 330038
  • 2 江西铜业股份有限公司, 南昌 330038
  • 3 浙江大学建筑工程学院, 杭州 310058
  • 4 中铁工程装备集团有限公司, 郑州 450016
  • 张春虎(1986—),男,江西靖安人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为井巷工程及岩土力学;

    周少兵(1975—),男,江西南昌人,工程师,研究方向为采矿工程;

    刘荣乐(1982—),男,湖南株洲人,高级工程师,研究方向为采矿工程、井巷工程及岩土力学等;

    孙志浩(1993—),男,山东青岛人,博士(后),研究方向为岩土力学;

    李明睿(1995—),男,江西南昌人,硕士,助理工程师,研究方向为井巷工程及岩土力学;

    范书恒(1990—),男,河南沁阳人,工程师,研究方向为采矿工程;

    周新勍(1990—),男,江西南昌人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为井巷工程及岩土力学。

Research on the Stability of Surrounding Rock in TBM Tunneling of Metal Mine Roadways under Adverse Geological Conditions
Chunhu ZHANG1, Shaobing ZHOU2, Rongle LIU1, Zhihao SUN3, Mingrui LI1, Shuheng FAN4, Xinqing ZHOU1
Affiliations
  • 1 China Nerin Engineering Co. Ltd., Nanchang 330038, China
  • 2 Jiangxi Copper Co. Ltd., Nanchang 330038, China
  • 3 College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 4 China Railway Engineering Equipment Group Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou 450016, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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针对江西某金属矿山在TBM(tunnel boring machine)法施工过程中穿越不良地质时出现的大块岩石掉落问题,基于PLAXIS 3D有限元仿真平台,结合现场实际情况,首次系统分析撑靴水平力对围岩拉伸破坏的影响机制,并提出“超前注浆+锚网喷支护”的优化方案。研究表明,TBM在Ⅴ级围岩工况下施工,围岩顶板出现拉伸破坏点,并随着TBM的前进,拉伸破坏区逐步发展,导致工程中顶板垮塌现象。支护优化研究分析无支护、“钢筋网+锚杆+喷射混凝土”(以下简称锚网喷支护)和“超前注浆+锚网喷支护”三种工况。结果表明,超前注浆加固方案显著提高围岩稳定性,顶板最大变形量减少了21.83%,最终变形量减少了36.72%。单独采用锚网喷支护效果有限,但能有效限制围岩变形的自由发展,并防止岩体松散掉落。建议在类似金属矿山巷道TBM穿越不良地质地段时,采用超前注浆加固和锚网喷联合支护方案,以提高施工安全性和效率。

金属矿山巷道  /  TBM  /  数值模拟  /  不良地质  /  围岩稳定性

Addressing the issue of large rock block detachment during TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) construction in unfavorable geological conditions at a metal mine in Jiangxi Province, China, the horizontal thrust force of the gripper shoes was systematically analyzed for the first time to reveal its mechanism of inducing tensile failure in surrounding rock, based on the PLAXIS 3D finite element simulation platform and field observations. An optimized support scheme combining “pre-grouting reinforcement and rock bolt-mesh-shotcrete support” was proposed. The study reveales that during TBM construction in Class V rock mass conditions, tensile failure zones developes on the tunnel roof and progressively expandes as the TBM advanced, leading to roof collapse phenomena observed in the project. The support optimization analysis compared three scenarios, such as no support, “rock bolt+mesh+shotcrete” (referred to as bolt-mesh-shotcrete support), and “pre-grouting reinforcement+bolt-mesh-shotcrete support.” Results show that the pre-grouting reinforcement scheme significantly enhances the stability of the surrounding rock, reducing the maximum roof deformation by 21.83% and the final deformation by 36.72%. While bolt-mesh-shotcrete support alone has limited effectiveness, it effectively restraines further deformation of the surrounding rock and prevents the detachment of loose rock masses. It is recommended that in similar TBM tunnel construction scenarios in metal mines encountering unfavorable geological conditions, the combined use of pre-grouting reinforcement and bolt-mesh-shotcrete support should be adopted to improve construction safety and efficiency.

metal mine roadway  /  TBM  /  numerical simulation  /  adverse geological conditions  /  surrounding rock stability
张春虎, 周少兵, 刘荣乐, 孙志浩, 李明睿, 范书恒, 周新勍. 不良地质条件下金属矿山巷道TBM掘进围岩稳定性研究. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (12) : 9 -14 .
Chunhu ZHANG, Shaobing ZHOU, Rongle LIU, Zhihao SUN, Mingrui LI, Shuheng FAN, Xinqing ZHOU. Research on the Stability of Surrounding Rock in TBM Tunneling of Metal Mine Roadways under Adverse Geological Conditions[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (12) : 9 -14 .
近年来,随着人工智能等技术革新给全球经济带来新机遇,新能源汽车等行业快速发展,这推动了金属矿业全球范围内的蓬勃发展。为满足社会对矿产资源日益增长的需求,金属矿山正在向大规模、大产能方向发展,长距离深部金属矿山巷道掘进比例将大幅提高。传统钻爆法施工已经无法满足大规模矿山快速投产的需求。因此迫切需要一种能够适应金属矿山巷道快速掘进且安全的施工方法。
TBM(tunnel boring machine)是全断面硬岩隧洞掘进机的简称,施工过程集掘进、支护、出渣等施工工序于一体,并行连续作业,是目前最先进的隧洞掘进机械。TBM已广泛用于地铁、铁路、公路、水利等领域[1-2],并取得显著成效。由于其在隧道工程中的优势,TBM应用于金属矿山中可显著提高效率、安全性和快速投产的能力。近年来,学者们分析了金属矿山应用TBM法施工的可行性和优越性[3-6],并付诸实践[7-9]。这些研究主要集中在断面匹配、配套设施、TBM设备的运输和组装以及施工经济性等方面,尚未对TBM与围岩的相互作用方面进行深入探讨。
在TBM施工对围岩的影响方面,交通、水利等领域的学者进行了大量的研究。方星桦等[10]结合现场观测和数值模拟方法,研究了高速公路隧道TBM施工时的围岩破坏情况,并对支护方案进行了优化。任汀等[11]在城市地下隧道TBM施工的数值模拟中研究了围岩变形和地表沉降的变化规律。王飞阳等[12]基于FLAC 3D数值模拟软件,对TBM施工过程中的围岩应力分布及弹性应变能进行研究,并预测围岩可能发生岩爆的位置。周振梁等[13]对TBM隧道围岩-支护相互作用建立力学模型,分析掘进速度、喷混施作时机等支护参数对围岩位移的影响规律。
然而,与公路、铁路和水利等领域相比,金属矿山行业具有一些独特的特点,如地质勘探缺失、地质条件复杂、巷道半径较小以及施工工期紧迫等[4]。这些特性使得其他领域的研究结果不一定适用于金属矿山。因此,本文以江西某金属矿山TBM巷道工程为依托,聚焦于金属矿山TBM掘进过程中的围岩破坏机理,提出以下关键研究:
(1)通过数值模拟与工程实例相结合,首次揭示撑靴水平力对围岩拉伸破坏的影响机制,并分析拉伸破坏塑性区的动态发展规律。
(2)针对围岩顶板垮塌和变形失稳问题,创新性地提出“超前注浆+锚网喷支护”联合支护方案。
(3)通过数值模拟分析,该方案在理论上显著改善了围岩稳定性和施工安全性,为类似工程提供可靠的理论参考和支护设计优化思路。
江西某大型金属矿山首采中段大巷采用钻爆法施工,由于井下作业环境差、围岩破碎等不利因素,施工速度缓慢,严重影响矿山投产日期。为加快施工进度,项目后续中段大巷的施工引进了TBM设备,成为江西首例使用TBM法施工井下巷道的金属非金属矿山。
目前,该项目已使用TBM完成一条中段大巷的掘进,巷道全长约为2 km,平均月进尺约为250 m。相比首采中段时的独头巷道施工速度(65 m/月),TBM法虽显著提升了速度,但与理想的TBM掘进速度(800 m/月)相比,仍有较大差距。施工速度较慢的原因除了施工人员对矿山井下作业环境陌生,主要在于本矿区的岩性差,裂隙多,当TBM施工至不良地质段时,围岩顶板出现大面积垮塌,最大垮塌岩石长达5 m(图1)。大面积垮塌时,需要破碎大块岩石并清理大量的碎渣,TBM才能继续前进,而且,超大块岩石掉落时甚至可能导致卡机事故,造成TBM长时间停机,严重影响基建工期。因此,有必要研究TBM掘进时围岩的破坏机理,并寻求支护优化方案。
矿区场地属低山丘陵地貌,山体相对高度约为70 m,坡度约为40°,区域内地层发育不全,分布极不均匀。主副井钻孔揭露显示,矿区地层岩性自上而下以此有熔结凝灰岩、构造破碎带、凝灰质粉砂岩、钙质砂岩等岩性。中段大巷埋深约为300 m,穿越地层中包含构造破碎带,该岩层以晶屑凝灰岩为主,节理裂隙极发育,内有泥质化物和岩石风化灰粉充填,属较软岩,岩体基本质量等级为Ⅴ,是TBM施工穿越的主要不良地质地段,图1中顶板垮塌现象即发生在这种岩体中。
使用PLAXIS 3D有限元软件对TBM掘进矿山中段大巷进行仿真模拟,为减少计算时间,建立一半围岩和一半TBM相互作用的三维模型如图2所示,模型沿垂直巷道掘进方向取50 m(x方向)、沿巷道掘进方向取60 m(0方向)、沿竖直方向取50 m(z方向),这个模型尺寸足够大,可以消除模型边界约束与实际情况之间的差异带来的影响[14-15]。本项目中段大巷埋深约为300 m,模型顶部按上覆岩体自重施加垂直荷载。TBM开挖直径与实际工程一致,取4 m。在模型的底面加固定约束,在侧面施加滑动约束。
围岩的本构关系采用Mohr-Coulomb理想弹塑性模型,分别建立Ⅴ类围岩和Ⅱ类围岩模型,模拟TBM掘进遇到的不良地质地段和正常段围岩,物理力学参数如表1所示,参数主要依据工勘报告。
TBM前进时依靠撑靴与围岩的摩擦力提供反向推进力,因此TBM与围岩的相互作用主要体现在撑靴和刀盘对围岩施加的作用力上。对于基本不发生变形的撑靴,PLAXIS模型可以采用刚度足够大的板单元进行模拟,撑靴支撑力施加在板单元上,模拟撑靴对洞壁的支撑作用,依据实际工程数据,取撑靴的支撑力F=25 000 kN,单个撑靴与围岩的接触面积S=2 m2。TBM的推进力和撑靴对围岩的反向摩擦力是一对相互作用力,为简化分析,忽略护盾摩擦力和后配套系统拖动力,将推进力和撑靴对围岩的反向摩擦力分别模拟为作用在掌子面上的y正方向分布力p1y和作用在撑靴上的y负方向分布力p2y,取推进力为支撑力的1/2.6[16],计算得到p1yp2y 分别为
p 1 y = 2 F 2.6 × 2 2 π = 1   532 k P a
p 2 y = 2 F 2.6 × 2 S = 4   808 k P a
设置无支护、锚网喷支护,超前注浆+锚网喷支护三组对比模型。喷砼采用实体单元模拟,锚杆采用PLAXIS自带的弹塑性点对点弹簧单元模拟,钢筋网采用PLAXIS的土工格栅模拟。PLAXIS土工格栅单元具有轴向刚度而无弯曲刚度,只能承受拉力,一般用来模拟土体的加固作用,同样适用于模拟喷射混凝土包裹的钢筋网。模型材料参数如表2所示。
TBM在巷道掘进过程中主要分为初始阶段、初始开挖阶段和循环开挖阶段。
首先设置初始阶段,激活上部覆土压力,并生成初始地应力场,
接下来设置初始开挖阶段,定义TBM的初始位置,并将已开挖的土体单元冻结,从而模拟土体的开挖。
定义初始开挖阶段后,TBM从初始位置循环掘进,单个循环步距为1.0 m,每个掘进步骤包括3个循环子步骤:①激活撑靴单元和撑靴上的垂直荷载,模拟撑靴支撑洞壁,撑靴落后于掌子面3个循环步距;②冻结一个循环步距的土体,激活掌子面和撑靴上的相互作用力,模拟TBM向前推进一个行程;③冻结撑靴和掌子面上的荷载,模拟撑靴收缩时的卸荷作用。锚网喷支护对比模型在第3个循环子步骤中激活喷砼、锚杆和钢筋网单元,喷砼、锚杆和钢筋网单元落后于撑靴5个循环步距。TBM施工模拟如图3所示。
对于破碎围岩处理中,工程上常用的手段是超前小导管注浆,这是一种有效的主动支护策略。将长度为4~5 m的小导管以约10°斜插角插入掌子面四周的围岩,通过高压注浆加固围岩。加固的围岩物理力学参数一般通过室内试验得到,杨滕添等[17]对加固前、后的围岩钻芯样本进行三轴压缩试验,得到软弱围岩加固前的弹性模量、黏聚力和内摩擦角分别为1.8 GPa、0.2 MPa和27°,加固后分别为5.3 GPa、0.7 MPa和40°。
对超前注浆支护的模拟在第3个子步骤中进行,在激活锚网喷支护单元的同时,在掌子面前2个掘进步距范围内的围岩进行加固模拟,由于本项目工期限制,未进行室内试验,加固围岩参数参考杨腾添等[17]的做法,加固厚度取1 m。
为研究TBM施工对围岩的破坏机理,以Ⅴ级围岩和Ⅱ级围岩的模型作为对比模型,将初始开挖位置设置在模型中间,并计算10个循环开挖步,得到Ⅴ级围岩和Ⅱ级围岩的塑性破坏情况分别如图4图5所示。
图4显示,在Ⅴ级围岩且无支护的情况下,几乎整个巷道断面的围岩均出现剪切破坏点,当巷道开挖时,围岩的应力平衡被破坏,应力重分布导致巷道周围一定范围内的围岩应力达到极限平衡状态,形成塑性区。在撑靴支撑力作用下,支撑位置处的围岩顶部和底部均出现拉伸破坏点,当TBM逐步前进时,随着撑靴的不断加载,拉伸破坏点将逐渐沿巷道掘进方向向前发展,巷道顶板拉伸破坏点逐渐扩展,形成大面积的松散岩块并因重力掉落下来,最终导致围岩顶板垮塌现象(图1)。
图5显示,Ⅱ级围岩因完整性好、强度高,巷道开挖后并未出现塑性破坏点,仅在撑靴支撑力作用下出现少量剪切破坏点。以上情况与实际工程TBM施工时的现象一致,一定程度上验证了模型的正确性。
TBM施工10个循环掘进步后,不同支护工况下巷道围岩的拉伸破坏历史记录点如图6所示(截面为巷道轴线位置处的竖向截面)。
图6中可以看出,锚网喷支护时,围岩拉伸破坏点比无支护时有所减少,但顶板处仍有较大范围的拉伸破坏点,这是由于撑靴水平力引起的拉伸破坏主要发生在撑靴位置的围岩,而锚网喷受到TBM设备的限制,需要滞后于撑靴一定距离,无法对围岩拉伸破坏的发生位置进行有效保护。图7展示了锚网喷支护在实际工程中的施工过程,可以看出,锚网喷支护对围岩松散掉落的岩体起到有效的约束作用,可以有效防止掉落岩块对施工人员和设备的威胁。然而,锚网喷支护因滞后于撑靴安装,并不能完全控制顶板的拉伸破坏。当采用超前注浆加固+锚网喷联合支护方案时,围岩不再出现拉伸破坏点,说明注浆加固围岩的方式可以起到保护围岩稳定的作用。
为研究支护形式对围岩的影响,分别计算锚网喷支护和“超前注浆+锚网喷”支护下的Ⅴ级围岩数值模型,并与无支护模型计算结果对比,得到巷道顶板处的位移随TBM掘进的变化规律如图8所示,图中掘进步1代表被测点位于开挖面前方一个掘进步距的位置,掘进步5代表TBM撑靴到达被测点位置,掘进步11代表锚网喷支护环到达被测点位置。
图8显示,三种支护工况下围岩变形随掘进步的变化规律类似,随着TBM撑靴靠近,围岩变形达到峰值, TBM继续前进后围岩变形略减小并趋于稳定。由于锚网喷支护的滞后性,其对围岩变形控制的作用较小,围岩顶板最大变形量为8.163 mm,比无支护工况减小了0.77%,最终变形量7.603 mm,比无支护工况减小了4.04%。而超前注浆支护效果显著,围岩顶板最大变形量为6.43 mm,比无支护工况下的最大变形量减小了21.83%,最终变形量为5.014 mm,减小36.72%。
针对江西某金属矿山TBM法施工在穿越不良地质时出现大块岩石掉落现象,本文通过数值模拟研究围岩稳定性,得出以下结论。
(1)TBM施工时,撑靴的水平支撑力传递到巷道顶板会产生拉应力,在围岩质量较差的情况下,易发生拉伸破坏,随着TBM的前进,拉伸破坏塑性区逐渐发展,形成大面积的松散岩块,并因重力作用掉落,导致围岩顶板垮塌现象。
(2)采用注浆加固方案后,围岩不再发生拉伸破坏点,且围岩变形得到有效的控制,巷道顶板的最大变形量减小了21.83%,最终变形量减小了36.72%。相比之下,单独采用锚网喷单独支护的效果有限,但锚网喷支护能够有效地限制后期围岩变形的自由发展,并防止岩体松散掉落。
建议在类似金属矿山巷道TBM穿越不良地质地段时,采用提前注浆加固和锚网喷联合支护方案,以提高工程施工安全性和效率。
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2025年第25卷第12期
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-11
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-11
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    1 中国瑞林工程技术股份有限公司, 南昌 330038
    2 江西铜业股份有限公司, 南昌 330038
    3 浙江大学建筑工程学院, 杭州 310058
    4 中铁工程装备集团有限公司, 郑州 450016
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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