Article(id=1206288136347382393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1206288129569387042, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)11-0230-07, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730822400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765531103455, onlineDateStr=2025-12-12, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765531103455, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765531103455, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765531103455, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1206288129569387042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='389', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765531101838, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765531429788, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206289505120744207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1206288129569387042, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206289505120744208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1206288129569387042, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=230, endPage=236, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1206288137333043861, articleId=1206288136347382393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Green Supply Chain Decision-making under Cost-sharing and Government Subsidies, columnId=1151877663716159826, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Enterprise Application, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the impact of enterprise cost sharing and government subsidies on the green effort level, pricing and profit of green supply chain members, considering a green supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer, four models were established: no cost sharing and no government subsidy(NN), cost sharing but no government subsidy(CN), cost sharing and government subsidy manufacturer(CM) and cost sharing and government subsidy retailer(CB). The Stackelberg game was used to solve the problem, and calculation results were analyzed. The research shows that the manufacturer’s profit is positively correlated with the green R&D cost sharing ratio, and the green marketing cost sharing ratio and the government subsidy coefficient increase first and then decrease. The retailer’s profit is negatively correlated with the proportion of green R&D cost sharing and the proportion of green marketing cost sharing, and it increases first and then decreases with the government’s subsidy coefficient. Finally, based on the research conclusions, relevant suggestions are put forward to provide decision-making ideas for green supply chain cost sharing and government subsidy business.

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为研究企业成本互担和政府补贴对绿色供应链成员的绿色努力水平、定价及利润的影响,考虑由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的绿色供应链,建立无成本分担且无政府补贴(NN)、成本互担但无政府补贴(CN)、成本互担且政府补贴制造商(CM)和成本互担且政府补贴零售商(CB)的4种模型。应用Stackelberg博弈进行求解,并对其结果进行分析。研究表明:制造商利润与绿色研发成本分担比例呈正相关,与绿色营销成本分担比例和政府补贴系数呈先增后减的趋势;零售商利润与绿色研发成本分担比例和绿色营销成本分担比例均呈负相关,与政府对其补贴系数呈先增后减的趋势。最后,基于研究结论提出相关建议,为绿色供应链成本互担和政府补贴业务提供了决策思路。

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赵庆国(1968—),男,河北石家庄人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师,研究方向为公司理财、证券投资、供应链;

贾月(1993—),女,辽宁锦州人,硕士研究生,研究方向为绿色供应链。

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赵庆国(1968—),男,河北石家庄人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师,研究方向为公司理财、证券投资、供应链;

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赵庆国(1968—),男,河北石家庄人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师,研究方向为公司理财、证券投资、供应链;

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贾月(1993—),女,辽宁锦州人,硕士研究生,研究方向为绿色供应链。

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贾月(1993—),女,辽宁锦州人,硕士研究生,研究方向为绿色供应链。

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符号 含义
c 制造商单位产品生产成本
w(决策变量) 制造商批发价
p(决策变量) 零售商售价
q 产品市场需求
a 产品市场规模
b 消费者价格敏感系数
e(决策变量) 制造商绿色研发努力
g(决策变量) 零售商营销努力
λ 消费者对绿色研发努力敏感系数
μ 消费者对营销努力敏感系数
k1 制造商绿色研发投资成本系数
k2 零售商绿色营销成本系数
θ 制造商对零售商的分担比例
τ 零售商对制造商的分担比例
α 政府对制造商绿色研发成本补贴系数
β 政府对零售商绿色营销成本补贴系数
Пij i=m制造商,i=r零售商
j=NN(无政府补贴)
j=CN(双方成本互担无政府补贴)
j=CM(双方成本互担政府补贴制造商)
j=CB(双方成本互担政府补贴零售商)
), ArticleFig(id=1207055653017829525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1206288136347382393, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

符号及含义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
符号 含义
c 制造商单位产品生产成本
w(决策变量) 制造商批发价
p(决策变量) 零售商售价
q 产品市场需求
a 产品市场规模
b 消费者价格敏感系数
e(决策变量) 制造商绿色研发努力
g(决策变量) 零售商营销努力
λ 消费者对绿色研发努力敏感系数
μ 消费者对营销努力敏感系数
k1 制造商绿色研发投资成本系数
k2 零售商绿色营销成本系数
θ 制造商对零售商的分担比例
τ 零售商对制造商的分担比例
α 政府对制造商绿色研发成本补贴系数
β 政府对零售商绿色营销成本补贴系数
Пij i=m制造商,i=r零售商
j=NN(无政府补贴)
j=CN(双方成本互担无政府补贴)
j=CM(双方成本互担政府补贴制造商)
j=CB(双方成本互担政府补贴零售商)
), ArticleFig(id=1207055653173018790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1206288136347382393, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
最优利润 θ
0.1 0.2 0.3 1 3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Π m C N 200.073 5 200.075 8 200.077 2 200.077 3 200.076 6 200.071 1 200.052 3 199.993 3 199.771 3
Π m C M 200.082 6 200.084 8 200.086 2 200.086 4 200.085 7 200.080 1 200.061 3 200.002 3 199.780 3
Π m C B 200.085 5 200.085 7 200.086 5 200.087 0 200.081 9 200.068 0 200.030 8 199.925 6 199.553 3
Π r C N 100.044 7 100.043 4 100.040 4 100.038 7 100.033 8 100.019 9 99.988 7 99.908 8 99.645 6
Π r C M 100.052 5 100.051 3 100.048 2 100.046 6 100.041 7 100.027 8 99.996 6 99.916 7 99.653 5
Π r C B 100.049 9 100.046 8 100.040 7 100.037 5 100.028 6 100.004 3 99.956 1 99.820 4 99.397 1
), ArticleFig(id=1207055653311430832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1206288136347382393, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

供应链成员利润随θ的变化

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最优利润 θ
0.1 0.2 0.3 1 3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Π m C N 200.073 5 200.075 8 200.077 2 200.077 3 200.076 6 200.071 1 200.052 3 199.993 3 199.771 3
Π m C M 200.082 6 200.084 8 200.086 2 200.086 4 200.085 7 200.080 1 200.061 3 200.002 3 199.780 3
Π m C B 200.085 5 200.085 7 200.086 5 200.087 0 200.081 9 200.068 0 200.030 8 199.925 6 199.553 3
Π r C N 100.044 7 100.043 4 100.040 4 100.038 7 100.033 8 100.019 9 99.988 7 99.908 8 99.645 6
Π r C M 100.052 5 100.051 3 100.048 2 100.046 6 100.041 7 100.027 8 99.996 6 99.916 7 99.653 5
Π r C B 100.049 9 100.046 8 100.040 7 100.037 5 100.028 6 100.004 3 99.956 1 99.820 4 99.397 1
), ArticleFig(id=1207055653449842877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1206288136347382393, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
最优利润 τ
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Π m C N 200.076 9 200.079 7 200.083 3 200.088 1 200.094 7 200.104 7 200.121 4
Π m C M 200.086 5 200.090 4 200.095 5 200.102 4 200.111 9 200.126 2 200.150 0
Π m C B 200.088 2 200.091 0 200.094 5 200.099 3 200.106 0 200.116 0 200.132 7
Π r C N 100.043 2 100.042 2 100.039 8 100.034 6 100.023 4 99.988 4 99.934 4
Π r C M 100.050 2 100.046 4 100.039 3 100.025 7 99.998 9 99.941 7 99.800 9
Π r C B 100.046 6 100.045 6 100.043 2 100.038 0 100.026 9 100.001 8 99.937 8
), ArticleFig(id=1207055653579866312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1206288136347382393, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

供应链成员利润随τ的变化

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最优利润 τ
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Π m C N 200.076 9 200.079 7 200.083 3 200.088 1 200.094 7 200.104 7 200.121 4
Π m C M 200.086 5 200.090 4 200.095 5 200.102 4 200.111 9 200.126 2 200.150 0
Π m C B 200.088 2 200.091 0 200.094 5 200.099 3 200.106 0 200.116 0 200.132 7
Π r C N 100.043 2 100.042 2 100.039 8 100.034 6 100.023 4 99.988 4 99.934 4
Π r C M 100.050 2 100.046 4 100.039 3 100.025 7 99.998 9 99.941 7 99.800 9
Π r C B 100.046 6 100.045 6 100.043 2 100.038 0 100.026 9 100.001 8 99.937 8
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成本互担和政府补贴下的绿色供应链决策
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赵庆国 , 贾月
科技和产业 | 企业应用 2025,25(11): 230-236
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科技和产业 | 企业应用 2025, 25(11): 230-236
成本互担和政府补贴下的绿色供应链决策
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赵庆国, 贾月
作者信息
  • 沈阳航空航天大学经济与管理学院, 沈阳 110136
  • 赵庆国(1968—),男,河北石家庄人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师,研究方向为公司理财、证券投资、供应链;

    贾月(1993—),女,辽宁锦州人,硕士研究生,研究方向为绿色供应链。

Green Supply Chain Decision-making under Cost-sharing and Government Subsidies
Qingguo ZHAO, Yue JIA
Affiliations
  • School of Economics and Management, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
出版时间: 2025-06-10
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为研究企业成本互担和政府补贴对绿色供应链成员的绿色努力水平、定价及利润的影响,考虑由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的绿色供应链,建立无成本分担且无政府补贴(NN)、成本互担但无政府补贴(CN)、成本互担且政府补贴制造商(CM)和成本互担且政府补贴零售商(CB)的4种模型。应用Stackelberg博弈进行求解,并对其结果进行分析。研究表明:制造商利润与绿色研发成本分担比例呈正相关,与绿色营销成本分担比例和政府补贴系数呈先增后减的趋势;零售商利润与绿色研发成本分担比例和绿色营销成本分担比例均呈负相关,与政府对其补贴系数呈先增后减的趋势。最后,基于研究结论提出相关建议,为绿色供应链成本互担和政府补贴业务提供了决策思路。

成本互担  /  政府补贴  /  绿色供应链  /  博弈论

In order to study the impact of enterprise cost sharing and government subsidies on the green effort level, pricing and profit of green supply chain members, considering a green supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer, four models were established: no cost sharing and no government subsidy(NN), cost sharing but no government subsidy(CN), cost sharing and government subsidy manufacturer(CM) and cost sharing and government subsidy retailer(CB). The Stackelberg game was used to solve the problem, and calculation results were analyzed. The research shows that the manufacturer’s profit is positively correlated with the green R&D cost sharing ratio, and the green marketing cost sharing ratio and the government subsidy coefficient increase first and then decrease. The retailer’s profit is negatively correlated with the proportion of green R&D cost sharing and the proportion of green marketing cost sharing, and it increases first and then decreases with the government’s subsidy coefficient. Finally, based on the research conclusions, relevant suggestions are put forward to provide decision-making ideas for green supply chain cost sharing and government subsidy business.

cost sharing  /  government subsidies  /  green supply chain  /  game theory
赵庆国, 贾月. 成本互担和政府补贴下的绿色供应链决策. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (11) : 230 -236 .
Qingguo ZHAO, Yue JIA. Green Supply Chain Decision-making under Cost-sharing and Government Subsidies[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (11) : 230 -236 .
随着经济的高速发展,二氧化碳等温室气体排放超标引起的全球变暖问题引起了全世界的关注。政府出台了一系列法律法规来规范企业的碳排放和碳交易。此外,随着消费者环保意识的提升,消费者对绿色产品更加青睐。因此,企业向绿色生产转型成为必然趋势。但是,企业进行绿色生产(如环保材料、技术升级等)势必会造成企业生产成本的增加,大概率会对企业的绿色努力积极性造成影响,进而影响企业绿色转型进程。为了推动企业绿色转型,实现经济的绿色增长,各国政府普遍采取了绿色补贴、税收减免等措施。如挪威、瑞典等北欧国家通过税收抵免来奖励绿色消费者,也有国家采取对绿色制造商进行绿色补贴的措施[1]。中国政府持续推动“节能产品惠民工程”,通过财政补贴推广应用包括家电、新能源汽车在内的高效节能产品,以促进绿色生产和消费[2]。同时,绿色供应链企业间的成本分担同样会对企业的绿色转型具有推动作用,制造商通过分担零售商的绿色营销成本来提高零售商的绿色宣传积极性,以此提高绿色产品的社会认可度,增大绿色产品销量以获得更多的利润。零售商通过分担制造商的绿色研发成本来提高制造商绿色努力积极性,使其产品顺应消费者低碳偏好,增大销量获得更高的利润。因此,政府补贴与企业成本互担同时存在时,供应链成员如何进行定价及绿色努力投入决策,实现绿色供应链的可持续发展具有理论意义和现实价值。
国内外众多学者对政府补贴在绿色供应链中的应用进行了研究。卢舒琦和王珍珍[3]运用博弈论的方法在考虑政府实施绿色研发创新补贴政策时,政府补贴系数对各项最优决策的影响,研究发现政府实施绿色创新研发补贴能够提升供应链的绿色度,改善供应链成员的利润。王治莹等[4]认为政府补贴可以抵消部分零售商过度自信对产品绿色度、线上直销渠道和线下零售渠道价格及社会总福利的消极影响,政府补贴在推动绿色供应链可持续发展中的作用显显著。Liao[5]通过比较绿色投资成本补贴和生产补贴两种政府补贴策略,得出两种补贴策略总能激励制造商提高绿色投资水平的结论。张涑贤等[6]针对制造商绿色投入不足的情况,得出政府补贴可以提升制造商绿色度,但当政府补贴率超过一定范围时,持续增加政府补贴会对供应链绩效产生负面影响的结论。周隽和王术峰[7]认为随着消费者绿色偏好敏感系数的增加,政府绿色补贴的比例会减小,绿色供应链转型更为有效与主动。可见,政府补贴可以促进供应链成员的绿色减排积极性。然而,现有文献对于政府补贴和供应链成员间相互作用的决策研究比较有限。
此外,成本分担对绿色供应链决策影响的研究也十分丰富。袁晨曦[8]研究了制造商分担零售商营销成本和零售商分担制造商研发成本两种分担模式,得出零售商成本分担能够提高制造商和零售商的利润,两种分担模式都能刺激制造商的绿色研发投入的结论。魏光兴和吕辅位[9]考虑农产品制造商对零售商营销投入成本的分担,得到制造商分担零售商营销成本会提高农产品绿色度、促进农产品供应链的营销投入、增加供应链系统和企业利润的结论。Zhou[10]认为成本分摊合同可以在合理设置中实现绿色供应链协调,但在制造商的过度自信的情况下,没有办法实现。肖美丹和张梦佳[11]只考虑零售商成本分担,得出零售商的成本分担行为能够提高产品的价格、绿色度以及营销努力水平,并且无论零售商是否具有公平关切,成本分担对制造商而言总是有利的结论。林强和刘名武[12]考虑零售商分担制造商研发成本和政府分别对二者进行补贴的情况。然而,现有文献主要研究了一方成本分担对成员决策的影响,很少有学者探究双方成本互担时供应链成员的决策。
由此可见,国内外学者对政府补贴对绿色供应链决策影响的研究较多,对制造商分担零售商营销成本或零售商分担制造商研发成本的研究也比较多丰富,但很少有考虑双方成本互担和政府补贴同时存在对供应链成员决策的影响。所以本文将从这一角度展开研究。
考虑由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的绿色供应链,制造商将成本为c的产品以w的价格出售给零售商,零售商将该产品以价格p出售给消费者。在此过程中,制造商为博弈的领导者,进行绿色研发。零售商为跟随者,进行绿营销。模型涉及的符号及含义见表1
假设1:产品市场需求q与零售价、制造商绿色研发努力和零售商营销努力呈线性关系,即q=a-bqeg[13],为便于计算,令b=1。
假设2:产品碳排放主要出现在制造商生产过程中,制造商通过绿色研发实现减排,且减排投资系数足够大[14]。制造商进行绿色研发所付出的成本为$\frac{1}{2} k_{1} e^{2}$[15],且k1足够大。
假设3:零售商对制造商提供的绿色产品进行绿色营销,零售商进行绿色产品营销所付出的成本为 1 2 k 2 g 2 15 , k 2足够大。
在此模型下,制造商和零售商的利润函数分别为
Π m N N = ( w - c ) ( a - p + λ e + μ g ) - 1 2 k 1 e 2
Π r N N = ( p - w ) ( a - p + λ e + μ g ) - 1 2 k 2 g 2
首先根据式(2)得零售商目标函数的海塞矩阵为 H ( Π r N N ) = - 2 μ μ - k 2 , k 2 , 2 k 2 - μ 2 0 ,零售商海塞矩阵负定,零售商目标函数存在最大值。由式(2)的一阶函数可得到零售商的反应函数为
p = w μ 2 - ( a + w + e λ ) k 2 μ 2 - 2 k 2
g = ( w - a - e λ ) μ μ 2 - 2 k 2
将零售商的反应函数式(3)和式(4)代入制造商利润函数可得制造商目标函数的海塞矩阵为 H ( Π m N N ) = 2 k 2 μ 2 - 2 k 2 - λ k 2 μ 2 - 2 k 2 - λ k 2 μ 2 - 2 k 2 - k 1 ,其一阶主子式 H ( Π m N N ) 1= 2 k 2 μ 2 - 2 k 2<0,其二阶主子式 H ( Π m N ) 2 = k 2 2 k 1 ( μ 2 - 2 k 2 ) + λ 2 k 2 ] - ( μ 2 - 2 k 2 ) 2 0 , 2 k 1 ( μ 2 - 2 k 2 ) + λ 2 k 2 0 ,其海塞矩阵负定,制造商目标函数存在最大值。由制造商目标函数的一阶条件可得最优产品批发价和最优单位产品减排量为
w N N = ( a + c ) k 1 ( μ 2 - 2 k 2 ) + c λ 2 k 2 2 k 1 ( μ 2 - 2 k 2 ) + λ 2 k 2
e N N = ( c - a ) λ k 2 2 k 1 ( μ 2 - 2 k 2 ) + λ 2 k 2
将式(5)、式(6)代入零售商的反应函数式(3)、式(4)可得:
p N N = c λ 2 k 2 + k 1 [ ( a + c ) μ 2 - ( 3 a + c ) k 2 ] 2 k 1 ( μ 2 - 2 k 2 ) + λ 2 k 2
g N N = ( c - a ) μ k 1 2 k 1 ( μ 2 - 2 k 2 ) + λ k 2
进而得制造商和零售商的最优利润分别为
Π m N N = ( a - c ) 2 k 1 k 2 2 [ k 1 2 k 2 - μ 2 ) - λ 2 k 2 ]
$\Pi_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{NN}}=\frac{(a-c)^{2} k_{1}^{2}\left(2 k_{2}-\mu^{2}\right) k_{2}}{2\left[2 k_{1}\left(\mu^{2}-2 k_{2}\right)+\lambda^{2} k_{2}\right]^{2}}$
在此模型下,制造商和零售商的利润函数分别为
Π m C N = ( w - c ) ( a - p + λ e + μ g ) - 1 2 ( 1 - τ ) k 1 e 2 - 1 2 θ k 2 g 2 ; Π r C N = ( p - w ) ( a - p + λ e + μ g ) - 1 2 τ k 1 e 2 - 1 2 ( 1 - θ ) k 2 g 2
同理,求得目标函数均衡解和制造商与零售商的最优利润分别为
$w^{\mathrm{CN}}=\frac{c(\theta-1)^{2} \lambda^{2} k_{2}+(\tau-1) k_{1}\left[c(\theta-1)+a(2 \theta-1) \mu^{2}+2(a+c)(\theta-1)^{2} k_{2}\right]}{(\theta-1)^{2} \lambda^{2} k_{2}+(\tau-1) k_{1}\left[(3 \theta-1) \mu^{2}+4(\theta-1)^{2} k_{2}\right]}$
$p^{\mathrm{CN}}=\frac{c(\theta-1)^{2} \lambda^{2} k_{2}+(\tau-1) k_{1}\left[c(\theta-1)+a(2 \theta-1) \mu^{2}+(3 a+c)(\theta-1)^{2} k_{2}\right]}{(\theta-1)^{2} \lambda^{2} k_{2}+(\tau-1) k_{1}\left[(3 \theta-2) \mu^{2}+4(\theta-1)^{2} k_{2}\right]}$
e C N = ( c - a ) ( θ - 1 ) 2 λ k 2 ( θ - 1 ) 2 λ 2 k 2 + ( τ - 1 ) k 1 [ ( 3 θ - 2 ) μ 2 + 4 ( θ - 1 ) 2 k 2 ]
g C N = ( c - a ) ( θ - 1 ) μ ( τ - 1 ) k 1 ( θ - 1 ) 2 λ 2 k 2 + ( τ - 1 ) k 1 [ ( 3 θ - 1 ) μ 2 + 4 ( θ - 1 ) 2 k 2 ]
Π m C N = ( a - c ) 2 ( θ - 1 ) 2 ( τ - 1 ) k 1 k 2 2 ( θ - 1 ) 2 λ 2 k 2 + ( τ - 1 ) k 1 [ ( 3 θ - 2 ) μ 2 + 4 ( θ - 1 ) 2 k 2 ]
Π r C N = ( a - c ) 2 ( θ - 1 ) 3 k 1 k 2 ( 1 - θ ) λ 2 τ k 2 + ( τ - 1 ) 2 k 1 [ μ 2 + 2 ( θ - 1 ) k 2 ] 2 ( θ - 1 ) 2 λ 2 k 2 + ( τ - 1 ) k 1 [ ( 3 θ - 2 ) μ 2 + 4 ( θ - 1 ) 2 k 2 ] 2
推论1: w C N τ 0 , e C N τ 0 , p C N τ 0 , g C N τ 0 , Π m C N τ 0 , Π r C N τ 0 , w C N θ 0 , p C N θ 0 , g C N θ 0 , Π r C N θ 0
推论2:当 0 θ 1 3 , e C N θ 0 , Π m C N θ 0 ; 1 3 θ 1 , e C N θ 0 , Π m C N θ 0
由推论1、推论2可知:当制造商与零售商成本互担时,制造商单位产品批发价、制造商绿色研发努力程度、零售商零售价、零售商绿色营销努力程度,以及制造商利润都会随零售商分担比例的增大而增大,而零售商利润则会随着零售商分担比例的增大而减小;制造商单位产品批发价、零售商零售价以及零售商绿色营销努力程度都会随零售商分担比例的增大而增大,而零售商利润则会随着制造商分担比例的增大而减小;但是制造商绿色营销分担比例对制造商绿色研发努力程度和制造商利润的影响并不是单调的。当 θ 1 3时,二者随着制造商分担比例的增大而增大,当 θ 1 3时,二者随着制造商分担比例的增大而减小。
此模型下,制造商与零售商的利润函数为
Π m C M = ( w - c ) ( a - p + λ e + μ g ) - 1 2 ( 1 - τ ) ( 1 - α ) k 1 e 2 - 1 2 θ k 2 g 2 ; Π r C M = ( p - w ) ( a - p + λ e + μ g ) - 1 2 τ k 1 e 2 - 1 2 ( 1 - θ ) k 2 g 2
同理,求得目标函数均衡解和制造商与零售商的最优利润分别为
$w^{\mathrm{CM}}=\frac{k_{2}(1-\theta)^{2}\left[2 k_{1}(a+c)(\tau-1)(1-\alpha)+\lambda^{2} c\right]+k_{1} \mu^{2}(1-\alpha)(1-\tau)[(a+c)-\theta(2 a+c)]}{k_{2} \lambda^{2}(1-2 \theta)+k_{1}(1-\alpha)\left[\mu^{2}(1-\tau)(2-3 \theta)-4 k_{2}(1-\theta)^{2}\right]}$
$p^{\mathrm{CM}}=\frac{k_{2}(1-\theta)^{2}\left[k_{1}(3 a+c)(\tau-1)(1-\alpha)+\lambda^{2} c\right]+k_{1} \mu^{2}(1-\alpha)(1-\tau)[(a+c)-\theta(2 a+c)]}{k_{2} \lambda^{2}(1-2 \theta)+k_{1}(1-\alpha)\left[\mu^{2}(1-\tau)(2-3 \theta)-4 k_{2}(1-\theta)^{2}\right]}$
e C M = λ k 2 ( c - a ) ( 1 - θ ) 2 k 2 λ 2 ( 1 - 2 θ ) + k 1 ( 1 - α ) [ μ 2 ( 1 - τ ) ( 2 - 3 θ ) - 4 k 2 ( 1 - θ ) 2 ]
g C M = k 1 μ ( a - c ) ( α - 1 ) ( θ - 1 ) ( τ - 1 ) k 2 λ 2 ( 1 - 2 θ ) + k 1 ( 1 - α ) [ μ 2 ( 1 - τ ) ( 2 - 3 θ ) - 4 k 2 ( 1 - θ ) 2 ]
Π m C M = k 1 k 2 ( a - c ) 2 ( 1 - α ) 2 ( 1 - θ ) 2 ( 1 - τ ) 2 k 2 λ 2 ( 1 - 2 θ ) + 2 k 1 ( 1 - α ) [ μ 2 ( 1 - τ ) ( 2 - 3 θ ) - 8 k 2 ( 1 - θ ) 2 ]
$\Pi_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{CM}}=\frac{k_{1} k_{2}(a-c)^{2}(\theta-1)^{3}\left\{k_{1}(1-\tau)^{2}(1-\alpha)^{2}\left[2 k_{2}(\theta-1)+\mu^{2}\right]+k_{2} \lambda^{2} \tau(1-\theta)\right\}}{2\left[k_{2} \lambda^{2}(1-2 \theta)+k_{1}(1-\alpha)\left[\mu^{2}(1-\tau)(2-3 \theta)-4 k_{2}(1-\theta)^{2}\right]^{2}\right.}$
此模型下,利润函数为
Π m C B = ( w - c ) ( a - p + λ e + μ g ) - 1 2 ( 1 - τ ) k 1 e 2 - 1 2 θ k 2 g 2 ; Π r C B = ( p - w ) ( a - p + λ e + μ g ) - 1 2 τ k 1 e 2 - 1 2 ( 1 - θ ) ( 1 - β ) k 2 g 2
同理,求得目标函数均衡解和制造商与零售商的最优利润分别为
$w^{\mathrm{CB}}=\frac{k_{2}(1-\beta)^{2}(1-\theta)^{2}\left[2 k_{1}(\tau-1)(a+c)+c \lambda^{2}\right]+k_{1} \mu^{2}(1-\tau)[(a+c)(1-\beta+\beta \theta)-\theta(2 a+c)]}{k_{2}(1-\beta)^{2}(1-\theta)^{2}\left[4 k_{1}(\tau-1)+\lambda^{2}\right]+k_{1} \mu^{2}(1-\tau)[2-3 \theta-2 \beta(1-\theta)]}$
$p^{\mathrm{CB}}=\frac{k_{2}(1-\beta)^{2}(1-\theta)^{2}\left[k_{1}(\tau-1)(3 a+c)+c \lambda^{2}\right]+k_{1} \mu^{2}(1-\tau)[(a+c)(1-\beta+\beta \theta)-\theta(2 a+c)]}{k_{2}(1-\beta)^{2}(1-\theta)^{2}\left[4 k_{1}(\tau-1)+\lambda^{2}\right]+k_{1} \mu^{2}(1-\tau)[2-3 \theta-2 \beta(1-\theta)]}$
$e^{\mathrm{CB}}=\frac{k_{2} \lambda(c-a)(1-\theta)^{2}(1-\beta)^{2}}{k_{2}(1-\beta)^{2}(1-\theta)^{2}\left[4 k_{1}(\tau-1)+\lambda^{2}\right]+k_{1} \mu^{2}(1-\tau)[2-3 \theta-2 \beta(1-\theta)]}$
$g^{\mathrm{CB}}=\frac{k_{1} \mu(a-c)(\beta-1)(\theta-1)(\tau-1)}{k_{2}(1-\beta)^{2}(1-\theta)^{2}\left[4 k_{1}(\tau-1)+\lambda^{2}\right]+k_{1} \mu^{2}(1-\tau)[2-3 \theta-2 \beta(1-\theta)]}$
$\Pi_{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{CB}}=\frac{k_{1} k_{2}(a-c)^{2}(1-\beta)^{2}(1-\theta)^{2}(\tau-1)}{2 k_{2}(1-\beta)^{2}(1-\theta)^{2}\left[4 k_{1}(\tau-1)+\lambda^{2}\right]+2 k_{1} \mu^{2}(1-\tau)[2-3 \theta-2 \beta(1-\theta)]}$
$\Pi_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{CB}}=\frac{-k_{1} k_{2}(a-c)^{2}(\beta-1)^{3}(\theta-1)^{3}\left\{k_{2}(1-\beta)(1-\theta)\left[-2 k_{1}(1-\tau)^{2}+\lambda \tau\right]\right\}+k_{1} \mu^{2}(1-\tau)^{2}}{2 k_{2}(1-\beta)^{2}(1-\theta)^{2}\left[4 k_{1}(\tau-1)+\lambda^{2}\right]+k_{1} \mu^{2}(1-\tau)[2-3 \theta-2 \beta(1-\theta)]^{2}}$
推论3: w C M α 0 , e C M α 0 , p C M α 0 , g C M α = 0 , Π m C M α 0 , Π r C M α 0 , w C B β 0 , e C B β = 0 , p C B β 0 , g C B β 0
推论4:当 0 β 3 4 , Π m C B β 0 ; 3 4 β 1 Π m C B β 0 0 β 2 3 , Π r C B β 0 ; 2 3 β 1时, Π r C B β 0
由推论3、推论4可知,随着政府对制造商绿色研发成本补贴系数的增加,制造商批发价、制造商绿色研发努力、零售商零售价、制造商和零售商利润都会增加,而零售商绿色营销努力不变。同理,随着政府对零售商绿色营销成本补贴系数的增加,制造商批发价、零售商零售价以及零售商绿色营销努力会增加,而制造商绿色研发努力不变。制造商利润、零售商利润均随β的增加呈先增后减的趋势。当 β = 3 4时,制造商利润达到最大值;当 β = 2 3时,零售商利润达到最大值。
运用数值分析的方法来验证制造商分担比例θ、零售商分担比例τ、消费者对制造商绿色努力敏感系数λ和对零售商营销努力敏感系数μ对供应链各成员利润的影响。参数在满足各模型的基础上进行设置。令a=50,c=10,k1=100,k2=80,λ=0.2,μ=0.2,α=0.3,β=0.2。在分析θ对各成员利润的影响时,τ=0.05;在分析τ对各成员利润的影响时θ=0.2;在分析λμ对成员利润影响时,θ=0.2,τ=0.05。具体结果如表2表3图1~图4所示。
(1)制造商利润。当双方成本互担时,不管政府是否补贴或补贴对象是谁,制造商利润都与对零售商的绿色营销成本分担比例θ呈先增后降的关系。当 θ = 1 3时,制造商利润有最大值。因为,制造商是供应链的领导者,随着其分担比例的上升,制造商会通过提高产品批发价来获得更大的利润。而此做法会导致产品批发价的上涨,进而降低市场需求。因此,制造商不能一味地提高对零售商的分担比例,当其分担比例为 1 3时,制造商利润最大。而制造商利润随着零售商对其绿色研发成本分担比例的增大而增大。制造商作为领导者会以自身利益最大化先做出决策,零售商分担比例越大,制造商利润越大。
(2)零售商利润。当双方成本互担时,不管政府是否补贴或补贴对象是谁,零售商利润会随着制造商绿色营销成本分担比例的增大而减小,这意味着,当制造商分担成本时,制造商会由于资金的压力降低绿色研发投入,市场需求会随之下降,零售商利润降低;同样,零售商利润随零售商成本分担比例的增大而减小,这是因为零售商会通过提高产品售价来弥补由于成本分担带来的经营成本的上升,但是此做法会导致市场需求的下降,从而导致零售商利润下降。
(3)当 θ 1 3时,政府补贴零售商会比补贴制造商更能给制造商带来更大的利润。而当 θ 1 3时,则与之相反。而对于零售商利润的影响,无论θ如何变化,政府补贴制造商一直要优于政府补贴零售商。
(4)当τ<0.2时,政府补贴零售商对制造商利润更有利;当τ>0.2时,政府补贴制造商更有利于制造商获得更大利润;当τ<0.2时,政府补贴制造商对零售商利润更有利;当τ>0.2时,政府补贴零售商更有利于零售商获得更大利润。
图1图2反映了参数λ对制造商和零售商利润的影响。无论双方是否分担成本,不论政府是否补贴, 随着消费者对绿色营销努力敏感系数的增加,制造商会增加对绿色研发的投入产品的绿色属性越高,消费者对绿色产品的需求随之提高,从而制造商利润、零售商利润都随之增加。而且随着λ的增大,无论是对制造商还是零售商而言,政府补贴制造商将优于补贴零售商。
图3图4反映了参数μ对供应链各成员利润的影响。当消费者对绿色营销努力系数μ敏感性增加时,零售商会投入更多的营销,从而提高市场需求,进而双方利润也会随之上升。随着消费者对绿色营销努力敏感系数μ的提升,政府补贴零售商更有利于供应链成员利润的提高。
(1)双方成本互担时,制造商批发价、制造商绿色研发努力、零售商售价、零售商绿色营销努力以及制造商利润都与零售商分担比例呈正相关,零售商利润与其分担比例呈负相关。
(2)双方成本互担时,制造商批发价、零售商绿色营销努力以及零售商售价都与制造商分担比例呈正相关,而零售商利润与制造商分担比例呈负相关。制造商绿色研发努力和制造商利润与其分担比例呈先增后减的趋势,当 θ = 1 3时,二者达到最大值。
(3)当政府补贴制造商时,制造商批发价、制造商绿色营销努力、零售价以及双方利润都与政府补贴系数呈正相关,而零售商绿色营销努力不变。
(4)当政府补贴零售商时,制造商批发价、零售商售价和零售商营销努力与政府补贴系数呈正相关,制造商绿色研发努力不变。而制造商利润和零售商利润均与补贴系数呈先增后减的趋势,当 β = 3 4时,制造商利润有最大值,当 β = 2 3时,零售商利润最大。
(5)供应链成员的利润与消费者对绿色研发努力λ和绿色营销努力敏感系数μ呈正相关,随着λ的增大,政府补贴制造商对供应链成员利润的提升更有帮助;随着μ的增加,政府补贴零售商更有利于二者利润的提升。
(1)对于制造商而言,为了使自身绿色水平和利润达到最大,应该分担零售商 1 3的绿色营销成本,以提高零售商营销积极性,吸引更多消费者。
(2)为了促进供应链企业实现绿色转型,政府可对各企业绿色努力成本进行相应补贴,而政府的补贴对象选取要根据当前消费者对绿色营销努力和绿色研发努力的敏感系数大小而确定。
本文研究是基于单个制造商和单个零售商组成的供应链,未来可以将多个零售商的竞争关系考虑进去,更符合现实情景,更能为企业进行绿色转型提供切实可行的计划。
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-06
  • 首发时间:2025-12-12
  • 出版时间:2025-06-10
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    沈阳航空航天大学经济与管理学院, 沈阳 110136
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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