Article(id=1174390602650235068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1174385906053165285, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)14-0167-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730563200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757926138793, onlineDateStr=2025-09-15, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757926138793, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757926138793, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757926138793, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1174385906053165285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='286', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1757925019038, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758072769121, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175005614947316471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1174385906053165285, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175005614947316472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1174385906053165285, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=167, endPage=172, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1174390602977390785, articleId=1174390602650235068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Research on Glacier Changes in A’nyemaqen from 2014 to 2020, columnId=1151877659354558495, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Regional Practice, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Glaciers serve as indicators of climate change, and their changes in reserves and distribution have significant impacts on downstream ecology and human security. Taking A’nyemaqen mountain as the research area to study its changing characteristics, reference was provided for regional ecological environment protection and economic and social development. Using Landsat data and Sentinel-1A data to extract the area and surface velocity of the A’nyemaqen glacier, combined with temperature and precipitation data from two nearby meteorological stations in the study area, the relationship between glacier changes and climate in the region from 2014 to 2020 was analyzed. From 2014 to 2020, the number of glaciers increased from 80 to 85, an increase of 5 glaciers. The glacier area has retreated from 98.46 km2 to 86.58 km2, a retreat of 11.88 km2. The A’nyemaqen Glacier shows an overall trend of retreat, with glacier flow velocity greater at the central axis than at the two wings and gradually decreasing from high to low altitude to the end of the ice tongue. The temperature and precipitation in the research area have shown an increasing trend, with a more significant increase in precipitation. However, the glacier area still shows a shrinking trend, indicating that the amount of glacier melting is greater than the cumulative amount.

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冰川作为气候变化的指示器,其储量及分布变化对下游生态及人居安全有重要影响,以阿尼玛卿山为研究区研究其变化特征,为地区生态环境保护及经济社会发展提供参考。利用Landsat数据、Sentinel-1A数据提取阿尼玛卿山冰川面积、表面流速,结合研究区附近2个气象站点的气温及降水数据分析2014—2020年该地区冰川变化与气候的关系。2014—2020年冰川数量由80条增加至85条,增加了5条;冰川面积从98.46 km2退缩至86.58 km2,退缩了11.88 km2。阿尼玛卿冰川整体呈现退缩趋势,冰川流速呈现中轴处的大于两翼、海拔由高到低至冰舌末端逐渐减小的特征。研究区气温及降水量均呈现增加趋势,降水量增加更为明显,但冰川面积依然呈现退缩趋势,说明冰川的消融量大于累积量。

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魏赛拉加(1989—),男,藏族,青海海北人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为冰川冻土、地下水资源。
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李银(1999—),女,青海海东人,助理工程师,研究方向为冰川冻土、地下水资源;

刘子龙(1995—),男,土族,青海海南人,助理工程师,研究方向为冰川冻土、地质灾害防治;

张文颖(1988—),男,陕西渭南人,工程师,研究方向为冰川冻土、地下水资源;

唐太斌(1996—),男,青海西宁人,硕士,工程师,研究方向为冰川冻土、地下水资源。

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李银(1999—),女,青海海东人,助理工程师,研究方向为冰川冻土、地下水资源;

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李银(1999—),女,青海海东人,助理工程师,研究方向为冰川冻土、地下水资源;

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刘子龙(1995—),男,土族,青海海南人,助理工程师,研究方向为冰川冻土、地质灾害防治;

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刘子龙(1995—),男,土族,青海海南人,助理工程师,研究方向为冰川冻土、地质灾害防治;

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张文颖(1988—),男,陕西渭南人,工程师,研究方向为冰川冻土、地下水资源;

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张文颖(1988—),男,陕西渭南人,工程师,研究方向为冰川冻土、地下水资源;

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唐太斌(1996—),男,青海西宁人,硕士,工程师,研究方向为冰川冻土、地下水资源。

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变量 2014年 2015年 2016年 2017年 2018年 2019年 2020年
数量/条 80 82 77 77 79 79 85
面积/km2 98.46 94.64 91.63 91.57 91.01 96.03 86.58
较上年变化/km2 -3.82 -3.01 -0.06 -0.56 5.01 -9.45
), ArticleFig(id=1175039732825338856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1174390602650235068, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2014—2020年冰川面积及变化情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 2014年 2015年 2016年 2017年 2018年 2019年 2020年
数量/条 80 82 77 77 79 79 85
面积/km2 98.46 94.64 91.63 91.57 91.01 96.03 86.58
较上年变化/km2 -3.82 -3.01 -0.06 -0.56 5.01 -9.45
), ArticleFig(id=1175039732896642025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1174390602650235068, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
朝向 冰川面积/km2
2014年 2015年 2016年 2017年 2018年 2019年 2020年 退缩率/%
北(N) 27.49 26.95 26.04 26.01 25.46 25.77 24.59 10.55
东北(NE) 27.39 26.23 25.24 25.18 24.64 25.31 23.84 12.96
西(E) 22.72 21.55 20.37 20.35 20.26 22.03 19.63 13.60
东南(SE) 11.78 11.01 10.78 10.78 11.16 13.19 10.31 12.48
南(S) 12.47 11.92 11.98 12.01 12.11 13.58 11.09 11.07
西南(WS) 15.04 14.45 14.21 14.22 14.09 15.12 13.21 12.17
西(W) 14.27 13.78 13.25 13.25 13.46 13.67 12.48 12.54
西北(NW) 14.51 14.13 13.70 13.68 13.31 13.45 12.99 10.48
), ArticleFig(id=1175039732972139498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1174390602650235068, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同年份冰川朝向分布统计

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朝向 冰川面积/km2
2014年 2015年 2016年 2017年 2018年 2019年 2020年 退缩率/%
北(N) 27.49 26.95 26.04 26.01 25.46 25.77 24.59 10.55
东北(NE) 27.39 26.23 25.24 25.18 24.64 25.31 23.84 12.96
西(E) 22.72 21.55 20.37 20.35 20.26 22.03 19.63 13.60
东南(SE) 11.78 11.01 10.78 10.78 11.16 13.19 10.31 12.48
南(S) 12.47 11.92 11.98 12.01 12.11 13.58 11.09 11.07
西南(WS) 15.04 14.45 14.21 14.22 14.09 15.12 13.21 12.17
西(W) 14.27 13.78 13.25 13.25 13.46 13.67 12.48 12.54
西北(NW) 14.51 14.13 13.70 13.68 13.31 13.45 12.99 10.48
), ArticleFig(id=1175039733064414187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1174390602650235068, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 冰川面积/km2
<5 200 m 5 200~5 400 m 5 400~5 600 m >5 600 m
2014 5.7(5.8) 54.6(55.5) 33.1(33.6) 5.0(5.1)
2015 4.8(5) 52.9(55.8) 32.1(33.9) 5.0(5.2)
2016 4.6(5) 51.8(56.5) 30.4(33.2) 4.9(5.3)
2017 4.7(5.1) 51.6(56.4) 30.4(33.2) 4.9(5.3)
2018 4.4(4.9) 52.5(57.7) 29.4(32.3) 4.7(5.1)
2019 5.4(5.6) 54.9(57.2) 31.0(32.3) 4.6(4.8)
2020 3.9(4.5) 49.6(57.2) 28.5(32.9) 4.6(5.3)
平均 4.8(5.1) 52.6(56.6) 30.7(33.1) 4.8(5.2)
), ArticleFig(id=1175039733135717356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1174390602650235068, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同高程冰川面积变化情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 冰川面积/km2
<5 200 m 5 200~5 400 m 5 400~5 600 m >5 600 m
2014 5.7(5.8) 54.6(55.5) 33.1(33.6) 5.0(5.1)
2015 4.8(5) 52.9(55.8) 32.1(33.9) 5.0(5.2)
2016 4.6(5) 51.8(56.5) 30.4(33.2) 4.9(5.3)
2017 4.7(5.1) 51.6(56.4) 30.4(33.2) 4.9(5.3)
2018 4.4(4.9) 52.5(57.7) 29.4(32.3) 4.7(5.1)
2019 5.4(5.6) 54.9(57.2) 31.0(32.3) 4.6(4.8)
2020 3.9(4.5) 49.6(57.2) 28.5(32.9) 4.6(5.3)
平均 4.8(5.1) 52.6(56.6) 30.7(33.1) 4.8(5.2)
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2014—2020年阿尼玛卿山冰川变化研究
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李银 , 刘子龙 , 张文颖 , 唐太斌 , 魏赛拉加
科技和产业 | 区域实践 2025,25(14): 167-172
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科技和产业 | 区域实践 2025, 25(14): 167-172
2014—2020年阿尼玛卿山冰川变化研究
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李银, 刘子龙, 张文颖, 唐太斌, 魏赛拉加
作者信息
  • 青海省地质环境监测总站, 西宁 810000
  • 李银(1999—),女,青海海东人,助理工程师,研究方向为冰川冻土、地下水资源;

    刘子龙(1995—),男,土族,青海海南人,助理工程师,研究方向为冰川冻土、地质灾害防治;

    张文颖(1988—),男,陕西渭南人,工程师,研究方向为冰川冻土、地下水资源;

    唐太斌(1996—),男,青海西宁人,硕士,工程师,研究方向为冰川冻土、地下水资源。

通讯作者:

魏赛拉加(1989—),男,藏族,青海海北人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为冰川冻土、地下水资源。
Research on Glacier Changes in A’nyemaqen from 2014 to 2020
Yin LI, Zilong LIU, Wenyin ZHANG, Taibin TANG, Sailajia WEI
Affiliations
  • Qinghai Geological Environmental Monitoring Station, Xining 810008, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25
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冰川作为气候变化的指示器,其储量及分布变化对下游生态及人居安全有重要影响,以阿尼玛卿山为研究区研究其变化特征,为地区生态环境保护及经济社会发展提供参考。利用Landsat数据、Sentinel-1A数据提取阿尼玛卿山冰川面积、表面流速,结合研究区附近2个气象站点的气温及降水数据分析2014—2020年该地区冰川变化与气候的关系。2014—2020年冰川数量由80条增加至85条,增加了5条;冰川面积从98.46 km2退缩至86.58 km2,退缩了11.88 km2。阿尼玛卿冰川整体呈现退缩趋势,冰川流速呈现中轴处的大于两翼、海拔由高到低至冰舌末端逐渐减小的特征。研究区气温及降水量均呈现增加趋势,降水量增加更为明显,但冰川面积依然呈现退缩趋势,说明冰川的消融量大于累积量。

阿尼玛卿山  /  冰川面积  /  冰川流速  /  遥感监测  /  变化特征

Glaciers serve as indicators of climate change, and their changes in reserves and distribution have significant impacts on downstream ecology and human security. Taking A’nyemaqen mountain as the research area to study its changing characteristics, reference was provided for regional ecological environment protection and economic and social development. Using Landsat data and Sentinel-1A data to extract the area and surface velocity of the A’nyemaqen glacier, combined with temperature and precipitation data from two nearby meteorological stations in the study area, the relationship between glacier changes and climate in the region from 2014 to 2020 was analyzed. From 2014 to 2020, the number of glaciers increased from 80 to 85, an increase of 5 glaciers. The glacier area has retreated from 98.46 km2 to 86.58 km2, a retreat of 11.88 km2. The A’nyemaqen Glacier shows an overall trend of retreat, with glacier flow velocity greater at the central axis than at the two wings and gradually decreasing from high to low altitude to the end of the ice tongue. The temperature and precipitation in the research area have shown an increasing trend, with a more significant increase in precipitation. However, the glacier area still shows a shrinking trend, indicating that the amount of glacier melting is greater than the cumulative amount.

A’nyemaqen  /  glacier area  /  glacier velocity  /  remote sensing monitoring  /  changing characteristics
李银, 刘子龙, 张文颖, 唐太斌, 魏赛拉加. 2014—2020年阿尼玛卿山冰川变化研究. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (14) : 167 -172 .
Yin LI, Zilong LIU, Wenyin ZHANG, Taibin TANG, Sailajia WEI. Research on Glacier Changes in A’nyemaqen from 2014 to 2020[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (14) : 167 -172 .
冰川作为河湖重要的水源补给,对青藏高原及我国西部地区的经济、社会、生态可持续发展具有重要影响[1]。在全球气候变暖的背景下,冰川消融明显,全球范围各地冰川均呈现不同程度退缩,青藏高原气候暖湿化现象也随之加剧,大部分学者认为其退缩的主要原因是气温显著升高[2-5]。Mukherjee和Krishna等[6]研究了泽木冰川的冰雪面积在1945—2020年累计减少31%,但尚未推断气候变化对该地区的影响。Peng等[2]模拟的乌鲁木齐1号冰川1980—2020年冰川物质平衡过程表明,冰川质量损失显著增加,主要是由于温度升高和消融季节延长。Sun等[3]分析近半个世纪以来祁连山冰川面积减少420.81 km2且海拔4 000 m以下冰川完全消失的情况。Zhang等[7]预测2006—2100年阿尔泰冰川将经历持续的质量损失。Zhang等[5]提取三江源区冰川2000年、2010年及2018年轮廓发现冰川整体上呈退缩加速趋势,认为冰川变化的主要原因是消融期气温的显著升高。Cai等[8]分析天山地区冰川变化的脆弱性,天山东部地区的脆弱性最低,中部地区次之,西部地区的脆弱性最高。万基等[9]利用多源遥感数据,完成长时序的木孜塔格峰冰川遥感影像提取,结果表明,该区域总体呈消融趋势。
由于冰川消融速度加快,冰川下游河流流量对冰川质量平衡的变化影响较强[2],有些生物活性元素或有害元素随着地表径流向下游运动,可能潜在影响下游陆地生态系统[10]。阿尼玛卿山的冰川融水作为黄河源区水源重要补给来源,其消融对黄河上游径流、水循环等有着极其重要的影响。郭万钦等[11]研究阿尼玛卿山地区跃动冰川的跃动特征发现阿尼玛卿山地区有多达11条跃动冰川,1986年以来,阿尼玛卿山地区已发生17次冰川跃动事件,并且多具有50年以上的跃动周期。苗朝霞等[12]分析阿尼玛卿冰川表面流速特征发现2015—2021年阿尼玛卿冰川表面流速先增加后减缓等。王忠彦等[13]对阿尼玛卿山2004年、2007年、2016年和2019年4次冰川滑塌发生诱因进行分析表明,冰川跃动、冰川后缘冰-岩崩、异常高温降水、易于滑动产生的基岩性质等与冰川滑塌事件的发生密切相关。张昊等[14]提出考虑高原山地的复杂地物环境下对遥感影像冰川识别的模型,在阿尼玛卿测试数据集中的实验结果进行定性、定量分析,发现整体分割精度较对比方法提升 6.1%。
当前对于阿尼玛卿冰川自身变化特征的研究还不够全面,为深入研究其冰川变化信息,精准反映冰川时空变化特征及相关影响因素,预防冰川消融引起的链式自然灾害,应加强该地区冰川变化的相关监测工作[15-16]
结合遥感技术与地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)技术,利用2014—2020年Landsat、Sentinel-1和SRTM(shuttle radar topography mission)的数字高程模型(DEM)数据,提取有效的冰川变化特征参数,从冰川数量、面积、流速、垂向及坡向分布等方面较为系统全面的分析阿尼玛卿冰川近几年的变化特征,在年际尺度上分析2014—2020年阿尼玛卿山冰川变化情况,进而揭示冰川变化对气候波动的响应[1,17]
阿尼玛卿山系东昆仑延伸段,整体上呈西北-东南走向,岩体类型主要为砂岩、石灰岩及花岗岩,平均海拔5 900 m以上,最高峰海拔6 282 m[18]。研究区东北坡多为山谷冰川,西南坡多为冰斗冰川和悬冰川[18]。研究区内年平均气温较低,约为-10.2 ℃,年均降水量约为300 mm;每年5—9月大气降水和冰雪融水汇集;每年10月至次年4月基本被冰雪所覆盖。一年中最低气温为1月,峰顶气温可达-50 ℃以下。研究区冰斗冰川和悬冰川较为发育,极易发生冰崩碎屑流[18-19]
研究数据来自以下几个方面:①Landsat TM影像数据。选取2014—2020年夏季云量<10%的影像,数据来自美国地质调查局(https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/)。②Sentinel-1数据。采用14景轨道号为99的升轨数据,时间分别为2015年10月7日、2016年2月4日、2016年6月3日、2016年10月25日、2017年6月10日、2017年10月8日、2018年2月17日、2018年6月17日、2018年10月15日、2019年2月12日、2019年6月12日、2019年10月10日、2020年02月19日、2020年08月17日。③地表高程数据(DEM数据)。通过SRTM获取的DEM数据有30 m分辨率和90 m分辨率两种产品[20]。采用30 m空间分辨率为的SRTM-DEM数据,数据来自地理空间数据云(http://www.gscloud.cn)。④气象数据。研究区内气象站缺乏,选取达日县、玛多县气象站点5—9月的多年平均气温及多年平均降水数据[21]。数据来源于中国气象科学数据共享网站。
冰川边界提取的方法主要有监督与非监督分类法、雪盖指数法和波段比值法三类。波段比值法结合目视解译,是提取冰川边界较为可信、效率较高的方法之一[22],因此在冰川变化研究中应用最广。波段比值法利用冰雪具有对可见光和近红外波段的强反射、短波红外波段的低反射特性,可将自身与其他地物区分开。根据波段比值法的特点及适用性,采用此方法结合目视解译影像提取阿尼玛卿山冰川边界。对波段比值的结果,根据冰川周围地物特征确定阈值,进一步将冰川与其他地物分开,通常设为2.0[21]。提取的边界信息可能不符合实际情况,因此还需进一步进行目视解译校正。目视解译通常依据高分辨率的全色-多光谱融合影像和Google Earth历史影像等。为减小积雪对提取精度的影响,通常需要结合相邻月份或者年份影像的分类结果。
冰川面积平均变化率(annual percentages of area change)表示某段时间内冰川面积的变化量与起始年冰川面积的比值,用于评价冰川面积变化程度,比较不同时间尺度的冰川变化的结果,本文以APAC表示[1]
$APAC=\frac{\Delta S}{{S}_{0}\Delta t}\times 100\%$
式中:$\Delta S$为冰川变化面积,km2;S0为初始状态的冰川面积,km2;$\Delta t$为研究时间跨度。
卫星合成孔径雷达(SAR)数据在冰面速度场的研究中广为应用,是冰川监测的一种高效方法。运用SAR影像进行冰川流速估算的方法主要有D-InSAR法和SAR影像偏移量追踪法[23]。D-InSAR法具有更高的监测精度和更好的细节保持能力,但如果时间间隔较长,在冰流速较快的情况下失相干严重,从而影响D-InSAR的监测结果。SAR影像偏移量追踪法基本不受时间相干性的影响,能达到亚像元级别的计算精度,基线数据时间较长时,此方法稳定性较高。相干性跟踪法对两幅SAR影像之间的相干性保留情况要求较高,该方法不用进行相位解缠,一定程度上降低了计算难度[24-25]。本文利用SAR影像偏移量追踪法估算2015—2020年阿尼玛卿冰川表面流速。
通过对七期Landsat遥感影像数据的解译,结果表明,2014—2020年阿尼玛卿冰川面积整体呈现退缩趋势,研究区冰川面积由98.46 km2缩减至86.58 km2,年均减少1.98 km2;冰川数量呈现增加趋势,从80条增至85条,年均增加0.83条(表1图1)。
除了2019年,研究区冰川面积变化速率均为负值,即2019年冰川面积在增加,其余年份冰川面积处于退缩状态(图2)。其中,2018—2019年冰川总面积增加5.01 km2,增长率为5.51%;2019—2020年冰川总面积退缩速度最快,减小了9.45 km2,退缩率为9.84%;其次为2014—2015年,冰川总面积减小3.82 km2,退缩速率为3.88%;再次为2015—2016年,冰川总面积减小3.01 km2,退缩率为3.18%;最后为2017—2018年,冰川总面积减小0.56 km2,退缩率为0.61%。2016—2017年冰川退缩速度最慢,冰川总面积减小0.06 km2,退缩速率为0.06%。
冰川朝向可通过地形数据坡向获取,本文以2°为间距对坡向进行分类,为方便统计,把连续坡向分为平地(-1°)、正北(337.5°~360°,0°~22.5°)、东北(22.5°~67.5°)、正东(67.5°~112.5°)、东南(112.5°~157.5°)、正南(157.5°~202.5°)、西南(202.5°~247.5°)、正西(247.5°~292.5°)、西北(292.5°~337.5°)9类。结合坡向数据及冰川边界数据获得阿尼玛卿冰川的朝向分布(表2)。2014—2020年,各个坡向上,阿尼玛卿冰川面积分布基本相同。整体上,北坡(正北和东北方向)的冰川面积大于南坡,东坡的冰川面积大于西坡(图3)。正北和东北方向的冰川均占当年冰川总面积的19%和18%左右,而东南方向仅占8%。从各个时期间的冰川面积变化来看,各年份阿尼玛卿山各坡向上的冰川面积均在减小,减小速度相差不大。
统计得到各海拔范围内冰川面积(表3),不同区域、不同时期冰川的分布情况在海拔高度上存在明显的差异。研究区冰川海拔主要在5 200~5 600 m,约占冰川总面积的89.7%;其中,5.1%的冰川海拔低于5 200 m,5.2%的冰川海拔高于5 600 m(图4)。通过对比不同年份的冰川面积,当研究区海拔低于5 200 m时,冰川面积变化最为显著。整体来看,2014—2020年,随着海拔高度的增加,冰川的退缩速度逐渐减缓,甚至有些年份出现了冰川面积增加的趋势,但较高海拔冰川的增长速度远远低于较低海拔冰川的退缩速度(图5)。
采用14景Sentinel-1A升轨数据源数据,利用偏移量追踪方法估算阿尼玛卿冰川2014—2020年表面流速。在计算完偏移量之后,将偏移量转换为距离向形变,分辨率的高程数据将形变结果编码到地理坐标系下,最后将距离向的形变场转化为速度场,并将单位调整为m/a,最终计算得到冰川表面流速(图8图9)。
根据月平均气温是否大于0 ℃为标准将研究区分为暖月和冷月,暖月为5—9月,冷月为10月至次年4月。2015—2020年,在暖月,阿尼玛卿冰川表面平均流速可达6 m/年,一定程度上说明在夏季冰川跃动比较快;在冷月冰川表面流速较小,平均流速为3 m/年(多数区域接近于0 m/年),冰川比较稳定。从冷暖月冰川流速及冰川表面平均流速来看,变化结果较为一致,中轴流速大于两侧,向冰舌末端逐渐减小。
冰川的发育不仅与地理位置和地形有关,气候变化幅度对冰川的变化也有一定关系。夏季均温和年降水是影响冰川形成、发育和退缩的主要因子[26]
根据玛多县、达日县两个气象站点的气温降水数据,2014—2020年,研究区气温及降水量均呈现上升趋势(图6),且拟合系数R2较高,降水量的R2达到了0.88。2014—2020年,研究区年平均气温增幅高达1.6 ℃,年平均降水量增幅达23 mm。气温升高致使冰川消融,降水是冰川发育的重要物质积累。相对于气温呈现的升高趋势,降水量增加的趋势更为明显,但是阿尼玛卿山冰川依然表现出退缩的状态,一定程度上说明即使降水增多,也不会阻止温度升高引起的冰川消融,说明研究区冰川的消融量大于冰川的积累量。
(1)研究区冰川面积呈现退缩趋势,其中2019年冰川面积增加,其余年份冰川面积处于退缩状态。冰川面积由98.46 km2缩减至86.58 km2,平均每年减少1.98 km2;冰川数量呈现增加趋势,从80条增至85条。整体上,北坡(包括正北和东北方向)冰川面积大于南坡,东坡冰川面积大于西坡,分布在北坡的冰川面积占比高达37%左右。约89.7%的冰川分布在海拔5 200~5 600 m;其中5.1%的冰川其海拔低于5 200 m,5.2%的冰川其海拔高于5 600 m。
(2)阿尼玛卿冰川在暖季(5—9月)跃动比较快;在冷季(10月至次年4月)冰川表面流速较小,其中中轴流速大于两侧,冰川表面流速由高到低向冰舌末端逐渐减小。降水作为冰川最大的物质补给量,研究区降水量有上升趋势,但冰川面积依然呈现退缩趋势,可能是冰川的消融量大于累积量,因此后续工作中应加强阿尼玛卿山冰川物质平衡的研究。
(3)阿尼玛卿冰川平均流速在空间分布上与苗朝霞等[12]的研究结果具有较高的一致性。受数据精度影响,提取的冰川变化特征未必精确,对于冰川面积的变化所影响的雪水当量未做分析。对于阿尼玛卿冰川的物质平衡,冰川融水对源区地表径流及其水文过程的研究将是后续工作的重点。
  • 青海省重大科技专项(2021-SF-A7-1)
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2025年第25卷第14期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-03
  • 首发时间:2025-09-15
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-03
基金
青海省重大科技专项(2021-SF-A7-1)
作者信息
    青海省地质环境监测总站, 西宁 810000

通讯作者:

魏赛拉加(1989—),男,藏族,青海海北人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为冰川冻土、地下水资源。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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