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Taking into account the fairness concerns of influencers, the decision-making in a livestreaming e-commerce supply chain was investigated. Three decision-making models were established under different power structures to explore how influencers’ fairness concerns and variations in power structures affect the decisions and profits of supply chain members. The findings reveal that when influencers lead or both parties have equal power, the livestream price and profit of both the brand and influencer decrease as the fairness concern coefficient increases. Under equal power, as the influencer’s market expansion coefficient increases, the prices and profits of both the influencer and the brand increase. When the commission rate is high, the profits of both the brand and the influencer increase with the growth of the redirection rate. When the influencer leads, both parties achieve the highest profits.

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考虑网红主播具有公平关切,分别构建三种权利结构下直播电商供应链决策模型,探讨网红主播公平关切及权力结构差异对供应链成员决策和利润的影响。研究表明:网红主播主导和权利对等时品牌商和网红主播的直播价格和利润随着公平关切系数的增加而减少;在双方权利对等时,网红主播市场拓展系数增大,网红主播和品牌商的价格和利润均增大;当佣金率较高时,品牌商和网红主播的利润均随导流率的增加而增大,在网红主导时双方利润均最高。

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秦婷婷(1999—),女,安徽合肥人,硕士研究生,研究方向为供应链管理;

周昱昊(2005—),男,安徽巢湖人,研究方向为国际经济与贸易。

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符号 定义
a 产品在网络直播市场的潜在需求
θ 网红直播渠道占市场比例
b 同一产品的竞争强度和渠道替代性
N 网红主播的粉丝数
k 网红直播结束后对店铺自播渠道的导流率
ρ 网红主播对市场的拓展系数
μ 网红主播的公平关切系数
λ 网红主播收取的佣金率
${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{j}}^{\mathit{i}}$ i情形下j直播渠道产品的销售价格,决策变量
${\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{j}}^{\mathit{i}}$ i情形下j直播渠道产品的需求量,决策变量
${\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{j}}^{\mathit{i}}$ i情形下j的利润
${\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathit{i}}$ i情形下网红主播的期望效用
), ArticleFig(id=1273296936158347414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1163867269957374192, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

决策变量及相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
符号 定义
a 产品在网络直播市场的潜在需求
θ 网红直播渠道占市场比例
b 同一产品的竞争强度和渠道替代性
N 网红主播的粉丝数
k 网红直播结束后对店铺自播渠道的导流率
ρ 网红主播对市场的拓展系数
μ 网红主播的公平关切系数
λ 网红主播收取的佣金率
${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{j}}^{\mathit{i}}$ i情形下j直播渠道产品的销售价格,决策变量
${\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{j}}^{\mathit{i}}$ i情形下j直播渠道产品的需求量,决策变量
${\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{j}}^{\mathit{i}}$ i情形下j的利润
${\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathit{i}}$ i情形下网红主播的期望效用
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网红主播公平关切下考虑权力结构的直播电商供应链决策
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秦婷婷 1 , 周昱昊 2
科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025,25(4): 77-85
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科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025, 25(4): 77-85
网红主播公平关切下考虑权力结构的直播电商供应链决策
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秦婷婷1, 周昱昊2
作者信息
  • 1 合肥工业大学管理学院, 合肥 230009
  • 2 合肥工业大学经济学院, 合肥 230601
  • 秦婷婷(1999—),女,安徽合肥人,硕士研究生,研究方向为供应链管理;

    周昱昊(2005—),男,安徽巢湖人,研究方向为国际经济与贸易。

Livestreaming Supply Chain Decision-making Considering Power Structures under Influencers’ Fairness Concerns
Tingting QIN1, Yuhao ZHOU2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
  • 2 School of Economics, Hefei University of Techonlogy, Hefei 230601, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25
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考虑网红主播具有公平关切,分别构建三种权利结构下直播电商供应链决策模型,探讨网红主播公平关切及权力结构差异对供应链成员决策和利润的影响。研究表明:网红主播主导和权利对等时品牌商和网红主播的直播价格和利润随着公平关切系数的增加而减少;在双方权利对等时,网红主播市场拓展系数增大,网红主播和品牌商的价格和利润均增大;当佣金率较高时,品牌商和网红主播的利润均随导流率的增加而增大,在网红主导时双方利润均最高。

公平关切  /  权力结构  /  直播电商  /  博弈

Taking into account the fairness concerns of influencers, the decision-making in a livestreaming e-commerce supply chain was investigated. Three decision-making models were established under different power structures to explore how influencers’ fairness concerns and variations in power structures affect the decisions and profits of supply chain members. The findings reveal that when influencers lead or both parties have equal power, the livestream price and profit of both the brand and influencer decrease as the fairness concern coefficient increases. Under equal power, as the influencer’s market expansion coefficient increases, the prices and profits of both the influencer and the brand increase. When the commission rate is high, the profits of both the brand and the influencer increase with the growth of the redirection rate. When the influencer leads, both parties achieve the highest profits.

fairness concerns  /  power structure  /  livestreaming e-commerce  /  game theory
秦婷婷, 周昱昊. 网红主播公平关切下考虑权力结构的直播电商供应链决策. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (4) : 77 -85 .
Tingting QIN, Yuhao ZHOU. Livestreaming Supply Chain Decision-making Considering Power Structures under Influencers’ Fairness Concerns[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (4) : 77 -85 .
近年来,随着互联网和移动支付技术的快速发展,直播电商已成为网络购物用户重要的商品购买途径之一。根据艾瑞咨询的统计数据,2023年中国直播电商市场规模达4.9万亿元,同比增速为35.2%,2024—2026年中国直播电商市场规模的年复合增长率为18.0%[1]。这表明“直播+电商”的模式已成为电商行业的重要趋势。
直播电商主要有两种模式,一是网红主播直播,品牌商利用网红的流量聚集效应增加品牌曝光度或打造爆款;二是商家自播,商家使用自己的店铺账号进行直播,无须支付高昂的坑位费和佣金。但由于店铺自播往往缺乏足够的流量营销能力,许多品牌选择通过雇佣网红主播与店铺自播相结合的方式,既能借助外部资源扩大品牌的市场影响力,又能将公域流量变成品牌方的私域流量,提高客户黏性。例如,李宁、完美日记和欧莱雅等品牌均采取了这一策略。然而,不同的直播渠道往往导致不同的销售价格决策,这可能影响品牌商和网红主播的利润分配,从而加剧双方之间的博弈。因此,在店铺自播和网红直播并存的直播渠道下,研究品牌商与网红主播的定价策略及其对利润的影响具有重要意义。
目前,许多学者关注到直播电商供应链这一新颖的课题。部分文献从实证角度研究了网红信息源的特性[2]、社交媒体直播[3]、直播特征[4]、平台类型与消费者类型的交互作用[5]等因素对消费者购买意愿的影响。此外,也有学者从数学模型角度对直播电商进行了研究。Wang和Guo[6]探讨引入直播销售的三种可能模式,发现制造商进行直播销售时并不总是对零售商造成伤害,可以实现供应链成员的共赢。Ye等[7]通过建立博弈模型,分析商家对网红类型和定价策略的偏好。张志坚等[8]研究了主播类型对直播渠道定价和供应商渠道选择的影响。Xin等[9]从品牌商的角度出发,采用Stackelberg博弈探究最优的电商直播产品展示模式。王玉燕等[10]考虑了制造商自播、网红直播和自播+网红直播三种直播带货方式,研究主播带货能力和流量效应对供应链成员决策的影响。程永伟[11]研究直播带货中的最优合作模式及其决策优化问题。
上述研究大多假设决策者是“理性人”,并未考虑决策者的行为特征。然而经济学的研究发现,现实中决策者存在非理性行为,供应链成员会关注渠道利益分配的公平性,即公平关切[12]。因此,在研究中考虑直播电商供应链成员的公平关切行为更符合实际。Yang等[13]结合预售模式和零售商的公平关切,运用Stackelberg博弈构建了三个模型,分析了预售规模和零售商的公平关切对供应链成员最优决策的影响。Jian等[12]研究了制造商公平关切行为对绿色闭环供应链成员的影响以及系统的最优决策。Zhou等[14]在需求信息对称与不对称情形下,研究零售商公平关切行为对绿色产品下成员最优决策及相应利润的影响。曹成刚等[15]在混合回收渠道供应链中引入制造商与零售商的公平关切行为,探究公平关切对闭环供应链成员决策以及利润的影响。Kang等[16]在政府补贴的背景下,研究公平关切对由一个农户企业和一个核心企业组成的扶贫供应链的决策和协调的影响。还有一些文献将公平关切与其他行为偏好,比如谎报行为[17]、风险厌恶[18]等因素结合考虑。现有研究主要集中于传统供应链中的公平关注问题,然而在直播电商的背景下,公平关注同样是一个重要的问题。当前对此领域的研究较为有限,亟须进一步探索。
与本文相关的另一类文献研究聚焦于供应链中的权力结构。在当前直播电商竞争激烈的环境下,超头部品牌方仍然占据着强势地位,而中小品牌方在头部主播面前则相对处于弱势。这种供应链权力关系的变化会影响双方博弈过程中的决策,学者们也在不同情境下对这一问题展开了研究。高洁[19]比较不同权力结构下闭环供应链各成员最优决策,发现零售商主导模型下零售价格是最高的。Duan和Xu[20]考虑链与链之间的竞争,分析权力结构对产品回收策略的影响。Su等[21]考虑了消费者绿色偏好且政府补贴不同的情况,分析不同权利结构下绿色供应链的最优策略。文悦等[22]研究不同权利结构下电商平台引入自营渠道对平台自身与制造商的最优决策及其收益的影响。Hu等[23]研究不同权力结构下,信息不对称如何影响供应链成员决策和利润。而在与本文相关的直播电商方面,于天阳等[24]考虑直播营销成本效率,分析不同权利结构下供应链成员的最优运营决策,发现电商卖家与网红团队利润均与其自身市场权力正相关。Zhang等[25]将线上明星直播平台纳入传统生鲜农产品平台供应链,研究了不同权力结构下直播平台供应链的最优控制力等决策问题。
梳理上述文献可知,有关直播电商领域问题、公平关切和权利结构对供应链决策影响的研究成果较为丰富。但在直播电商供应链相关研究中,鲜有文献将公平关切行为和供应链权力结构对成员决策的影响同时考虑在内。因此,本文构建由一个品牌商与一个具有公平关切行为特征的网红主播组成的直播电商供应链,借助博弈理论,探究权力结构差异及网红主播公平关切行为对供应链均衡决策的影响作用,旨在为实际直播行业中的决策提供参考。
本文构建由一个品牌商和一个网红主播构成直播电商供应链,并假定品牌商为公平中性,而网红主播具有公平关切行为特征。品牌商通过网红直播渠道和店铺自播渠道进行双渠道分销。品牌商在店铺自播直播间以价格ps销售产品,同时与网红主播合作在网红直播间以价格pl销售产品,并向网红主播支付一定比例的佣金,佣金率为λ。消费者可以选择店铺自播渠道购买产品,也可以选择网红直播渠道购买产品。模型结构图如图1所示。
店铺自播渠道和网红直播渠道的潜在市场需求为a。网红直播渠道所占的市场比例为θ(0<θ<1),则品牌商店铺自播渠道所占的市场比例为(1-θ)。由于网红直播影响的消费市场不仅是原有的消费市场,对原有消费市场有一定的拓展作用,拓展系数为ρ(0<ρ<1)。
同一产品的竞争强度和渠道替代性为b,由于店铺自播渠道和网红直播渠道销售相同类型的产品,面临相同的市场,这意味着它们是完全可替代的。在不影响计算结果的情况下,将b设定为1,即b=1[26-27]
网红主播的导流能力也会对产品需求量产生影响。其中,N为网红主播的粉丝受众数量,k(0<k<1)为网红直播结束后将直播用户导流到店铺自播渠道并产生购买行为的导流概率。
假设网红主播收取的佣金率λ0<λ<1)为是外生的,且不考虑网红直播间的坑位费[28]
不失一般性,将品牌商的生产成本及引入店铺自播渠道的成本假定为0[27]
本文涉及的决策变量及参数的符号说明如表1所示。
基于上述基本假设,店铺自播渠道和网红直播渠道的需求函数可分别表示为:
${\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{s}}=(1-\mathit{\theta })\mathit{a}-{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}+\mathit{b}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}+\mathit{N}\mathit{k}$
${\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{l}}=(\mathit{\theta }+\mathit{\rho })\mathit{a}-{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}+\mathit{b}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}$
品牌商和网红主播的利润可分别表示为
${\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{s}}={\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}\left[\right(1-\mathit{\theta })\mathit{a}-{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}+\mathit{b}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}+\mathit{N}\mathit{k}]+(1-\mathit{\lambda }){\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}\left[\right(\mathit{\theta }+\mathit{\rho })\mathit{a}-{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}+\mathit{b}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}]$
${\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{l}}=\mathit{\lambda }{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}\left[\right(\mathit{\theta }+\mathit{\rho })\mathit{a}-{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}+\mathit{b}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}]$
当网红主播考虑公平性问题时,往往会将品牌商的利润作为自身收入的参照点,并以最大化个人的公平效用作为决策目标。参考Wang等[29]、Qu等[17],网红主播的效用函数可以描述为
${\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{l}}={\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{l}}-\mathit{\mu }({\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{s}}-{\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{l}})$
式中:μ为网红直播公平关切系数,0<μ<1,μ越大,表明网红主播公平关切程度越高。
当网红主播主导时,品牌商和网红主播的决策顺序为网红主播先根据自身收益最大化决策网红直播渠道的产品价格pl,品牌商在已知网红主播决策的条件下决策店铺自播直播间的产品价格ps
根据逆向归纳法,首先求式(2),$\frac{{\partial }^{2}{\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{s}}}{{\partial }^{2}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}}=-2<0,$因此πs是关于ps的严格凹函数,存在最优的ps使得πs最大化。令$\frac{\partial {\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{s}}}{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}}=0,$求得${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}=\frac{1}{2}[\mathit{a}+\mathit{N}\mathit{k}-\mathit{a}\mathit{\theta }-{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}(\mathit{\lambda }-2\left)\right],$将其代入式(5),得到式(5)关于pl的二阶偏导数:$\frac{{\partial }^{2}{\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{l}}}{{\partial }^{2}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}}=-\frac{1}{2}{\mathit{\lambda }}^{2}(2+3\mathit{\mu })<0,$因此Ul是关于pl的严格凹函数,存在最优的pl使得Ul最大化。令$\frac{{\partial }^{2}{\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{l}}}{{\partial }^{2}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}}=0,$可得${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}},$将其代入${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}^{}$可得到最优的店铺直播渠道销售价格${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}},$则店铺自播渠道和网红直播渠道均衡价格为
${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}}=\frac{1}{2}\{\mathit{a}+\mathit{N}\mathit{k}-\mathit{a}\mathit{\theta }-\frac{(\mathit{\lambda }-2)\mathit{N}\mathit{k}[\mathit{\lambda }+2(\mathit{\lambda }-1\left)\mathit{\mu }\right]-2\mathit{a}\mathit{\mu }(1+\mathit{\rho })+\mathit{a}\mathit{\lambda }(1+2\mathit{\mu })[1+\mathit{\theta }+2\mathit{\rho })]}{{\mathit{\lambda }}^{2}(2+3\mathit{\mu })}\}$
${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}}=\frac{\mathit{N}\mathit{k}[\mathit{\lambda }+2(\mathit{\lambda }-1\left)\mathit{\mu }\right]-2\mathit{a}\mathit{\mu }(1+\mathit{\rho })+\mathit{a}\mathit{\lambda }(1+2\mathit{\mu })(1+\mathit{\theta }+2\mathit{\rho })}{{\mathit{\lambda }}^{2}(2+3\mathit{\mu })}$
最后将式(6)和式(7)代入式(3)和式(4),可得品牌商和网红主播的利润${\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}}\mathit{和}{\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}}\mathit{。}$
命题1$\mathit{ }\frac{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{\mu }}<0,\frac{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{\mu }}<0,\frac{\partial {\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{\mu }}<0,\frac{\partial {\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{\mu }}<0\mathit{。}$
命题1表明,当网红主播主导时中,随着公平关切程度增加,网红主播选择网红主播通过降低价格来平衡自己与品牌商的收益,而品牌商为避免消费者全面转向网红直播渠道,亦被迫降低自播渠道的价格。网红主播的这种行为虽然可能在心理上带来平衡感,但却压缩了整体利润空间,甚至形成“两败俱伤”的局面。
命题2$0<\mathit{\lambda }<\frac{2\mathit{\mu }}{1+2\mathit{\mu }}$时,有$\frac{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{\rho }}<0\mathit{、}\frac{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{\rho }}<0;$$\frac{2\mathit{\mu }}{1+2\mathit{\mu }}<\mathit{\lambda }<1$时,有$\frac{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{\rho }}>0\mathit{、}\frac{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{\rho }}>0\mathit{。}$
命题2表明,当佣金率较低时,市场带来的收益可能不足以抵消网红主播推广成本和投入。因此,网红主播采取降价促销的策略。这种降价行为也迫使品牌商为了维持竞争力,不得不降低其产品的价格,从而导致整体价格水平下降。当佣金率较高时,网红主播有动力通过更有效的推广策略来扩大市场需求。品牌商此时也能借助市场拓展的流量溢出,通过提高产品价格来分享超额利润,而不必担心因价格过高而失去市场份额。
命题3 0<λλ2时,$\frac{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{k}}<0,$λ2λ<1时,$\frac{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{k}}>0;$$0<\mathit{\lambda }<\frac{2\mathit{\mu }}{1+2\mathit{\mu }}$时,$\frac{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{k}}<0,$$\frac{2\mathit{\mu }}{1+2\mathit{\mu }}<\mathit{\lambda }<1$时,$\frac{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathit{L}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{k}}>0,{\mathit{\lambda }}_{2}=\frac{-1-3\mathit{\mu }+\sqrt{1+\mathit{\mu }(10+13\mathit{\mu })}}{1+\mathit{\mu }}\mathit{。}$
命题3表明,当佣金率分别低于某一阈值时,店铺自播和网红直播渠道价格均随着网红主播的导流率的增大而减少,反之增大。其背后的原因在于,高佣金率能够激励网红主播更积极推动导流,这种积极的导流行为增加了整体市场需求,使得他们在定价策略上更加自信。
当品牌商主导时,品牌商和网红主播的决策顺序为品牌方首先根据自身收益最大化决策品牌商自播渠道产品价格ps,然后网红主播在已知品牌商自播渠道产品价格的条件下决策网红直播渠道产品价格pl
由于该情形下的求解过程与网红主播主导情形相似,本文在此不再进行赘述。若满足$\frac{\mathit{\mu }}{1+2\mathit{\mu }}<\mathit{\lambda }<1,$通过逆向归纳,可求得品牌商主导情形下店铺自播渠道和网红直播渠道产品的均衡价格为
${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{S}}=-\left\{{(\mathit{\lambda }-\mathit{\mu }+2\mathit{\lambda }\mathit{\mu })}^{2}\right(-2\mathit{N}\mathit{k}+\mathit{a}[-2+\mathit{\theta }\mathit{\lambda }+(-2+\mathit{\lambda }\left)\mathit{\rho }\right]\left)\right\}/\left[{\mathit{\lambda }}^{2}\right(1+2\mathit{\mu }\left)\right(1+\mathit{\lambda }+2\mathit{\lambda }\mathit{\mu }\left)\right]$
${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{S}}=\mathit{a}(\mathit{\theta }+\mathit{\rho })-\left\{\right[\mathit{\lambda }+2(\mathit{\lambda }-1)\mathit{\mu }\left]\right(\mathit{\lambda }-\mathit{\mu }+2\mathit{\lambda }\mathit{\mu }\left)\right(-2\mathit{N}\mathit{k}+\mathit{a}[-2+\mathit{\theta }\mathit{\lambda }+(-2+\mathit{\lambda }\left)\mathit{\rho }\right]\left)\right\}/\left[{\mathit{\lambda }}^{2}\right(1+2\mathit{\mu }\left)\right(1+\mathit{\lambda }+2\mathit{\lambda }\mathit{\mu }\left)\right]$
将式(8)和式(9)代入式(3)和式(4)可得品牌商和网红主播的利润${\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{S}}\mathit{和}{\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{S}}\mathit{。}$
命题4 $\frac{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{\mu }}<0,$$\frac{\mathit{\mu }}{1+2\mathit{\mu }}<\mathit{\lambda }{<\mathit{\lambda }}_{1}$时,$\frac{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{\mu }}>0,$λ1λ<1时,$\frac{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{\mu }}<0\mathit{。}$
命题4表明,随着网红主播公平关切程度的提高,品牌商出于对网红主播不公平利润的担忧而主动降低自播价格。当金率较低时,网红主播为了弥补收入不足,选择提高价格以缩小与品牌商之间的利润差距。当佣金率较高时,网红主播通过降低价格来平衡双方的利益。
命题5 $\frac{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{\rho }}>0,\frac{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{\rho }}>0;\frac{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{k}}>0,$$\frac{\mathit{\mu }}{1+2\mathit{\mu }}<\mathit{\lambda }<\frac{2\mathit{\mu }}{1+2\mathit{\mu }}$时,$\frac{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{k}}<0,$$\frac{2\mathit{\mu }}{1+2\mathit{\mu }}<\mathit{\lambda }<1$时,$\frac{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{S}}}{\partial \mathit{k}}>0\mathit{。}$
命题5表明,品牌商凭借其先动优势,在察觉到网红主播强大的市场拓展能力,品牌商预见到市场需求可能会上升。因此,他们选择提高店铺自播渠道的价格,以获取更高的利润。网红主播也会相应上调其价格。由于消费者被店铺自播渠道分流,店铺自播渠道价格随着网红主播的导流率的增大而增大。在高佣金率的情况下,网红主播的目标是最大化每笔交易的收益,因此他们可以冒着失去部分价格敏感消费者的风险来提价。然而,在低佣金率下,网红主播需要保持足够的竞争力,避免价格过高导致流失大量消费者。因此,他们选择降价,以保持销量的稳定。
在品牌商和网红主播权力均衡情形下,双方构成Nash博弈,其决策过程为:品牌商与网红主播同时制定决策,即分别确定产品销售价格pspl由于该情形下的求解过程与前面两种情形相似,本文在此不再进行赘述。若满足$\frac{\mathit{\mu }}{1+2\mathit{\mu }}<\mathit{\lambda }<1,$通过逆向归纳可得,品牌商和网红主播权力均衡情形下,店铺自播渠道和网红直播渠道产品均衡定价为
${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{N}\mathit{N}}=-\frac{(\mathit{\lambda }-\mathit{\mu }+2\mathit{\lambda }\mathit{\mu })\left\{\mathit{a}\right[\mathit{\theta }\mathit{\lambda }+(\mathit{\lambda }-2)\mathit{\rho }-2]-2\mathit{N}\mathit{k}\}}{\mathit{\lambda }\left[2\right.+\mathit{\lambda }+2(1+\mathit{\lambda })\mathit{\mu }]}$
$\begin{array}{c}p_{1}^{\mathrm{NN}}=\{N k[\lambda+2(\lambda-1) \mu]+ \\a[\lambda(1+2 \mu)(1+\theta+2 \rho)-2 \mu(1+\rho)]\} / \\\{\lambda[2+\lambda+2(1+\lambda) \mu]\}\end{array}$
将式(10)和式(11)代入式(3)和式(4)可得品牌商和网红主播的利润$\pi_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{NN}} \text { 和 } \pi_{\mathrm{l}}^{\mathrm{NN}}$
命题6 $\frac{\partial p_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{NN}}}{\partial \mu}<0, \frac{\partial p_{1}^{\mathrm{NN}}}{\partial \mu}<0, \frac{\partial \pi_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{NN}}}{\partial \mu}<0,$$\frac{\partial \pi_{1}^{\mathrm{NN}}}{\partial \mu}<0$;$\frac{\partial p_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{NN}}}{\partial \rho}>0, \frac{\partial p_{1}^{\mathrm{NN}}}{\partial \rho}>0$;当$\frac{\mu}{1+2 \mu}<\lambda<\frac{2 \mu}{1+2 \mu}$时,$\frac{\partial p_{1}^{\mathrm{NN}}}{\partial k}<0$,当$\frac{2 \mu}{1+2 \mu}<\lambda<1 $时,$\frac{\partial p_{1}^{\mathrm{NN}}}{\partial k}>0 $。
命题6表明,品牌商和网红主播权利均衡时,考虑到网红主播公平关切的存在,品牌商和网红主播共同在价格上做出让步以维持合作关系,但也导致双方利润下降。店铺自播和网红直播渠道价格均随着网红主播的市场拓展系数增加而增大。店铺自播渠道价格也随着网红主播的导流率的增加而增大。当佣金率较高时,网红直播渠道价格随着网红主播的导流率的增大而增大,反之减少。这说明,高佣金率为网红主播提供了更多的利润空间,使他们在定价时具有更大的灵活性。
命题7$\frac{\mu}{1+2 \mu}<\lambda<\lambda_{3}$时,$ p_{1}^{\mathrm{MS}}>p_{1}^{\mathrm{LS}}> p_{1}^{\mathrm{NN}} $$\lambda_{3}<\lambda<\frac{2 \mu}{1+2 \mu} $时,若$ 0<a<a_{1} $则$ p_{1}^{\mathrm{MS}}> p_{1}^{\mathrm{LS}}>p_{1}^{\mathrm{NN}} $,若$a>a_{1}$则$p_{1}^{\mathrm{LS}}>p_{1}^{\mathrm{MS}}>p_{1}^{\mathrm{NN}} $;当$\frac{2 \mu}{1+2 \mu}<\lambda<1$时,$p_{1}^{\mathrm{LS}}>p_{1}^{\mathrm{MS}}>p_{1}^{\mathrm{NN}}$
$ \begin{array}{c}\lambda_{3}=\frac{B_{1}-\sqrt{-4 \mu(1+3 \mu) B_{2}+B_{1}^{2}}}{B_{2}} ; B_{1}=1+\theta+ \\7 \mu+3 \theta \mu+10 \mu^{2}+3 \theta \mu^{2}+2 \rho+10 \mu \rho+13 \mu^{2} \rho ; B_{2}= \\(1+2 \mu)(1+\rho)[2(1+\rho)+\mu(4+\theta+5 \rho)] ; a_{1}= \\-\frac{2 \mu(1+3 \mu)+(\lambda+2 \lambda \mu)^{2}-\lambda\left(1+7 \mu+10 \mu^{2}\right)}{4 \mu(1+3 \mu)(1+\rho)+\lambda^{2} B_{2}-2 \lambda B_{1}} .\end{array}$
命题7表明,在低佣金率下,品牌商有更多的定价权,他们会考虑到其自身的市场影响力和品牌溢价,设定一个较高的价格以确保其利润最大化,因此此时网红直播渠道价格最高。而高佣金率则削弱品牌方定价权,网红主播凭借粉丝效应和个人品牌维持高价,所以网红主播主导时价格最高。当佣金率居中时,价格高低取决于市场规模。市场规模较小时则品牌商利用主导地位设定高价,市场规模较大时则网红主播利用影响力设定高价。当品牌方与网红主播权利均衡时,双方为达成共识进行让步,价格总是最低。
由于部分结果表达形式较为复杂,难以直接通过数学运算分析其性质,因此采用数值算例法,对三种权力结构下网红主播和品牌商的均衡决策及利润进行比较,并进一步探讨主要参数对最优决策和利润的影响。假设$a=800, N=900, \theta= 0.5 $
在这一部分中,假设$\lambda=0.2, k=0.4, \rho= 0.3$,$\lambda $为自变量。考虑到需满足$ \frac{\mu}{1+2 \mu}<\lambda<1$,所以$\lambda $的取值范围为(0,0.5)。结果如图2图3所示。
图2图3可以看出,在三种权力结构下,品牌商和网红主播利润均随着网红主播公平关切系数的增加而下降。这说明,当网红主播存在公平关切行为时,为了保证系统利润的公平分配,网红主播宁愿选择“两败俱伤”,也会惩罚品牌商以获得相对公平的结果。
通过对比不同权力结构下的供应链均衡决策和利润发现,当公平关切系数较低时,网红主播主导下的品牌商和网红主播直播价格和利润均为最高;而当公平关切系数较高时,品牌商主导下的价格和利润达到最大。在网红主播主导情形下,供应链主体的均衡决策和利润变化幅度最大。此外,当公平关切系数超过某一阈值时,在网红主播主导或权力均衡的情况下,品牌商和网红主播的利润可能出现负值。
这一部分中,假设$\lambda=0.2, \mu=0.2, k=0.4,$,$\rho $为自变量,取值范围为(0,1),结果如图4所示。
图4可以看出,在三种权力结构下,品牌商和网红主播的利润都随着网红主播市场拓展能力的增加而增加。同时,当市场拓展系数较低时,品牌商主导时双方利润最高。这可能是因为,此时市场尚未充分开发,品牌商在资源和渠道上的优势更加显著。当市场拓展系数较高时,网红主播主导下,品牌商和网红主播的利润达到最大,且在这种权力结构下,利润增长最快。这可能是由于网红主播在这一结构中拥有更大的市场操作灵活性和更高的市场影响力,能够迅速适应市场变化,灵活调整推广策略,从而快速扩大市场份额。然而,当网红主播的市场拓展能力不足时,他们的市场影响力较弱,无法设定足够高的价格来覆盖成本,导致价格和利润出现负值。
这一部分中,假设$\mu=0.2, \rho=0.3$,图5中$\lambda=0.2$,图6λ=0.4,自变量k的取值范围为(0,1)结果如图5图6所示。
图5图6可知,不同的佣金率对品牌商和网红主播带来不同的影响。当$\lambda=0.2$时,对于品牌商而言,当导流率增加时,若品牌商处于主导地位或与网红主播权力对等,品牌商的利润会随之上升;然而,在网红主播主导的情形下,品牌商的利润则会下降。对于网红主播来说,无论权利结构如何变化,导流率的增加都会导致网红主播的利润减少。网红主播主导时,品牌商在流量转化和市场控制方面的影响力减弱,利润空间因此受到挤压。在低佣金率下,网红主播本身的利润空间已经较为有限,难以通过流量转化来保持甚至提高其利润。值得注意的是,过高的导流率可能导致市场饱和。在这种情况下,如果网红主播掌握更多主导权,他们可能会发起价格战,以争夺市场份额。这种竞争策略往往会导致利润快速下降,甚至可能引发亏损的局面。
λ=0.4时,三种权利结构下品牌商和网红主播的利润均随着导流率的增加而上升,且在网红主导时双方利润均最高。高佣金率为网红主播提供强大的经济激励,使得他们更愿意投入资源和精力去推广产品。这种积极推广行为扩大了市场需求,使得品牌商和网红主播的利润均随着导流率的增加而上升,形成了双赢的局面。在网红主播主导的权力结构下,网红主播拥有更大的市场控制权和操作灵活性,可以更容易将消费者对网红主播的信任与依赖转化为销量,从而进一步提升双方的利润。
本文构建由一个品牌商与一个网红主播组成的直播电商供应链决策模型,考虑网红主播存在公平关切行为,运用博弈理论,研究网红主播主导、品牌商主导及双方权力对等三种权力结构下的供应链成员均衡决策及利润。
结果表明:①网红直播渠道价格总是在双方权利对等时最低;在低佣金率下,由品牌商主导时价格最高;在高佣金率下,由网红主播主导时价格最高;佣金率居中时,价格的高低取决于市场规模。②在网红主播主导和双方权利对等时品牌商和网红主播的直播销售价格和利润均随着网红主播公平关切系数的增加而下降。③在双方权利对等情形下,随着网红主播市场拓展系数增大,网红主播和品牌商的价格和利润均增大,实现双赢局面。④当佣金率较低时,导流率过高可能会导致品牌商和网红主播出现亏损;当佣金率较高时,品牌商和网红主播的利润均随导流率的增加而上升,且在网红主导时双方利润均最高。
基于以上分析,本文的研究成果对直播电商供应链管理实践有以下启示。①品牌商应依据市场规模、网红主播的市场导流能力等多维因素,动态调整佣金率以平衡利润与市场份额。低佣金率下,品牌商应发挥定价权以提升利润;高佣金率下,网红主播应发挥其粉丝经济效应,维持高价格水平,进而实现收益最大化。②品牌商应关注网红主播的公平关切心理,通过灵活的合作模式,缓解因权力不对等带来的冲突。可以通过明晰的权责划分和透明的收益分配机制,减少供应链内潜在的不平衡,从而保障整体利润。③选择合作对象时,品牌商应优先考虑具备较强市场扩展和导流能力的网红主播,尤其是在市场占有率快速提升的关键阶段。品牌商可以通过适当提高佣金率或提供额外激励手段,激发网红主播在扩大市场规模方面的积极性,从而实现双边利润的同步增长。此外,在品牌商与网红主播权力对等的情况下,合作双方均可通过强化市场拓展能力实现双赢格局。④品牌商应在不同佣金率情境下合理设定导流目标,避免出现“高导流低利润”的不利局面品牌商应在低佣金率情境下谨慎设定导流率,以避免亏损风险;在高佣金率情境下,导流率的提升将对供应链利润产生积极作用,尤其在网红主播主导时,导流率对利润的贡献更为显著。⑤根据不同市场环境和合作目标,品牌商应灵活调整供应链的主导权分配模式。例如,在市场规模较大、品牌影响力较强的情境下,品牌商应掌握主导权,通过定价策略引导市场;在高佣金率与网红导流需求强烈的情况下,品牌商应更依赖网红主播的市场影响力,调整定价策略与利润分配模式,以适应不同权力结构下的供应链决策需求。
本文尚存在一些不足,如只考虑了一个品牌商和一个网红主播,而对于实际中“一对多”或“多对多”的情况,还有待深入研究。此外,本文仅考虑网红主播存在公平关切,可进一步讨论品牌商存在公平关切的情形,这将是下一步研究的方向。
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2025年第25卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-10
  • 首发时间:2025-08-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-10
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    1 合肥工业大学管理学院, 合肥 230009
    2 合肥工业大学经济学院, 合肥 230601
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