Article(id=1153992904512103086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992893040677529, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)06-0085-08, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728230400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753062948587, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753062948587, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753062948587, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753062948587, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153992893040677529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753062945851, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755224695430, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1163059927997072066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992893040677529, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1163059927997072067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992893040677529, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=85, endPage=92, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153992905304826551, articleId=1153992904512103086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Cementation Strength on Crack Growth in Conglomerate, columnId=1151876674645226399, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Technology Innovation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Conglomerate reservoir is an important type of unconventional oil and gas reservoir. During the development process, it is found that the nature of the cementation surface between the gravel and the matrix affects the fracture propagation behavior. In order to clarify the effect of cementation strength on crack growth, a numerical model of conglomerate uniaxial compression was established by using PFC2D discrete element package, and four stages of crack growth and micro-fracture mechanism were studied. The results show that the mechanical properties of conglomerate gradually change from plastic to brittle with the increase of cementation strength, and the critical cementation strength ratio is 0.3.The influence of cementation strength on crack growth is mainly in the elastic stage and the stable crack growth stage. Under weak cementation (CSR<0.3), isolated shear cracks occur on the gravel edges in the elastic stage, and shear crack networks are connected in the stable growth stage. Under strong cementation (CSR>0.3), there are almost no cracks in the elastic stage of the gravel edge, and only sporadic isolated tensile cracks in the stable crack growth stage. The additional stress caused by the disharmony of deformation between gravel and matrix under weak cementation is the reason that the edge of gravel is the first to break and form an isolated fracture. These results indicate that weak cementation is conducive to the formation of complex fracture networks. A reference is provided for revealing the fracture propagation law of conglomerate reservoir.

, correspAuthors=Jiahao CHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiazheng QUAN, Jiahao CHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153992947616965521, articleId=1153992904512103086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=CN, title=胶结强度对砾岩裂纹扩展影响的数值模拟, columnId=1151876674787832737, journalTitle=科技和产业, columnName=科技创新, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

砾岩油藏是重要的非常规油气藏类型。在开发过程中发现,砾石与杂基间的胶结面性质影响了裂缝扩展行为。为厘清胶结强度对裂纹扩展的影响规律,通过颗粒流程序(PFC2D)离散元方法建立了砾岩单轴压缩数值模型,研究了裂纹扩展的四个阶段和破裂机制。结果表明:砾岩力学性质随胶结强度增强逐渐由塑性向脆性转变,临界胶结强度比CSRc为0.3,胶结强度对裂纹扩展的影响主要集中在弹性阶段和裂纹稳定扩展阶段,弱胶结下(CSR<0.3),砾石边缘在弹性阶段产生孤立的剪切裂纹,并且在稳定扩展阶段连接形成剪切裂缝网络;强胶结下(CSR>0.3),砾石边缘在弹性阶段几乎不产生裂纹,而在裂纹稳定扩展阶段仅仅产生零星的孤立拉伸裂纹;砾石和杂基之间变形不协调产生的附加应力是弱胶结下胶结面破裂的原因。这些结果表明弱胶结有利于形成复杂裂缝网络,为揭示砾岩储层裂缝扩展规律提供了力学基础。

, correspAuthors=程佳豪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
程佳豪(1998—),男,陕西礼泉人,助理工程师,研究方向为石油工程岩石力学。
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全家正(1984—),男,黑龙江建三江人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为石油与天然气工程。

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全家正(1984—),男,黑龙江建三江人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为石油与天然气工程。

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全家正(1984—),男,黑龙江建三江人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为石油与天然气工程。

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year=2021, volume=21, issue=14, pageStart=5777, pageEnd=5783, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=李琼, 吴建邦, 周伟, journalName=科学技术与工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李琼, 吴建邦, 周伟, . 玛湖1井区乌尔禾组致密砂砾岩储层物性特征研究[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2021, 21(14): 5777-5783., articleTitle=玛湖1井区乌尔禾组致密砂砾岩储层物性特征研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245461221583991054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992904512103086, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=22, issue=2, pageStart=488, pageEnd=495, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=张帆, 高明, 陈国军, journalName=科学技术与工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张帆, 高明, 陈国军, . 电成像孔隙度谱在砂砾岩有效储层识别的应用[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2022, 22(2): 488-495., articleTitle=电成像孔隙度谱在砂砾岩有效储层识别的应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245461221722403092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992904512103086, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=6, 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组别 参数 砾石 杂基 胶结面
颗粒 最小粒径/mm 0.3 0.3
粒径比 1.33 1.33
密度/(kg·m-3) 2 875 2 500
摩擦系数 0.8 0.8 0.16
线性组 有效模量/GPa 45.0 10.0 9.0
刚度比 2.0 4.0 0.4
黏结组 黏结有效模量/GPa 45.0 10.0 9.0
黏结刚度比 2.0 4.0 0.4
法向黏结强度/MPa 80.0 50.0 16.0
黏聚力/MPa 80.0 50.0 16.0
内摩擦角/(°) 35.0 35.0 35.0
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微观参数

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组别 参数 砾石 杂基 胶结面
颗粒 最小粒径/mm 0.3 0.3
粒径比 1.33 1.33
密度/(kg·m-3) 2 875 2 500
摩擦系数 0.8 0.8 0.16
线性组 有效模量/GPa 45.0 10.0 9.0
刚度比 2.0 4.0 0.4
黏结组 黏结有效模量/GPa 45.0 10.0 9.0
黏结刚度比 2.0 4.0 0.4
法向黏结强度/MPa 80.0 50.0 16.0
黏聚力/MPa 80.0 50.0 16.0
内摩擦角/(°) 35.0 35.0 35.0
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结果 抗压强度/MPa 弹性模量/GPa
实验结果 60.5 18.27
数值结果 66.2 19.17
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实验与数值结果

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结果 抗压强度/MPa 弹性模量/GPa
实验结果 60.5 18.27
数值结果 66.2 19.17
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胶结强度对砾岩裂纹扩展影响的数值模拟
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全家正 , 程佳豪
科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025,25(6): 85-92
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科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025, 25(6): 85-92
胶结强度对砾岩裂纹扩展影响的数值模拟
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全家正, 程佳豪
作者信息
  • 中国石化西南油气分公司石油工程监督中心, 四川 德阳 618099
  • 全家正(1984—),男,黑龙江建三江人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为石油与天然气工程。

通讯作者:

程佳豪(1998—),男,陕西礼泉人,助理工程师,研究方向为石油工程岩石力学。
Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Cementation Strength on Crack Growth in Conglomerate
Jiazheng QUAN, Jiahao CHENG
Affiliations
  • Petroleum Engineering Supervision Center, Sinopec Southwest Oil and Gas Branch, Deyang 618099, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25
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砾岩油藏是重要的非常规油气藏类型。在开发过程中发现,砾石与杂基间的胶结面性质影响了裂缝扩展行为。为厘清胶结强度对裂纹扩展的影响规律,通过颗粒流程序(PFC2D)离散元方法建立了砾岩单轴压缩数值模型,研究了裂纹扩展的四个阶段和破裂机制。结果表明:砾岩力学性质随胶结强度增强逐渐由塑性向脆性转变,临界胶结强度比CSRc为0.3,胶结强度对裂纹扩展的影响主要集中在弹性阶段和裂纹稳定扩展阶段,弱胶结下(CSR<0.3),砾石边缘在弹性阶段产生孤立的剪切裂纹,并且在稳定扩展阶段连接形成剪切裂缝网络;强胶结下(CSR>0.3),砾石边缘在弹性阶段几乎不产生裂纹,而在裂纹稳定扩展阶段仅仅产生零星的孤立拉伸裂纹;砾石和杂基之间变形不协调产生的附加应力是弱胶结下胶结面破裂的原因。这些结果表明弱胶结有利于形成复杂裂缝网络,为揭示砾岩储层裂缝扩展规律提供了力学基础。

砾岩  /  胶结强度  /  裂纹扩展  /  数值模拟  /  PFC2D

Conglomerate reservoir is an important type of unconventional oil and gas reservoir. During the development process, it is found that the nature of the cementation surface between the gravel and the matrix affects the fracture propagation behavior. In order to clarify the effect of cementation strength on crack growth, a numerical model of conglomerate uniaxial compression was established by using PFC2D discrete element package, and four stages of crack growth and micro-fracture mechanism were studied. The results show that the mechanical properties of conglomerate gradually change from plastic to brittle with the increase of cementation strength, and the critical cementation strength ratio is 0.3.The influence of cementation strength on crack growth is mainly in the elastic stage and the stable crack growth stage. Under weak cementation (CSR<0.3), isolated shear cracks occur on the gravel edges in the elastic stage, and shear crack networks are connected in the stable growth stage. Under strong cementation (CSR>0.3), there are almost no cracks in the elastic stage of the gravel edge, and only sporadic isolated tensile cracks in the stable crack growth stage. The additional stress caused by the disharmony of deformation between gravel and matrix under weak cementation is the reason that the edge of gravel is the first to break and form an isolated fracture. These results indicate that weak cementation is conducive to the formation of complex fracture networks. A reference is provided for revealing the fracture propagation law of conglomerate reservoir.

conglomerate  /  cementation strength  /  crack growth  /  numerical simulation  /  PFC2D
全家正, 程佳豪. 胶结强度对砾岩裂纹扩展影响的数值模拟. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (6) : 85 -92 .
Jiazheng QUAN, Jiahao CHENG. Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Cementation Strength on Crack Growth in Conglomerate[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (6) : 85 -92 .
近年来,随着勘探开发的不断深入,非常规油气成为油气资源的新增长点。特别是像砾岩这类新型储层的发现,拓宽了非常规油气的资源类型。砾岩储层具有储量丰富,分布较广的特点。遗憾的是,储层岩石通常较为致密,渗透能力差[1-2],储量的有效动用必须进行水力压裂改造[3]。在水力压裂过程中发现,砾岩储层中砾石与杂基之间的胶结性质影响了水力裂缝的扩展模式,实际施工显示破裂特征存在较大差别,裂缝具有绕砾、终止、穿透、分叉等多种扩展模式[4],严重影响储层压裂改造效果。因此,需要研究胶结强度对砾岩裂缝扩展的影响。
目前,对砾岩裂缝扩展规律的研究已经取得了一些基本认识。在实验室尺度上,砾石和杂基之间的胶结强度也被证实是影响砾岩破裂的重要因素[5-7]。李振嵩和陈杰[8]对砾岩胶结物开展分析,发现胶结物强度降低会导致砾岩整体强度降低。李皋等[9]使用三维激光扫描技术获取了砾石颗粒形态,建立砾岩三维离散数值模型,发现砾岩破坏表现出明显的“鼓涨”效应。Li等[10]探究了砾岩破裂机制,单轴压缩条件下砾岩发生拉伸破坏,而在三轴条件下则发生剪切破坏或者塑性流动。此外,研究人员还研究了拉应力和动态载荷条件下的破裂特征。Wei等[11]基于巴西圆盘试验和霍普金森压杆系统发现,在拉应力条件下,样品主要表现为脆性劈裂破坏;在动态试验中,形成体积破碎破坏。在这两个实验中,均存在穿砾和绕砾现象。砾岩复杂的破裂形态主要归因于杂基、砾石及胶结面的力学性质差异。尽管上述结果阐释了砾岩的破裂特征,但裂缝从产生、发育、扩展到宏观破坏这一力学过程仍不清楚。
Martin和Chamdler[12]将岩石的裂缝扩展过程划分为五个阶段。裂缝萌生、发育直至交互贯通主要是在裂缝稳定扩展阶段至峰后扩展阶段。为观察砾岩这类岩石材料的裂缝扩展过程,Liu等[13]利用了数字图像相关法,发现当砾石的刚度高于杂基时,裂缝扩展尖端形成的断裂过程区主导了裂缝进一步扩展。Liu等[14]基于真三轴压裂实验,分析破裂过程中的声发射事件数据发现,剪切事件主要发生在砾石与杂基界面附近。这些研究主要集中在裂缝扩展至宏观破坏阶段,裂缝发育的全过程仍不清晰,并且胶结强度并没有在目前的研究中被考虑。
针对上述问题,选取新疆玛湖凹陷131井区砾岩样品,基于PFC2D离散元方法,构建不同胶结强度下的砾岩数值模型,开展单轴压缩数值模拟,研究了胶结强度对砾岩裂纹扩展全过程的影响规律。研究成果可为进一步揭示砾岩储层裂缝扩展规律提供力学基础和模型基础。
颗粒流程序(PFC2D)属于离散元方法(DEM)[15]。刚性颗粒是材料的基本构成单元。颗粒之间的相互作用是通过力-位移方程更新。力的更新基于胡克定律。位移的更新基于牛顿第二定律。岩石材料的力学行为是通过赋予相邻颗粒间黏结强度来描述,被称为黏结颗粒模型(BPM)。采用平行黏结模型定义黏结颗粒模型,该模型可以承受力与力矩,能够很好地揭示岩石变形与破坏行为。这种力和力矩与作用于接触周围的最大剪应力和最大正应力紧密相关,一旦最大主应力大于相应的黏结强度,则平行黏结将被破坏,颗粒间产生一个裂纹,并且该处的力和力矩都会去除。力和力矩的控制方程如下:
$\stackrel{-}{F}$=${\stackrel{-}{F}}_{n}$+${\stackrel{-}{F}}_{s}$
${\stackrel{-}{F}}_{n}$=${\stackrel{-}{F}}_{n}$+${\stackrel{-}{k}}_{n}\stackrel{-}{A}$Δδn
${\stackrel{-}{F}}_{s}$=${\stackrel{-}{F}}_{s}$+${\stackrel{-}{k}}_{s}\stackrel{-}{A}$Δδs
式中:颗粒间的黏结力被分解为法向黏结力${\stackrel{-}{F}}_{n}$和切向黏结力${\stackrel{-}{F}}_{s}$;$\stackrel{-}{k}$n$\stackrel{-}{k}$s分别为法向黏结刚度与切向黏结刚度;Δδn、Δδs分别为相对法向位移增量、相对切向位移增量;$\stackrel{-}{A}$为颗粒黏结截面积。
$\stackrel{-}{M}$=${\stackrel{-}{M}}_{t}{\hat{n}}_{c}$+${\stackrel{-}{M}}_{b}$(2D model: ${\stackrel{-}{M}}_{t}$≡0)
${\stackrel{-}{M}}_{t}$=$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}0,& 2D\\ {\stackrel{-}{M}}_{t}-\stackrel{-}{k}{ }_{s}\stackrel{-}{J}\Delta {\theta }_{t},& 3D\end{array}\right.$
${\stackrel{-}{M}}_{b}$=${\stackrel{-}{M}}_{b}$-$\stackrel{-}{k}$n$\stackrel{-}{I}$Δθb
式中:颗粒间的力矩被分解为扭矩${\stackrel{-}{M}}_{t}$与弯矩${\stackrel{-}{M}}_{b}$,在二维模型中扭矩为零;${\hat{n}}_{c}$为单位方向向量;$\stackrel{-}{I}$为黏结截面上的惯性矩;$\stackrel{-}{J}$为黏结截面上的极惯性矩;θtθb分别为相对扭转角增量与相对弯曲角增量。
砾岩数值模型包括砾石、杂基和胶结面。考虑到砾石在受力作用下可能发生破坏,采用PFC2D中可破坏的柔性簇Cluster表征砾石。基于矿场的真实样品构建了砾岩数值模型,如图1所示。砾岩样品采集于新疆玛湖凹陷131井区,图1(b)为岩心侧面展开图,以虚线框选区域为建模范围,砾石含量为35%。具体的建模流程如下:在侧面展开图上选取代表性区域(黑色虚线框所示50 mm×100 mm范围),导入Auto CAD绘图软件拾取砾石轮廓。然后输入PFC2D软件,将轮廓内部的颗粒识别为砾石相,轮廓外部的颗粒默认为杂基相。杂基与砾石的接触面即是胶结界面,最终构建的模型如图1(c)所示。模型共计11 346个颗粒,半径为0.3~0.4 mm,初始孔隙率为16%。
砾岩数值模型的参数标定需要分别确定砾石、杂基、胶结面的微观参数。具体的流程借鉴Luo等[6]。在标定参数过程中,样品杂基与砾石之间主要是泥质胶结,其强度小于砾石强度。然而,目前还没有成熟的方法测定胶结面的宏观力学性质,不能单独标定胶结面的微观参数,因而设置了三组胶结面微观参数,分别是砾石的0.1、0.2、0.3倍,称为胶结强度比(CSR)。在不同CSR下,经过反复试错最终确定CSR=0.2时数值样品具有良好的标定结果,如表1所示。参数校准后的宏观结果与实验结果相比,抗压强度误差为9.42%,弹性模量误差为4.93%,误差均在合理范围,模型具有一定的可靠性,如表2所示。
为了定量表征胶结强度,前文定义了胶结强度比CSR这一概念,即胶结面微观参数为砾石的CSR倍,该值越大,胶结强度越强。设置了CSR依次为0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.、0.8、0.9、1.0的一组平行实验,探究在单轴压缩条件下胶结强度对裂缝演化的影响规律。
为了模拟准静态加载过程,数值试样的加载板需要保持一个极低的速度。值得注意的是,PFC2D构建的是二维模型,模型中的加载速率并不能和实验中的实际速率完全对应。考虑到计算效率,数值模型采用0.025 m/s的加载速率进行加载状态分析。PFC2D采用显示迭代方法进行求解,时间步长和颗粒刚度和质量有关。这个模型的时间步长为3.43×10-8 s/step。换句话说,0.025 m/s的加载速率等同于8.58×10-10 m/step。加载板移动0.5 mm需要582 750个计算步,满足准静态加载要求。当轴向应力为峰值强度的60%时停止加载。同时,每间隔1 000个计算步监测裂缝分布。
图2所示为不同胶结强度下的应力应变曲线。由于平行黏结模型无法描述岩石中天然裂隙闭合过程,本文不涉及初始裂缝闭合阶段。砾岩在初始加载阶段表现出弹性特征,仅有极少量的微裂缝产生,并且累计微裂纹数曲线表明,胶结强度越低,微裂缝越早产生。随着进一步加载,曲线表现出强非线性特征,微裂缝数量陡增,这说明样品内部开始发育大量裂缝。一般来说,岩石属于准脆性材料,在单轴压缩下通常为脆性,但通过峰值附近的曲线特征可以发现,随着胶结强度比的增加,砾岩的力学性质呈现塑性向脆性转变的趋势,临界胶结强度比CSRc为0.3。
胶结强度对力学参数具有显著影响,如图3所示。在CSR<0.3时,弹性模量和单轴抗压强度处于较低水平;随着胶结强度增强,两者先增大后趋于平缓,CSR=0.3是一个明显的转折点。因此,在CSR<0.3时,砾石与杂基之间属于弱胶结,反之属于强胶结。
从细观力学角度来讲,砾岩是由杂基和砾石构成的两相复合体,其等效弹性力学参数由各相的体积含量、弹性模量以及几何细节决定。这类方法包括Hashin-Shtrikman理论、Voigt-Reuss理论、自相容近似理论、微分等效介质理论等[16]。基于这类理论,在砾石含量、砾石力学性质和杂基力学性质不变的情况下,砾岩的弹性模型应该是一个定值,但是在弱胶结下,这类方法显然不适用。在弱胶结下,砾石和杂基之间的胶结面并不是完美的,即胶结面上力的传递和位移是不连续的。因此,在构建砾岩的细观力学模型时必须要考虑弱胶结的影响。
Matrin和Chandler[12]发现岩石的破坏过程可以划分为裂纹闭合阶段、弹性阶段、裂纹稳定扩展阶段、裂纹不稳定扩展阶段、峰后扩展阶段5个阶段。本文中只考虑后4个阶段:在弹性阶段(Ⅰ区),岩石内部会有极少部分裂纹产生,裂纹体积应变保持不变;随着轴向应力增加至起裂应力(σci),进入裂纹稳定扩展阶段(Ⅱ区),岩石内部产生新的裂纹,裂纹体积应变增大,但是岩石整体上还是被压缩;当轴向应力逐渐增大到损伤应力(σcd),进入裂纹不稳定扩展阶段(Ⅲ区),此时岩石内部的微裂纹相互贯穿,连接,孕育主裂缝,发生体积膨胀;随着轴向应力继续增大至峰值应力(σp),进入峰后扩展阶段(Ⅳ区),主裂缝扩展形成宏观裂缝,岩石发生宏观破坏。
在裂纹扩展演化的过程中,伴随着颗粒间的破裂和裂纹体积应变。破裂释放的黏结应变能反映破坏的剧烈程度Ek,其计算公式[15]
Ek=$\frac{1}{2}\left[\frac{{F}_{n}^{2}}{{k}_{n}A}+\frac{{F}_{s}^{2}}{{k}_{s}A}+\frac{{M}_{t}^{2}}{{k}_{s}J}+\frac{{M}_{b}^{2}}{{k}_{n}I}\right]$
式中:4项依次考虑了法向黏结力、切向黏结力、扭矩、弯矩产生的能量。
裂纹体积应变εcv由总的体积应变εv减去弹性体积应变εev[17]而得:
εcv=εv-εev
根据虎克定理,在单轴压缩条件下,圆柱样品的弹性体积应变为
εev=$\frac{1-2\nu }{E}$σ1
式中:σ1为轴向应力;νE为泊松比和弹性模量。
根据对砾岩力学性质和力学参数的研究结果,选取弱胶结CSR=0.1,临界胶结比CSRc=0.3和强胶结CSR=0.8为典型数值试样开展分析。砾岩的破坏过程明显存在4个阶段,如图4所示。在弹性阶段,仅产生了极少的裂纹,并且破裂产生的黏结应变能低于0.05 J,处于较低水平,裂纹体积应变几乎不变。在裂纹稳定扩展阶段,持续产生破裂,裂纹体积逐渐膨胀,释放的黏结应变能低于0.1 J,同样处于较低水平。在裂纹不稳定扩展阶段,破裂释放的黏结应变能较为强烈,这说明有更多的裂纹产生,总的体积发生膨胀。在峰后扩展阶段,主裂缝扩展形成宏观裂缝,释放出剧烈的黏结应变能,裂纹体积和总的体积急剧膨胀。
σciσcd是划分裂纹稳定扩展和不稳定扩展阶段的应力阈值。弱胶结下,σci=11.9 MPa,σcd=47.4 MPa;临界胶结比下,σci=43.8 MPa,σcd=59.9 MPa;强胶结下,σci=67.4 MPa,σcd=79.0 MPa。可以发现,随着胶结强度增强,两个应力阈值均大幅度增加,这表明胶结强度会影响裂纹扩展阶段。
为了进一步揭示胶结强度对裂纹扩展阶段的影响规律,定义了弹性区占比γ1,裂纹稳定扩展区占比γ2,裂纹不稳定扩展区占比γ3:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\gamma }_{1}=\frac{{\sigma }_{ci}}{{\sigma }_{p}}\times 100\%\\ {\gamma }_{2}=\frac{{\sigma }_{cd}-{\sigma }_{ci}}{{\sigma }_{p}}\times 100\%\\ {\gamma }_{3}=\frac{{\sigma }_{p}-{\sigma }_{cd}}{{\sigma }_{p}}\times 100\%\end{array}\right.$
式中:γ1为弹性阶段占整个峰前阶段的比例;γ2为裂纹稳定扩展阶段占整个峰前阶段的比例;γ3为裂纹不稳定扩展阶段占整个峰前阶段。
图5反映了弹性阶段、裂纹稳定扩展阶段和裂纹不稳定扩展阶段在峰值前的占比。在弱胶结情况下,弹性阶段占整个峰值阶段不到40%,以裂纹稳定扩展阶段和裂纹不稳定扩展阶段为主,这表明砾岩内部起裂较早,但裂纹发育形成宏观裂缝需要较长时间。在CSR>0.3后,峰前以弹性阶段为主,占比超过60%,这表明裂纹起裂较晚,同时裂纹在短时间内就能发育形成宏观破坏。综上所述,随着胶结强度增强,峰前逐渐以弹性阶段为主,裂纹稳定扩展阶段和裂纹不稳定扩展阶段占比减少。
不同胶结强度下,砾岩裂纹发育情况差异显著,最终导致裂缝复杂程度不一致。
图6所示为弱胶结情况下裂纹扩展的3个阶段,其中,云图表示沿着加载方向的应力分量(σyy),红色裂纹为剪切破坏,黑色裂纹为拉伸破坏。在弹性阶段,砾石边缘存在应力集中现象,并且发育少量孤立的剪切裂纹,如图6(a)所示。随着进一步加载,在裂纹稳定扩展阶段,剪切裂纹相互连接形成绕砾的剪切裂缝网络,这表示砾石和杂基发生剥离,如图6(b)所示。在裂纹不稳定扩展阶段,砾石边缘产生拉伸裂缝并向杂基区域扩展,进一步发育主裂缝,并且主裂缝附近的应力集中现象显著,如图6(c)所示。在峰后扩展阶段,主裂缝扩展形成宏观破裂,其附近发生应力松弛现象;主裂缝在扩展过程中存在穿砾和止砾现象,最终主裂缝和砾石边缘的剪切裂缝网络共同形成复杂的网状裂缝体系,如图6(d)所示。
图7所示为临界胶结强度下,裂纹扩展的3个阶段。在弹性阶段,砾石边缘发育少量拉剪混合型裂纹,如图7(a)所示。与弱胶结不同的是,在裂纹稳定扩展阶段,虽然砾石边缘进一步产生裂纹,但是并没有形成裂缝网络,大部分胶结面仍然是完整的,如图7(b)所示。进入裂纹不稳定扩展阶段后,与弱胶结类似,砾石边缘产生拉伸裂缝并向杂基区域扩展,进一步发育主裂缝,如图7(c)所示。峰后扩展阶段,主裂缝穿透砾石;由于砾石边缘没有形成剪切裂缝网络,最终的裂缝形态较弱胶结下简单,如图7(c)所示。
图8所示为强胶结情况下,裂纹扩展的3个阶段。强胶结下产生的裂纹以拉伸破坏为主,弹性阶段和裂纹稳定扩展阶段明显不同于弱胶结和临界胶结情况,在这两个阶段砾石边缘仅仅发育极少数零星的拉伸裂纹,如图8(a)图8(b)所示。裂纹不稳定扩展阶段只发育了一条穿砾的拉伸裂缝,但其周围的应力集中现象显著,如图8(c)所示。在峰后扩展阶段,主裂缝扩展及分支裂缝发育,最终形成的裂缝形态最为简单,如图8(d)所示。
综上所述,胶结强度对裂纹扩展的影响主要集中在弹性阶段和裂纹稳定扩展阶段。弱胶结情况下,砾石边缘在弹性阶段产生孤立的剪切裂纹,并且在稳定扩展阶段连接形成剪切裂缝网络,增加了最终裂缝的复杂性。强胶结情况下,砾石边缘在弹性阶段几乎不产生裂纹,而在裂纹稳定扩展阶段仅仅产生零星的孤立拉伸裂纹。而在裂纹不稳定扩展阶段和峰后扩展阶段,裂纹发育情况相差不大,主要是发育主裂缝以及主裂缝的扩展。
裂纹演化过程决定了岩石的最终破坏形态。图9图10分别展示了不同胶结强度下的砾岩破坏形态及分形维数。分形维数可以定量表征裂缝复杂性。可以发现,随着胶结强度增强,分形维数先降低后趋于稳定,裂缝复杂性降低,临界胶结强度为0.3。在CSR>0.3后,裂缝扩展路径及形态几乎一致,如图9所示。弱胶结条件下,杂基区域的主裂缝与裂纹稳定扩展阶段砾石边缘发育的剪切裂缝网络共同形成复杂的网状裂缝;而在强胶结下,由于胶结强度较高,砾石与杂基之间不易产生破裂,最终所形成的裂缝较为简单。
通过对砾岩力学性质和裂纹演化特征的研究,砾岩破裂可按胶结强度分成两类:弱胶结破裂和强胶结破裂。这两类的破裂机制、裂纹演化规律和裂缝复杂性不同。
砾岩胶结界面的应力状态是影响砾石边缘破裂的重要因素。在弱胶结情况下,由于砾石的强度和弹性模量高于胶结面,在外部荷载作用下,砾石不容易变形从而导致胶结面变形受到阻碍,产生不协调变形和附加应力[图6(a)],这导致胶结面容易发生破裂。另外,胶结面和砾石之间的不协调变形导致砾岩力学性质呈现结构塑性。在强胶结情况下,胶结面和砾石的力学性质差异降低,不协调变形和附加应力现象减弱[图8(a)],同时胶结强度较高,因此胶结面不易发生破裂。
本文基于PFC2D离散元软件建立了砾岩数值模型,采用单轴压缩实验,研究了胶结强度下的砾岩裂纹扩展规律,得到以下4个主要结论。
(1)胶结强度对砾岩力学性质的影响以CSR=0.3为拐点,低于该值为弱胶结,力学性质表现为塑性;高于该值为强胶结,力学性质表现为脆性。随着胶结强度由弱增强,弹性模量和抗压强度先增大后趋于稳定。
(2)随着胶结强度增强,裂纹越晚起裂,峰值强度前逐渐以弹性阶段为主,裂纹稳定扩展阶段和裂纹不稳定扩展阶段占比减少。
(3)胶结强度对砾岩裂纹扩展的影响主要体现在弹性阶段和裂纹稳定扩展阶段。弱胶结下,砾石边缘在弹性阶段产生孤立的剪切裂纹,并且在稳定扩展阶段连接形成剪切裂缝网络;强胶结下,在弹性阶段几乎不产生裂纹,在裂纹稳定扩展阶段,砾石边缘仅仅发育零星的孤立拉伸裂纹。
(4)砾石和胶结面之间不协调变形产生的附加应力是弱胶结下胶结面破裂的重要原因,并且这种不协调变形是砾岩力学性质表现为塑性的根本机制。
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2025年第25卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-07
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    中国石化西南油气分公司石油工程监督中心, 四川 德阳 618099

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程佳豪(1998—),男,陕西礼泉人,助理工程师,研究方向为石油工程岩石力学。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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