Article(id=1153992904180753067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992893040677529, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)06-0066-08, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724774400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753062948508, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753062948508, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753062948508, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753062948508, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153992893040677529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753062945851, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755224695430, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1163059927997072066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992893040677529, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1163059927997072067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992893040677529, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=66, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153992904973476529, articleId=1153992904180753067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Feasibility Analysis of Fluent Simulation of Nanofluid Heat Pipes, columnId=1151876674645226399, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Technology Innovation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to further explore the simulation of nanofluid heat pipe, the VOF(volume of fluid) model in Fluent software was used to take single nanofluid (TiO2-H2O) and mixed nanofluid (Al2O3+TiO2-H2O) as working medium. The feasibility of using Fluent to simulate nanofluid heat pipes was comprehensively analyzed from the visualization analysis of evaporation and condensation process inside heat pipes and the results of the overall thermal parameters. The results show that, from the visualization point of view, the simulated nephogram can reflect the phase transition process in the heat pipe with time. However, there is still a 3% error between the specific simulation value and the corrected experimental value, indicating that there are unconventional factors affecting the simulation results. It is feasible to use the VOF model to simulate the nanofluid heat pipe in numerical law and visualization analysis, but it is still necessary to combine other simulation methods to study the detailed principle.

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为了进一步探究纳米流体热管的模拟仿真,运用Fluent软件中的VOF(volume of fluid)模型,以单一纳米流体(TiO2-H2O)和混合纳米流体(Al2O3+TiO2-H2O)为工质,从热管内部蒸发冷凝过程的可视化分析以及整体热力参数结果两个维度综合分析利用Fluent模拟纳米流体热管的可行性。结果表明,从可视化角度看,模拟结果云图整体可以反映热管内部随着时间变化所发生的相变过程。但具体的模拟数值与修正实验数值仍存在3%的误差,说明存在非常规因素影响模拟结果。利用VOF模型模拟纳米流体热管在数值规律以及可视化分析上是可行的,但对于具体的精细化原理研究仍需结合其他模拟方法。

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乔利红(1995—),男,山西朔州人,硕士,研究方向为清洁能源。

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乔利红(1995—),男,山西朔州人,硕士,研究方向为清洁能源。

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乔利红(1995—),男,山西朔州人,硕士,研究方向为清洁能源。

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Ltd., Taiyuan 030000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245461206207676942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992904180753067, companyId=1245461206195094028, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山西省交通新技术发展有限公司, 太原 030000)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1245461208099308123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992904180753067, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=nanofluids), Keyword(id=1245461208233525870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992904180753067, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=heat pipe), Keyword(id=1245461208355160696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992904180753067, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=multiphase flow), Keyword(id=1245461208514544265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992904180753067, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=numerical simulation), Keyword(id=1245461208636179094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992904180753067, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=phase transition), Keyword(id=1245461208833311401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992904180753067, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=纳米流体), Keyword(id=1245461209097552564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992904180753067, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=热管), Keyword(id=1245461209219187395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992904180753067, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=多相流), Keyword(id=1245461209319850703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992904180753067, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=数值模拟), Keyword(id=1245461209445679831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992904180753067, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=相变)], refs=[Reference(id=1245461215711969289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992904180753067, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=22, issue=3, pageStart=55, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=张倩倩, journalName=科技和产业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张倩倩. 基于低碳转型目标的可再生能源发电资金需求分析[J]. 科技和产业, 2022, 22(3): 55-62., articleTitle=基于低碳转型目标的可再生能源发电资金需求分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245461215879741457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992904180753067, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=52, issue=3, pageStart=41, pageEnd=46, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=葛志晶, 胡姝凡, 严丽红, journalName=化学工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=葛志晶, 胡姝凡, 严丽红, . 质子交换膜燃料电池的平板热管传热性能[J]. 化学工程, 2024, 52(3): 41-46., articleTitle=质子交换膜燃料电池的平板热管传热性能, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245461216034930717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992904180753067, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=19, issue=21, pageStart=1, pageEnd=7, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=张东伟, 蒋二辉, journalName=科学技术与工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张东伟, 蒋二辉, 周俊杰. 脉动热管强化传热技术研究进展[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2019, 19(21): 1-7., articleTitle=脉动热管强化传热技术研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245461216311754795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992904180753067, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=38, issue=null, pageStart=101649, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=RUDRESHA S, BABU E R, THEJARAJU R, journalName=Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RUDRESHA S, BABU E R, THEJARAJU R. 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测量点 实验
温度/
K
模拟
温度/
K
误差/
%
实验平
均温度/
K
模拟平
均温度/
K
误差/
%
蒸发段 349.5 365.2 4.3 346.9 365.2 5.0
347.7 365.3 4.8
343.5 365.0 5.8
绝热段 326.1 341.4 4.5 326.1 341.4 4.5
冷凝段 314.9 318.7 1.2 313.0 320.8 2.4
313.1 318.8 1.8
311.0 318.8 2.4
), ArticleFig(id=1245461214998938595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992904180753067, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

热管壁温测量值与模拟值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测量点 实验
温度/
K
模拟
温度/
K
误差/
%
实验平
均温度/
K
模拟平
均温度/
K
误差/
%
蒸发段 349.5 365.2 4.3 346.9 365.2 5.0
347.7 365.3 4.8
343.5 365.0 5.8
绝热段 326.1 341.4 4.5 326.1 341.4 4.5
冷凝段 314.9 318.7 1.2 313.0 320.8 2.4
313.1 318.8 1.8
311.0 318.8 2.4
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纳米流体热管Fluent模拟可行性分析
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乔利红
科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025,25(6): 66-73
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科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025, 25(6): 66-73
纳米流体热管Fluent模拟可行性分析
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乔利红
作者信息
  • 山西省交通新技术发展有限公司, 太原 030000
  • 乔利红(1995—),男,山西朔州人,硕士,研究方向为清洁能源。

Feasibility Analysis of Fluent Simulation of Nanofluid Heat Pipes
Lihong QIAO
Affiliations
  • Shanxi Communications New Technology Development Co. Ltd., Taiyuan 030000, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25
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为了进一步探究纳米流体热管的模拟仿真,运用Fluent软件中的VOF(volume of fluid)模型,以单一纳米流体(TiO2-H2O)和混合纳米流体(Al2O3+TiO2-H2O)为工质,从热管内部蒸发冷凝过程的可视化分析以及整体热力参数结果两个维度综合分析利用Fluent模拟纳米流体热管的可行性。结果表明,从可视化角度看,模拟结果云图整体可以反映热管内部随着时间变化所发生的相变过程。但具体的模拟数值与修正实验数值仍存在3%的误差,说明存在非常规因素影响模拟结果。利用VOF模型模拟纳米流体热管在数值规律以及可视化分析上是可行的,但对于具体的精细化原理研究仍需结合其他模拟方法。

纳米流体  /  热管  /  多相流  /  数值模拟  /  相变

In order to further explore the simulation of nanofluid heat pipe, the VOF(volume of fluid) model in Fluent software was used to take single nanofluid (TiO2-H2O) and mixed nanofluid (Al2O3+TiO2-H2O) as working medium. The feasibility of using Fluent to simulate nanofluid heat pipes was comprehensively analyzed from the visualization analysis of evaporation and condensation process inside heat pipes and the results of the overall thermal parameters. The results show that, from the visualization point of view, the simulated nephogram can reflect the phase transition process in the heat pipe with time. However, there is still a 3% error between the specific simulation value and the corrected experimental value, indicating that there are unconventional factors affecting the simulation results. It is feasible to use the VOF model to simulate the nanofluid heat pipe in numerical law and visualization analysis, but it is still necessary to combine other simulation methods to study the detailed principle.

nanofluids  /  heat pipe  /  multiphase flow  /  numerical simulation  /  phase transition
乔利红. 纳米流体热管Fluent模拟可行性分析. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (6) : 66 -73 .
Lihong QIAO. Feasibility Analysis of Fluent Simulation of Nanofluid Heat Pipes[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (6) : 66 -73 .
当今世界,科学技术和工业生产均取得了飞速的发展,能源危机已经成为各国普遍关注的问题[1]。热管是一种结构简单、成本低廉以及传热性能高的传热元件,在工业各领域应用广泛[2-3]。传统来说,对于热管传热性能的优化不外乎从充液率、倾斜角度等外部结构方面入手,而热管工作的本质是依据工质的相变来进行能量传递的[4-11]。因此,工质选取是否恰当对热管本身的工作性能也会产生很大的影响。纳米流体是指以一定的方式和比例在液体中添加纳米级金属或金属氧化物粒子,从而形成一类新的传热冷却工质。由于其高导热率的优势,受到了各行业的关注,将纳米流体应用到热管中来提升热管传热性能也成为国内外一大研究热点。目前,纳米流体热管的研究主要是从实验和模拟仿真两方面出发的。
Tarigonda等[12]以单一氧化铝 (Al2O3) 纳米流体和混合纳米流体 (Al2O3 + CuO) 为工质,以实验测试的方式对热管传热性能进行评估。最后的结论显示,混合纳米流体相比单一纳米流体对于热管的热阻有明显的降低作用。Mohammad等[13]以氧化石墨烯纳米流体为工质,对脉动热管的热性能进行实验研究,发现利用氧化石墨烯可以将热管的热阻降低42%。纪航宇等[14]通过热管热性能测试实验装置研究了不同CuO-水纳米流体浓度下热管散热性能的变化情况,并与相同条件下的水工质热管进行了对比。结论显示,CuO-水纳米流体对于热管具有明显的强化传热作用。
除了实验研究,考虑到内部相变过程的可视化以及同时考虑多种条件下的热力变化,学者们开始尝试模拟仿真方面的研究。战洪仁等[15]运用Fluent模拟软件中的VOF(volume of fluid)模型,考虑压力差和温度等相关因素,对所设计的一种新型脉动热管进行传热性能探究,通过分析不同时刻的两相云图以及热力参数计算结果,证明此脉动热管具有传热性能优势。
Asmaie等[16]用Fluent模拟了CuO-H2O纳米流体重力热管内的传热传质过程,经过与实验对比后发现,利用VOF模型建立重力热管计算流体动力(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)模型具有可行性,并且模拟结果显示,纳米流体能显著提高重力热管的传热性能。张燕辉等[17]通过VOF模型结合自定义函数(UDF)添加传热传质源项对重力热管进行数值模拟,并将数值结果与实验数据进行对比验证。模拟结果表明,该数值模型能够较好地模拟多壁碳纳米管水基纳米流体重力热管内部复杂的流动与传热过程。
综上所述,关于纳米流体热管的实验研究已形成比较成熟的体系。而对于模拟仿真的相关方面研究,基本均是以Fluent中的VOF模型为基础来进行,在模型验证方面则是以水为工质和实验进行对比。然而,纳米流体作为一种类胶体状流体,在蒸发过程中是存在颗粒沉降的,蒸发段壁面密集的颗粒存在对沸腾传热必定存在影响,但利用VOF模型模拟仿真是无法体现颗粒的作用的,这部分必然会引起结果的误差。本文继续依托Fluent中的VOF模型进行模拟仿真,以气液两相云图评估模型的可视化作用;以壁面温度的模拟结果对比评估热力参数的模拟准确性,探究颗粒沉降对热管传热的影响程度大小,并做出了原理分析。综合二者,对该模型整体的模拟可行性进行了评估,为后续的纳米流体热管模拟提供参考。
VOF模型主要利用动量方程组来计算两相流体的百分比,从而解决两相流体的内部界面问题。由于在热管运行过程中,蒸发段会出现自由面移动以及泡状流动的情况,为了更好地追踪界面的移动,故用VOF模型比较合适。
(1)连续性方程。
$\nabla \cdot(\rho u)=-\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}$
式中:ρ为密度,kg/m3;u为速度,m/s;t为时间,s。
(2)动量方程。
$\begin{array}{c}\frac{\partial}{\partial t}(\rho \vec{u})+\nabla \cdot(\rho \vec{u} \vec{u})= \\\nabla \cdot\left[\mu\left(\nabla u+\nabla u^{\mathrm{T}}\right)-\frac{2}{3} \mu \nabla \cdot u I\right]+ \\\rho g-\nabla p+F_{\mathrm{CSF}}\end{array}$
式中:p为压力,Pa;I为单位张量;μ为动力黏度,Pa·s。
动量方程中所示的密度表示为单元中混合相的密度,可以通过式(3)进行计算:
ρ=alρl+avρv
式中:ρ为混合相的密度,kg/m3;αlv为液相/气相的体积分数,%;ρl/ρv为液相/气相的密度,kg/m3
本模型中气液分界面的表面张力通过连续表面张力模型(continuum surface force,CSF)进行处理计算[18],进而将其转化为体积力加到动量方程中,方程为
FCSF=2σvl$\frac{{a}_{l}{\rho }_{l}{C}_{v}\nabla {a}_{v}+{a}_{v}{\rho }_{v}{C}_{l}\nabla {a}_{l}}{{\rho }_{l}+{\rho }_{v}}$
式中:σvl为表面张力系数,N/m;C为表面曲率。
(3)能量方程。
VOF模型中的能量方程与动量方程同样,也是不同相采用同一个方程式来进行计算求解:
$\frac{\partial}{\partial t}(\rho E)+\nabla \cdot[v(\rho E+p)]=\nabla \cdot(k \nabla T)+S_{E}$
式中:E为工质内能,J;T为工质温度,K;k工质导热系数,W/(m·K)。其中,能量E和温度T采用质量平均的方式进行计算,具体计算公式为
E=$\frac{{\alpha }_{l}{\rho }_{l}{E}_{l}+{\alpha }_{v}{\rho }_{v}{E}_{v}}{{\alpha }_{l}{\rho }_{l}+{\alpha }_{v}{\rho }_{v}}$
关于纳米流体热管实验方面,前文已经对二氧化钛 (TiO2) 纳米流体和混合纳米流体 (Al2O3 + TiO2)工质热管进行了详细的实验分析[19-20],并得出最佳充液率、倾斜角度等外部条件。为了与之前的实验做严格对比,在模拟仿真过程中,几何模型尺寸、外部结构条件、材质等均与实验研究相关参数对应。
热管的几何模型如图1所示,整个热管可分为三大部分,总长500 mm,其中蒸发段的尺寸为200 mm,冷凝段的长度与蒸发段同样;管外径20 mm,内径16 mm,所采用的管材为碳钢。图中蓝色部分可理解为我们所设置的工质,根据模拟需要调节内部工质所占百分比。数值模型建立完成后利用ICEM进行网格划分,网格为四边形结构化网格,如图2所示,在模拟过程中热管的冷凝段会有液膜出现,所以为了提升整体计算结果的精确性,对网格边界进行了加密化处理。
在启动计算之前要首先导入自定义函数UDF来补充相变模型的源项。计算过程采用SIMPLE算法处理,瞬态模拟设置时间步长为0.000 5 s,设置气态为主相,液态为次项。热管内壁设为无滑移边界条件。热管外部的蒸发段、冷凝段设置恒热流密度边界条件,绝热段设置零热流密度。其他壁面,包括热管的上下端面由于无热量通过,因此均设置热流密度为零。添加到蒸发段的热流密度计算公式为
q=$\frac{{Q}_{in}}{\pi d{ }_{o}{l}_{e}}$
式中:d0为热管管径,mm;le为蒸发段长度,mm;Qin为输入热量,W。
在实验中冷凝段是采用冷却水进行冷却的,所以在模拟中我们对冷凝段设置第三类边界条件,即对流传热系数确定,计算公式为
hc=$\frac{{Q}_{in}\eta }{\pi d{ }_{o}{l}_{c}({T}_{a}-{T}_{c})}$
式中:η为热效率;Ta为绝热段温度, ℃;Tc为冷凝段平均温度, ℃。以上数据均由实验测试确定。
密度是纳米流体最基本的物理特性之一,当前研究中最常用的密度模型是基于两种物质混合时遵循的物理规则所得出的[21],计算公式为
ρnf=(1-φ)ρf+φρs
式中:ρnf为纳米流体的密度,kg/m3;φ为纳米流体的体积分数,%;ρs为纳米颗粒的密度,kg/m3;ρf为基液的密度,kg/m3
关于纳米流体黏度方面,目前普遍认同的是Batchelor[22]提出的反映纳米粒子布朗运动的新模型,如式(10)所示。
μnf=(1+2.5φ+6.2φ2)μf
式中:μnf为纳米流体的黏度,Pa·s;μf为基液的黏度,Pa·s。
Xuan和Roetz[23]提出一种改进模型,如式(11)所示,该方程已被许多研究人员广泛引用,并且通过实验证明计算结果吻合度较高。
cpnf=$\frac{(1-\varphi ){\rho }_{f}{c}_{pf}+\varphi {\rho }_{p}{c}_{pp}}{(1-\varphi ){\rho }_{f}+\varphi {\rho }_{p}}$
式中:cpnf为纳米流体比热容,J/(kg·K);cpf为基液的比热容,J/(kg·K);cpp纳米颗粒比热容,J/(kg·K);ρp为纳米颗粒密度,kg/m3
倾角定义为热虹吸管偏离水平轴的倾斜度,与直立状态时热管的最大区别为蒸汽上升以及冷凝回流时的重力加速度不同,所以可以通过将热管内部工质的重力加速度量乘以倾斜角度的正弦值和余弦值来重新设置重力加速度,从而使重力加速度根据热管倾斜角度不同分解为xy方向上的两个分速度。如图3所示,可以看到,调整重力加速度后,热管内部的液面发生了明显的变化,可以理想地达到实验状态下热管倾斜时的工质液面情况。此方法也经前人计算发现与实验值吻合度较好[24]
将加热功率为300 W,充液率为50%,倾角为90°,工质为水时的实验结果[19]与相同条件下数值模拟所得的各个测温点壁温值进行对比。如表1所示,总体来说,在有限的实验条件下,误差均控制在5%以内,与前人研究所验证的误差数值基本一致,表明模拟水工质热管模型可以接受。
正如前文所述,本次模拟对象的外部条件设置为本团队实验研究所得到的最佳条件组合:外加功率300 W、充液率50%、倾斜角度80°。如图4所示的蒸发段的模拟结果,云图表示的是两相体积分数变化,蓝色部分代表纯液态,红色代表纯气态。在t=0 s时,液相体积占到蒸发段总体积的50%,蓝色部分表示液相体积分数为1。由于倾斜80°的原因,可看到液面并非呈水平状。随着外加功率的持续供给(300 W),在t=0.6~1.2 s时管内开始有液相气相并存的状态,且气相以大小不同、形状各异的气泡形式弥散分布于连续液相的壁面上,并随着液相一起运动。由于本管为两端加热,并非底部加热,所以气泡最先在壁面出现,中部分布较少。
随着内部温度的逐渐升高,慢慢地小气泡开始运动聚合成较大的气泡,相邻的聚合气泡在上升过程中再聚合,气相的体积分数进一步增大,并使整个管内的液面上升。此外在t=8 s时,可明显地看到由于倾斜角的存在,左侧的液面高于右侧,并在左侧已经形成环状流。纵观整个蒸发段的相变过程,不同时刻气泡分布可直观看出液体经壁面受热后从泡状流动到弹状流动再到环状流动的变化过程,这也是进行数值模拟的重要目的之一。随着液态工质的大量蒸发,蒸汽开始进入冷凝段。
图5所示的冷凝段两相体积分数变化云图。由于倾斜状态的存在,左侧的冷凝回流状态势必相比右侧较快,所以以左侧的壁面凝结现象进行分析。冷凝段外壁设置水冷,当温度较高的蒸汽上升到一定距离时,在冷凝段壁面遇冷释放潜热后冷凝成液态水贴附在壁面。可以看到,最初水蒸气量较少,只是在壁面形成很小的液珠,也就是冷凝阶段的珠状凝结。随着凝结的继续,液珠之间开始发生聚合变成较大的液珠,在t=25 s时可以看到大量的液珠聚合已经形成分散的小股液流状,终于在t=35 s时,由于越来越多的饱和水蒸气在冷凝壁面凝结,最初的珠状凝结慢慢聚合成液膜状形成膜状凝结,壁面上有一层明显厚度的液膜,冷凝段的液体开始发生回流,回流后的液体在蒸发段继续受热蒸发,完成整个热管的热运动流程。
从模拟结果来看的话,比较明显地突出了整个蒸发冷凝的物理变化规律,对于整个热管内部相变过程的可视化效果是比较好的,达到了仿真模拟的预期。
图6所示的Al2O3+TiO2-H2O纳米流体热管蒸发段的模拟结果,云图依旧表示的是热管蒸发段内的两相体积分数变化。从整个过程来观察的话,管内依旧经历从加热蒸发到剧烈沸腾的过程。由于外加功率的持续供给,在t=0.6~1.2 s时管内为液相气相并存的状态。但同时可以观察到,与之前的单一纳米流体模拟结果相比,同一时间0.6 s、1.2 s时,相对来说混合纳米流体热管内的气泡更大,也印证了所得到的混合纳米流体导热率更高的结论[19]。导热率高则热吸收率便高,从而在同一时刻相比混合纳米流体呈现更快的沸腾速度。从气泡学的角度来看,随着内部温度的逐渐升高,小气泡发生聚合,依旧可以明显地看到从泡状流动到弹状流动的整个过程。
图7所示的热管冷凝段两相体积分数图。热管在蒸发段受热蒸发,蒸汽在冷凝段开始发生冷凝。与前文介绍的单一纳米流体相变趋势类似,初始阶段,在冷凝段壁面开始出现比较小的液态点,之后,随着时间的推移,从液珠到液膜的形成符合冷凝阶段的基本规律。另外,从云图可以看到相比单一纳米流体结果,在同一时间点壁面的冷凝量较大,整体循环效率较高,符合实验规律。
热管热阻的计算方式是蒸发段与冷凝段平均温度之差与输入热量之比。如图8所示的不同工质的壁面温度对比图,温差方面,H2O、TiO2-H2O、Al2O3+TiO2-H2O三种工质的温差分别为55.1、51.5、51.0 ℃,根据热阻计算方法,较小的温差计算得到更小的热阻,也代表热管呈现较好的传热性能,所以对于提高热管热性能方面:Al2O3+TiO2-H2O>TiO2-H2O>H2O。在整体的趋势规律上,模拟结果与实验结果相一致。
正如前文在模型验证中所得到的,以水为工质时的模拟结果与实验数据误差均在5%以内,平均误差接近4%。这部分误差可理解为是由于模型本身以及实验外部环境共同作用所造成的误差,所以可以认为,在相同的模型基础以及实验条件下,无论使用何种工质,此种误差几乎是必然存在的。因而在纳米流体热管的模拟中,将水工质热管模拟时的壁面温度误差值作为常规误差添加到纳米流体热管实验值中,提出一种实验与模拟的误差修正值τ
τ=T(1+4%)
式中:τ为考虑基本平均误差后的修正温度,℃;T为实验测试温度,℃。
图9图10所示两种纳米流体热管的模拟结果与修正后的实验数值τ的对比。可以看到,在考虑了原始模型与实验条件的误差后,纳米流体热管的模拟结果与实验数据仍存在一定的误差,尤其是在蒸发段;这也就证明了当利用VOF模型模拟纳米流体工质热管时,必然存在其他影响误差的非常规因素。
关于这一部分误差的造成,主要的原因如下:其实在实际的实验条件下,制备的纳米流体可看作一种由纳米颗粒、基液、分散剂所组成的三元物质,而在具体的模拟仿真中,将工质近似为了一种热物性与所制备纳米流体完全一致但不存在颗粒与分散剂的一元物质。也就是说,热管蒸发段在仿真中的工质沸腾过程是忽略了颗粒的存在的。但是,通过实验研究结果以及行业内学者的研究总结,纳米流体对于热管传热特性的加强绝不仅仅只是提高了工质在蒸发段的吸热率所导致的。纳米流体在蒸发段剧烈的沸腾作用不可避免地会有一部分颗粒沉积在壁面上,这样便创造了更多的成核位点,会导致蒸发段的沸腾换热加强。从而提升热管的整体热性能;另外,壁面上的纳米颗粒也会加强界面的润湿性,减小工质与壁面的接触角,从而增强沸腾作用。所以说,颗粒效应对于热管传热加强是一个非常重要的因素,如果在模拟过程中忽略颗粒的存在的话,模拟值与实验值是会存在误差的。
基于传统的水工质热管VOF模型,补充了纳米流体参数计算、倾斜热管模拟方法等内容,对纳米流体热管模拟做了整体研究,得出如下结论。
(1)当以水为工质时,以VOF模型模拟得到的结果中,同一位置壁面温度与实验相比误差可控在5%之内,这一误差表明该模型模拟水工质热管具有一定的可靠性。
(2)当以纳米流体为工质时,以两相云图为研究对象,随着热管启动时间的推进,云图可直观地反映蒸发段从泡状流动到弹状流动以及冷凝段从珠状凝结到膜状凝结并形成循环的整个过程。这可以补充实验状态下无法达到的内部可视化状态,从这一角度来看,该模型模拟纳米流体热管具有一定的研究意义。
(3)当以纳米流体为工质时,模拟结果显示出对于提高热管热性能方面:Al2O3+TiO2-H2O>TiO2-H2O>H2O。在整体的趋势规律上,模拟结果与实验结果相一致。在具体的数值对比上,即使以水工质热管误差为基准进行了数值修正,纳米流体热管的模拟结果仍相比实验修正值有平均3%的误差。分析认为,这一部分误差是由于VOF模型无法体现纳米颗粒在壁面沉降对沸腾的加强作用所造成的。所以,该模型对于纳米流体热管整体的热力变化规律的模拟是可靠的,但精细化的数值计算以及机理性分析还是有所局限,应结合其他方法跟进。
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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山西交通科学院集团有限公司创新计划发展项目(21-JKCF-62)
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    山西省交通新技术发展有限公司, 太原 030000
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