Article(id=1153992903169921965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992893040677529, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)06-0024-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1726156800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753062948266, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753062948266, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753062948266, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753062948266, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153992893040677529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753062945851, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755224695430, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1163059927997072066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992893040677529, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1163059927997072067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992893040677529, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=24, endPage=29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153992903916508099, articleId=1153992903169921965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Influence of Pore Number on the Tensile and Shear Mechanical Characteristics of Porous Rock-like Materials via the DEM, columnId=1151876674645226399, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Technology Innovation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The tensile and shear properties of porous rock-like materials affect the safety and stability of engineering. In this paper, numerical models with different number of pores were constructed, and the numerical simulation of direct tensile and direct shear tests were carried out by the DEM to explore the influence of the pore number on the tensile and shear characteristics of materials. The results show that the tensile strength, the ratio of compressive strength to tensile strength, cohesion and internal friction angle decrease in different forms with the increase of the pore number. In addition, under tensile action, cracks are mainly formed along the horizontal direction and are not affected by the number of pores. Under shear action, cracks are mainly formed along a certain Angle with the horizontal direction. The increase of the pore number mainly leads to the decrease of the anisotropy of fracture occurrence under shear action.

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多孔类岩石材料的拉剪力学特性影响工程的安全性与稳定性。构建含不同孔洞数量的数值模型,通过DEM法开展直接拉伸与直剪试验的数值模拟,探究孔洞数量对材料拉剪力学特征的影响。结果表明,随孔洞数量增加,抗拉强度、压拉强度比、凝聚力和内摩擦角以不同形式下降。另外,拉伸作用下裂隙主要沿水平方向生成且不受孔洞数量影响,剪切作用下裂隙主要沿与水平方向一定角度生成,孔洞数量增加主要导致剪切作用下裂隙产状的各向异性下降。

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赵铁永(1975—),男,浙江诸暨人,硕士,研究方向为交通岩土工程;

方传峰(1990—),男,山东泰安人,博士,副教授,研究方向为岩石力学与岩土工程;

吴根水(1993—),男,福建将乐人,博士,副教授,研究方向为采矿与岩石力学;

刘迅(1991—),男,湖南桃江人,博士,副教授,研究方向为矿山岩石力学;

胡晨晖(1999—),男,湖南衡阳人,硕士研究生,研究方向为采矿与安全工程。

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赵铁永(1975—),男,浙江诸暨人,硕士,研究方向为交通岩土工程;

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赵铁永(1975—),男,浙江诸暨人,硕士,研究方向为交通岩土工程;

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方传峰(1990—),男,山东泰安人,博士,副教授,研究方向为岩石力学与岩土工程;

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方传峰(1990—),男,山东泰安人,博士,副教授,研究方向为岩石力学与岩土工程;

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3 湖南科技大学三亚研究院, 海南 三亚 572024, bio={"content":"

吴根水(1993—),男,福建将乐人,博士,副教授,研究方向为采矿与岩石力学;

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吴根水(1993—),男,福建将乐人,博士,副教授,研究方向为采矿与岩石力学;

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3 湖南科技大学三亚研究院, 海南 三亚 572024, bio={"content":"

刘迅(1991—),男,湖南桃江人,博士,副教授,研究方向为矿山岩石力学;

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刘迅(1991—),男,湖南桃江人,博士,副教授,研究方向为矿山岩石力学;

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胡晨晖(1999—),男,湖南衡阳人,硕士研究生,研究方向为采矿与安全工程。

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胡晨晖(1999—),男,湖南衡阳人,硕士研究生,研究方向为采矿与安全工程。

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模型参数
材料密度/(kg·m-3) 2 600
局部阻尼系数 0.7
弹性和黏结有效模量/Pa 3.5×1010
刚度比 2.0
摩擦角/(°) 48.2
抗拉强度/Pa 14.8×106
黏聚力/Pa 11.3×106
), ArticleFig(id=1245461222959726795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992903169921965, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

离散元模拟中所用本构模型参数

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模型参数
材料密度/(kg·m-3) 2 600
局部阻尼系数 0.7
弹性和黏结有效模量/Pa 3.5×1010
刚度比 2.0
摩擦角/(°) 48.2
抗拉强度/Pa 14.8×106
黏聚力/Pa 11.3×106
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基于DEM的孔洞数量对多孔类岩石材料拉剪力学特征的影响
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赵铁永 1 , 方传峰 2, 3 , 吴根水 2, 3 , 刘迅 2, 3 , 胡晨晖 2
科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025,25(6): 24-29
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科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025, 25(6): 24-29
基于DEM的孔洞数量对多孔类岩石材料拉剪力学特征的影响
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赵铁永1, 方传峰2, 3, 吴根水2, 3, 刘迅2, 3, 胡晨晖2
作者信息
  • 1 同创工程设计有限公司, 浙江 绍兴 312000
  • 2 湖南科技大学资源环境与安全工程学院, 湖南 湘潭 411201
  • 3 湖南科技大学三亚研究院, 海南 三亚 572024
  • 赵铁永(1975—),男,浙江诸暨人,硕士,研究方向为交通岩土工程;

    方传峰(1990—),男,山东泰安人,博士,副教授,研究方向为岩石力学与岩土工程;

    吴根水(1993—),男,福建将乐人,博士,副教授,研究方向为采矿与岩石力学;

    刘迅(1991—),男,湖南桃江人,博士,副教授,研究方向为矿山岩石力学;

    胡晨晖(1999—),男,湖南衡阳人,硕士研究生,研究方向为采矿与安全工程。

Influence of Pore Number on the Tensile and Shear Mechanical Characteristics of Porous Rock-like Materials via the DEM
Tieyong ZHAO1, Chuanfeng FANG2, 3, Genshui WU2, 3, Xun LIU2, 3, Chenhui HU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Tongchuang Engineering Design Co. Ltd., Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
  • 2 School of Resources, Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, China
  • 3 Sanya Research Institute, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Sanya 572024, Hainan, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25
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多孔类岩石材料的拉剪力学特性影响工程的安全性与稳定性。构建含不同孔洞数量的数值模型,通过DEM法开展直接拉伸与直剪试验的数值模拟,探究孔洞数量对材料拉剪力学特征的影响。结果表明,随孔洞数量增加,抗拉强度、压拉强度比、凝聚力和内摩擦角以不同形式下降。另外,拉伸作用下裂隙主要沿水平方向生成且不受孔洞数量影响,剪切作用下裂隙主要沿与水平方向一定角度生成,孔洞数量增加主要导致剪切作用下裂隙产状的各向异性下降。

离散元数值模拟  /  孔洞数量  /  多孔类岩石材料  /  拉剪力学特性

The tensile and shear properties of porous rock-like materials affect the safety and stability of engineering. In this paper, numerical models with different number of pores were constructed, and the numerical simulation of direct tensile and direct shear tests were carried out by the DEM to explore the influence of the pore number on the tensile and shear characteristics of materials. The results show that the tensile strength, the ratio of compressive strength to tensile strength, cohesion and internal friction angle decrease in different forms with the increase of the pore number. In addition, under tensile action, cracks are mainly formed along the horizontal direction and are not affected by the number of pores. Under shear action, cracks are mainly formed along a certain Angle with the horizontal direction. The increase of the pore number mainly leads to the decrease of the anisotropy of fracture occurrence under shear action.

discrete element numerical simulation  /  pore numbers  /  porous rock-like materials  /  tensile and shear mechanical characteristics
赵铁永, 方传峰, 吴根水, 刘迅, 胡晨晖. 基于DEM的孔洞数量对多孔类岩石材料拉剪力学特征的影响. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (6) : 24 -29 .
Tieyong ZHAO, Chuanfeng FANG, Genshui WU, Xun LIU, Chenhui HU. Influence of Pore Number on the Tensile and Shear Mechanical Characteristics of Porous Rock-like Materials via the DEM[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (6) : 24 -29 .
多孔类岩石材料(如钙质砂、火山渣、礁灰岩等)在自然界中普遍存在,并广泛用于路堤、地基等岩土工程领域[1-3]空心砖、水泥浆回填料等人工材料也同样存在大量孔洞。此外,地下采矿工程中[4],地下空洞群可视为多个孔洞并影响地表塌陷与沉降,而岩质高陡边坡往往含有多个孔洞并影响边坡稳定性[5]。已有研究[6]与工程实践[7]均表明,相对脆弱的孔洞结构使得这类材料容易发生断裂破坏,因而类岩石结构的失稳破坏总是从此类孔洞开始。因此,研究多孔类岩石材料的力学性质对于评估使用多孔材料的岩土工程、含有空区群的地下矿山及含多孔洞的岩质边坡的安全性和稳定性意义重大。
国内外众多学者通过物理试验和数值模拟研究了孔洞因素对多孔类岩石材料力学性能的影响。针对含有单个孔洞的类岩石材料,许多研究通过单轴压缩试验探究了孔径、孔洞位置和孔洞形状等对其强度与变形特征及断裂模式的影响[8-10]。然而,上述研究主要集中在单个孔洞对力学性能和裂纹演化的影响,忽略了多个孔洞之间的相互作用。事实上,多孔类岩石材料中可能同时存在多个孔洞,导致极其复杂的力学特性[9]。因此,一些学者致力于研究多孔条件对材料力学性能的影响,结果表明随孔洞数量的增加,类岩石材料的抗压强度下降[11-14],并且当孔洞数量较少时,孔洞空间排布同样影响材料的物理力学性能[15-16]。然而,已有研究均将孔洞数量假定在0~15,与实际类岩石材料(如火山渣等)的孔洞成百上千且排列不规则的事实不符[17]。同时,此类研究往往缺乏量化分析。基于此,Fang等[15]通过单轴压缩试验量化探究了孔洞数量0~500变化时类岩石材料的压缩特性与破坏特征。
虽然上述研究针对孔洞特性开展了大量工作并获得了各类规律,然而大多针对的是压缩作用下的力学行为。事实上,类岩石材料的抗拉和抗剪特性同样是评估其稳定性的重要依据[18-19],但是鲜有文献量化探究孔洞数量对类岩石材料拉剪力学特性的影响。
针对现有研究的不足,本文将构建含各种孔洞数量的类岩石数值模型,并基于离散元法(distinct element method,DEM)开展拉伸与剪切模拟试验,揭示孔洞数量对类岩石材料拉剪力学特性的影响规律。
已有研究[20-21]认为数值结果与试验结果之间的差异部分归因于组成数值模型的球体忽略了其不规则性。因此,通过Voronoi剖分方法,将数值模型试样构建为由众多Voronoi多边形组成的几何集。具体剖分方法与过程参考Fang等[15],此处不再赘述。拉伸模拟试验中,模型为长方形,考虑的孔洞数量NP分别为0、20、50、100、200、300、400、500,共8种工况;直剪模拟试验中,模型为正方形,考虑的孔洞数量NP分别为0、10、25、50、100、150、200,共7种工况。部分数值模型如图1所示,当孔洞数量为0时,组成长方形试样的Voronoi数量为1×105个。此外,所用试样中,孔径大小在d/2~d均布分布,以保证模拟结果仅受孔洞数量影响。
模型构建完毕后开展拉伸和直剪模拟试验。真实物理试验中,为简化试验方法,往往采用巴西劈裂试验获取材料的抗拉强度。本文模拟中,通过直接拉伸方法获取类岩石材料的抗拉强度,试样尺寸与试验方法如图2(a)所示。在试样顶部和底部两端生成相互平行的刚性墙体,并在试样与墙体间赋值极大黏结强度。随后,固定底端刚性墙,同时以极低的速度向上移动顶端刚性墙,从而实现试样的直接拉伸模拟。拉伸过程中,实时记录顶端墙体的受力与位移情况,并转化为应力与应变值。直剪试验方法与试样尺寸如图2(b)所示,首先在试样周围生成六面刚性墙,随后固定底端与右下侧的两刚性墙,采用伺服控制机理通过顶端墙对试样施加目标轴向正应力,通过控制左上侧与右上侧墙体向右的恒定速度实现直剪模拟试验。注意:为合理设置轴向正应力数值,防止轴向正应力直接压断试样,不同孔洞数量下的轴向应力值参考Fang等[15]中的单轴抗压强度确定,每种工况分别设置四种轴向应力。
采用离散元数值软件PFC2D进行模拟。由于线性平行黏结模型能够同时传递力和力矩,提供黏结材料的力学行为(类似于环氧树脂胶合玻璃珠、水泥间骨料的黏结),广泛应用于脆性材料破碎行为的模拟研究[22]。因此,选用线性平行黏结模型将各Voronoi多边形黏在一起模拟破碎。具体参数参考Fang等[15]、Mayer和Stead[23],如表1所示。
对所有试样开展直接拉伸模拟试验,应力-应变曲线如图3所示。显然,所有曲线的演变趋势与类岩石材料相似。σ1首先线性增加,当达到一定的应变阶段时,σ1增长至峰值,随后迅速下降。在与类岩石材料失效相关的研究[24]中也观察到了类似的趋势。此外,峰值后的下降速率随着孔隙数量的增加而减小。正如预期,图3中的所有曲线也表明,孔洞数量对多孔类岩石材料的抗拉强度和变形有显著影响。
图3所示,应力-应变曲线的斜率随孔洞数量的增加而下降,表明相同的轴向拉应力条件下,孔洞越多,材料的轴向应变越大。这意味着孔洞数量的增多会导致材料抵抗轴向变形的能力减弱。Fang等[15]通过单轴压缩试验也发现类似现象,并通过细观结构分析认为原因是孔洞的增多削弱了能够承受轴向载荷的强力链占比。图3所有曲线的峰值即为材料的抗拉强度,抗拉强度与孔洞数量的关系如图4所示。由图4可知,孔洞数量与抗拉强度表现明显的负相关性。具体讲,随孔洞数量的增加,材料的抗拉强度先急速下降,随后整体线性降低。原因是孔洞的增加破坏了初始的材料连续性和结构完整性,导致材料更为脆弱,抗拉能力减弱。此外,当孔洞数量不为0时,孔洞数量与抗拉强度可较好地拟合为线性函数:σt=aNp+b(R2=0.985)。
压拉强度比是类岩石材料力学性质评价和相关工程质量评估的重要指标,能够反映类岩石材料的脆性,弹性变形能储存能力和稳定性。然而,尚未有文献探明孔洞数量与压拉强度比的量化关系。直接拉伸模拟所用模型与Fang等[15]中单轴压缩模拟所用模型完全一致,因此图5统计了Fang等[15]中抗压强度与本次研究中抗拉强度的比值与孔洞数量的关系。
图5可知,随孔洞数量增多,压拉强度比整体上呈现为单调下降趋势。一般来说,类岩石材料的抗拉强度远小于抗压强度,但由图5可知,随材料的孔洞数量增多,二者的差距不再过于明显,数值越来越接近,但整体上仍然是抗压强度大于抗拉强度。此外,图5曲线可拟合为对数函数,即σct=alnNp+b(R2=0.98)。
图6绘制了孔洞为0和孔洞200的试样在直剪过程中的应力-应变曲线。由图6可知,不同轴向正应力和不同孔洞数量条件下的曲线相似。在初始阶段,材料产生线弹性变形,剪应力随剪切位移线性增加;随着剪位移进一步增加,剪应力持续增长,但增速放缓,进入塑性变形阶段;当剪切位移达到一定程度后,剪应力达到最大值(即峰值剪切强度);最后剪切位移的继续增加,剪应力开始逐渐下降,岩石进入破坏后的软化阶段。
图6中的直剪曲线峰值强度为纵坐标,以轴向正应力为横坐标,根据式(1)获取不同孔洞数量条件下类岩石材料的凝聚力c和内摩擦角φ的变化规律,结果如图7所示。
${\tau }_{p}=c+\sigma tan\varphi $
式中:τp为峰值剪应力;σ为轴向正应力。
图7(a)所示,随孔洞数量增加,类岩石材料的凝聚力表现为单调递减趋势,且下降趋势可较好地拟合为指数函数,即c=aebNp(R2=0.987)。推测原因一方面是由于增加的孔洞占据了原结构中发挥凝聚力作用的空间,减少了凝聚力的有效传递路径;另一方面,如Fang等[15]发现的,裂隙往往首先出现在孔洞周围,这导致孔洞周围原本的凝聚介质遭到破坏或剥离,因此凝聚力的作用范围变小,凝聚效果降低。观察图7(b)可得,随孔洞数量的增加,类岩石材料的内摩擦角并未表现出如抗拉强度或凝聚力一样的强规律性。由于孔洞数量的增加减少了材料的有效摩擦作用面积,颗粒间的错位和松散排布增加了颗粒间的滑动空间,以及孔洞周围凝聚介质的破坏与剥离,最终内摩擦角整体上可以视为随孔洞数量的增加呈现为下降趋势。
加载过程中,实时记录裂隙数据,图8统计了拉伸模拟试验结束后不同孔洞数量对应的试样裂隙产状空间分布特征。观察可知,孔洞的变化并未对裂隙产状产生明显的影响,裂隙产状主要呈现为“哑铃状”分布。而且,不同于压缩状态下裂隙主要沿轴向生成[13],拉伸状态下裂隙的主方向主要为水平方向。原因是拉伸状态下试样内部强力链主要沿轴向生成,并以拉伸作用为主,因此更倾向于轴向的力链发生断裂产生水平向裂隙[25]
图9统计了直剪模拟试验结束后不同正应力和不同孔洞数量对应的试样裂隙产状空间分布特征。由图9(a)可知,不同于拉伸试验,直剪过程中裂隙产状与压缩试验[15]较为相似,主要呈“花生状”分布,且裂隙主要在与水平方向逆时针呈30°夹角生成。此外,在特定孔洞条件下,正应力的变化并不会引起裂隙产状的改变,即不同轴向正应力条件下,裂隙产状不受其影响,呈明显各向同性。由图9(b)可知,对于直剪试验,孔洞数量并不会影响裂隙的主方向,但会导致裂隙产状的各向异性降低。这意味着随孔洞数量的增加,沿主方向所生成的裂隙占比逐渐减少。原因是无孔洞时裂隙主要沿主方向分布,随孔洞数量增加,裂隙更倾向于连通邻近的孔洞,而孔洞在试样空间内是均匀分布的。因此,受剪切影响,裂隙产状主方向不变,但是当孔洞数量增加时,裂隙产状的各向异性降低。
本文构建含不同孔洞数量的数值模型试样,并基于DEM法模拟直接拉伸试验与直剪试验探究孔洞数量对多孔类岩石材料拉剪力学特征的影响,主要结论如下。
(1)随孔洞数量增加,材料的抗拉强度下降,且孔洞数量不为0下降为线性,而压拉强度比呈对数形式下降。
(2)孔洞数量的增加导致材料的凝聚力呈指数型下降,内摩擦角整体上与孔洞数量呈负相关性。
(3)拉伸作用下裂隙产状呈主方向水平的“哑铃状”,且不受孔洞数量影响,而直剪作用下裂隙产状呈主方向30°的“花生状”,且随孔洞数量增加,裂隙产状的各向异性下降。
  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2024JJ6219)
  • 湖南科技大学科研启动基金(E523C7)
  • 湖南省教育厅科学研究优秀青年项目(24B0441)
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2025年第25卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-13
基金
湖南省自然科学基金(2024JJ6219)
湖南科技大学科研启动基金(E523C7)
湖南省教育厅科学研究优秀青年项目(24B0441)
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    1 同创工程设计有限公司, 浙江 绍兴 312000
    2 湖南科技大学资源环境与安全工程学院, 湖南 湘潭 411201
    3 湖南科技大学三亚研究院, 海南 三亚 572024
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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