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Article(id=1153992898099012091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992893040677529, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)06-0243-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1695571200000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753062947057, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753062947057, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753062947057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753062947057, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153992893040677529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753062945851, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755224695430, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1163059927997072066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992893040677529, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1163059927997072067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992893040677529, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=243, endPage=248, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153992899319554603, articleId=1153992898099012091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Safety Evaluation of Dangerous Goods Transportation Based on Safety Checklist and Fault Tree Analysis: A Case Study of Acid Solution by Railway Special Line, columnId=1151877663716159826, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Enterprise Application, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Safety evaluation is an important prerequisite and guarantee for the transportation of dangerous goods. Taking a dangerous goods transportation project in a town in southwest China as an example, the project area was divided into 8 evaluation units, and the safety check list method and fault tree method were used to evaluate the safety, and the main disaster control factors and safety work points were discussed. The results show that the safety checklist method is suitable for the inspection events specified in the specification provisions, and the fault tree method can effectively analyze the cause of the event and the weight of the elements through the minimum cut set and the importance calculation. The safety and security of transportation and loading and unloading operations should pay attention to the standardized operation of personnel, labor protection and safe location of the work area.

, correspAuthors=Yuanfa LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yongfang LIU, Yuanfa LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153992926817411327, articleId=1153992898099012091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=CN, title=基于安全检查表和事故树分析的危险货物运输安全性评价——以酸溶液铁路专运为例, columnId=1151877663883931992, journalTitle=科技和产业, columnName=企业应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

安全评价是铁路危险货物运输作业开展的重要前提和保障。以西南某专用铁路危险货物运输项目为例,将项目区划分8个评价单元,采用安全检查表法和事故树法进行安全性评价,探讨主要控灾因素及安全工作要点。结果表明:安全检查表法适用于规范条文明确规定的检查事件,事故树法通过最小割集和重要度计算能有效分析事件成因及要素权重;运输及装卸作业的安全保障应注重人员规范操作、劳动防护和作业区安全位置。

, correspAuthors=刘元法, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘元法(1986—),男,湖北黄石人,工程师,研究方向为清洁能源安全。
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刘永芳(1985—),女,湖北黄石人,工程师,研究方向为铁路危险货物运输安全。

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刘永芳(1985—),女,湖北黄石人,工程师,研究方向为铁路危险货物运输安全。

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刘永芳(1985—),女,湖北黄石人,工程师,研究方向为铁路危险货物运输安全。

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序号 评价单元划分 评价方法
1 经营与运输资质单元 安全检查表
2 周边环境评价单元 安全检查表
3 总平面布置评价单元 安全检查表
4 装卸设备设施评价单元 安全检查表
5 公用工程及辅助设施评价单元 安全检查表
6 安全管理评价单元 安全检查表
7 重大生产安全事故隐患单元 安全检查表
8 运输及装卸作业评价单元 事故树
), ArticleFig(id=1245461211379250133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992898099012091, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

安全评价单元划分及评价方法选择

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 评价单元划分 评价方法
1 经营与运输资质单元 安全检查表
2 周边环境评价单元 安全检查表
3 总平面布置评价单元 安全检查表
4 装卸设备设施评价单元 安全检查表
5 公用工程及辅助设施评价单元 安全检查表
6 安全管理评价单元 安全检查表
7 重大生产安全事故隐患单元 安全检查表
8 运输及装卸作业评价单元 事故树
), ArticleFig(id=1245461211521856481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992898099012091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 方位 周边单位 实际距
离/m		 规范要
求/m		 依据规范 结论
1 北 道路(汉新路) 74 15 符合
2 东工水泥厂 104 37.5 符合
3 西 昊华专用线 47 22.5 符合
4 2线 昊华专用
线库房		 53 37.5 铁运〔2010〕
105号第
8.8.3-3条		 符合
5 西南 居民房 >150 75 符合
6 南 街道 >200 15 符合
7 居民区 >200 75 符合
8 东 居民房 >200 75 符合
), ArticleFig(id=1245461211656074222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992898099012091, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

周边环境单元安全评价

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序号 方位 周边单位 实际距
离/m		 规范要
求/m		 依据规范 结论
1 北 道路(汉新路) 74 15 符合
2 东工水泥厂 104 37.5 符合
3 西 昊华专用线 47 22.5 符合
4 2线 昊华专用
线库房		 53 37.5 铁运〔2010〕
105号第
8.8.3-3条		 符合
5 西南 居民房 >150 75 符合
6 南 街道 >200 15 符合
7 居民区 >200 75 符合
8 东 居民房 >200 75 符合
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基于安全检查表和事故树分析的危险货物运输安全性评价——以酸溶液铁路专运为例
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刘永芳 1 , 刘元法 2
科技和产业 | 企业应用 2025,25(6): 243-248
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科技和产业 | 企业应用 2025, 25(6): 243-248
基于安全检查表和事故树分析的危险货物运输安全性评价——以酸溶液铁路专运为例
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刘永芳1, 刘元法2
作者信息
  • 1 四川交铁安全技术有限公司, 成都 610031
  • 2 厚普清洁能源集团能源装备有限公司, 成都 611730

    • 刘永芳(1985—),女,湖北黄石人,工程师,研究方向为铁路危险货物运输安全。

通讯作者:

刘元法(1986—),男,湖北黄石人,工程师,研究方向为清洁能源安全。
Safety Evaluation of Dangerous Goods Transportation Based on Safety Checklist and Fault Tree Analysis: A Case Study of Acid Solution by Railway Special Line
Yongfang LIU1, Yuanfa LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Sichuan Railway Safety Technology Co. Ltd., Chengdu 610031, China
  • 2 Thick and Clean Energy Group Energy Equipment Co. Ltd., Chengdu 611730, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25
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摘要
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安全评价是铁路危险货物运输作业开展的重要前提和保障。以西南某专用铁路危险货物运输项目为例,将项目区划分8个评价单元,采用安全检查表法和事故树法进行安全性评价,探讨主要控灾因素及安全工作要点。结果表明:安全检查表法适用于规范条文明确规定的检查事件,事故树法通过最小割集和重要度计算能有效分析事件成因及要素权重;运输及装卸作业的安全保障应注重人员规范操作、劳动防护和作业区安全位置。

安全性评价  /  铁路危险货物运输  /  安全检查表  /  事故树

Safety evaluation is an important prerequisite and guarantee for the transportation of dangerous goods. Taking a dangerous goods transportation project in a town in southwest China as an example, the project area was divided into 8 evaluation units, and the safety check list method and fault tree method were used to evaluate the safety, and the main disaster control factors and safety work points were discussed. The results show that the safety checklist method is suitable for the inspection events specified in the specification provisions, and the fault tree method can effectively analyze the cause of the event and the weight of the elements through the minimum cut set and the importance calculation. The safety and security of transportation and loading and unloading operations should pay attention to the standardized operation of personnel, labor protection and safe location of the work area.

safety evaluation  /  transport of railway dangerous goods  /  safety checklist  /  fault tree
刘永芳, 刘元法. 基于安全检查表和事故树分析的危险货物运输安全性评价——以酸溶液铁路专运为例. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (6) : 243 -248 .
Yongfang LIU, Yuanfa LIU. Safety Evaluation of Dangerous Goods Transportation Based on Safety Checklist and Fault Tree Analysis: A Case Study of Acid Solution by Railway Special Line[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (6) : 243 -248 .
正文
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铁路危险货物运输过程中,泄露对公众健康和铁路系统安全的影响是致命的[1-3]。铁路危险货物运输安全性评价应兼顾企业基础设施、组织人员、不确定性环境等因素[4]。Frank和Thill[5]开发了Hazmat Path工作空间决策支持系统,用于评价危险货物运输安全性。Carotenut等[6]针对危险货物运输线路和调度进行研究,提出一种拓扑算法供运输线路安全选择参照。李继兵和李军[7]采用Gaussian模型将危险货物泄露概率与人员受灾风险相结合,研究了危险货物运输线路的安全优选。于影霞等[8]通过事故树模型研究了驾驶人操作对货物运输安全事故的影响,采用最小径集获取控制事故发生的方案,采用结构重要度分析确定基本事件的权重顺序。Ronza等[9]针对港口氢化物装载机械故障和水箱破损造成的泄露场景进行概率评价,并提出采用拓扑算法估计遇难者、受伤者和逃生者人数比率。
安全检查表法在高校实验室危险化学品评估[10]、煤矿突水危险性评估[11]、企业生产安全评价[12]等领域有广泛应用。相对而言,事故树的重要度系数计算可以明确基本事件的重要程度,战友和张峰硕[13]采用这一方法开展了石墨园区尾库溃坝的风险评价,邵良杉和杨金辉[14]采用事故树与层次分析法预测煤矿瓦斯爆炸事件,并提出预防措施。
鉴于此,以四川西部某专用铁路中危险货物运输为典型案例,通过安全检查表和事故树分析,针对8个评价单元进行安全性评价。研究方法和所得结论可供相近工程的安全评价做参照。
1 安全性评价方法
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1.1 安全检查表法
安全检查表(safety checklist analysis,SCA)是依据相关的标准、规范,对工程、系统中已知的危险类别、设计缺陷以及与一般工艺设备、操作、管理有关的潜在危险性和有害性进行判别检查[15]。为了避免检查项目遗漏,事先把检查对象分割成若干系统,以提问或打分的形式,将检查项目列表,这种表被称为安全检查表。它是系统安全工程的一种最基础、最简便、广泛应用的系统危险性评价方法。目前,安全检查表在我国不仅用于查找系统中各种潜在的事故隐患,还对各检查项目给予量化,用于进行系统安全评价。如图1所示。
1.2 事故树法
事故树分析又称故障树分析,是一种演绎的系统安全分析方法[16-17]。从待分析事故或故障开始,逐层分析其发生原因,直到不能再分解为止;将特定的事故和各层原因(危险因素)之间用逻辑门符号连接起来,得到形象、简洁地表达其逻辑关系(因果关系)的逻辑树图形,即事故树。通过对事故树简化、计算,达到分析、评价的目的。工作流程如图2所示。
其中,最小割集指导致顶上事件发生的最低限度的基本事件集合,集合中任一基本事件中断,则顶上事件不可发生。最小割集求解通过化简后的事故树函数式展开求解。
最小径集指事故树中所有不能导致顶上事件发生的基本事件集合,表达研究系统的安全性。集合中任一基本事件中断,则顶上事件可能发生。显然,将事故树转化为对偶的成功树,则成功树的最小割集即为事故树的最小径集。
结构重要度的求解公式为
${I}_{i}=\frac{1}{k}\sum _{j=1}^{n}\frac{1}{{2}_{j}}$
式中:Ii为第i个事件的重要度;k为最小割集总数;kj为第j个最小割集;nj为第j个最小割集的基本事件数;j∈kj。
2 铁路危险货物运输案例
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某物流公司因新增业务需进行硫酸、磷酸溶液等危险货物运输到达业务的安全性评价,项目所在区为四川盆地中西部某城镇,属亚热带温润季风气候,区域地震动峰值加速度0.15g(g为重力加速度),地震动反应谱特征周期0.40 s,抗震设防烈度VII度[18-19]。
项目区危险货物采用正面吊装卸,其工作流程为铁路集装箱专用平车或两用平车→正面吊→集装箱作业场地→汽车。
项目区危险货物罐式集装箱抽卸工艺流程为20 ft(1 ft=0.304 8 m)35 t罐式集装箱→鹤管→输送管道→卸车泵→输送管道→储罐。
项目区公用工程及辅助设施含给排水、供配电、消防、防雷防静电、劳动安全防护等。
安全管理包含管理机构、规章制度、安全教育培训、应急救援预案、工伤社会保险等。
3 危险货物运输安全性评价
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3.1 评价单元划分及方法选择
在危险、有害因素等辨识分析的基础上,根据评价对象的生产工艺、工艺装置、主要危险和有害因素特点以及分布等,将评价单元划分为相对独立、相互联系的若干子系统。
本项目评价单元划分及安全评价方法如表1所示。
3.2 安全性评价
3.2.1 安全检查表法评价
以周边环境评价单元为例,进行安全检查表法评价说明。依据《铁路危险货物办理站、专用线(专用铁路)货运安全设备设施暂行技术条件》(铁运〔2010〕105号),结合周边环境的实际情况采用安全检查表法对周边环境进行逐项检查,如表2所示。
由表2可知,项目区周边环境单元均符合规范要求。
3.2.2 事故树法评价
由表1知运输及装卸作业评价单元采用事故树法进行安全评价。将运输与装卸拆分为运输撞车、危险货物灼伤和正面吊起重伤害3个次级单元作为顶上事件,按表2流程分别进行事故树安全评价。
1) 撞车事故
经调查,运输撞车事故原因主要体现为车辆溜逸、操作失误、违章作业等,将事故成因作为事故树中间事件,将中间事件的成因作为基本事件,编制事故树如图3所示。
(1)最小割集计算。最小割集计算如式为
$\begin{aligned}T & =M_{1}+M_{2}+M_{3}=M_{4} X_{3}+\left(X_{4}+M_{5}\right)+X_{7}+X_{8} \\& =\left(X_{1}+X_{2}\right) X_{3}+X_{4}+X_{5}+X_{6}+X_{7}+X_{8} \\& =X_{1} X_{3}+X_{2} X_{3}+X_{4}+X_{5}+X_{6}+X_{7}+X_{8}\end{aligned}$
式中:T、M和X为代事件(图3)。通过事故树模型的构建和运用布尔代数的运算法则计算,得到最小割集7组,即表明导致顶上事件(专用铁路货车撞车事故)的发生,(原因)渠道有7组,每一组(原因)渠道均能引起专用铁路货车车辆在调车和停留车进行作业时发生撞车。最小割集的数目越多,系统发生事故的危险性越大。
(2)结构重要度。根据事故树的结构重要度分析,每一基本事件的重要顺序可以排列为
$I\left(3\right)=I\left(4\right)=I\left(5\right)=I\left(6\right)=I\left(7\right)=I\left(8\right)I\left(1\right)=I\left(2\right)$
由上述所得事故树的结构重要度大小顺序可分析,引发专用铁路货车撞车事故发生的(原因)渠道的危险概率大小的排列情况。
(3)事故预防对策。①专用铁路装卸作业线应设在平直道上;②停留车一定要采取防溜措施,否则,一旦车辆溜逸,将造成严重损失;③联挂车辆时,车速一定要控制在安全联挂速度内,高速联挂会冲撞车辆造成车辆损坏,特别车辆为装运硫酸或磷酸溶液的车辆时,还可能引发灼伤、环境污染等事故;④扳道员要经铁路有关部门培训,按计划开通、关闭股道;⑤道岔定位后要加锁,以免闲杂人员随意扳动造成事故;⑥停留车辆进行接卸作业时,必须在作业车的两端的来车方向或尽头线来车方向20 m以外安设带有脱轨器的红色防护信号,避免再进车冲撞作业车和伤害正在作业的人员;⑦推进车辆一定要试拉,避免假连接,否则在机车制动停车时,未连接车辆会脱开溜逸;⑧停留车要停在警冲标以内,不得压标,以免邻线进车发生冲撞;⑨尽头式线路末端应设置挡车器和挡车器表示器,取送车作业时,挡车器与最后车位车钩中心线的距离不应小于20 m。
2) 危险货物灼伤事故
罐式集装箱硫酸采用车上抽卸方式进行装卸作业过程中,发生泄漏并引发人员腐蚀灼伤事故树如图4所示。
(1)最小割集计算:
$\begin{array}{c}T=M_{1} M_{2}=\left(X_{1}+X_{2}+X_{3}+X_{4}\right)\left(X_{5}+X_{6}+\right. \\\left.X_{7}+X_{8}+X_{9}+X_{10}+X_{11}+X_{12}+X_{13}\right)=X_{1} X_{5}+ \\X_{1} X_{6}+X_{1} X_{7}+X_{1} X_{8}+X_{1} X_{9}+X_{1} X_{10}+X_{1} X_{11}+ \\X_{1} X_{12}+X_{1} X_{13}+X_{2} X_{5}+X_{2} X_{6}+X_{2} X_{7}+X_{2} X_{8}+ \\X_{2} X_{9}+X_{2} X_{10}+X_{2} X_{11}+X_{2} X_{12}+X_{2} X_{13}+X_{3} X_{5}+ \\X_{3} X_{6}+X_{3} X_{7}+X_{3} X_{8}+X_{3} X_{9}+X_{3} X_{10}+X_{3} X_{11}+ \\X_{3} X_{12}+X_{3} X_{13}+X_{4} X_{5}+X_{4} X_{6}+X_{4} X_{7}+X_{4} X_{8}+ \\X_{4} X_{9}+X_{4} X_{10}+X_{4} X_{11}+X_{4} X_{12}+X_{4} X_{13}\end{array}$
式中:T、M和X为代事件(图4)。通过事故树模型的构建和运用布尔代数的运算法则计算,得到最小割集36组,即表明导致顶上事件发生的途径有36个,每个途径均有引起硫酸灼伤事故发生的可能性。由计算得出的最小割集的阶数均为2,表明只要每个割集中两个基本事件同时发生,就会导致顶上事件即硫酸灼伤事故的发生。
(2)结构重要度。根据事故树的结构重要度分析,每一基本事件的重要顺序可以排列为
$\begin{array}{c}I\left(X_{4}\right)=I\left(X_{3}\right)=I\left(X_{2}\right)=I\left(X_{1}\right)>I\left(X_{13}\right)= \\I\left(X_{12}\right)=I\left(X_{11}\right)=I\left(X_{10}\right)=I\left(X_{9}\right)= \\I\left(X_{8}\right)=I\left(X_{7}\right)=I\left(X_{6}\right)=I\left(X_{5}\right)\end{array}$
根据以上分析,缺少劳动防护和硫酸泄漏是引起硫酸灼伤事故的最重要条件。可见,装卸作业前穿戴好劳动防护用品极为重要。若要控制硫酸灼伤事故的发生,可以控制Ml和M2两个基本条件,X1~X4是有关劳动防护的基本事件,X5~X13是有关泄漏的基本事件,即穿戴好劳动保护用品或者防止硫酸泄漏事故的发生,才能有效地避免硫酸灼伤事故的发生。
3)正面吊起重伤害事故
正面吊属于特种设备,一旦发生事故其后果是极其严重的,因此结合罐式集装箱硫酸、磷酸溶液的装卸工艺,构建正面吊起重伤害事故树,通过对事故树的分析,掌握事故发生的各种可能,并提出有效预防事故发生的防范措施。事故树如图5所示。
(1)最小割集计算。
$\begin{array}{c}T=M_{1} M_{2}=\left(M_{3}+M_{4}+M_{5}\right) M_{2}=\left[\left(X_{1}+X_{2}+\right.\right. \\\left.X_{3}+X_{4}+X_{5}\right)+\left(X_{6}+X_{7}+X_{8}+X_{9}\right)+\left(X_{10}+\right. \\\left.\left.X_{11}+X_{12}+X_{13}+X_{14}+X_{15}+X_{16}\right)\right] \\\left(X_{17}+X_{18}+X_{19}\right)\end{array}$
计算得“正面吊起重伤害”事故树的最小割集有48个,其事件组合为
$\begin{array}{l}\left(X_{1}, X_{17}\right) 、\left(X_{1}, X_{18}\right) 、\left(X_{1}, X_{19}\right) 、\left(X_{10}, X_{17}\right) 、 \\\left(X_{10}, X_{18}\right) 、\left(X_{10}, X_{19}\right) 、\left(X_{11}, X_{17}\right) 、\left(X_{11}, X_{18}\right) 、 \\\left(X_{11}, X_{19}\right) 、\left(X_{12}, X_{17}\right) 、\left(X_{12}, X_{18}\right) 、\left(X_{12}, X_{19}\right) 、 \\\left(X_{13}, X_{17}\right) 、\left(X_{13}, X_{18}\right) 、\left(X_{13}, X_{19}\right) 、\left(X_{14}, X_{17}\right) 、 \\\left(X_{14}, X_{18}\right) 、\left(X_{14}, X_{19}\right) 、\left(X_{15}, X_{17}\right) 、\left(X_{15}, X_{18}\right) 、 \\\left(X_{15}, X_{19}\right) 、\left(X_{16}, X_{17}\right) 、\left(X_{16}, X_{18}\right) 、\left(X_{16}, X_{19}\right) 、 \\\left(X_{2}, X_{17}\right) 、\left(X_{2}, X_{18}\right) 、\left(X_{2}, X_{19}\right) 、\left(X_{3}, X_{17}\right) 、 \\\left(X_{3}, X_{18}\right) 、\left(X_{3}, X_{19}\right) 、\left(X_{4}, X_{17}\right) 、\left(X_{4}, X_{18}\right) 、 \\\left(X_{4}, X_{19}\right) 、\left(X_{5}, X_{17}\right) 、\left(X_{5}, X_{18}\right) 、\left(X_{5}, X_{19}\right) 、 \\\left(X_{6}, X_{17}\right) 、\left(X_{6}, X_{18}\right) 、\left(X_{6}, X_{19}\right) 、\left(X_{7}, X_{17}\right) 、 \\\left(X_{7}, X_{18}\right) 、\left(X_{7}, X_{19}\right) 、\left(X_{8}, X_{17}\right) 、\left(X_{8}, X_{18}\right) 、 \\\left(X_{8}, X_{19}\right) 、\left(X_{9}, X_{17}\right) 、\left(X_{9}, X_{18}\right) 、\left(X_{9}, X_{19}\right) .\end{array}$
(2)结构重要度。根据事故树的结构重要度分析,每一基本事件的重要顺序可以排列为
$\begin{array}{c}I\left(X_{19}\right)=I\left(X_{18}\right)=I\left(X_{17}\right)>I\left(X_{16}\right)=I\left(X_{15}\right)= \\I\left(X_{14}\right)=I\left(X_{13}\right)=I\left(X_{12}\right)=I\left(X_{11}\right)=I\left(X_{10}\right)= \\I\left(X_{9}\right)=I\left(X_{8}\right)=I\left(X_{7}\right)=I\left(X_{6}\right)=I\left(X_{5}\right)= \\I\left(X_{4}\right)=I\left(X_{3}\right)=I\left(X_{2}\right)=I\left(X_{1}\right)\end{array}$
起重伤害主要是因为存在人机交叉作业,当危险区有人、或有人经过及人躲闪不及,易造成起重伤害;当起重机械起吊时出现歪拉斜吊、吊物不稳,起重机械中的索具断裂、控制器失灵时,也极易引发事故,造成人员发生起重伤害。
4 结论
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本文总结了铁路危险货物运输安全评价的技术手段,针对铁路危险货物运输进行评价单元划分,分别采用安全检查表和事故树评价了项目周边环境、运输及装卸作业。
(1)安全检查表评价法主要适用于评价标准明确,有规范条文依据的强制性因素检查。项目区周边环境符合相关条文要求。
(2)事故树分析法将顶上事件逐级分解,化简后以基本事件表达事故控制性成因,通过最小割集计算结果评价事故危险性,通过重要度分析评价各成因的权重排序。
(3)撞车事故安全评价表明,人为操作(I3~I8)对事故发生的贡献高于自然因素(I1~I2);危险货物灼伤事故安全评价表明,缺少劳动防护(I1~I4)对灼伤事故发生的贡献高于危险货物泄露(I5~I13);正面吊起重伤害事故安全评价表明,作业区域人员活动(I17~I19)对事故发生的贡献高于起重机械设备失控(I1~I16)。
显然,危险货物运输的安全性保障应以设备安全为基础,人员安全意识和规范操作为核心进行。
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2025年第25卷第6期
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  • 接收时间：2023-09-25
  • 首发时间：2025-07-21
  • 出版时间：2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期：2023-09-25
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    1 四川交铁安全技术有限公司, 成都 610031
    2 厚普清洁能源集团能源装备有限公司, 成都 611730

通讯作者:

刘元法(1986—),男,湖北黄石人,工程师,研究方向为清洁能源安全。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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