Article(id=1153992832172942229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992827261412198, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)05-0044-05, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722787200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753062931339, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753062931339, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753062931339, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753062931339, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153992827261412198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753062930169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753063450817, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1153995011059340165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992827261412198, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1153995011063534470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992827261412198, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=44, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153992833028580253, articleId=1153992832172942229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Fast Splicing of Land and Resources Images Based on UAV Remote Sensing Information, columnId=1151876674645226399, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Technology Innovation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of land and resources mapping, a rapid land and resources image mosaic method based on UAV remote sensing information was proposed. Firstly, by estimating the height and angle of aerial photography, the land and resources mapping images with high accuracy were obtained. Then, the corresponding feature detection algorithm combined with BRIEF (binary robust independent elementary features)algorithm was used to describe the feature rotation invariance. Next, KNN (K-nearest neighbor) algorithm was used to match feature points to achieve precise extraction. Finally, the SPHP (shape-preserving half-projective warps for image stitching)algorithm was used for image fusion, and the image mosaic is completed. The experimental results show that the designed land and resources image rapid splicing method can realize accurate mapping of land and resources, ensure the mapping efficiency, and has certain application value.

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为提高国土资源测绘的准确性及效率,提出基于无人机遥感信息的国土资源影像快速拼接方法。首先,通过估算航拍高度和角度,获取精度较高的国土资源测绘影像;然后,采用相应特征检测算法结合BRIEF(二进制鲁棒独立基本特征)算法进行特征旋转不变性的描述;之后,采用KNN(K近邻)算法进行特征点匹配,实现精提取;最后,利用SPHP(保持形状的半投影变换图像拼接)算法进行图像融合,完成图像拼接。实验结果表明,所设计的国土资源影像快速拼接方法能准确测绘国土资源,保证测绘效率,有一定的应用价值。

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盖学峰(1990—),男,山东济南人,工程师,研究方向为地理信息、省情监测、基础测绘;

孙伟(1991—),男,山东济南人,工程师,研究方向为省情监测、基础测绘、智慧城市;

管楚(1992—),男,湖北黄冈人,硕士,工程师,研究方向为省情监测、新型基础测绘、基础测绘、水准测量、智慧城市、航测遥感。

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盖学峰(1990—),男,山东济南人,工程师,研究方向为地理信息、省情监测、基础测绘;

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盖学峰(1990—),男,山东济南人,工程师,研究方向为地理信息、省情监测、基础测绘;

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孙伟(1991—),男,山东济南人,工程师,研究方向为省情监测、基础测绘、智慧城市;

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管楚(1992—),男,湖北黄冈人,硕士,工程师,研究方向为省情监测、新型基础测绘、基础测绘、水准测量、智慧城市、航测遥感。

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参数 数值
焦距/mm 80
畸变差/μm <2
相元物理尺寸/μm 6
拼接后幅画 16 K×12 K像元
辐射分辨率 8/12 bitRGB真彩
旁向视场角/(°) 59
旁向覆盖能力 2.0
航向视场角/(°) 74
基高比 0.59
飞行拍摄影像数 ≥3 500
最短曝光间隔/s 3
曝光时间/s 1/500
光圈 3.5max
感光度 200/400
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SWDC航拍相机参数

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参数 数值
焦距/mm 80
畸变差/μm <2
相元物理尺寸/μm 6
拼接后幅画 16 K×12 K像元
辐射分辨率 8/12 bitRGB真彩
旁向视场角/(°) 59
旁向覆盖能力 2.0
航向视场角/(°) 74
基高比 0.59
飞行拍摄影像数 ≥3 500
最短曝光间隔/s 3
曝光时间/s 1/500
光圈 3.5max
感光度 200/400
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测绘区域 本文方法 传统方法
特征匹配
时间/ms
特征点数 特征匹配
时间/ms
特征点数
1 658 205 2 601 1 237
2 683 256 1 697 1 542
3 652 301 3 098 1 549
4 774 241 2 946 1 385
5 554 235 3 166 1 496
6 693 228 2 664 1 547
7 653 209 1 694 1 586
8 792 254 1 954 1 283
9 647 289 2 618 1 842
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图像特征提取速度结果

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测绘区域 本文方法 传统方法
特征匹配
时间/ms
特征点数 特征匹配
时间/ms
特征点数
1 658 205 2 601 1 237
2 683 256 1 697 1 542
3 652 301 3 098 1 549
4 774 241 2 946 1 385
5 554 235 3 166 1 496
6 693 228 2 664 1 547
7 653 209 1 694 1 586
8 792 254 1 954 1 283
9 647 289 2 618 1 842
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基于无人机遥感信息的国土资源影像快速拼接
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盖学峰 , 孙伟 , 管楚
科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025,25(5): 44-48
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科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025, 25(5): 44-48
基于无人机遥感信息的国土资源影像快速拼接
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盖学峰, 孙伟, 管楚
作者信息
  • 山东省国土测绘院, 济南 250102
  • 盖学峰(1990—),男,山东济南人,工程师,研究方向为地理信息、省情监测、基础测绘;

    孙伟(1991—),男,山东济南人,工程师,研究方向为省情监测、基础测绘、智慧城市;

    管楚(1992—),男,湖北黄冈人,硕士,工程师,研究方向为省情监测、新型基础测绘、基础测绘、水准测量、智慧城市、航测遥感。

Fast Splicing of Land and Resources Images Based on UAV Remote Sensing Information
Xuefeng GAI, Wei SUN, Chu GUAN
Affiliations
  • Shandong Provincial Institute of Land Surveying and Mapping, Jinan 250102, China
出版时间: 2025-03-10
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为提高国土资源测绘的准确性及效率,提出基于无人机遥感信息的国土资源影像快速拼接方法。首先,通过估算航拍高度和角度,获取精度较高的国土资源测绘影像;然后,采用相应特征检测算法结合BRIEF(二进制鲁棒独立基本特征)算法进行特征旋转不变性的描述;之后,采用KNN(K近邻)算法进行特征点匹配,实现精提取;最后,利用SPHP(保持形状的半投影变换图像拼接)算法进行图像融合,完成图像拼接。实验结果表明,所设计的国土资源影像快速拼接方法能准确测绘国土资源,保证测绘效率,有一定的应用价值。

无人机  /  遥感影像  /  国土资源  /  快速拼接

In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of land and resources mapping, a rapid land and resources image mosaic method based on UAV remote sensing information was proposed. Firstly, by estimating the height and angle of aerial photography, the land and resources mapping images with high accuracy were obtained. Then, the corresponding feature detection algorithm combined with BRIEF (binary robust independent elementary features)algorithm was used to describe the feature rotation invariance. Next, KNN (K-nearest neighbor) algorithm was used to match feature points to achieve precise extraction. Finally, the SPHP (shape-preserving half-projective warps for image stitching)algorithm was used for image fusion, and the image mosaic is completed. The experimental results show that the designed land and resources image rapid splicing method can realize accurate mapping of land and resources, ensure the mapping efficiency, and has certain application value.

unmanned aerial vehicle  /  remote sensing image  /  land resources  /  quick splicing
盖学峰, 孙伟, 管楚. 基于无人机遥感信息的国土资源影像快速拼接. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (5) : 44 -48 .
Xuefeng GAI, Wei SUN, Chu GUAN. Fast Splicing of Land and Resources Images Based on UAV Remote Sensing Information[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (5) : 44 -48 .
由于中国的国土资源具有面积大、地形复杂等特点,应用传统人工测绘技术不仅效率低下、成本较高,得到的国土资源信息也不够准确。为此,准确高效的国土资源测绘技术成为研究热点。目前,应用范围最广的国土资源测绘技术就是无人机遥感技术[1],利用无人机搭载特定型号的摄像头[2],拍摄国土资源影像,采用连接的处理器进行影像处理,从而实现国土资源影像的输出。在处理影像时,需要将多张国土资源影像进行拼接,以得到完整的国土资源信息。但对影像进行拼接处理时,易出现重影等匹配不准的问题。对此,本文基于无人机遥感信息设计了国土资源影像快速拼接方法。在测绘区域正上方拍摄,估算航拍高度和角度,得到最优测量精度的影像。在无人机拍摄过程中,由于飞行姿态的变化,影像可能存在旋转,而二进制鲁棒独立基本特征算法(binary robust independent elementary features,BRIEF)算法对特征点进行旋转不变性的描述,能够有效应对这一问题,提高特征匹配的稳定性和准确性。通过结合特征检测算法、BRIEF算法以及K近邻算法(K-nearest neighbor, KNN)算法,形成了一个高效、准确的图像拼接系统,实现了从影像获取到拼接的完整解决方案。进一步采用保持形状的半投影变换图像拼接算法(shape-preserving half-projective warps for image stitching,SPHP)算法进行图像融合。这种算法在保持图像细节的同时,能够有效减少拼接缝隙,提升拼接图像的整体视觉效果和质量。
利用无人机获取国土资源影像时,最重要的环节是处理航拍的现场图像,重建重要地形元素的空间位置。在利用普通相机拍摄地形时,拍摄角度是影响图像数据信息测量准确性的关键因素。
无人机航拍图像是测绘现场的俯视平面图,通过对现场照片的几何校正得到平面图像信息[3],排除拍摄角度对国土资源信息获取的影响。首先假设一个测量误差值,在非垂直俯视拍摄情况下[4],计算图像的测量误差,可以发现,相机拍摄角度影响图像测量精度。拍摄角度越小,图像测量误差越大。当拍摄角度不断增大,图像测量精度也逐步变高。当俯视拍摄测绘现场时相机与现场夹角成90°,此时图像成像效果最好[5]。因此,为了降低由拍摄角度带来的误差影响,在拍摄条件允许的情况下,应尽量保持最佳拍摄角度,即从测绘区域上方进行拍摄,获取待测区域的信息,达到最优测量精度。
消除拍摄角度对测绘精度的影响后,需要估算航拍高度,保证测绘信息图像采集的准确性。根据无人机测量的特殊性质,首先搭建无人机航拍高度示意图,如图1所示。
图1可知,此时可以根据航拍的角度,计算无人机航拍高度比值,公式为
$\frac{d}{D}=\frac{f}{{P}_{k}}$
式中:d为图像成像直径;f为无人机焦距;D为地面测绘区域直径;Pk为飞行高度。此时根据该高度比值可以计算无人机的参数,如果无人机的像素点大于6个,则需要重新确定研究区域直径的大小,基于此,绘制的国土资源图像信息获取的流程如图2所示。
图2可知,工作人员到达事故现场前,首先需要确认无人机、遥控器及平板电脑间的正常连接,其次,选择合适的地面标志物,使用无人机摄影测量航拍高度计算方法,参照场景的大小计算出合适的图像拍摄高度,在测绘现场环境允许的条件下,操作无人机使其上升至测绘地点上空,借助终端设备上显示的实时图像信息监视所拍摄区域,并拍摄测绘区域照片[6]。遥控控制无人机返回,输出拍摄的测绘区域图像,恢复测绘利用现场图绘制软件对航拍图像进行几何校正,以俯视校正图像为背景绘制现场元素,并进行尺寸测量与信息标注,打印测绘区域的图像信息。
在处理无人机遥感图像后,为满足国土资源测绘需求,本文提出了准实时拼接策略,使图像在飞机着陆时即可完成拼接。这有助于提供完整测绘区域的拼接后图像。因此在进行航拍的过程中,需要在图像处理后立刻在机上进行纠正和拼接处理,实现国土资源遥感图像的实时拼接,完成航带内图像拼接后,利用飞机返航时间,进行航带间图像快速处理,形成拼接后国土资源区域的整体图像,保证在飞机着陆后,可以第一时间提供国土资源影像[7]
通常情况下,由于航空遥感图像带有定位定姿系统(position and orientation system,POS)信息,因此在进行拼接时,往往采用基于POS信息的拼接或基于图像特征的拼接方法。但由于航拍时无人机容易受天气情况和气流的影响,导致无人机产生一定程度的俯仰和侧滚,且POS系统本身的精度也有限,因此在利用POS数据对图像进行正射纠正和直接拼接时,为了减少拼接后图像的几何误差,可以利用无人机遥感信息快速融合重叠区域的图像[8]
本文提出的基于无人机遥感信息与图像特征相结合的拼接方法,在保证图像信息完整性和准确性的同时,最大限度地提高拼接效率,节省时间。针对航带内和航带间图像的拼接,可以进行重新采样[9]。首先,需要利用POS数减小数据量,使所获取的所有单张图像根据地理坐标进行纠正;其次,需要确定各相邻图像间的大致重叠区域,利用图像中的地物信息,采用相应特征检测算法进行特征提取后,对重叠区域图像进行匹配,剔除误匹配关系,计算图像偏移量,利用图像坐标信息,加入偏移量完成拼接[10];最后,在单个航带内图像拼接结束后,需要根据图像地理坐标确定重叠区域,并在重叠区域内,选取一定大小的图像进行匹配,计算整体偏移量,再将偏移量加入地理坐标完成拼接。
在无人机遥感图像特征提取时如果包含大量的特征点,那么特征描述子将会大量占用计算量,过程中非常耗时,因此,本文采用BRIEF算法对特征点进行特征描述。并且,考虑到BRIEF算法是不具备旋转不变性的,添加像素块的方向计算旋转矩阵,得到具有旋转不变性的特征描述子。再采用KNN算法进行特征点匹配。通过计算基准特征点和待匹配特征点之间的欧式距离,并将距离值按大小排序,选取距离最近的一点,若其小于设定的阈值,则该特征点为目标匹配点。在图像拼接的过程中,通过引入权重参数划分重叠区域、过渡区域和非拼接重叠区域[11],利用SPHP算法实现图像融合。本文设计的无人机遥感影像快速拼接流程如图3所示。
在实现国土资源快速拼接的过程中,为了保证影像拼接的处理效率,还可以设计快速拼接系统。分析系统的需求可知,快速拼接系统必须满足测量转换需求,可以实现影像的处理和拼接,除此之外,还需要添加符合测绘需求的数据库,满足不断增加的测绘需求,拼接系统也在不断地演进和完善,以多种形式形成海量空间数据,具有多源、多尺度特点[12]。可以合理组织国土资源数据并进行数据分类,建立高效的空间数据库,可以将国土资源影像数据通过转换处理中心输入空间数据库,构建更好的数据库模型,满足用户在各类环境下的应用需求,实现国土资源影像的快速拼接。
这款国土资源快速拼接系统是基于Windows平台开发的应用软件。系统采用了Visual Studio 2008作为编程平台,并通过加载OpenCV库函数进行开发,实现了对无人机航拍图像的实时自动拼接[13]。在使用该系统时,首先对无人机航拍视频数据进行解码,从中提取出单帧图像数据和飞行参数信息。然后,利用所获取的无人机飞行参数对单帧图像进行几何校正,确保待拼接的图像和最终拼接结果图像都以正射投影方式显示[14]。完成预处理后,系统采用特征检测算法结合BRIEF算法来提取图像的特征。随后,利用KNN算法对特征点进行匹配,统一匹配后两帧图像的坐标[15]。最后,系统运用SPHP算法实现了图像的无缝拼接。这款国土资源快速拼接系统能够高效地处理无人机航拍图像,并实时自动完成图像拼接过程,保证了系统的稳定性和性能。
为了检测本文设计的基于无人机遥感的国土资源影像快速拼接方法的性能,将其与传统的国土信息测绘方法进行对比,实验如下。
选取某地区进行无人机遥感测绘实验,选取Microsoft Windows 7作为实验平台,搭建 professional 64检测软件,在Visual C++2010环境下进行测试,此时使用Xeon(R) CPU W3550进行处理,该处理器具有16GB内存。在实验前必须将航拍器进行预先校正,除此之外,实验还用到了全球定位系统(global position system,GPS)接收机、摄影系统、处理系统等,此时SWDC型号航拍相机的各项参数见表1
根据表1所示的数据,采集济南泉城公园园区与附近居民区的航空影像图,该图像的像素约为10 500×10 500,原始像素规定为68 mm,将航拍影像的大小调整至450 M左右,进行航拍拼接实验,此时,研究地区的航拍拼接图像如图4所示。
图4可知,此时的航拍拼接图像拼接较简单,仅仅取了影像重叠的中值,并进行影像融合。为了适当增加计算速度,可以在拼接的两侧进行窗口匹配,缩短影像处理的时间。
分别使用本文设计的国土资源影像快速拼接方法和传统的快速测绘方法进行实验,得到的图像如图5所示。
图5可知,本文设计方法拼接的图像质量更高,更好识别。为了检验两种方法的图像特征匹配速度差异,分别使用两种方法在研究区域10处标准高度下获取图像并处理,得到的结果见表2
表2可知,本文设计方法的提取到的特征点数远少于传统的测绘技术,说明本文设计方法在提取特征点方面效率较高,因此,在特征匹配时间也少于传统测绘技术。表明本文设计的图像拼接技术具有输出图像质量高、耗时短、效果好的优点。
综上所述,使用无人机遥感信息技术测绘国土资源对国土信息开发研究具有重要意义。因此本文基于无人机遥感信息技术,设计了国土资源影像快速拼接方法,实验证明设计的拼接方法的图像质量和拼接速度均高于传统的测绘方法,因此本文设计的国土资源影像快速拼接方法具有有效性,有一定的应用价值。
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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    山东省国土测绘院, 济南 250102
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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