Article(id=1153992831829009297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992827261412198, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)05-0151-11, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723478400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753062931257, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753062931257, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753062931257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753062931257, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153992827261412198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753062930169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753063450817, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1153995011059340165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992827261412198, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1153995011063534470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992827261412198, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=151, endPage=161, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153992832927916955, articleId=1153992831829009297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Impact of Industrial Structure Optimization on Carbon Emission Intensity from the Perspective of Provincial Cooperation, columnId=1151877660386357290, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Industrial Development, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As China enters the middle stage of industrialization and modernization, both energy consumption and carbon emissions are growing, posing an increasingly serious challenge to sustainable development. The industrial sector is a major source of carbon emissions, and its structural optimization is crucial for reducing carbon emission intensity. Based on a sample of 30 provinces in China from 2005 to 2021, a dynamic panel threshold regression model was applied to treat provincial cooperation as a threshold value, and the mechanism of industrial structure optimization on carbon emission intensity was explored from two dimensions: rationalization and advancement of industrial structure. The results show that the rationalization and upgrading of the industrial structure have a significant negative impact on carbon emission intensity. However, the rationalization of industrial structure has a significant three-threshold effect on carbon emission intensity, and this negative effect shows a “V” type change trend on the whole. The upgrading of industrial structure has a single threshold effect on carbon emission intensity. The upgrading of the industrial structure will significantly promote the reduction of carbon emission intensity only when the provincial cooperation index is at least 2.013. The government should actively establish a cross-provincial cooperation mechanism to foster the coordinated development of inter-provincial industries and facilitate the extensive sharing of clean energy technologies, thereby promoting the transformation of the economy towards a green and low-carbon future.

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随着中国工业化和现代化进程进入中期阶段,能源消费量和碳排放量均呈现持续增长趋势,对可持续发展构成了日益严峻的挑战。产业部门作为碳排放的主要来源,其结构优化对于降低碳排放强度至关重要。基于2005—2021年省级样本数据,应用动态面板门槛回归模型,将省域合作视为门槛值,并分别从产业结构合理化和高级化两个维度探讨产业结构优化对碳排放强度的作用机理。结果发现:产业结构合理化和高级化均对碳排放强度有显著负向影响;然而,随着省域合作的提升,产业结构合理化对碳排放强度存在显著的三门槛效应,并且这种门槛效应在整体上呈现出“V”型变化趋势;产业结构高级化对碳排放强度有单门槛效应;只有当省域合作指数超过2.013时,产业结构高级化才会显著促进碳排放强度降低。政府应当积极构建跨省合作机制,以促进省域产业的协同发展与清洁能源技术的广泛共享,进而推动经济向绿色低碳转型。

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刘杰(1990—),男,山东潍坊人,博士,讲师,研究方向为能源经济气候政策;

石露(2002—),女,广西柳州人,研究方向为资源环境管理;

朱菲菲(2002—),女,甘肃平凉人,研究方向为资源环境管理;

王永霞(2003—),女,山东泰安人,研究方向为资源环境管理;

卢元香(2002—),女,贵州铜仁人,研究方向为资源环境管理。

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刘杰(1990—),男,山东潍坊人,博士,讲师,研究方向为能源经济气候政策;

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刘杰(1990—),男,山东潍坊人,博士,讲师,研究方向为能源经济气候政策;

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石露(2002—),女,广西柳州人,研究方向为资源环境管理;

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变量 符号 定义 单位
碳排放强度 CI 碳排放量/国内生产总值 t/万元
产业结构合理化 ISR 三次产业增加值与就业人人数的加权指数
产业结构高级化 ISS 第三产业增加值/第二产业增加值
经济发展 PGDP 人均国内生产总值 万元/人
技术进步 TP 专利授权数 万件
人口密度 PI 单位面积人口数 人/m2
环境规制 ER 环境保护投资/国内生产总值
贸易开放 TO 贸易额/国内生产总值
), ArticleFig(id=1245743565725352257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992831829009297, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变量定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 符号 定义 单位
碳排放强度 CI 碳排放量/国内生产总值 t/万元
产业结构合理化 ISR 三次产业增加值与就业人人数的加权指数
产业结构高级化 ISS 第三产业增加值/第二产业增加值
经济发展 PGDP 人均国内生产总值 万元/人
技术进步 TP 专利授权数 万件
人口密度 PI 单位面积人口数 人/m2
环境规制 ER 环境保护投资/国内生产总值
贸易开放 TO 贸易额/国内生产总值
), ArticleFig(id=1245743567331770698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992831829009297, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 样本数 标准差 最小值 平均值 中值 最大值
CI 510 0.013 0.003 0.020 0.017 0.072
ISR 510 4.697 0.212 3.303 1.803 41.340
ISS 510 0.642 0.500 1.117 0.934 5.297
PGDP 510 2.666 0.681 4.455 3.846 15.983
TP 510 9.014 0.008 4.748 1.597 87.221
ER 510 0.009 0.003 0.014 0.012 0.144
PI 510 673.471 7.518 456.989 292.943 3 950.794
TO 510 0.323 0.007 0.287 0.149 1.709
), ArticleFig(id=1245743567474377042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992831829009297, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

变量描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 样本数 标准差 最小值 平均值 中值 最大值
CI 510 0.013 0.003 0.020 0.017 0.072
ISR 510 4.697 0.212 3.303 1.803 41.340
ISS 510 0.642 0.500 1.117 0.934 5.297
PGDP 510 2.666 0.681 4.455 3.846 15.983
TP 510 9.014 0.008 4.748 1.597 87.221
ER 510 0.009 0.003 0.014 0.012 0.144
PI 510 673.471 7.518 456.989 292.943 3 950.794
TO 510 0.323 0.007 0.287 0.149 1.709
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变量 LLC检验 IPS检验
水平 一阶差分 水平 一阶差分
lnCI -1.245 -4.554*** 6.489 -9.992***
lnISR -9.705*** -30.577*** 0.131 -14.627***
lnISS -0.299 -3.281*** 7.753 -7.197***
lnPGDP -11.813*** -10.904*** -11.116*** -2.517***
lnTP -1.130 -6.844*** 6.112 -10.367***
lnER -2.266** -10.198*** -2.801*** -11.205***
lnPI -4.642*** -3.188*** 2.354 -5.420***
lnTO -4.265*** -12.146*** -0.047 -9.853***
), ArticleFig(id=1245743567809921376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992831829009297, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

面板单位根检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 LLC检验 IPS检验
水平 一阶差分 水平 一阶差分
lnCI -1.245 -4.554*** 6.489 -9.992***
lnISR -9.705*** -30.577*** 0.131 -14.627***
lnISS -0.299 -3.281*** 7.753 -7.197***
lnPGDP -11.813*** -10.904*** -11.116*** -2.517***
lnTP -1.130 -6.844*** 6.112 -10.367***
lnER -2.266** -10.198*** -2.801*** -11.205***
lnPI -4.642*** -3.188*** 2.354 -5.420***
lnTO -4.265*** -12.146*** -0.047 -9.853***
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检验方法 变量 统计量 P
Pedroni检验 Panel v-statistic -6.534 0.000
Panel rho-statistic 4.739 0.000
Panel PP-statistic -4.585 0.000
PanelADF-statistic -5.664 0.000
Group rho-statistic 6.646 0.000
Group PP-statistic -7.960 0.000
Group ADF-statistic -7.067 0.000
Kao检验 ADF 3.704 0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1245743568174825841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992831829009297, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

产业结构合理化与碳排放强度关系的协整检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检验方法 变量 统计量 P
Pedroni检验 Panel v-statistic -6.534 0.000
Panel rho-statistic 4.739 0.000
Panel PP-statistic -4.585 0.000
PanelADF-statistic -5.664 0.000
Group rho-statistic 6.646 0.000
Group PP-statistic -7.960 0.000
Group ADF-statistic -7.067 0.000
Kao检验 ADF 3.704 0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1245743568346792313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992831829009297, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检验方法 变量 统计量 P
Pedroni检验 Panel v-statistic -4.160 0.000
Panel rho-statistic 4.221 0.000
Panel PP-statistic -6.573 0.000
Panel ADF-statistic -6.776 0.000
Group rho-statistic 6.325 0.000
Group PP-statistic -10.554 0.000
Group ADF-statistic -8.820 0.000
Kao检验 ADF 2.672 0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1245743568506175873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992831829009297, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

产业结构高级化与碳排放强度关系的协整检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检验方法 变量 统计量 P
Pedroni检验 Panel v-statistic -4.160 0.000
Panel rho-statistic 4.221 0.000
Panel PP-statistic -6.573 0.000
Panel ADF-statistic -6.776 0.000
Group rho-statistic 6.325 0.000
Group PP-statistic -10.554 0.000
Group ADF-statistic -8.820 0.000
Kao检验 ADF 2.672 0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1245743568652976520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992831829009297, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
lnCIit OLS RE FE FE OLS RE FE FE
lnISRit -0.466*** -0.289*** -0.223*** -0.859***
(0.042) (0.036) (0.061) (0.141)
lnISSit -0.279*** -0.084*** -0.101*** -0.061*
(0.033) (0.020) (0.027) (0.034)
lnPGDPit -0.095** -0.514*** -0.812*** -0.917*** -0.037 -0.532*** -0.649*** -0.904***
(0.043) (0.055) (0.140) (0.138) (0.050) (0.057) (0.125) (0.108)
lnTPit -0.129*** 0.027 0.099*** 0.118*** -0.115*** 0.007 0.109*** 0.075***
(0.015) (0.023) (0.029) (0.028) (0.016) (0.024) (0.029) (0.025)
lnERit 0.251*** 0.019 -0.009 0.003 0.224*** 0.045** -0.006 0.021
(0.037) (0.019) (0.019) (0.019) (0.035) (0.019) (0.019) (0.017)
lnPIit -0.087*** -0.187*** -0.965*** -0.806*** -0.045** -0.153*** -0.761*** -0.425***
(0.020) (0.046) (0.187) (0.185) (0.022) (0.045) (0.178) (0.157)
lnTOit -0.016 -0.046** -0.072*** -0.081*** 0.030 -0.030 -0.070*** -0.096***
(0.021) (0.023) (0.025) (0.025) (0.022) (0.024) (0.025) (0.022)
lnISRit×lnRCit 0.275***
(0.055)
lnISSit×lnRCit -0.037**
(0.016)
常数项 -2.332*** -2.360*** 1.900* 1.162 -2.476*** -2.312*** 0.819 -0.840
(0.227) (0.289) (1.056) (1.040) (0.222) (0.286) (1.004) (0.884)
Hausman检验 26.66*** 27.65*** 32.67*** 30.43***
F检验 76.50*** 74.31*** 78.54*** 78.49***
省份固定效应 No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes
年度固定效应 No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes
R2 0.677 0.758 0.752 0.764 0.642 0.734 0.752 0.763
样本数 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510
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基准回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
lnCIit OLS RE FE FE OLS RE FE FE
lnISRit -0.466*** -0.289*** -0.223*** -0.859***
(0.042) (0.036) (0.061) (0.141)
lnISSit -0.279*** -0.084*** -0.101*** -0.061*
(0.033) (0.020) (0.027) (0.034)
lnPGDPit -0.095** -0.514*** -0.812*** -0.917*** -0.037 -0.532*** -0.649*** -0.904***
(0.043) (0.055) (0.140) (0.138) (0.050) (0.057) (0.125) (0.108)
lnTPit -0.129*** 0.027 0.099*** 0.118*** -0.115*** 0.007 0.109*** 0.075***
(0.015) (0.023) (0.029) (0.028) (0.016) (0.024) (0.029) (0.025)
lnERit 0.251*** 0.019 -0.009 0.003 0.224*** 0.045** -0.006 0.021
(0.037) (0.019) (0.019) (0.019) (0.035) (0.019) (0.019) (0.017)
lnPIit -0.087*** -0.187*** -0.965*** -0.806*** -0.045** -0.153*** -0.761*** -0.425***
(0.020) (0.046) (0.187) (0.185) (0.022) (0.045) (0.178) (0.157)
lnTOit -0.016 -0.046** -0.072*** -0.081*** 0.030 -0.030 -0.070*** -0.096***
(0.021) (0.023) (0.025) (0.025) (0.022) (0.024) (0.025) (0.022)
lnISRit×lnRCit 0.275***
(0.055)
lnISSit×lnRCit -0.037**
(0.016)
常数项 -2.332*** -2.360*** 1.900* 1.162 -2.476*** -2.312*** 0.819 -0.840
(0.227) (0.289) (1.056) (1.040) (0.222) (0.286) (1.004) (0.884)
Hausman检验 26.66*** 27.65*** 32.67*** 30.43***
F检验 76.50*** 74.31*** 78.54*** 78.49***
省份固定效应 No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes
年度固定效应 No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes
R2 0.677 0.758 0.752 0.764 0.642 0.734 0.752 0.763
样本数 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510
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变量 (1) (2) (3)
lnCIit IV IV FGLS FGLS FE FE
lnISRit -0.124*** -0.018*** -0.090***
(0.045) (0.003) (0.032)
lnISSit -0.214*** -0.223*** -0.211***
(0.054) (0.017) (0.076)
lnPGDPit -0.864** -0.757*** -0.105*** -0.357*** -1.050*** -1.213***
(0.068) (0.074) (0.030) (0.028) (0.181) (0.191)
lnTPit 0.122*** 0.102*** 0.084*** 0.053*** 0.146*** 0.136***
(0.029) (0.027) (0.010) (0.009) (0.033) (0.033)
lnERit -0.004 -0.016 -0.001 0.005** -0.036* -0.036*
(0.018) (0.019) (0.005) (0.002) (0.020) (0.020)
lnPIit -0.747*** -0.775*** -0.639*** -0.829*** -0.619*** -0.864***
(0.191) (0.190) (0.086) (0.088) (0.239) (0.263)
lnTOit -0.062** -0.075*** -0.024*** -0.070*** -0.028 -0.023
(0.028) (0.028) (0.008) (0.009) (0.035) (0.035)
常数项 106.232*** 35.880*** 0.507 1.929
(5.874) (6.408) (1.352) (1.508)
省份固定效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
年度固定效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Underidentification test 135.946*** 271.268***
Weakidentification test 68.137 290.920
Sargan statistic 0.585 1.411
R2 0.740 0.740 0.735 0.734
Wald statistic 21 558.41*** 38 929.20***
样本数 510 510 510 510 510 510
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稳健性检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3)
lnCIit IV IV FGLS FGLS FE FE
lnISRit -0.124*** -0.018*** -0.090***
(0.045) (0.003) (0.032)
lnISSit -0.214*** -0.223*** -0.211***
(0.054) (0.017) (0.076)
lnPGDPit -0.864** -0.757*** -0.105*** -0.357*** -1.050*** -1.213***
(0.068) (0.074) (0.030) (0.028) (0.181) (0.191)
lnTPit 0.122*** 0.102*** 0.084*** 0.053*** 0.146*** 0.136***
(0.029) (0.027) (0.010) (0.009) (0.033) (0.033)
lnERit -0.004 -0.016 -0.001 0.005** -0.036* -0.036*
(0.018) (0.019) (0.005) (0.002) (0.020) (0.020)
lnPIit -0.747*** -0.775*** -0.639*** -0.829*** -0.619*** -0.864***
(0.191) (0.190) (0.086) (0.088) (0.239) (0.263)
lnTOit -0.062** -0.075*** -0.024*** -0.070*** -0.028 -0.023
(0.028) (0.028) (0.008) (0.009) (0.035) (0.035)
常数项 106.232*** 35.880*** 0.507 1.929
(5.874) (6.408) (1.352) (1.508)
省份固定效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
年度固定效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Underidentification test 135.946*** 271.268***
Weakidentification test 68.137 290.920
Sargan statistic 0.585 1.411
R2 0.740 0.740 0.735 0.734
Wald statistic 21 558.41*** 38 929.20***
样本数 510 510 510 510 510 510
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变量 (9) (10)
单门槛 双门槛 三门槛 四门槛 单门槛 双门槛
门槛值 2.064 2.206 2.290 2.540 2.013 2.641
90%置信区间 [1.981, 2.643] [2.159, 2.690] [2.281, 2.731] [2.356, 2.750] [1.981, 2.643] [2.112, 2.675]
门槛效应
检验
39.359 39.725*** 91.738** 24.118*** 39.237 63.468**
(36.782) (12.843) (36.977) (7.872) (23.846) (28.422)
高区域
合作区制
lnISRit -0.084*** -0.083*** -0.121** -0.040
(0.017) (0.019) (0.051) (0.049)
lnISSit -0.153*** -0.337***
(0.052) (0.111)
低区域
合作区制
lnISRit -0.095*** -0.077*** -0.128** -0.036
(0.024) (0.021) (0.062) (0.051)
lnISSit -0.102 -0.080***
(0.095) (0.031)
控制变量 lnCIt-1 0.504*** 0.341*** 0.120 0.499*** 0.459*** 0.479***
(0.058) (0.097) (0.323) (0.189) (0.076) (0.078)
lnPGDPit -0.528*** -0.568*** -0.610 -0.226 -0.404*** -0.342***
(0.097) (0.136) (0.464) (0.307) (0.106) (0.068)
lnTPit 0.111*** 0.049*** 0.039 -0.038 0.065*** 0.016***
(0.018) (0.018) (0.057) (0.062) (0.018) (0.006)
lnERit 0.014 -0.006 0.047 -0.065 0.014 0.021**
(0.019) (0.014) (0.057) (0.070) (0.020) (0.009)
lnPIit -0.384 0.182 -0.527 -0.762 -0.444 -0.393
(0.549) (0.504) (2.162) (1.312) (0.496) (0.391)
lnTOit -0.010 0.065*** 0.115** 0.136** -0.023 -0.013
(0.021) (0.018) (0.057) (0.068) (0.021) (0.015)
常数项 0.816 -2.948 0.809 2.756 0.704 0.598
(2.944) (3.138) (13.593) (8.065) (2.663) (2.232)
Wald chi2 6 349.77** 13 594.89*** 2 409.79*** 1 736.78*** 14 298.89*** 18 234.19***
省份固定效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
年度固定效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
样本数 510 406 306 255 510 436
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动态面板门槛回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (9) (10)
单门槛 双门槛 三门槛 四门槛 单门槛 双门槛
门槛值 2.064 2.206 2.290 2.540 2.013 2.641
90%置信区间 [1.981, 2.643] [2.159, 2.690] [2.281, 2.731] [2.356, 2.750] [1.981, 2.643] [2.112, 2.675]
门槛效应
检验
39.359 39.725*** 91.738** 24.118*** 39.237 63.468**
(36.782) (12.843) (36.977) (7.872) (23.846) (28.422)
高区域
合作区制
lnISRit -0.084*** -0.083*** -0.121** -0.040
(0.017) (0.019) (0.051) (0.049)
lnISSit -0.153*** -0.337***
(0.052) (0.111)
低区域
合作区制
lnISRit -0.095*** -0.077*** -0.128** -0.036
(0.024) (0.021) (0.062) (0.051)
lnISSit -0.102 -0.080***
(0.095) (0.031)
控制变量 lnCIt-1 0.504*** 0.341*** 0.120 0.499*** 0.459*** 0.479***
(0.058) (0.097) (0.323) (0.189) (0.076) (0.078)
lnPGDPit -0.528*** -0.568*** -0.610 -0.226 -0.404*** -0.342***
(0.097) (0.136) (0.464) (0.307) (0.106) (0.068)
lnTPit 0.111*** 0.049*** 0.039 -0.038 0.065*** 0.016***
(0.018) (0.018) (0.057) (0.062) (0.018) (0.006)
lnERit 0.014 -0.006 0.047 -0.065 0.014 0.021**
(0.019) (0.014) (0.057) (0.070) (0.020) (0.009)
lnPIit -0.384 0.182 -0.527 -0.762 -0.444 -0.393
(0.549) (0.504) (2.162) (1.312) (0.496) (0.391)
lnTOit -0.010 0.065*** 0.115** 0.136** -0.023 -0.013
(0.021) (0.018) (0.057) (0.068) (0.021) (0.015)
常数项 0.816 -2.948 0.809 2.756 0.704 0.598
(2.944) (3.138) (13.593) (8.065) (2.663) (2.232)
Wald chi2 6 349.77** 13 594.89*** 2 409.79*** 1 736.78*** 14 298.89*** 18 234.19***
省份固定效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
年度固定效应 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
样本数 510 406 306 255 510 436
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省域合作视角下产业结构优化对碳排放强度的影响
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刘杰 , 石露 , 朱菲菲 , 王永霞 , 卢元香
科技和产业 | 产业发展 2025,25(5): 151-161
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科技和产业 | 产业发展 2025, 25(5): 151-161
省域合作视角下产业结构优化对碳排放强度的影响
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刘杰, 石露, 朱菲菲, 王永霞, 卢元香
作者信息
  • 青岛理工大学管理工程学院, 山东 青岛 266160
  • 刘杰(1990—),男,山东潍坊人,博士,讲师,研究方向为能源经济气候政策;

    石露(2002—),女,广西柳州人,研究方向为资源环境管理;

    朱菲菲(2002—),女,甘肃平凉人,研究方向为资源环境管理;

    王永霞(2003—),女,山东泰安人,研究方向为资源环境管理;

    卢元香(2002—),女,贵州铜仁人,研究方向为资源环境管理。

Impact of Industrial Structure Optimization on Carbon Emission Intensity from the Perspective of Provincial Cooperation
Jie LIU, Lu SHI, Feifei ZHU, Yongxia WANG, Yuanxiang LU
Affiliations
  • School of Management Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266160, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2025-03-10
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随着中国工业化和现代化进程进入中期阶段,能源消费量和碳排放量均呈现持续增长趋势,对可持续发展构成了日益严峻的挑战。产业部门作为碳排放的主要来源,其结构优化对于降低碳排放强度至关重要。基于2005—2021年省级样本数据,应用动态面板门槛回归模型,将省域合作视为门槛值,并分别从产业结构合理化和高级化两个维度探讨产业结构优化对碳排放强度的作用机理。结果发现:产业结构合理化和高级化均对碳排放强度有显著负向影响;然而,随着省域合作的提升,产业结构合理化对碳排放强度存在显著的三门槛效应,并且这种门槛效应在整体上呈现出“V”型变化趋势;产业结构高级化对碳排放强度有单门槛效应;只有当省域合作指数超过2.013时,产业结构高级化才会显著促进碳排放强度降低。政府应当积极构建跨省合作机制,以促进省域产业的协同发展与清洁能源技术的广泛共享,进而推动经济向绿色低碳转型。

产业结构优化  /  碳排放强度  /  省域合作  /  动态面板门槛回归模型  /  门槛效应

As China enters the middle stage of industrialization and modernization, both energy consumption and carbon emissions are growing, posing an increasingly serious challenge to sustainable development. The industrial sector is a major source of carbon emissions, and its structural optimization is crucial for reducing carbon emission intensity. Based on a sample of 30 provinces in China from 2005 to 2021, a dynamic panel threshold regression model was applied to treat provincial cooperation as a threshold value, and the mechanism of industrial structure optimization on carbon emission intensity was explored from two dimensions: rationalization and advancement of industrial structure. The results show that the rationalization and upgrading of the industrial structure have a significant negative impact on carbon emission intensity. However, the rationalization of industrial structure has a significant three-threshold effect on carbon emission intensity, and this negative effect shows a “V” type change trend on the whole. The upgrading of industrial structure has a single threshold effect on carbon emission intensity. The upgrading of the industrial structure will significantly promote the reduction of carbon emission intensity only when the provincial cooperation index is at least 2.013. The government should actively establish a cross-provincial cooperation mechanism to foster the coordinated development of inter-provincial industries and facilitate the extensive sharing of clean energy technologies, thereby promoting the transformation of the economy towards a green and low-carbon future.

industrial structure optimization  /  carbon emission intensity  /  provincial cooperation  /  dynamic panel threshold regression  /  threshold effect
刘杰, 石露, 朱菲菲, 王永霞, 卢元香. 省域合作视角下产业结构优化对碳排放强度的影响. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (5) : 151 -161 .
Jie LIU, Lu SHI, Feifei ZHU, Yongxia WANG, Yuanxiang LU. Impact of Industrial Structure Optimization on Carbon Emission Intensity from the Perspective of Provincial Cooperation[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (5) : 151 -161 .
经过数次大规模的第二产业转移,中国逐渐形成了“东轻西重”的产业布局,不仅促进了当地经济的增长,同时也给这些地区的能源供需平衡和碳减排带来了重大挑战。2021年中国的国内生产总值(GDP)和碳排放量占全球的比重分别达到了19.4%和32.2%[1]。中国努力推进经济绿色低碳转型成为缓解全球气候变化的关键驱动力。政府承诺将采取一系列严格措施,力争到2030年和2060年分别实现碳峰值和碳中和。降低碳强度是满足经济增长和碳减排双重需求的重要途径之一。碳强度是指单位GDP的碳排放量,被列为碳减排计划的核心参考指标[2]。产业部门作为能源消费和排放的主要源头[3]。以第二产业为主的产业结构促进了当地经济的增长,也带来了碳减排和环境保护挑战 [4]。中国正处于工业化的中后期阶段,化石燃料能源消费和碳排放量在长期内将保持增长态势[5]。因此,探讨产业结构优化对碳强度的影响势在必行。这不仅对于制定产业政策和碳减排计划具有重要意义,也是实现经济可持续发展的迫切需要。
产业结构优化能够通过政策引导和省域合作机制,将经济结构从依赖高能耗、高排放产业的发展模式转向低碳、环保产业,并加速清洁能源对高碳能源的增量替代,从而提高生产率和能源效率。省域合作是加强政策协同和共享资源的关键措施,有助于避免政策冲突和优化资源配置,对产业结构优化起到了互补作用。2006年以来,中国先后提出了“西部大开发”战略、“东北振兴”战略、“中部崛起”战略等一系列区域协调发展政策,旨在通过加强与邻近省份的经济合作,建立更加和谐的产业布局。产业政策驱动下的产业结构优化是落实上述政策的必要条件,影响着区域能源转型和经济发展。本文试图通过实证分析来揭示以下3个问题:①产业结构优化如何影响碳排放强度?②产业结构优化对碳排放强度是否有门槛效应?③产业结构优化对碳强度的影响能否通过促进省域合作来实现?
已有文献广泛探讨了影响碳排放强度的因素,主要包括可再生能源消费、经济发展、技术进步和国际贸易等。可再生能源发展能够加速实现碳减排和经济增长目标[6]。经济发展是碳排放强度下降的长期驱动因素[7]。因此,在促进经济发展的同时,必须采取切实可行的低碳政策。技术进步促进了资源利用效率改善和产业结构升级,从而实现碳排放效率的提高[8]。贸易开放显著降低了高收入群体和中低收入群体的碳强度,然而,在中上收入群体中,贸易开放导致碳强度增加[9]
许多研究已经证明产业结构也是影响碳排放强度的重要因素[10-11]。鉴于不同产业级别之间能源需求的显著差异,产业结构优化调整可能导致碳排放强度的变化[12-13]。产业结构合理化和高级化是衡量产业结构优化的主要指标[14-15]。产业结构合理化通过政策调整、技术创新和生产要素组合等措施,促进各产业之间以及产业内部的协调发展,以实现资源最优配置目标[16]。不同产业间的协作与互补,形成协同效应,减少生产要素投入,从而降低各产业的生产成本和交易成本[17]。这有助于多元化供应商体系和产业规模化发展,促进产业链上下游的紧密衔接,确保供应链的连续性和稳定性,从而提高产业部门的资源配置效率[18-19]。此外,合理的产业布局有助于鼓励清洁生产技术和管理水平的进步,减少重复建设和资源浪费,推动可持续经济的发展,从而降低碳排放强度[20-21]。产业结构高级化反映了产业结构重心由第一产业向第二产业和第三产业逐次转移的过程[22]。产业结构从能源密集型的第二产业向技术密集型的第三产业升级将显著降低单位产出的能源消耗和排放水平[23]。高能耗高排放的行业将逐渐被节能环保产业所取代。产业结构高级化还会推动清洁技术和低碳技术的普及使用,缓解经济增长对煤炭和石油的依赖,从而抑制碳排放量增长[24-25]
上述研究主要关注产业转移或者产业结构调整对控制碳排放的影响,尚未全面揭示产业结构优化对碳强度的作用机理。由于各地区对降低碳排放强度的贡献存在显著差异,导致产业结构优化与碳强度的关系在省域层面呈现出异质性,且其内部机制尚未得到充分关注。省域合作在推动各地区根据自身独特条件制定精准碳排放政策方面具有重要意义。各省份共同制定和执行统一的碳减排政策和目标,确保政策的一致性和协调性。此外,政府可以搭建跨省科研合作平台,共同研发低碳技术和产品,并通过技术转移和知识溢出效应,降低碳排放强度。然而,省域合作对两者之间关系所产生的影响仍不明确。
为了弥补这些不足之处,本文以2005—2021年全国30个省份(因数据缺失,未包含西藏地区和港澳台地区)为样本,探讨产业结构优化对碳排放强度的影响及作用机理。在此基础上,揭示了省域合作对两者之间关系的调节效应。将交互项直接添加到基准模型的传统策略对系数形式做出了严格线性假设,可能导致模型规范偏误。因此,利用动态面板门槛回归模型的灵活性来降低这些风险。该模型适用于探讨在自变量跨越特定门槛值时,因变量行为可能发生显著转变的情形。通过客观地设定门槛值,将样本数据精准地划分为多个不同区间,并在每个区间内独立应用线性回归模型。这种方法不仅高效地逼近了潜在的非线性函数形态,还更加准确解释产业结构优化与碳排放强度之间的非线性结构和异质性关系。
本文的贡献包括以下3个方面:①从产业结构合理化和高级化两个维度,揭示了产业结构优化对碳排放强度的作用机理,在一定程度上丰富了降低碳排放强度的路径。②探讨了省域合作对产业结构优化与碳排放强度关系的调节效应影响。已有研究主要强调区域异质性的影响,尚未将省域合作考虑在内。这有助于基于不同省域合作水平差异,提出更具针对性和实效性的碳排放政策,以促进各省份的可持续发展。③对比分析了在不同的省域合作门槛区间内,产业结构优化与碳排放强度的异质性关系。这一发现有效揭示了两者之间关系的非线性特征,为深入理解这一复杂关系提供了新的视角。
为了探究产业结构优化对碳排放强度的影响,遵循STIRPAT(stochastic impacts by regression on population,affluence,and technology)框架[26]。STIRPAT模型的基本形式为
${I}_{it}=\alpha {P}_{it}^{b}{A}_{it}^{c}{T}_{it}^{d}{e}_{it}$
式中:I为环境影响;PAT分别为人口、富裕程度,以及技术;α为常数项;bcd分别为PAT的参数;eit为随机误差项;i(i=1,2,…,n)和t(t=1,2,…,m)分别为省份和年度。式(1)的自然对数形式为
$ln{I}_{it}=\alpha +bln{P}_{it}+cln{A}_{it}+dln{T}_{it}+{e}_{it}$
先前研究已将STIRPAT模型扩展至包含其他变量的情景。类似地,通过扩展式(2)得到的基准模型为
$\begin{array}{l}lnC{I}_{it}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}lnIS{R}_{it}+{\beta }_{2}lnPGD{P}_{it}+\\ {\beta }_{3}lnT{P}_{it}+{\beta }_{4}lnP{I}_{it}+{\beta }_{5}lnE{R}_{it}+{\beta }_{6}lnT{O}_{it}+{\mu }_{i}+{e}_{it}\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}lnC{I}_{it}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}lnIS{S}_{it}+{\beta }_{2}lnPGD{P}_{it}+{\beta }_{3}lnT{P}_{it}+\\ {\beta }_{4}lnP{I}_{it}+{\beta }_{5}lnE{R}_{it}+{\beta }_{6}lnT{O}_{it}+{\mu }_{i}+{e}_{it}\end{array}$
式中:CI为被解释变量,代表以碳排放强度衡量的环境影响;产业结构优化是核心解释变量,分别用产业结构合理化指数(ISR)和产业结构高级化指数(ISS)衡量[16,27];PGDP和PI分别作为富裕程度和人口系数的衡量指标,其中PGDP代表人均地区生产总值,反映了各省份的经济发展水平,PI则代表人口密度,体现了人口的分布与集中程度;β0为常数项;βi为回归系数;基于已有文献,进一步引入了环境规制(ER)[15]和贸易开放(TO)[14]作为控制变量。
为了探讨省域合作对产业结构优化与碳排放强度关系的影响,分别在式(3)和式(4)中分别添加lnISRit×lnRCit和lnISSit×lnRCit交互项,并揭示区域合作的调节效应。
$\begin{array}{l}lnC{I}_{it}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}lnIS{R}_{it}+{\beta }_{2}lnIS{R}_{it}\times lnR{C}_{it}+\\ {\beta }_{2}lnPGD{P}_{it}+{\beta }_{3}lnT{P}_{it}+{\beta }_{4}lnP{I}_{it}+{\beta }_{5}lnE{R}_{it}+\\ {\beta }_{6}lnT{O}_{it}+{\mu }_{i}+{e}_{it}\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}lnC{I}_{it}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}lnIS{S}_{it}+{\beta }_{2}lnIS{S}_{it}\times lnR{C}_{it}+\\ {\beta }_{2}lnPGD{P}_{it}+{\beta }_{3}lnT{P}_{it}+{\beta }_{4}lnP{I}_{it}+{\beta }_{5}lnE{R}_{it}+\\ {\beta }_{6}lnT{O}_{it}+{\mu }_{i}+{e}_{it}\end{array}$
式中:RC为省域合作,采用市场一体化指数衡量;lnISRit×lnRCit用于量化产业结构合理化与省域合作对碳排放强度的共同影响;lnISSit×lnRCit用以衡量产业结构高级化与省域合作对碳排放强度的共同影响。此时,产业结构合理化和高级化的边际效应可以计算为β12lnRCit
在此基础上,采用Kremer等[28]提出的动态面板门槛回归模型,探究在不同省域合作水平下,产业结构优化与碳排放强度之间的非线性关系。将省域合作设定为门槛变量,揭示了产业结构优化在不同的省域合作门槛区制对碳排放强度的异质性影响。这种门槛效应有助于揭示两者之间关系的转折点,从而制定更具针对性的碳减排政策。该模型引入碳排放强度的滞后项作为解释变量,捕捉了碳排放强度随时间变化的动态效应,反映变量间的长期关系。该模型通过应用Arellano和Bover[29]提出的正向正交偏差变换,将Caner和Hansen[30]提出的截面门槛模型的工具变量估计与Hansen[31]的面板门槛模型相结合,解决了静态模型存在的内生性问题。
本文构建的关于产业结构优化与碳排放强度关系的动态面板门槛回归模型如下:
$\begin{array}{l}lnC{I}_{it}={\mu }_{i}+{\lambda }_{1}lnIS{R}_{it}I(lnR{C}_{it}\le \gamma )+\\ {\lambda }_{2}lnIS{R}_{it}I\left(lnR{C}_{it}\gamma \right)+\varphi {X}_{it}+{e}_{it}\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}lnC{I}_{it}={\mu }_{i}+{\lambda }_{1}lnIS{S}_{it}I(lnR{C}_{it}\le \gamma )+\\ {\lambda }_{2}lnIS{S}_{it}I\left(lnR{C}_{it}\gamma \right)+\varphi {X}_{it}+{e}_{it}\end{array}$
式中:RC为门槛变量;I()为一个符号函数,当lnRCit≤γ时,取值为0,当lnRCitγ时,取值为1;X为一组控制变量向量,包括滞后被解释变量lnCIi,t;γ为门槛值;λ$\varphi $分别为待估计的回归系数;μ为常数项。
在动态模型中,滞后因变量与个体误差项之间的相关性可能引发内生性问题,从而影响估计结果的准确性和可靠性。该模型首先采用Arellano和Bover[29]提出的正向正交偏差变换来避免误差项的序列相关性,如式(9)所示。然后,使用碳排放强度滞后项($lnC{I}_{i,t-1},\dots,lnC{I}_{i,t-p}$)作为工具变量。有限样本中存在偏差和效率的权衡问题。为此,一方面,利用工具变量的所有可用滞后项(p=t)来提高效率。另一方面,将工具变量计数减少到1(p=1),以避免工具变量的过拟合。
${e}_{it}^{*}=\sqrt{\frac{m-t}{m-t+1}}\left[{e}_{it}-\frac{1}{m-t}({e}_{i(t+1)}+\dots +{e}_{im})\right]$
使用碳排放量与省区生产总值的比值代表碳排放强度。先前文献将碳排放强度作为度量碳排放效率的指标之一[32-33]。碳足迹[34]、人均碳排放量[35]、单要素碳生产率[36]、全要素碳生产率[37]等指标也被用于衡量碳排放效率。相比于其他指标,碳排放强度通过比较单位省区生产总值所产生的二氧化碳排放量,能够有效反映一个省份的经济增长与碳排放脱钩的情况。
产业结构优化作为核心解释变量,其衡量指标包括产业结构合理化指数与产业结构高级化指数。借鉴已有研究[16,27,38],产业高级化指数被定义为第三产业增加值与第二产业增加值的比值,而产业结构合理化指数的计算方式为
$ISR=1/\sum _{i=1}^{3}({Y}_{i}/Y)\left|\frac{{Y}_{i}/{L}_{i}}{Y/L}-1\right|$
式中:Yi为第i(i=1, 2, 3)产业的增加值;Lii产业的劳动力。
考虑了省域合作对产业结构优化与碳排放强度之间关系的异质性影响。参考柯善咨和郭素梅[39]、陈红霞和李国平[40]的研究,采用市场一体化指数作为省域合作的衡量指标。通过相对价格方差法计算2005—2021年各省份的市场一体化指数。计算过程如下。
对给定年份t,特定的商品种类k,在处理相对价格的形式方面,取相对价格的一阶差分形式,即
$\Delta {Q}_{ijt}^{k}=ln\frac{{P}_{it}^{k}}{{P}_{jt}^{k}}-ln\frac{{P}_{i(t-1)}^{k}}{{P}_{j(t-1)}^{k}}$
根据“冰川成本”模型,在统一市场中两地价格差别仅为包括运输在内的交易费用。因交易费用是相对稳定的,所以两地相对价格的波动$\Delta {Q}_{ijt}^{k}$越小,市场分割程度越低。式(11)可以进一步转换为公式(12),即
$\Delta {Q}_{ijt}^{k}=ln\frac{{P}_{it}^{k}}{{P}_{i(t-1)}^{k}}-ln\frac{{P}_{jt}^{k}}{{P}_{j(t-1)}^{k}}$
历年《中国统计年鉴》公布的商品零售价格指数均采用环比价格指数得出,提供了商品相对价格的计算依据。由于商品相对价格取对数形式后,i地与j地商品价格的分子和分母位置调换将引起$\Delta {Q}_{ijt}^{k}$符号的反向变化,因此,选取商品相对价格的绝对值来度量方差。
商品种类的选择上,选择16年连续统计的食品、饮料烟酒、纺织品、家用电器及音像器材、文化办公用品、日用品、体育娱乐用品、交通通信用品、家具、化妆品、金银珠宝、中西药品及医疗保健用品、书报杂志及电子出版物、燃料和建筑材料及五金电料15种商品。
在已有研究的基础上,在回归模型中考虑了经济发展[41]、技术进步[42]、人口密度[43]、环境规制[44]和贸易开放[45]的影响,以缓解遗漏变量引起的内生性问题。变量定义见表1
基于数据的可得性,选取2005—2021年中国30省份(因数据缺失,未包含西藏地区和港澳台地区)作为样本。碳排放量数据来自CEADs数据库;三次产业增加值、贸易额和国内生产总值(GDP)数据从《中国统计年鉴》获得;人口数据来自《中国人口和就业统计年鉴》;环境保护投资数据来源于《中国环境统计年鉴》。
变量描述性统计见表2。碳排放强度的最小值、平均值、中值和最大值分别为0.003、0.020、0.017、0.072,意味着数据分布是向数值较高的一侧偏斜。样本数据中存在一些相对较大的数值,使得平均值被拉高,超过了中值。少数省份的碳排放强度较高,而大部分省份的碳排放强度较低,接近中值。这些碳排放强度较高省份提高了样本的平均值,使其超过了中值。
为了确保数据平稳性并避免伪回归现象,进行了LLC(Levin-Lin-Chu)[46]和IPS(Im-Pesaran-Shin)[47]单位根检验,结果见表3。LLC检验显示,lnCI、lnISS和lnTP在水平序列上接受了数据存在单位根的原假设,但是经过一阶差分后,均在1%的显著水平拒绝原假设。至于IPS检验,lnPGDP和lnER在水平序列上不存在单位根,而其他变量均在单位根。在序列取一阶差分后,所有变量均在1%水平显著,说明这些变量不存在单位根,从而证实了其平稳性。
在此基础上,采用Pedroni[48]面板协整检验来检验变量之间的长期均衡关系。该检验允许个体面板成员之间存在异质性,并基于协整方程的回归残差构建Panel统计量和Group统计量来检验面板变量之间的协整关系。Panel统计量包括Panel v-statistic、Panel rho-statistic、Panel PP-statistic和Panel ADF-statistic;而Group统计量包括Group rho-statistic、Group PP-statistic和Group ADF-statistic。从表4可以看出,所有变量的统计量都在1%的显著水平拒绝不存在协整关系的原假设,说明变量之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系。为了确保结果稳健性,构建了Kao[49]面板协整检验,确认这些变量之间存在协整关系,见表5
表6报告了基于混合OLS(ordinary least squares,普通最小二乘法)、随机效应和固定效应回归的基准模型估计结果。根据F检验和Hausman检验的结果,选择面板固定效应模型。表6的列(3)显示,lnISRit的系数为-0.223,且在1%的水平显著,意味着lnISRit每增加1%,将导致lnCIit降低0.223%。产业结构中的高能耗高污染产业份额不断下降,而服务、高技术和清洁产业份额稳步提高。2005—2021年,第二产业占比从47.0%下降至39.4%,而第三产业占比从41.3%增至53.3%。这反映了产业结构逐步从劳动密集型和资本密集型转变为技术密集型,产生的知识溢出和技术效应减少单位产品的能源消耗和碳排放。产业之间的协调发展程度不断加强,实现生产要素的合理配置,将产生规模效益,从而降低各产业的生产成本和交易成本,进一步降低碳排放强度。郭爱君和张传兵[38]认为产业结构合理化程度的提升不仅有效减少了每单位GDP对资源和能源的依赖与消耗,而且显著推动了碳排放强度的降低。这一观点与本文的发现一致。lnISSit的系数显著为负,表明产业结构高级化显著降低了碳排放强度。具体地说,当lnISSit增加1%,碳排放强度将下降0.101%。第三产业已经成为推动经济增长的主要驱动力。2005—2021年,第三产业占比平均为47.9%,高于第二产业的43.3%和第一产业的8.8%。产业结构高级化减少了对高碳排放的传统产业依赖,如重工业和化石燃料密集型行业,转而发展低碳或无碳排放的新兴产业。随着第三产业规模的增长,更多的就业机会将集中在服务、金融、教育、医疗、信息技术等领域。这些产业部门通常具有更高的产值和更低的碳排放量。张伟等[50]认为产业结构升级是推动产业体系实现低碳化发展的关键动力。该观点支持了实证发现。综上所述,产业结构优化显著促进了碳排放强度下降。
表6的列(3)、列(7)可知,lnPGDPit的系数显著为负,意味着经济发展降低了碳排放强度。为了实现可持续经济增长,政府出台了一揽子控制碳排放的政策措施,而且能源强度的稳步下降,导致碳排放强度显著降低。政府不仅承诺在2030年前实现二氧化碳排放达到峰值和2060年前实现碳中和,而且提出了“十四五”期间能源强度降低13.5%的目标[51]。lnTPit对lnCIit有显著正向影响。当技术进步导致能源效率改善时,价格效应、收入效应和行为效应等因素可能导致能源回弹效应的出现,从而提高了碳排放强度[52]。lnERit的系数不显著,意味着环境规制对碳排放强度没有显著影响。在经济发展水平较低的地区,政府可能更关注经济增长而忽略环境保护,从而使得环境规制的效果有限。lnPIit的系数显著为负,表明人口密度促进了碳排放强度下降。在高人口密度地区,城市更新规划和合理的城市布局显著提高资源利用效率,有效控制了碳排放[53]。lnTOit与lnCIit显著负相关,意味着扩大贸易开放将导致碳排放强度降低。贸易开放促进了清洁能源技术和产品进入国内市场,这不仅推动了国际间的技术转移和知识共享,还加深了技术密集型产业的分工和专业化,从而显著地有助于减少温室气体排放[54]
内生性导致无法准确区分解释变量的真实效应和误差项的影响。遗漏变量偏差、测量误差、反向因果关系、样本选择偏差等都会引发内生性问题。本文将lnISSit和lnISRit视为内生性变量,并采用面板工具变量法检验内生性问题的影响。参考Arellano和Bover[29]的研究,分别将lnISSit和lnISRit的所有滞后项作为各自的工具变量。这一选择确保了这些工具变量与所替代的内生解释变量之间存在高度的相关性,同时满足了与误差项不相关的条件。从表7的列(1)可以看出,lnISRit和lnISSit的系数均为负,且在1%水平显著,意味着产业结构优化促进了碳排放强度降低。结论是前节观点一致,证明实证结果的稳健性。
重新选取全面FGLS(feasible generalized least squares,可行的广义最小二乘法)模型探讨了产业结构优化对碳排放强度的影响,结果见表7的列(2)。lnISRit的系数为-0.018,且在1%水平显著,说明产业结构合理化对碳排放强度有显著负向影响。lnISSit显著为负,意味着产业结构高级化起到了降低碳排放强度的作用。检验结论与基准回归结果一致,表明是研究结论是稳健的。
为了验证研究结论的稳健性,随机选取2010—2022年的样本,重新采用双向固定效应面板数据模型评估了产业结构优化与碳排放强度的关系,结果见表7的列(3)。lnISRit和lnISSit的系数的符号和显著性与基准回归结果一致,表明实证发现是稳健的。
省域合作对产业结构优化与碳排放强度关系的调节效应估计结果见表6的列(4)和列(8)。图1展示了表6的列(4)中的产业结构合理化与省域合作对碳排放强度的共同影响。lnISR和lnRC的边际效应影响显著为负,表明省域合作在产业结构合理化与碳排放强度之间的关系中扮演了抑制性角色。然而,随着省域合作水平的不断提升,产业结构合理化的边际效应绝对值却呈现出递减的趋势,意味着产业结构合理化对碳排放强度的抑制作用逐步下降。尽管第三产业的规模相对于第二产业呈现不断扩大的趋势,但第二产业仍然构成推动经济增长的重要动力之一。值得注意的是,一些新兴产业的发展在现阶段仍对高碳能源或技术存在依赖,这在一定程度上制约了产业结构合理化对碳排放降低效果的发挥。
表6的列(8)中的产业结构高级化与省域合作对碳排放强度的共同影响如图2所示。在lnRC处于较低水平时,lnISS对lnCI的边际效应并不显著。然而,只有当lnRC的增长超过一定门槛值,lnISS开始对lnCI产生显著的负向影响,且这种影响随着lnRC的进一步增长而不断增强。在省域合作的初期阶段,发达省份的难以通过知识溢出效应改善落后地区的清洁能源技术水平。由于能源结构主要依赖传统高碳能源,导致产业结构高级化无法显著降低碳排放强度。随着省域合作水平的提高,省份之间可以通过共享先进的绿色技术和低碳技术,提高低碳、环保、高效的产业的比重,进而改善高清洁能源的利用率,从而降低碳排放强度。
上述分析基于简单的线性函数模型,这些模型可能没有捕捉到产业结构优化对碳排放强度的实际影响。因此,有必要放松线性假设。
线性模型的参数有明确的解释,可以直接反映自变量对因变量的影响程度和方向。然而,线性模型显示出一定的局限性。线性模型在非线性关系背景下的预测和解释能力仅限于捕捉数据集中的特定元素,这阻碍了对潜在数据机制的理解。多元线性回归假定了所有变量的线性关系,使其无法直接解决自变量之间的非线性相互作用。因此,进一步采用动态面板门槛回归模型,并将省域合作视为门槛变量,检验产业结构优化对碳排放强度的门槛效应。为了避免碳排放强度滞后项与误差项相关导致的内生性问题,参考Arellano和Bover[29]的做法,并选择将碳排放强度更高阶的滞后项作为其工具变量。通过这一策略,构造一个包含所有关键外生变量的回归模型,以实现对碳排放强度影响因素的准确评估。
表8的列(9)可以看出,产业结构合理化对碳排放强度有三门槛效应。相应的门槛值分别为2.064、2.206、2.290,且通过了门槛效应检验。四门槛值为2.540,但是没有通过门槛效应检验。与基准回归结果形成对比,随着省域合作水平的提升,产业结构合理化对碳排放强度的抑制作用在整体上呈现出显著的“V”型趋势。当lnRCit<2.064时,lnISRit的系数为-0.095,且在1%的水平显著,表明产业结构合理化提升1%,将导致碳排放强度下降0.095%。当lnRCit≥2.064时,lnISRit对lnCIit的影响显著为负。具体来说,当产业结构合理化提升1%,碳排放强度降低0.084%。当2.064<lnRCit≤2.206时,lnISRit的系数显著为负向,且绝对值降至0.077,意味着产业结构合理化抑制碳排放强度的作用出现下降。主要原因是能源密集型产业占比的提高限制了省域合作和产业结构合理化的共同影响。2005—2011年,30个省份的平均二产占比从0.456增至0.489。当lnRCit>2.206时,lnISRit的系数为-0.083,且在1%水平显著,意味着省域合作提高了产业结构合理化对碳排放强度的抑制作用。当2.206<lnRCit≤2.290时,lnISRit的系数显著为负向,且绝对值继续增至0.128,表明省域合作水平越高,产业结构合理化降低碳排放强度的作用越大。当lnRCit增长超过2.290时,lnISRit的系数为-0.121,且在1%水平显著,意味着当产业结构合理化提高1%,碳排放强度将下降0.121%。值得注意的是,尽管该系数的绝对值相较于之前有所下降,但它仍然明显高于单门槛和双门槛区间内的相应系数绝对值。
产业结构高级化对碳排放强度有单门槛效应,见表8的列(10)。单门槛值为2.013,且通过了5%显著水平的门槛效应检验。双门槛值为2.641,但是没有通过门槛效应检验。当lnRCit<2.013时,lnISSit对lnCIit有负向影响,但不显著,意味着产业结构高级化对碳排放强度没有影响。在省域合作初级阶段,第二产业在产业结构中占据主导地位。2005—2014年,30个省份的第二产业占比平均值都高于第三产业占比。省域间的产业结构高级化主要停留在传统产业技术的合作升级,而没有实现向高新技术产业和清洁产业的显著转型,因此其对碳排放强度的抑制作用可能不明显。当lnRCit≥2.013时,lnISSit的系数显著为负向,意味着产业结构高级化促进了碳排放强度降低。具体来说,当产业结构高级化提高1%,碳排放强度下降0.153%。产业高级化通常伴随着从能源密集型产业向技术密集型产业的转变。经济增长的能源需求从依赖化石燃料向清洁能源转型。这种转变有助于减少对高碳产业的依赖,推动经济向低碳和高效的方向发展,从而降低碳排放强度。
(1)产业结构优化的合理化和高级化指数均对碳排放强度有显著负向影响。技术密集型产业规模扩张带来的知识溢出和技术创新效应,不仅降低了单位产品的能源消耗和碳排放量,而且提升了不同产业间的协调发展水平,促进了生产要素的优化配置。这种积极的转变导致了产业结构合理化对碳排放强度的显著抑制作用。产业结构高级化推动了低碳乃至无碳排放的新兴产业的发展,创造了在服务、金融、教育、医疗、信息技术等领域更多的就业机会,从而促进了经济产值提升和碳排放量下降。
(2)产业结构合理化对碳排放强度有三门槛效应,并呈现“V”型趋势。2005—2011年,各省份的平均二产占比从0.456增至0.489。能源密集型产业占比提高削弱了产业结构合理化对碳排放强度的抑制作用。然而,由于第三产业规模扩张,产业结构合理化显著增强了其对碳排放强度的负向影响。产业结构高级化对碳排放强度有单门槛效应。当lnRCit<2.013时,lnISSit对lnCIit没有显著影响。在省域合作初级阶段,产业结构高级化主要停留在传统产业技术的合作升级,而没有实现向高新技术产业和清洁产业的显著转型。当lnRCit超过该门槛值时,产业结构高级化显著促进了碳排放强度降低。由于能源密集型产业向技术密集型产业的转变,产业结构减少对高碳产业的依赖,并推动经济向低碳和高效的方向发展。
(3)随着经济发展模式向可持续增长转型,能源效率显著提高,进而促使碳排放强度下降。人口密度提高推动城市更新规划和合理的城市布局,减少了能源浪费和碳排放。贸易开放推动了国际间的技术转移和知识共享,并加深了技术密集型产业的分工和专业化,从而有助于减少碳排放。然而,技术进步降低了能源服务的成本,并刺激了需求的增长,导致能源回弹效应,进而提高了碳排放强度。经济落后地区致力于提高经济增长,忽略了环境保护,导致环境规制对碳排放强度没有显著影响。
(1)政府应该采取财政补贴、税收优惠、人才引进等措施鼓励可再生能源产业规模扩张,加速替代能源密集型产业。此外,还需要通过加大对高效能源利用技术、清洁能源技术、碳捕集与封存技术等高新技术的深度融合,提高生产效率,促进经济增长与碳排放脱钩。
(2)由于省域合作指数低于2.013时,产业结构高级化对碳排放强度的影响不显著,因此各省份应该提高食品、饮料烟酒、纺织品等15类商品的贸易规模和产业链合作。通过建立跨省统一产品交易市场,并根据自身资源禀赋和产业发展优势进行分工协作,形成产业链互补和协同效应,实现更大范围内的资源优化配置。
  • 青岛理工大学科研启动项目(20500309)
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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青岛理工大学科研启动项目(20500309)
青岛理工大学科研启动项目(20501169)
大学生创新训练项目(10336705)
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    青岛理工大学管理工程学院, 山东 青岛 266160
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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