Article(id=1153992830319059840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992827261412198, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)05-0049-05, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728403200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753062930898, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753062930898, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753062930898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753062930898, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153992827261412198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753062930169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753063450817, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1153995011059340165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992827261412198, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1153995011063534470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992827261412198, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=49, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153992831157920650, articleId=1153992830319059840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Analysis of the Impact of Climate Warming on the Causes of Water Level Changes in Qinghai Lake and Prediction of Future Water Levels, columnId=1151876674645226399, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Technology Innovation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The causes and future trends of water level variations in Qinghai Lake against the backdrop of climate warming was discussed. Drawing upon meteorological observation data spanning from 1960 to 2023, the impacts of climate warming on key factors within the Qinghai Lake basin was analyzed, including evaporation, runoff, precipitation, and maximum soil frost depth. Employing Bigaussian nonlinear fitting, the water level trends of Qinghai Lake from 2025 to 2035 is predicted. Key findings reveal that as climate warming intensifies, the soil evaporation near Qinghai Lake has increased significantly, and it is the most significantly affected by climate warming (with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.860). Meanwhile, both runoff and precipitation have shown a slow upward trend, while the maximum soil freezing depth has declined. For now, the volume of water consumed by evaporation is less than the total volume of water injected into Qinghai Lake by runoff, precipitation, and permafrost melting. Consequently, this has led to a continuous rise in the water level of Qinghai Lake. Through Bigaussian nonlinear fitting, it is predicted that the water level of Qinghai Lake will continue to rise slowly from 2025 to 2035, reaching 3 198.133 meters by 2035. This research provides a scientific basis for ensuring the safe operation of trains on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway’s section surrounding the lake.

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探讨气候变暖背景下,青海湖水位变化的成因及未来变化趋势。基于1960—2023 年的气象观测数据,分析气候变暖对青海湖流域蒸发量、径流量、降水量以及土壤最大冻结深度等关键因素的影响。并通过Bigaussian非线性拟合,预测2025—2035年青海湖的水位变化趋势。研究发现:随着气候变暖,青海湖附近的土壤蒸发量显著增加,且其受气候变暖的影响最为显著(Pearson相关性系数为0.860);同时,径流量和降水量也呈现缓慢上升趋势,而土壤最大冻结深度则呈下降趋势。就目前而言,蒸发量所消耗的湖水量小于径流量、降雨量及冻土融化所注入的湖水总量,导致青海湖水位出现持续上升现象。通过Bigaussian非线性拟合,预测2025—2035年青海湖的水位将保持缓慢上涨,2035年水位将达到3 198.133 m。研究成果为保证青藏铁路环湖路段列车的安全运营提供了科学依据。

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张寿红(1972—),女,安徽长丰人,高级工程师,研究方向为土木工程科技管理。

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张寿红(1972—),女,安徽长丰人,高级工程师,研究方向为土木工程科技管理。

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张寿红(1972—),女,安徽长丰人,高级工程师,研究方向为土木工程科技管理。

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拟合参数 拟合数值 标准误差 相关性
Y0 3 198.292 0.787 0.999
XC 2 005.956 2.492 0.990
H -5.108 0.821 0.998
ω1 33.697 4.882 0.991
ω2 11.024 1.819 0.985
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Bigaussian拟合参数

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拟合参数 拟合数值 标准误差 相关性
Y0 3 198.292 0.787 0.999
XC 2 005.956 2.492 0.990
H -5.108 0.821 0.998
ω1 33.697 4.882 0.991
ω2 11.024 1.819 0.985
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年份 水位/m 年份 水位/m
2025 3 197.143 2031 3 197.905
2026 3 197.314
2032 3 197.978
2027 3 197.466
2033 3 198.040
2028 3 197.600
2034 3 198.091
2029 3 197.717
2035 3 198.133
2030 3 197.818
), ArticleFig(id=1245743565574357301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992830319059840, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2025—2035年青海湖水位预测

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年份 水位/m 年份 水位/m
2025 3 197.143 2031 3 197.905
2026 3 197.314
2032 3 197.978
2027 3 197.466
2033 3 198.040
2028 3 197.600
2034 3 198.091
2029 3 197.717
2035 3 198.133
2030 3 197.818
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气候变暖对青海湖水位变化成因的影响分析及未来水位预测
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张寿红
科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025,25(5): 49-53
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科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025, 25(5): 49-53
气候变暖对青海湖水位变化成因的影响分析及未来水位预测
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张寿红
作者信息
  • 中国铁路青藏集团有限公司, 西宁 810000
  • 张寿红(1972—),女,安徽长丰人,高级工程师,研究方向为土木工程科技管理。

Analysis of the Impact of Climate Warming on the Causes of Water Level Changes in Qinghai Lake and Prediction of Future Water Levels
Shouhong ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Qinghai-Tibet Group Co., Ltd, China Railway, Xining 810000, China
出版时间: 2025-03-10
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探讨气候变暖背景下,青海湖水位变化的成因及未来变化趋势。基于1960—2023 年的气象观测数据,分析气候变暖对青海湖流域蒸发量、径流量、降水量以及土壤最大冻结深度等关键因素的影响。并通过Bigaussian非线性拟合,预测2025—2035年青海湖的水位变化趋势。研究发现:随着气候变暖,青海湖附近的土壤蒸发量显著增加,且其受气候变暖的影响最为显著(Pearson相关性系数为0.860);同时,径流量和降水量也呈现缓慢上升趋势,而土壤最大冻结深度则呈下降趋势。就目前而言,蒸发量所消耗的湖水量小于径流量、降雨量及冻土融化所注入的湖水总量,导致青海湖水位出现持续上升现象。通过Bigaussian非线性拟合,预测2025—2035年青海湖的水位将保持缓慢上涨,2035年水位将达到3 198.133 m。研究成果为保证青藏铁路环湖路段列车的安全运营提供了科学依据。

青海湖  /  水位上升  /  气候变暖  /  Pearson相关性系数  /  预测

The causes and future trends of water level variations in Qinghai Lake against the backdrop of climate warming was discussed. Drawing upon meteorological observation data spanning from 1960 to 2023, the impacts of climate warming on key factors within the Qinghai Lake basin was analyzed, including evaporation, runoff, precipitation, and maximum soil frost depth. Employing Bigaussian nonlinear fitting, the water level trends of Qinghai Lake from 2025 to 2035 is predicted. Key findings reveal that as climate warming intensifies, the soil evaporation near Qinghai Lake has increased significantly, and it is the most significantly affected by climate warming (with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.860). Meanwhile, both runoff and precipitation have shown a slow upward trend, while the maximum soil freezing depth has declined. For now, the volume of water consumed by evaporation is less than the total volume of water injected into Qinghai Lake by runoff, precipitation, and permafrost melting. Consequently, this has led to a continuous rise in the water level of Qinghai Lake. Through Bigaussian nonlinear fitting, it is predicted that the water level of Qinghai Lake will continue to rise slowly from 2025 to 2035, reaching 3 198.133 meters by 2035. This research provides a scientific basis for ensuring the safe operation of trains on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway’s section surrounding the lake.

Qinghai Lake  /  rising water level  /  climate warming  /  Pearson correlation coefficient  /  prediction
张寿红. 气候变暖对青海湖水位变化成因的影响分析及未来水位预测. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (5) : 49 -53 .
Shouhong ZHANG. Analysis of the Impact of Climate Warming on the Causes of Water Level Changes in Qinghai Lake and Prediction of Future Water Levels[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (5) : 49 -53 .
青海湖是中国最大的内陆咸水湖,地处青藏高原东北部。近年来,在全球气候变暖的背景下,青藏高原由于较高的海拔而导致气候变化更为显著。水文气候的变化导致青海湖水位改变,对青藏铁路的环湖路段安全运营造成很大的挑战。青海湖水位持续上升不但影响青藏铁路路基的稳定性,增加铁路维护的难度与成本,同时青海湖水位的上升还会造成其他的路基病害,威胁铁路的安全运营。
国内外关于青海湖水位上升及其规律展开了较多的研究。白文蓉等[1]通过青海湖周边地区常规气象观测资料发现,在气候暖湿化的背景下,湖区周边,尤其是上游流域的降水量是影响青海湖水位变化的关键因素。曾昔[2]通过相关性分析发现,青海湖面积的变化与降水量和蒸发量存在有一定的相关性。于涛等[3]分析了气象站的气象数据,揭示了青海湖的水位变化主要受风速、年降水量和比湿影响。王梦晓和文莉娟[4]基于气象、水文资料发现入湖径流的改变是2004 年后青海湖水位持续变化的主要原因。骆卓然等[5]构建了水位变化与水文气象要素累积距平的相关关系,定量分析了气候变化背景下青海湖水位受径流量、降水量和蒸发量的影响非常显著。李海烨[6]结合古气候指标分析湖泊演化与气候变化的驱动机制,表明降水是该时期湖泊水位改变的主要影响因素。王威等[7]利用青海湖流域气象观测资料分析发现全球变暖背景下降水量变化是引起青海湖水位变化的主要因素。杨伟青[8]基于本年和上一年份湖面蒸发、降水和径流变化通过岭回归分析,发现入湖径流量对湖泊水量变化的影响最为显著。郭丰杰等[9]、Liu等[10]采用归一化水体指数的方法发现降水及入湖径流是导致青海湖水量改变的决定性因子,入湖径流的影响最大。李晓东[11]基于站点监测和同化数据集等分析发现降水、入湖径流及冻土融化对青海湖水位有极大影响。Tang等[12]通过建立结构方程模型,发现全球气候变暖下降水是影响青海湖面积的主要因素。Fu等[13]利用多种统计分析了全球变暖对青海湖水位的影响,其中河流径流影响最大,其次是湖面蒸发和湖面降水。Li等[14]发现当气候变暖变湿的趋势加剧,年降水量和径流是水位变化最直接的因素。Wang等[15]利用MODIS发现青海湖流域的气温和降水近几年出现显著变化。Cui和Li[16]发现湖泊水位对气候和河流径流最为敏感。
国内外的研究主要是针对具体因素对青海湖水位变化的影响展开,但并未详细探究导致这些因素发生变化的原因及其规律,而这些对于研究青海湖水位的变化规律则更为重要。本文利用1960—2023 年的青海湖区域气象观测数据,将气候变暖指标(CO2总柱平均摩尔分数)与影响青海湖水位的因素建立联系,分析气候变暖对青海湖水位变化的影响及规律,并预测2025—2035年青海湖水位的变化趋势,为青藏铁路的环湖路段安全运营和维护提供理论支持。
青海湖位于祁连山东南部山间盆地的最低处,东邻日月山,南靠青海南山,西为天峻山和丘陵带,北依大通山,是中国最大的高原内陆咸水湖。入青海湖流域面积大于50 km2的河流有33 条,水量较大者多来自西部和北部,东部和南部河流疏短,且多为季节性河流。主要河流有布哈河、沙柳河、泉吉河、哈尔盖河、甘子河等。其中布哈河最大,流域大部分位于海西州天峻县,河口地区分属刚察、共和两县;河长约278 km,源于天峻县祁连山,流域面积约14 458 km2,多年平均径流量约占青海湖流域总径流量的53%左右。布哈河现场调研图如图1(a)所示。其次是沙柳河,发源于刚察县境内第一高峰桑斯扎山南麓,河长约107 km,流域面积约1 536 km2,为流入青海湖的第二大河流,多年平均径流量约占青海湖流域总径流量的30%左右。沙柳河如图1(b)所示。
青海湖水位在近几十年内出现了两种不同的变化趋势。1960—1980年,湖水水位的下降趋势非常明显,20年内湖水位下降了1.905 m。而1980—2003 年湖水位虽仍保持着下降,但下降趋势明显变缓,2003 年后湖水位不再下降并出现逐年回升现象(图2)。回升的主要原因在于随着温室气体排放增多,导致气候变暖现象愈发剧烈,进而持续影响蒸发量、降雨量、径流量以及土壤最大冻结深度等一系列关键水文气象因素,而在多种因素共同作用下导致湖水位呈现上升现象。相较于2003—2016 年,2016—2023 年湖水位的增长率出现显著提升,与2003 年相比,2023 年湖水位上升了3.693 m。
二氧化碳(CO2)作为主要的温室气体,通过增强温室效应,促进气候变暖。这种变暖效应不仅影响了全球气温,还带来了区域性的气候变化。青海湖位于高寒地区,而高寒区蒸发量对气候变暖尤为敏感[17]图3显示的是历年CO2总柱平均摩尔分数以及青海湖旁靠近青藏铁路k222+500里程附近土壤蒸发量的变化图。由图3可以看出,2000—2003年CO2总柱平均摩尔分数变化率较小。
2003年以后,CO2总柱平均摩尔分数上升变化率与前3年相比有一个小的提升,但其总趋势为持续上升,2020年以后上升变化率开始变缓。变缓原因就在于2020年青海省为响应国家号召提出并实施了一系列的减碳政策和措施。2000—2015 年土壤蒸发量上涨35.420 mm/a,2015—2020 年土壤蒸发量的增长速率显著增大,2020 年后上升趋势同CO2总柱平均摩尔分数相似。将CO2总柱平均摩尔分数与蒸发量进行相关性分析,计算得出两者的Pearson相关性系数为0.860,表明两者具有强相关性关系,即随着CO2总柱平均摩尔分数的缓慢上升,蒸发量也将出现缓慢上升现象,两者具有相同的变化趋势。
在气候变暖背景下,河流补给是青海湖湖水的重要水流来源。图4显示的是布哈河与沙柳河入湖的历年径流量的变化趋势。布哈河与沙柳河入湖径流量的整体增长趋势相似,总体呈现缓慢上升趋势,两者在1989 年入湖径流量都达到近40 年最大值。CO2总柱平均摩尔分数与布哈河、沙柳河的Pearson相关性系数分别为0.280、0.270,这表明净流量与CO2总柱平均摩尔分数间并没有存在某种线性关系,而是存在某种非线性关系。因此,径流量缓慢上升的原因可能在于气候变暖导致冰川和积雪融化、间接使布哈河和沙柳河入湖的径流量逐渐增大。
大气环流变化是造成降水产生的直接原因[18],而降雨量的改变也是一个影响湖水位变化的重要因素。图5显示的是2000—2023 年降水量的变化。由图5可知,在2001 年降水量达到最小值203.950 mm,2018 年达到最大值358.710 mm。从历年降水量的线性拟合趋势可以看出,历年降水量总体呈上升趋势。CO2总柱平均摩尔分数与降水量的Pearson相关性系数为0.520,表明两者存在中等相关性关系,即随着CO2总柱平均摩尔分数的上升,降水量大概率也会出现上升现象,两者具有较高的线性关系。因此降雨量的升高大概率是因为在气候变暖背景下,青藏高原气温增加,高海拔区域内的雪山开始溶解,释放出大量的水分。这些水分蒸发后进入大气层,增加了该地区的水汽含量,为降水的增加提供了条件。
季节性冻土在冬季冻结时,土中水分会向冻结锋面迁移并发生聚冰作用,形成冰层和冰透镜体[19-20]。夏季融化时,这些冰层和冰透镜体融化成水,增加了地表和地下水体的补给量,从而影响青海湖的水位变化。通过分析历年土壤的逐月冻结深度,发现每年的3月为该年土壤的最大冻结深度。基于这一稳定的季节性特征,以每年的3月作为该年土壤的最大冻结深度,从而建立趋势图(图6)。从最大冻深的线性拟合趋势可以看出,最大冻结深度呈缓慢下降的变化趋势。同时可以看出,自2000 年以来,环湖地区土壤的最大冻结深度不超1.300 m。因此,如能将铁路路基表面向下1.300 m内的冻胀进行有效控制,将能显著减少冬季土壤冻结对铁路基础设施的负面影响,确保环湖路段列车在极端气候条件下的正常运行。CO2总柱平均摩尔分数与土壤最大冻结深度的Pearson相关性系数为-0.160,两者为负相关关系。表明随着CO2总柱平均摩尔分数的上升,土壤的最大冻结深度反而出现下降现象。
青海湖的水位变化对青藏铁路的环湖路段列车正常运行具有极为重大的影响,因此,为了确保列车的安全稳定运行,准确预测青海湖的水位变化至关重要。图7显示的是青海湖水位变化的趋势图,值得注意的是,湖水位在1960—2003 年表现出缓慢下降的趋势,随后自2003 年后趋势出现反转。这种非线性时间序列变化模式,其特征是存在较明显的转折点,恰好与Bigaussian(双高斯分布)模型的特性相吻合。在双高斯分布框架下,能够有效地捕捉并解析数据中的这种分段特征,以及不同区间的变化速率差异。因此,本文利用Bigaussian模型对2025—2035 年的水位变化趋势进行预测。Bigaussian的表达式为
$F\left(X\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}{Y}_{0}+H{e}^{-\frac{(X-{X}_{C}{)}^{2}}{2{\omega }_{1}^{2}}}, X<{X}_{C}\\ {Y}_{0}+H{e}^{-\frac{(X-{X}_{C}{)}^{2}}{2{\omega }_{2}^{2}}}, X\ge {X}_{C}\end{array}\right.$
式中:X为时间变量;Y0为基线值;H为高斯峰的高度,即相较于基线Y0的增量;XC为高斯峰的中心横坐标值;ω1ω2分别为两个高斯峰在X<XCX>XC时的标准差。Y0XCHω1ω2的拟合数值见表1
拟合后的R2(拟合度)为0.963,调整后的R2为0.960都趋于1,表明该拟合曲线的拟合优度高,而P<0.000 1远小于0.005,表明该拟合结果在显著性水平0.050下是显著相关的。由图7可知,2025—2035 年青海湖水位的年增长率呈变缓趋势,但湖水水位的变化仍保持上升趋势,与2003 年相比,2025 年湖水位上升了4.207 m,2035 年湖水位上升了5.197 m(湖水位具体数值见表2)。2025—2035 年湖水位总共上升0.990 m,平均每年约以0.100 m的速度增长。湖水位的持续上升,意味着可能导致铁路路基受浸、路基高程呈下降趋势[21]、轨道稳定性下降、排水系统受阻以及可能的洪水灾害等问题,进而影响铁路的正常运营与安全。因此,基于2025—2035 年湖水位的预测结果,铁路规划与设计部门能够提前采取措施,如提高路基高度、增强排水能力、设置防水屏障以及优化线路布局等,以适应未来湖水位的变化,确保铁路的长期稳定运行。此外,该预测还为铁路维护策略的制定提供了依据,使得管理部门能够合理安排资源,对可能受湖水上涨影响的铁路段落进行定期监测与维护,及时应对潜在的安全隐患,从而保障铁路运输的高效与安全。
(1)在气候变暖背景下,通过相关性分析计算得出CO2总柱平均摩尔分数与蒸发量Pearson相关性系数最大,为0.860。表明土壤蒸发量受气候变暖的影响最大,其次是降水量,其Pearson相关性系数为0.520。
(2)随着气候变暖,蒸发量、径流量及降雨量都呈现缓慢上升趋势,土壤冻结深度表现为负相关。就目前而言,蒸发量所消耗的湖水量小于径流量、降雨量及冻土消融所注入的湖水总量,所以青海湖水位出现持续上升现象。
(3)利用Bigaussian非线性拟合曲线预测2025—2035年青海湖的水位变化,发现2025—2035青海湖水位的年增长率呈变缓趋势,但湖水位的变化总趋势仍保持上升趋势。因此,应采取必要的措施阻止湖水继续向铁路的扩展,以消除青海湖水位上升对青藏铁路安全运营的影响。
  • 中国铁路青藏集团有限公司科技研究开发计划(QZ2022-G07)
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2025年第25卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-09
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中国铁路青藏集团有限公司科技研究开发计划(QZ2022-G07)
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    中国铁路青藏集团有限公司, 西宁 810000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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