Article(id=1153992828393874283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992827261412198, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)05-0061-05, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1725811200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753062930438, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753062930438, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753062930438, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753062930438, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153992827261412198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753062930169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753063450817, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1153995011059340165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992827261412198, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1153995011063534470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153992827261412198, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=61, endPage=65, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153992828897190768, articleId=1153992828393874283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Simulation on Steady Flow Assurance of Wellbore-pipe Network of LS L Deep Water Gas Field, columnId=1151876674645226399, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Technology Innovation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to ensure the efficient development and safe operation of deep water gas field and fully release the production capacity of each well area, the integrated steady-state model of “wellbore-wellhead-manifold-platform” was established. Based on the production plan, the research was carried out from the aspects of production verification, hydrate prevention and control, slug analysis and liquid carrying analysis. The results show that there are hydrate production risks in the whole life cycle in the east and west production routes. The maximum hydrate sub-cooling degree in the production route is less than -5 ℃ by optimizing the MEG injection amount in each well. The platform temperature of eastern and western logistics is -2.4~9 ℃, and the platform pressure is 1.3~11 MPa.The research results can provide technical guidance for the effective development of similar deep water gas fields in the future.

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为保证深水气田高效开发和安全运行,使各井区产能充分释放,建立“井筒-井口-管汇-平台”一体化稳态模型。基于配产方案,从产量验证、水合物防治、段塞分析、携液分析等方面开展研究。结果表明:全生命周期内东西区生产路由均有水合物生产风险,通过优化各井嘴后MEG(乙二醇)贫液注入量,生产路由最大水合物过冷度均小于-5 ℃。东西区物流登平台温度为-2.4~9 ℃,登平台压力为1.3~11 MPa。研究成果可为后续类似深水气田的高效开发提供技术指导。

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杨波(1994—),男,四川阆中人,硕士,工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺;

廖云虎(1981—),男,四川南溪人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺;

贾辉(1982—),男,河北邢台人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺;

穆永威(1994—),男,河南驻马店人,高级工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺;

刘其鑫(1997—),男,山东临沂人,硕士,助理工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺。

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杨波(1994—),男,四川阆中人,硕士,工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺;

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杨波(1994—),男,四川阆中人,硕士,工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺;

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廖云虎(1981—),男,四川南溪人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺;

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廖云虎(1981—),男,四川南溪人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺;

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贾辉(1982—),男,河北邢台人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺;

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贾辉(1982—),男,河北邢台人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺;

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穆永威(1994—),男,河南驻马店人,高级工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺;

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穆永威(1994—),男,河南驻马店人,高级工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺;

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刘其鑫(1997—),男,山东临沂人,硕士,助理工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺。

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刘其鑫(1997—),男,山东临沂人,硕士,助理工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺。

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年份 模拟产气量/(104m3·d-1) 登平台压力/
MPa
备注
L1 L9 L10 L11
2024 81.8 51.3 49.9 57.6 11.0 登平台压力最大值
2031 87.1 61.8 53.2 60.8 3.0 登平台压力可控
2037 57.2 31.2 31.4 35.0 1.3 登平台压力最小值
2043 34.1 15.9 19.9 24.2 1.3 登平台压力最小值
), ArticleFig(id=1245743565570162994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992828393874283, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

西区4口井逐年产量验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 模拟产气量/(104m3·d-1) 登平台压力/
MPa
备注
L1 L9 L10 L11
2024 81.8 51.3 49.9 57.6 11.0 登平台压力最大值
2031 87.1 61.8 53.2 60.8 3.0 登平台压力可控
2037 57.2 31.2 31.4 35.0 1.3 登平台压力最小值
2043 34.1 15.9 19.9 24.2 1.3 登平台压力最小值
), ArticleFig(id=1245743565716963649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992828393874283, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 模拟产气量/(104m3·d-1) 登平台压力/
MPa
备注
L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8
2024 126.2 26.7 60.8 63.2 70.9 75.2 81.3 11.0 登平台压力最大值
2031 151.9 32.2 70.5 76.2 84.5 91.9 99.7 3.0 登平台压力可控
2037 84.5 21.1 35.6 37.1 37.3 42.4 44.9 1.3 登平台压力最小值
2043 40.9 9.0 16.6 22.1 13.0 16.2 21.2 1.3 登平台压力最小值
), ArticleFig(id=1245743567327576396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992828393874283, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

东区7口井逐年产量验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 模拟产气量/(104m3·d-1) 登平台压力/
MPa
备注
L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8
2024 126.2 26.7 60.8 63.2 70.9 75.2 81.3 11.0 登平台压力最大值
2031 151.9 32.2 70.5 76.2 84.5 91.9 99.7 3.0 登平台压力可控
2037 84.5 21.1 35.6 37.1 37.3 42.4 44.9 1.3 登平台压力最小值
2043 40.9 9.0 16.6 22.1 13.0 16.2 21.2 1.3 登平台压力最小值
), ArticleFig(id=1245743567465988431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992828393874283, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 西区MEG贫液注入量/(m3·d-1) 西区优先生成水
合物风险区域
东区MEG贫液注入量/(m3·d-1) 东区优先生成
水合物风险区域
L1 L9 L10 L11 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8
2024 20 14 15 15 立管中部 27 6 14 14 17 29 30 海管、立管顶部
2031 13 26 9 20 海管、立管中下部 24 22 135 142 21 15 57 海管、立管中上部
2037 9.5 23 18.5 19 海管 25 15 103 128 12 5 25 海管、立管中下部
2043 8 25 24 23 海管 14 9 85 105 6 3 64 海管、立管底部
), ArticleFig(id=1245743567675703644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153992828393874283, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

L气田东西区MEG注入量及优先生成水合物风险区域

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年份 西区MEG贫液注入量/(m3·d-1) 西区优先生成水
合物风险区域
东区MEG贫液注入量/(m3·d-1) 东区优先生成
水合物风险区域
L1 L9 L10 L11 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8
2024 20 14 15 15 立管中部 27 6 14 14 17 29 30 海管、立管顶部
2031 13 26 9 20 海管、立管中下部 24 22 135 142 21 15 57 海管、立管中上部
2037 9.5 23 18.5 19 海管 25 15 103 128 12 5 25 海管、立管中下部
2043 8 25 24 23 海管 14 9 85 105 6 3 64 海管、立管底部
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陵水L深水气田井筒管网稳态流动保障模拟
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杨波 , 廖云虎 , 贾辉 , 穆永威 , 刘其鑫
科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025,25(5): 61-65
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科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025, 25(5): 61-65
陵水L深水气田井筒管网稳态流动保障模拟
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杨波, 廖云虎, 贾辉, 穆永威, 刘其鑫
作者信息
  • 中海石油(中国)有限公司海南分公司, 海口 570312
  • 杨波(1994—),男,四川阆中人,硕士,工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺;

    廖云虎(1981—),男,四川南溪人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺;

    贾辉(1982—),男,河北邢台人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺;

    穆永威(1994—),男,河南驻马店人,高级工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺;

    刘其鑫(1997—),男,山东临沂人,硕士,助理工程师,研究方向为海上采油气工艺。

Simulation on Steady Flow Assurance of Wellbore-pipe Network of LS L Deep Water Gas Field
Bo YANG, Yunhu LIAO, Hui JIA, Yongwei MU, Qixin LIU
Affiliations
  • CNOOC China Limited, Hainan Branch, Haikou 570312, China
出版时间: 2025-03-10
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为保证深水气田高效开发和安全运行,使各井区产能充分释放,建立“井筒-井口-管汇-平台”一体化稳态模型。基于配产方案,从产量验证、水合物防治、段塞分析、携液分析等方面开展研究。结果表明:全生命周期内东西区生产路由均有水合物生产风险,通过优化各井嘴后MEG(乙二醇)贫液注入量,生产路由最大水合物过冷度均小于-5 ℃。东西区物流登平台温度为-2.4~9 ℃,登平台压力为1.3~11 MPa。研究成果可为后续类似深水气田的高效开发提供技术指导。

深水气田  /  流动保障  /  稳态  /  水合物  /  段塞  /  携液

In order to ensure the efficient development and safe operation of deep water gas field and fully release the production capacity of each well area, the integrated steady-state model of “wellbore-wellhead-manifold-platform” was established. Based on the production plan, the research was carried out from the aspects of production verification, hydrate prevention and control, slug analysis and liquid carrying analysis. The results show that there are hydrate production risks in the whole life cycle in the east and west production routes. The maximum hydrate sub-cooling degree in the production route is less than -5 ℃ by optimizing the MEG injection amount in each well. The platform temperature of eastern and western logistics is -2.4~9 ℃, and the platform pressure is 1.3~11 MPa.The research results can provide technical guidance for the effective development of similar deep water gas fields in the future.

deep water gas field  /  flow assurance  /  steady state integration  /  hydrate  /  slug  /  liquid loading
杨波, 廖云虎, 贾辉, 穆永威, 刘其鑫. 陵水L深水气田井筒管网稳态流动保障模拟. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (5) : 61 -65 .
Bo YANG, Yunhu LIAO, Hui JIA, Yongwei MU, Qixin LIU. Simulation on Steady Flow Assurance of Wellbore-pipe Network of LS L Deep Water Gas Field[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (5) : 61 -65 .
近年来南海西部海域陆续勘探发现了多个深水气田。陵水L气田为中海油首个自主开发的深水气田[1],由于目前深水气田自主开发技术及经验较缺乏,国内外可借鉴的资料较少,开发过程面临着诸多难题。L气田为多个独立气藏呈窄长条带状分布,东西跨距近120 km,砂体多且各砂体水体能量差异大,多个分散气藏采用多套水下井口长距离串联开发,开发过程中各气藏、井间相互干扰较大[2]。为尽可能实现均衡高效开发和深水开发生产系统的安全运行,建立L气田“井筒-井口-管汇-平台”稳态一体化模型,基于以销定产方案,从产量验证、水合物防治、段塞分析、携液分析等[3-16]方面开展了深水气田全生命周期开发生产一体化流动保障研究。研究方法及成果对于L气田以及后续待开发深水气田具有重要指导意义。
L气田水深1 220~1 560 m,主要包括11口生产井,1套西区管汇和3套东区管汇,自西区全部井流通过两条10 in(1 in=25.4 mm)海管以及两条10 in立管输送到平台处理,来自东区管汇的全部井流在东1管汇汇集后通过两条12 in立管直接输送到平台处理。水下生产系统所需水合物抑制剂MEG(乙二醇)通过6 in管道输送至水下节点,然后通过4.5 in管道向东区分配注入各井水下采油树油嘴下游,通过脐带缆向西区输送并分配至各井水下采油树油嘴下游。平台设置2台段塞流捕集器,分别处理来自东、西区水下生产系统物流。
稳态井筒-管网一体化模型基于PIPESIM软件建立。拟组分取至C11+,气油比和含水率根据探井测试数据校核。东西区海管考虑一定起伏度。保守考虑恶劣工况,海水环境温度和气温参考冬季最低温度。海水流速按照10年重现期设置。考虑到东、西区稳态生产时分别进入各自段塞流捕集器,理论上东、西区互不干扰,因此分开建模,如图1所示。
采用该气田2023年稳定生产半年的井筒温压数据进行管流校核。单井流动相关式采用OLGAS-2017.1-3-Phase-HD,摩阻系数为0.85,传热系数U为13.5 J/s/℃/m2,井筒流压拟合平均绝对误差0.21%,井筒温度拟合平均绝对误差0.24%。管网流动相关式采用OLGAS-2017.1-3-Phase-HD,摩阻系数、持液因子均取1。西区10 in立管、东区12 in立管和6 inMEG立管按照X65碳钢+防腐涂层+75%VIV(螺旋列板涡激振动抑制装置)设置传热参数。西区8 in柔性管、10 in海管和东区8 in柔性管、12 in海管、4.5 inMEG海管按照X65碳钢+防腐涂层设置传热参数。东西区所有8、10、12 in跨接管均按照X65碳钢+防腐涂层+100%VIV设置传热参数。
对标配产方案,模拟了各年份西区4口井的产气量,结果见表1。生产前期,如2024年,西区物流登平台压力控制在最大值11 MPa,此时各井能量足,油嘴开度较小。生产中期,如2031年,西区物流登平台压力可控,当登平台压力为3 MPa时,各井油嘴开度适中,均能达到配产。生产后期,如2037年、2043年,西区物流登平台压力控制在最小值1.3 MPa,各井油嘴开度较大。特别是2037年,L9、L10井油嘴开度已达到最大值,油嘴前后无压差,仍无法达到配产要求。考虑到L11井油嘴前后压力相差2.5 MPa,可适当提高L11井配产,以达到当年西区总体配产目标。同理,模拟各年份东区7口井产气量,结果见表2,结果表明东区各年份7口井均能达到配产要求。
根据2024年配产拟合,在未考虑注MEG情况下,L10、L1井嘴前温度分别为70、71 ℃,嘴后温度分别为53、54 ℃。生产流体进入海管或柔性管后,温度快速下降,输送2~3 km后温度接近环境温度。进入立管后,温度先降低后升高,最低温度-1.6 ℃,低于海水环境温度,输送至立管顶部的温度为0.1 ℃,亦低于环境温度。从水合物过冷度曲线上可以看出,如图2所示,L10、L1井井筒在稳态生产状态下,水合物过冷度均小于-45 ℃,不会有水合物生成风险。而所有海管和柔性管,最大水合物过冷度均大于0 ℃,均有水合物生成风险。同理,其他年份西区和东区柔性管、海关和立管均存在水合物生成风险。
模拟不同注入量和注入压力下,常温25 ℃的MEG贫液(90%)输送至距离平台最近的东区E1的温度,如图3所示。结果表明,当注入量小于700 m3/d时,注入压力对温度影响较小,随着注入量越大,温度越高,但基本接近环境海水温度,为2.4~3.8 ℃。考虑到E1仅通过跨接管连接东区L7、L8井,东西区其余井距离平台更远,因此东西区所有井嘴后MEG注入温度均可以按照环境温度考虑。
工程上常以水合物过冷度-5 ℃为界限,水合物过冷度大于-5 ℃认为有水合物生成风险。以2024年西区生产路由为例,L1、L9、L10、L11井井筒没有水合物生成风险,海管、柔性管、立管均有水合物生成风险。通过优化各井MEG贫液注入量,以保障生产路由水合物过冷度均小于-5 ℃,优化后L1、L9、L10、L11井MEG注入量分别为20、14、15、15 m3/d,生产路由注MEG后水合物过冷度曲线如图4所示,生产路由水合物过冷度均小于-5 ℃,满足流动保障需求。
对于西区生产初期如2024年,水合物过冷度最高点出现在立管中部,即立管低温区,说明立管低温区生成水合物风险最高,如MEG注入不合理,立管低温区优先生成水合物。由于生产初期西区生产路由压力较高(11~14 MPa),参考图2中L10井水合物相图,生产初期压力对于水合物生成的影响较小,温度对于水合物生成影响较大,因此立管低温区最易生成水合物。对于生产中后期,西区生产路由压力较低(1.3~5 MPa),压力和温度对于水合物生成均有较大影响。立管低温区物流压力低,水合物生成温度也低。因此从2031—2043年西区生产路由优先生成水合物风险区域可以看出,立管优先生成水合物的位置逐渐下移,各年份海管低温区均有可能优先生成水合物。
对于东区生产路由,无论是E3-E2、E2-E1、E1-SEMI,各节点均有井流体流入,通过各井嘴后注入MEG贫液,可以防止各生产通路生成水合物。以2024年东区生产路由为例,优化后L2、L3、L4、L5、L6、L7、L8井MEG注入量分别为27、6、14、14、17、29、30 m3/d,生产路由水合物过冷度曲线如图5所示,生产路由水合物过冷度均小于-5 ℃,
满足流动保障需求。对于2024年东区生产路由,各段海管如MEG注入不合理,均有可能优先生成水合物,立管水合物过冷度最高点出现在立管顶部,即立管低温区,如MEG注入不合理,立管顶部低温区优先生成水合物。2031—2043年东区生产路由水合物生成风险与西区类似,立管优先生成水合物的位置逐渐下移,各年份海管低温区均有可能优先生成水合物。优化后的逐年东西区各井嘴后MEG注入量及可能优先生成水合物风险区域,见表3
考虑稳态生产情况下,MEG贫液持续从各井嘴后注入,混合流体进入海管或柔性管后,温度快速下降,输送2 000~3 000 m后温度接近环境温度。进入立管后,温度先降低后升高,西区生产路由的最低温度均出现在立管段,最低温度点逐年下移,均低于海水环境温度。2024年,最低温度-1.6 ℃,登平台温度为0.6 ℃;2031年最低温度-0.4 ℃,登平台温度为2.7 ℃;2037年最低温度1.1 ℃,登平台温度为6.6 ℃;2043年最低温度1.3 ℃,登平台温度为9 ℃。西区生产路由压力模拟结果表明,不同生产年份下各井嘴后的压力与立管底部的压力均接近,立管输送压力逐渐降低,登平台压力最低。L气田西区由西至东水深逐渐加深,L9井水深1 220 m,IP1和IP2水深分别为1 437、1 443 m。物流由西至东,高程压降和摩阻压降基本抵消,所以海管物流压力基本接近。2024—2043年生产周期内,西区物流登平台温度0.6~9 ℃,登平台压力1.3~11 MPa。
东区混合流体进入海管或柔性管后,温度快速下降,类似西区。由于东区E3、E2、E1节点均有高温井流体通过跨接管流入,因此节点温度均高于海管温度,海管最低温度基本接近环境温度。进入立管后,温度先降低后升高,东区生产路由的最低温度均出现在立管段,低于海水环境温度。2024年,最低温度-2.4 ℃,最低温度点在立管顶部,登平台温度即为-2.4 ℃;2031年最低温度-1.2 ℃,最低温度点据平台251 m,登平台温度为-0.8 ℃;2037年最低温度-0.2 ℃,最低温度点据平台680 m,登平台温度为2.1 ℃;2043年最低温度0.7 ℃,最低温度点据平台970 m,登平台温度为5.5 ℃。总体来说,立管低温区逐年下移,最低温度逐年升高,登平台温度逐年升高。东区生产路由压力模拟结果表明,E3-E2-E1生产路由压力逐渐较低,压差小于1 MPa,立管输送压力逐渐降低,登平台压力最低。陵水L深水气田东区由东至西水深逐渐变浅,A4H井水深1 534 m,E3、E2和E1水深分别为1 526、1 485、1 463 m。因此,东区物流从东至西,高程压降和摩阻压降作用下,生产路由压力逐渐下降。2024—2043年生产周期内,东区物流登平台温度为-2.4~5.5 ℃,登平台压力为1.3~11 MPa。
动力段塞是指多相管流输送时产生的段塞。稳态分析时,常以严重段塞指数来判断是否有严重段塞流发生,当严重段塞指数小于或等于1时,认为稳态生产过程中将产生严重段塞。通过模拟计算,不同年份西区生产路由严重段塞指数均大于1,认为稳态生产过程中不会产生严重段塞。东区生产路由2043年E3~E2海管严重段塞指数0.8,认为可能存在严重段塞流,生产后期可依托于其他深水气田接入,消除段塞流影响。
稳态携液分析时,工程上常以临界携液流量来评价垂直管、倾斜管和水平管的携液能力。当临界携液流量小于实际气流量时,认为可以稳定携液生产;当临界携液流量大于实际气流量时,认为液相可能回落至井底或海管低洼处,产生积液,增大井底或海管回压,导致低产甚至停喷。对于东西区稳态携液分析,应重点考虑单井和立管的携液能力。模拟结果表明,东西区不同年份稳态生产情况下单井和立管气流量均大于最大临界携液流量,积液风险较小。2043年,东区两根立管的气流量略高于临界携液流量,理论上虽可携液生产,但考虑到距离临界点较近,有局部积液的风险,如当年暂无其他气田气量接入,建议采用单根立管输送,增大单管气流量,确保正常携液生产。
(1)2037年西区L9、L10井无法达到配产要求,但可适当提高L11井配产,以达到当年总体配产目标。
(2)全生命周期内东西区生产路由均有水合物生产风险,通过优化各井嘴后MEG注入量,生产路由最大水合物过冷度均小于-5 ℃,有效抑制水合物生成。
(3)全生命周期内东西区海关和柔性管低温区均有可能优先生成水合物,立管优先生成水合物的位置逐年下移。
(4)全生命周期内西区物流登平台温度为0.6~9 ℃,登平台压力为1.3~11 MPa;东区物流登平台温度为-2.4~5.5 ℃,登平台压力为1.3~11 MPa。
(5)全生命周期内东西区生产路由最低温度均出现在立管段,立管最低温度点逐年下移,最低温度逐年升高,但均低于海水环境温度。
(6)东区生产路由2043年E3~E2海管严重段塞指数为0.8,认为可能存在严重段塞流,可考虑接入其他气田气量,消除段塞流影响。
(7)全生命周期内东西区单井和立管气流量均大于最大临界携液流量,积液风险较小,2043年东区两根立管气流量略高于临界携液流量,建议采用单根立管输送,增大单管气流量,确保正常携液生产。
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2025年第25卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-09
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中国海洋石油有限公司综合科研项目(KJZH-2023-2204)
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    中海石油(中国)有限公司海南分公司, 海口 570312
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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