Article(id=1153984492478914773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153984484975304790, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)03-0046-11, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724774400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753060943002, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753060943002, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753060943002, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753060943002, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153984484975304790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='346', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753060941213, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753063140421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1153993709164159831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153984484975304790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1153993709164159832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153984484975304790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=46, endPage=56, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153984493099671786, articleId=1153984492478914773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Profit Distribution Mechanism of Dual-closed-loop Supply Chain of Power Battery Recycling Based on Cooperative Game, columnId=1151876674645226399, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Technology Innovation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of profit distribution in a double closed-loop supply chain with manufacturers(M), recyclers(R) and ladder utilizers(T) as the main body, centralized decision-making, decentralized decision-making, MR decision-making and RT decision-making models were constructed. The optimal solutions for the supply chain members through the Stackelberg game were analyzed. The Shapley value was improved based on the three influencing factors, and the improved Shapley value was utilized to redistribute the profits of the supply chain’s participating bodies.The results show that the cooperation among supply chain members can effectively improve the overall profit of the supply chain and the profit of the members, low-capacity batteries have a high cost advantage, realizing a win-win situation in terms of profit and the environment, the profit distribution scheme proposed by improving the Shapley value increases the profit of the ladder utilizers, improves the cooperation of the ladder utilizers and the ladder utilizing motivation, and promotes the fairness of profit distribution in the supply chain and the stability of the supply chain cooperative alliance. It promotes the fairness of supply chain profit distribution and the stability of supply chain cooperative alliance.

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针对以制造商(M)、回收商(R)和梯次利用商(T)为主体的双闭环供应链利润分配问题,构建集中决策模型、分散决策模型、MR决策模型和RT决策模型。通过Stackelberg博弈对供应链成员进行最优解分析,基于3种影响因素改进Shapley值,并利用改进Shapley值对供应链各参与主体的利润进行重新分配。研究结果表明:供应链成员间的合作可以有效提高供应链的整体利润及成员的利润;低容量电池具有较高的成本优势,实现了利润与环境的双赢;通过改进Shapley值提出的利润分配方案增加了梯次利用商的利润,提高了梯次利用商的合作及梯次利用积极性,促进了供应链利润分配的公平和供应链合作联盟的稳定。

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侯强(1980—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,博士,教授,研究方向为供应链管理;

刘中洋(1998—),男,吉林大安人,硕士研究生,研究方向为低碳供应链。

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侯强(1980—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,博士,教授,研究方向为供应链管理;

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刘中洋(1998—),男,吉林大安人,硕士研究生,研究方向为低碳供应链。

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刘中洋(1998—),男,吉林大安人,硕士研究生,研究方向为低碳供应链。

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符号 含义
pn 动力电池的单位售价
cm 动力电池的单位生产成本
cr 再制造废旧动力电池的单位成本
θ 回收退役电池所占的比例
h 废旧动力电池回收单价
b 价格敏感系数
g 高容量退役动力电池的单位售价
f 制造商回购退役动力电池的固定价格
pt 梯次利用商出售高容量电池的单价
c1 梯次利用商回收电池的单位成本
n 梯次利用商的努力程度
o 梯次利用努力效用成本系数
e 成本优势
m 梯次利用努力效用
), ArticleFig(id=1273733741127164813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984492478914773, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

相关符号及含义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
符号 含义
pn 动力电池的单位售价
cm 动力电池的单位生产成本
cr 再制造废旧动力电池的单位成本
θ 回收退役电池所占的比例
h 废旧动力电池回收单价
b 价格敏感系数
g 高容量退役动力电池的单位售价
f 制造商回购退役动力电池的固定价格
pt 梯次利用商出售高容量电池的单价
c1 梯次利用商回收电池的单位成本
n 梯次利用商的努力程度
o 梯次利用努力效用成本系数
e 成本优势
m 梯次利用努力效用
), ArticleFig(id=1273733741198467982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984492478914773, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
收益分配方案 不同合作状态
M MR MT MRT
ν(s) $\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{5}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$ $\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}$+$\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{8\mathit{l}}$ $\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{5}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$+$\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}^{2}}{16\mathit{l}}$-$\frac{1}{2}$om2 $\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}$+$\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{4\mathit{l}}$-$\frac{1}{2}$om2
ν(s-{m} 0 $\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{f}}_{7}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$+$\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}{\mathit{f}}_{9}}{8}$ $\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}^{2}}{16\mathit{l}}$-$\frac{1}{2}$om2 $\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{f}}_{7}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$+$\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{4\mathit{l}}$-$\frac{1}{2}$om2
ν(s)-ν(s-{m} $\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{5}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$ $\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}$+$\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{8\mathit{l}}$-$\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{f}}_{7}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$-$\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}{\mathit{f}}_{9}}{8}$ $\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{5}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$ $\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}$-$\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{f}}_{7}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$
$\left|\mathit{s}\right|$ 1 2 2 3
Ψ$\left|\mathit{s}\right|$ 1/3 1/6 1/6 1/3
Ψ$\left|\mathit{s}\right|$[ν(s)-ν(s-)] $\frac{1}{3}\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{5}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$ $\frac{1}{6}\left(\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}+\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{8\mathit{l}}-\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{f}}_{7}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}-\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}{\mathit{f}}_{9}}{8}\right)$ $\frac{1}{6}\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{5}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$ $\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}-\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{f}}_{7}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}\right)$
), ArticleFig(id=1273733741269771151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984492478914773, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

合作博弈下制造商M利益分配方案求值表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
收益分配方案 不同合作状态
M MR MT MRT
ν(s) $\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{5}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$ $\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}$+$\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{8\mathit{l}}$ $\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{5}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$+$\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}^{2}}{16\mathit{l}}$-$\frac{1}{2}$om2 $\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}$+$\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{4\mathit{l}}$-$\frac{1}{2}$om2
ν(s-{m} 0 $\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{f}}_{7}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$+$\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}{\mathit{f}}_{9}}{8}$ $\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}^{2}}{16\mathit{l}}$-$\frac{1}{2}$om2 $\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{f}}_{7}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$+$\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{4\mathit{l}}$-$\frac{1}{2}$om2
ν(s)-ν(s-{m} $\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{5}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$ $\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}$+$\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{8\mathit{l}}$-$\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{f}}_{7}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$-$\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}{\mathit{f}}_{9}}{8}$ $\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{5}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$ $\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}$-$\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{f}}_{7}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$
$\left|\mathit{s}\right|$ 1 2 2 3
Ψ$\left|\mathit{s}\right|$ 1/3 1/6 1/6 1/3
Ψ$\left|\mathit{s}\right|$[ν(s)-ν(s-)] $\frac{1}{3}\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{5}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$ $\frac{1}{6}\left(\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}+\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{8\mathit{l}}-\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{f}}_{7}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}-\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}{\mathit{f}}_{9}}{8}\right)$ $\frac{1}{6}\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{5}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$ $\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}-\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{f}}_{7}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}\right)$
), ArticleFig(id=1273733741336880016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984492478914773, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1273733741412377489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984492478914773, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

合作博弈下回收商R利益分配方案求值表

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), ArticleFig(id=1273733741483680658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984492478914773, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1273733741546595219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984492478914773, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

合作博弈下梯次利用商T利润分配方案求值表

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), ArticleFig(id=1273733741605315476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984492478914773, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成员 努力水平 贡献程度 风险因子
制造商(M) 0.24 0.25 0.30
回收商(R) 0.44 0.25 0.20
梯次利用商(T) 0.32 0.50 0.50
), ArticleFig(id=1273733741697590165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984492478914773, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

制造商、回收商、梯次利用商影响因素的标准化取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成员 努力水平 贡献程度 风险因子
制造商(M) 0.24 0.25 0.30
回收商(R) 0.44 0.25 0.20
梯次利用商(T) 0.32 0.50 0.50
), ArticleFig(id=1273733741773087638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984492478914773, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成员 分散决策 Shapley法 改进Shapley值法
制造商(M) 157 197 179
回收商(R) 22 49 38
梯次利用商(T) 24 19 48
供应链总利润 203 265 265
), ArticleFig(id=1273733741848585111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984492478914773, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同分配方案下的利润分配

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成员 分散决策 Shapley法 改进Shapley值法
制造商(M) 157 197 179
回收商(R) 22 49 38
梯次利用商(T) 24 19 48
供应链总利润 203 265 265
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基于合作博弈的动力电池梯次利用双闭环供应链的利润分配机制
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侯强 , 刘中洋
科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025,25(3): 46-56
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科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025, 25(3): 46-56
基于合作博弈的动力电池梯次利用双闭环供应链的利润分配机制
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侯强, 刘中洋
作者信息
  • 沈阳工业大学管理学院, 沈阳 110870
  • 侯强(1980—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,博士,教授,研究方向为供应链管理;

    刘中洋(1998—),男,吉林大安人,硕士研究生,研究方向为低碳供应链。

Profit Distribution Mechanism of Dual-closed-loop Supply Chain of Power Battery Recycling Based on Cooperative Game
Qiang HOU, Zhongyang LIU
Affiliations
  • School of Management, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10
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针对以制造商(M)、回收商(R)和梯次利用商(T)为主体的双闭环供应链利润分配问题,构建集中决策模型、分散决策模型、MR决策模型和RT决策模型。通过Stackelberg博弈对供应链成员进行最优解分析,基于3种影响因素改进Shapley值,并利用改进Shapley值对供应链各参与主体的利润进行重新分配。研究结果表明:供应链成员间的合作可以有效提高供应链的整体利润及成员的利润;低容量电池具有较高的成本优势,实现了利润与环境的双赢;通过改进Shapley值提出的利润分配方案增加了梯次利用商的利润,提高了梯次利用商的合作及梯次利用积极性,促进了供应链利润分配的公平和供应链合作联盟的稳定。

闭环供应链  /  梯次利用  /  动力电池  /  利润分配

Aiming at the problem of profit distribution in a double closed-loop supply chain with manufacturers(M), recyclers(R) and ladder utilizers(T) as the main body, centralized decision-making, decentralized decision-making, MR decision-making and RT decision-making models were constructed. The optimal solutions for the supply chain members through the Stackelberg game were analyzed. The Shapley value was improved based on the three influencing factors, and the improved Shapley value was utilized to redistribute the profits of the supply chain’s participating bodies.The results show that the cooperation among supply chain members can effectively improve the overall profit of the supply chain and the profit of the members, low-capacity batteries have a high cost advantage, realizing a win-win situation in terms of profit and the environment, the profit distribution scheme proposed by improving the Shapley value increases the profit of the ladder utilizers, improves the cooperation of the ladder utilizers and the ladder utilizing motivation, and promotes the fairness of profit distribution in the supply chain and the stability of the supply chain cooperative alliance. It promotes the fairness of supply chain profit distribution and the stability of supply chain cooperative alliance.

closed-loop supply chain  /  cascade utilization  /  power battery  /  profit distribution
侯强, 刘中洋. 基于合作博弈的动力电池梯次利用双闭环供应链的利润分配机制. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (3) : 46 -56 .
Qiang HOU, Zhongyang LIU. Profit Distribution Mechanism of Dual-closed-loop Supply Chain of Power Battery Recycling Based on Cooperative Game[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (3) : 46 -56 .
能源是推动经济社会发展的动力,而传统的化石能源一方面不可再生面临枯竭,另一方面产生的温室气体形成不良的气候影响。各国积极探索新能源替代化石能源,在中国应用最成熟的是新能源汽车。
据公安部统计,截至2023年9月底,中国新能源汽车的数量已达到1 821万辆。新能源汽车的销售势头同时也推动了动力电池的使用量不断上升。预计到2030年,国内动力电池的退役量能达到437 GW·h。动力电池的容量在衰减至80%以下时便达到退役状态[1],但是如果在动力电池还有80%电量的情况下就过早地进行报废回收,是对资源的极大浪费,因此需要对退役的动力电池进行梯次利用和再生利用[2]。梯次利用是指将不再符合高性能要求的退役动力电池,重新应用于对电池性能要求较为宽松的场景。例如作为太阳能和风能的储能设备[3]、给太阳能路灯供电,或者安装在游览区的电动车上。再生利用是将从已退役的动力电池冶炼出的金属元素回收,并再次用于电池生产制造的过程。梯次利用和再生利用延长了动力电池的使用寿命[4]。实践中大部分是需要在梯次利用后进行再生利用。
从产业实践的角度,4R Energy、日本GS、三菱商会、三菱汽车以及Lithium Energy Japan (LEJ)等公司也在对新能源汽车的动力电池的梯次利用进行研究。针对欧洲的能源短缺现状,JT Energy Systems公司采用梯次利用电池储能系统,提升能量利用效率,稳定能源价格,实现能源转型[5]
截至2022年,国内已经建立了10 235个回收服务网点,并成功培育了45家核心企业,它们在动力电池的梯次利用和再生利用领域发挥着关键作用[6]
由于在回收利用的过程中会涉及梯次利用产业链上的各级企业之间因为自身利益的相互博弈。同时动力电池梯次利用闭环供应链中各级企业都是以逐利为导向,而在其独立运作的情况下,供应链各成员以自己利益为中心[7],必然会造成各成员为了自己的超额利润而进行风险转移,一旦某个成员在追求自己利益的过程中导致他人的损失过大时,将会加剧成员间的冲突,进而影响到动力电池闭环供应链企业间的合作关系,降低企业之间的信任度,加速整个供应链中的企业脱离,最终威胁到梯次利用闭环供应链的稳定与发展。通过良好的利益分配机制提升供应链的收益,增强稳定性,是迫在眉睫需要解决的问题。
既有供应链利润分配研究,多运用合作和非合作博弈的方法。学者运用非合作博弈的方法对供应链的利润进行分配。刘泽源等[8]基于Nash-Harsanyi博弈构建成员利润分配模型对联盟利润进行分配,该方法实现了成员间利益分配的公平合理。江泽武等[9]基于随机反应均衡,设计最佳的激励机制,优化了供应链中供应商和零售商之间的关系,获得最优的期望利润。Giri等[10]搭建了一个由制造商、零售商和传统的物流公司组成的供应链,分析对比了在不同场景下的所做的决策得出的利润。Omkar等[11]基于价格和利润共享的协调机制对两级供应链上成员的数量和利润进行合理分配。部分学者基于Stackelberg合作博弈的方法进行利润分配。
李洁等[12]针对停车者、停车场运营者和交通管理者构建三方效用模型,基于Stackelberg博弈确定利益方案,发现该Stackelberg博弈利益分配方案是各方矛盾最小的方案。郝丽等[13]基于Stackelberg构建可持续供应链决策模型,使利润分配方案帕累托最优,为可持续供应链的协调发展提供了理论支持。但是大部分的学者选用Shapley值合作博弈的方法对供应链的利润进行分配。王梦[14]基于委托代理模型改进Shapley值设计学术期刊数字出版产业链利益分配机制,该利润分配机制有助于提高供应链的整体利益。许可等[15]通过考虑各成员在合作中的贡献程度,对Shapley值法进行了优化,以更公平合理地进行利润分配。詹瑜和李志翠[16]在棉纺产业链各主体的利润分配现状的比较分析基础上,运用Shapley值法得到了产业链利润分配的最优模式。既有研究多基于单闭环供应链的利润分配研究,尚缺乏存在两个闭环的研究。
作为新生事物的动力电池梯次利用闭环供应链的利润分配的研究尚处于探索阶段。本文利用改进Shapley值法对梯次利用闭环供应链的利润分配机制进行研究。分别建立合作和非合作模型,研究供应链的利润分配机制,实现各主体利润分配的公平,以期构建互惠互赢的动力电池闭环供应链的合作模式,推动供应链合作的稳定性。
本文考虑由制造商(M)、第三方回收商(R)和梯次利用商(T)及电动汽车市场构成的双闭环供应链。制造商是该闭环供应链的主导者,制造商收购原材料并生产动力电池,在电动汽车市场出售;回收商回收退役电池并进行分类,将可再次利用在其他对储能要求不高的领域的部分给梯次利用商,将不能梯次利用的部分拆解提纯后给制造商进行再制造。梯次利用商进行梯次利用,并将梯次利用后的电池材料拆解提纯后给制造商进行再制造。根据上述的描述构建了本文所讨论4种决策模型,即分散决策模型(模型D):供应链各成员之间互不合作;模型MR:制造商和第三方回收商合作;模型RT:回收商与梯次利用商合作;集中决策模型(模型C):制造商、回收商和梯次利用商形成一个联盟,集中决策,如图1所示。
为明确阐述问题,对本文所采用的符号进行了定义和解释,见表1
根据问题描述和实际情况,参考既有研究成果,做以下假设。
(1)制造商、回收商和梯次利用商属于完全信息下的斯塔柯尔伯格博弈,制造商为领导者,且均为风险中性。
(2)动力电池的需求函数为D(pn)=1-bpn,且cr<cm<pn,电动汽车市场规模为1。
(3)回收商对于废旧动力电池的回收数量可以表示为Q(θ),具体表示为Q(θ)=θ(1-bpn),回收固定成本为I=$\frac{1}{2}$2。其中A为回收难度系数,即随着A值的增加,废旧动力电池回收的难度也随之增加。
(4)梯次利用市场的需求函数为D(pt)=(k-lpt)n,且g<pt<pn。梯次利用努力效用成本为I=$\frac{1}{2}$om2。梯次利用市场与一般再利用市场在需求上存在差异,梯次利用市场对电池的需求与电动汽车市场对电池的需求不形成竞争关系。梯次利用商回收电池的单位成本c1
(5)梯次利用市场尚处于起步阶段,回收的退役动力电池能够满足梯次利用市场的需求。
(6)电池制造商同时作为再制造商,其对所有的低容量电池以统一的价格进行回收再制造,且0<h<f<g,cm-cr=e>f。消费者对再制品和采用新材料生产的电池的偏好无差异。该模型仅考虑单周期动力电池的销售、回收、梯次利用和再制造等环节的单一循环。
在分散决策模型D中,制造商的利润由销售新动力电池的收入和回收低容量电池的成本优势组成;回收商的利润由销售退役电池所得的收入以及固定回收成本组成;梯次利用商的利润由销售高容量电池的收入以及梯次利用努力效用成本组成。
根据上述的假设,制造商M的利润函数为
$\underset{\{{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}},\mathit{f}\}}{{\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{M}}^{\mathit{D}}}=({\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}}-{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}})\mathit{D}\left({\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}}\right)+(\mathit{e}-\mathit{f})\mathit{Q}\left(\mathit{\theta }\right)=$(pn-cm)(1-bpn)+(e-f)θ(1-bpn)
回收商R的利润函数为
$\underset{\left\{\mathit{\theta }\right\}}{{\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{R}}^{\mathit{D}}}=(\mathit{g}-\mathit{h})\mathit{D}\left({\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{t}}\right)+(\mathit{f}-\mathit{h})\left[\mathit{Q}\right(\mathit{\theta })-\mathit{D}({\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{t}}\left)\right]-{\mathit{I}}_{\mathit{r}}=(\mathit{g}-\mathit{h})(\mathit{k}-\mathit{l}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{t}})\mathit{n}+(\mathit{f}-\mathit{h})\left[\mathit{\theta }\right(1-\mathit{b}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}})-$k-lpt)n]-$\frac{1}{2}$2
梯次利用商T的利润函数为
$\underset{\left\{{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{t}}\right\}}{{\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{T}}^{\mathit{D}}}=({\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{t}}-{\mathit{c}}_{1}+\mathit{f}-\mathit{g})\mathit{D}\left({\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{t}}\right)-{\mathit{I}}_{\mathit{t}}=$(pt-c1+f-g)(k-lpt)n-$\frac{1}{2}$om2
在分散决策模型D中,决策过程为制造商M先决策动力电池的单位售价pn和制造商回购退役动力电池的固定价格f,随后回收商决策回收退役电池所占的比例θ,最后梯次利用商T决策梯次利用商出售高容量电池的单价pt
命题1:制造商M、回收商R和梯次利用商T的博弈均衡解及最优利润为
$\begin{array}{l}{\mathit{f}}^{\mathit{D}}=\frac{\mathit{e}+\mathit{h}}{2},\mathit{ }{\mathit{\theta }}^{\mathit{D}}=\frac{\mathit{b}(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})(1-\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}})}{4\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}{\mathit{b}}^{2}},\\ {\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{t}}^{\mathit{D}}=\frac{\mathit{k}}{2\mathit{l}}+\frac{2{\mathit{c}}_{1}-\mathit{e}-\mathit{h}+2\mathit{g}}{4},\\ {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}}^{\mathit{D}}=\frac{2\mathit{A}+2\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}-{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}\mathit{b}}{4\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}{\mathit{b}}^{2}},\\ {\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{M}}^{\mathit{D}}=\frac{\left[4\right.{\mathit{A}}^{2}\mathit{b}-\mathit{A}{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}\left]\right(1-\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}{)}^{2}}{\left[4\right.\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}{]}^{2}},\\ {\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{R}}^{\mathit{D}}=\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}(1-\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}{)}^{2}}{2[4\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}{]}^{2}}+\\ \frac{\mathit{n}\left[2\right.\mathit{k}-\mathit{l}\left(2\right.{\mathit{c}}_{1}+2\mathit{g}-\mathit{e}-\mathit{h}\left)\right](2\mathit{g}-\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}{8},\\ {\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{T}}^{\mathit{D}}=\frac{\mathit{n}\left[2\right.\mathit{k}+\mathit{l}(\mathit{e}+\mathit{h}-2{\mathit{c}}_{1}{-2\mathit{g}\left)\right]}^{2}}{16\mathit{l}}-\frac{1}{2}\mathit{o}{\mathit{m}}^{2}\mathit{。}\end{array}$
证明:为了保证模型存在最优解,需满足b2(e-h)2-4Ab<0,采用逆向求解法求解,首先对式(3)求pt的偏导,即
$\frac{\partial {\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{T}}^{\mathit{D}}}{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{t}}}=0\mathit{。}$
此时式(3)关于pt的二阶导-2nl<0有最优解。
其次将pt代入式(2),对式(2)求关于θ的偏导,即
$\frac{\partial {\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{R}}^{\mathit{D}}}{\partial \mathit{\theta }}=0\mathit{。}$
式(2)关于θ的二阶导-A<0有最优解。
最后将θ代入式(1)中,对式(1)求关于pnf的偏导,即
$\frac{\partial {\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{M}}^{\mathit{D}}}{\partial {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}}}=0,\mathit{ }\frac{\partial {\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{M}}^{\mathit{D}}}{\partial \mathit{f}}=0\mathit{。}$
式(1)求关于pnf的海塞矩阵HM=$\left(\begin{array}{ll}-\frac{(1-\mathit{b}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}}{)}^{2}}{\mathit{A}}& \frac{-2\mathit{b}(1-\mathit{b}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}})(\mathit{h}+\mathit{e}-2\mathit{f})}{\mathit{A}}\\ 0& \frac{{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}-4\mathit{A}\mathit{b}}{2\mathit{A}}\end{array}\right)$,该海塞矩阵负定,存在唯一最优解。
在集中决策模型C中,形成一个大联盟,由制造商M、回收商R和梯次利用商T组成。在这一模型中,所有梯次利用闭环供应链的成员构成一个超组织集中决策者。值得注意的是,制造商M、回收商R和梯次利用商T之间的所有交易行为被视为组织内部行为,即在超组织内进行。因此,集中决策模型C的闭环供应链的利润函数可以表述为
$\mathit{m}\mathit{a}\mathit{x}\underset{\{{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}},\mathit{f},{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{t}},\mathit{\theta }\}}{{\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{M}\mathit{R}\mathit{T}}^{\mathit{C}}}=\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}(1-\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}{)}^{2}\left[2\right.\mathit{A}-\mathit{b}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}]}{2[2\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}{]}^{2}}+$
$\frac{\mathit{n}(\mathit{k}-\mathit{l}{\mathit{c}}_{1}{)}^{2}}{4\mathit{l}}$-$\frac{1}{2}$om2
命题2:集中决策模型中博弈的均衡解及最优利润为
$\begin{array}{l}{\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{t}}^{\mathit{C}}=\frac{\mathit{l}{\mathit{c}}_{1}+\mathit{k}}{2\mathit{l}},\mathit{ }{\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{n}}^{\mathit{C}}=\frac{\mathit{A}+\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}-\mathit{b}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}}{2\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}},\\ {\mathit{\theta }}^{\mathit{C}}=\frac{\mathit{b}(1-\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}})(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}{2\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}},\\ {\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{M}\mathit{R}\mathit{T}}^{\mathit{C}}=\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}(1-\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}{)}^{2}\left[2\right.\mathit{A}-\mathit{b}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}]}{2[2\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}{]}^{2}}+\\ \frac{\mathit{n}(\mathit{k}-\mathit{l}{\mathit{c}}_{1}{)}^{2}}{4\mathit{l}}-\frac{1}{2}\mathit{o}{\mathit{m}}^{2}\mathit{。}\end{array}$
证明过程与命题1类似,运用最优化求解。
在决策模型MR中,制造商M与回收商R建立了一个联盟MR,与梯次利用商T进行Stackelberg博弈。其中制造商和回收商先共同决策动力电池的单位售价pn和制造商回购退役动力电池的固定价格f和回收退役电池所占的比例θ,然后梯次利用商再决策梯次利用商出售高容量电池的单价pt。其相应的利润函数为
$\underset{\{{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}},\mathit{f},\mathit{\theta }\}}{{\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{M}\mathit{R}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{R}}}=({\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}}-{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}})(1-\mathit{b}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}})+(\mathit{e}-\mathit{f})\mathit{\theta }(1-\mathit{b}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}})+$
$(\mathit{g}-\mathit{h})(\mathit{k}-\mathit{l}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{t}})\mathit{n}+(\mathit{f}-\mathit{h})\left[\mathit{\theta }\right(1-\mathit{b}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}})-$
n(k-lpt)]-$\frac{1}{2}$2
$\underset{\left\{{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{t}}\right\}}{{\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{T}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{R}}}$=(pt-c1+f-g)(k-lpt)n-$\frac{1}{2}$om2
命题3:决策模型MR中博弈的均衡解及最优利润为
$\begin{array}{l}{\mathit{f}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{R}}=\frac{2\mathit{l}\mathit{g}-\mathit{k}+\mathit{l}{\mathit{c}}_{1}}{2\mathit{l}},\mathit{ }{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{t}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{R}}=\frac{3\mathit{k}+\mathit{l}{\mathit{c}}_{1}}{4\mathit{l}},\mathit{ }\\ {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{R}}=\frac{\mathit{A}+\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}-\mathit{b}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}}{2\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}},\\ {\mathit{\theta }}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{R}}=\frac{\mathit{b}(1-\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}})(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}{2\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}},\\ {\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{M}\mathit{R}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{R}}=\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}(1-\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}{)}^{2}\left[2\right.\mathit{A}-\mathit{b}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}]}{2[2\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}{]}^{2}}+\\ \frac{\mathit{n}(\mathit{k}-\mathit{l}{\mathit{c}}_{1}{)}^{2}}{8\mathit{l}},\\ {\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{T}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{R}}=\frac{\mathit{n}(\mathit{k}-\mathit{l}{\mathit{c}}_{1}{)}^{2}}{16\mathit{l}}-\frac{1}{2}\mathit{o}{\mathit{m}}^{2}\mathit{。}\end{array}$
证明过程与命题1类似,运用逆向求解法先后对式(6)和式(5)求偏导,得出模型最优解。
回收商R和梯次利用商T之间形成了一个联盟RT,而制造商M则与联盟RT进行Stackelberg博弈。在这个博弈模型中,制造商M被认为是博弈的领导者[17],而联盟RT则是追随者。这意味着制造商M在制定决策时可以预期到联盟RT的反应,从而在整个博弈过程中占据主导地位。其中制造商先决策动力电池的单位售价pn和制造商回购退役动力电池的固定价格f,然后回收商和梯次利用商再共同决策回收退役电池所占的比例θ和梯次利用商出售高容量电池的单价pt。其利润函数为
$\underset{\{{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}},\mathit{f}\}}{{\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{M}}^{\mathit{R}\mathit{T}}}$=(pn-cm)(1-bpn)+(e-f)θ(1-bpn)
${\mathit{\pi }}_{\underset{\{\mathit{\theta },{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{t}}\}}{\mathit{R}\mathit{T}}}^{\mathit{R}\mathit{T}}=\mathit{n}(\mathit{k}-\mathit{l}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{t}})({\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{t}}-{\mathit{c}}_{1})+(\mathit{f}-\mathit{h})\mathit{\theta }(1-\mathit{b}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}})-$
$\frac{1}{2}$2-$\frac{1}{2}$om2
命题4:决策模型RT中博弈的均衡解及最优利润为
$\begin{array}{l}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{t}}^{\mathit{R}\mathit{T}}=\frac{\mathit{l}{\mathit{c}}_{1}+\mathit{k}}{2\mathit{l}},\mathit{ }{\mathit{f}}^{\mathit{R}\mathit{T}}=\frac{\mathit{e}+\mathit{h}}{2},\\ {\mathit{\theta }}^{\mathit{R}\mathit{T}}=\frac{\mathit{b}(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})(1-\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}})}{4\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}{\mathit{b}}^{2}},\\ {\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}}^{\mathit{R}\mathit{T}}=\frac{2\mathit{A}+2\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}-\mathit{b}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}}{4\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}},\\ {\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{M}}^{\mathit{R}\mathit{T}}=\frac{\left[4\right.{\mathit{A}}^{2}\mathit{b}-\mathit{A}{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}\left]\right(1-\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}{)}^{2}}{\left[4\right.\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}{\mathit{b}}^{2}{]}^{2}},\\ {\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{R}\mathit{T}}^{\mathit{R}\mathit{T}}=\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}(1-\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}{)}^{2}}{2[4\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}{\mathit{b}}^{2}{]}^{2}}+\\ \frac{\mathit{n}(\mathit{k}-\mathit{l}{\mathit{c}}_{1}{)}^{2}}{4\mathit{l}}-\frac{1}{2}\mathit{o}{\mathit{m}}^{2}\mathit{。}\end{array}$
证明过程与命题1类似,运用逆向求解法先后对式(8)和式(7)求偏导,得出模型最优解。记:f1=4Ab-b2(e-h)2,f2=2Ab-b2(e-h)2,f3=1-bcm,f4=(k-lc1)2,f5=4A-b(e-h)2,f6=2A-b(e-h)2,f7=b2(e-h)2,f8=2k+l(e+h-2c1-2g),f9=2g-e-h,f10=8A-b(e-h)2,f11=12Ab3(e-h)2-b4(e-h)4-16A2b2,f12=k-lc1
命题5:当参数满足f2≥0、f11≥0、l2${\mathit{f}}_{9}^{2}$f4,分散决策的整体利润小于其他决策情况下的整体利润。
证明:πf=$\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{10}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$+$\frac{4\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}-\mathit{n}{\mathit{l}}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{9}^{2}}{16\mathit{l}}$-$\frac{1}{2}$om2, πMRT=$\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}$+$\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{4\mathit{l}}$-$\frac{1}{2}$om2, πe=$\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}$+$\frac{3\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{16\mathit{l}}$-$\frac{1}{2}$om2, πh=$\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{10}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}$+$\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{4\mathit{l}}$-$\frac{1}{2}$om2
$\begin{array}{l}{\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{h}}-{\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{f}}=\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{l}}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{9}^{2}}{16\mathit{l}}\ge 0,\\ {\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{e}}-{\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{f}}=\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{2}{\mathit{f}}_{11}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}+\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{l}}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{9}^{2}-\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{16\mathit{l}}\ge 0,\\ {\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{M}\mathit{R}\mathit{T}}-{\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{f}}=\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{2}{\mathit{f}}_{11}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}+\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{l}}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{9}^{2}}{16\mathit{l}}\ge 0\mathit{。}\end{array}$
可得πfπh,πfπMRT,πfπe。其中πf为分散决策下供应链的整体利润;πMRT为集中决策下供应链的整体利润;πe为MR决策下供应链的整体利润;πh为RT决策下供应链的整体利润。
命题5表示,任意联盟下供应链的总利润比各自运作时供应链的总利润都要大,但并不是供应链上的每个企业的利润都在增加,因此需要采用Shapley值法对供应链的利润进行重新分配,以增加各个企业的利润和供应链的总利润。
命题6:${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}}^{\mathit{R}\mathit{T}}$=pDn>${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{R}}$=pCn
证明:
$\begin{array}{l}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}}^{\mathit{R}\mathit{T}}={{\mathit{p}}^{\mathit{D}}}_{\mathit{n}}=\frac{2\mathit{A}+2\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}-\mathit{b}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}}{4\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}},\\ \mathit{ }{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{R}}={{\mathit{p}}^{\mathit{C}}}_{\mathit{n}}=\frac{\mathit{A}+\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}-\mathit{b}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}}{2\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}},\\ \frac{2\mathit{A}+2\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}-\mathit{b}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}}{4\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}}-\\ \frac{\mathit{A}+\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}-\mathit{b}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}}{2\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}}=\\ \frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}(\mathit{b}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}-1)}{\left[4\right.\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}\left]\right[2\mathit{A}\mathit{b}-{\mathit{b}}^{2}{(\mathit{e}-\mathit{h})}^{2}]}0\mathit{。}\end{array}$
可得${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}}^{\mathit{R}\mathit{T}}$=pDn>${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{n}}^{\mathit{M}\mathit{R}}$=pCn
命题6表示,对于动力电池的单位售价,决策模型RT和D相等且比其他决策模型高,这是由于联盟RT对分散决策D中制造商和回收商之间的动力电池的交易没有影响。因此,不仅制造商回购退役动力电池的价格相同,而且它们的回收退役电池比例也相同。与决策模型RT和模型D相比,决策模型C与MR中的联盟关系消除了动力电池交易的双重边际,因此消费者可以以较低价格购买产品。
在激烈的供应链竞争环境中,供应链的多方参与者虽然存在利益上的冲突,更希望的是保持供应链稳定的同时获得更大的竞争力[18]。而这一行为是否稳定取决于利益分配机制。
为解决梯次利用闭环供应链各参与方的合作利益的问题,Shapley值法模型的相关表示方法和概念如下:假设N={1,2,…,n}是梯次利用闭环供应链参与者的集合,任一利益相关者SN,都对应一个特征函数V(S),V(S)表示S所获得的利益,满足[19]:
$\begin{array}{l}\mathit{V}\left(\mathit{\varnothing }\right)=0,\\ \mathit{V}({\mathit{S}}_{1}\bigcup {\mathit{S}}_{2})\ge \mathit{V}\left({\mathit{S}}_{1}\right)+\mathit{V}\left({\mathit{S}}_{2}\right),\mathit{ }\\ {\mathit{S}}_{1}\bigcap {\mathit{S}}_{2}=\mathit{\varnothing }({\mathit{S}}_{1}\mathit{、}{\mathit{S}}_{2}\in \mathit{N})\mathit{。}\end{array}$
[S,V]表示多个利益相关者协同合作的策略组合,其中V是这些策略的特征函数。
ψi(v)为第i个成员从大联盟合作收益V(N)中获得收益。则合作利润分配需满足条件如下:
$\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^{\mathit{n}}{\mathit{\psi }}_{\mathit{i}}\left(\mathit{v}\right)=\mathit{V}\left(\mathit{N}\right)\mathit{且}{\mathit{\psi }}_{\mathit{i}}\left(\mathit{v}\right)\ge \mathit{V}\left(\right\{\mathit{i}\left\}\right),\mathit{ }\mathit{i}=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,\mathit{n}\mathit{。}$
利用Shapley值法确定在合作中每个参与者个体i的分配利益为
Ψi(ν)=${\sum }_{\mathit{i}\in \mathit{s}\subseteq \mathit{I}}^{}$w($\left|\mathit{s}\right|$)[ν(s)-ν(s\{i})]
式中:w($\left|\mathit{s}\right|$)=$\frac{(\mathit{n}-\left|\mathit{s}\right|)!(\left|\mathit{s}\right|-1)!}{\mathit{n}}$;$\left|\mathit{s}\right|$为集合s中元素的数量;ν(s)为集合s的价值;w($\left|\mathit{s}\right|$)为加权系数;ν(s/{i})为集合s中排除个体i后取得的价值。
通过上述分析和计算,获得在不同联盟中参与个体的利润,见表2~表4
根据表2表3表4中的数据可分别求得动力电池闭环供应链3个参与主体的利润。
制造商M分配得到的利润为
$\begin{array}{l}{\mathit{\Phi }}_{\mathit{M}}\left(\mathit{\nu }\right)=\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{5}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}+\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{4{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}-\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{f}}_{7}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{4{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}+\\ \frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{48\mathit{l}}-\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}{\mathit{f}}_{9}}{48}\mathit{。}\end{array}$
回收商R分配的利润为
$\begin{array}{l}{\mathit{\Phi }}_{\mathit{R}}\left(\mathit{\nu }\right)=\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{f}}_{7}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{4{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}+\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}{\mathit{f}}_{9}}{24}+\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{4{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}-\\ \frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{5}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}-\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}^{2}}{32\mathit{l}}+\frac{7\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{48\mathit{l}}\mathit{。}\end{array}$
梯次利用商T分配的利润为
${\mathit{\Phi }}_{\mathit{T}}\left(\mathit{\nu }\right)=\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}^{2}}{32\mathit{l}}+\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{12\mathit{l}}-\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}{\mathit{f}}_{9}}{48}-\frac{1}{2}\mathit{o}{\mathit{m}}^{2}\mathit{。}$
命题7:当参数f6>0,2f49+5l2${\mathit{f}}_{9}^{2}$>4lf12f,20f4+5${\mathit{f}}_{9}^{2}$>16f12f9时,ΦM(v)>${\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{M}}^{\mathit{D}}$,ΦR(v)>${\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{R}}^{\mathit{D}}$,ΦT(ν)>${\mathit{\pi }}_{\mathit{T}}^{\mathit{D}}$
证明:
$\begin{array}{c}\Phi_{\mathrm{M}}(\nu)-\pi_{\mathrm{M}}^{\mathrm{D}}=\frac{2 f_{7}\left(A+f_{6}\right)}{4 b_{2} f_{5}^{2} f_{6}}+\frac{n\left(f_{4}-l f_{9}\right)^{2}}{48 l}>0 \\\Phi_{\mathrm{R}}(v)-\pi_{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{D}}=\frac{2 f_{7}\left(A+f_{6}\right)}{4 b_{2} f_{5}^{2} f_{6}}+ \\\frac{n\left(2 f_{4}-4 l f_{12} f_{9}+5 l^{2} f_{9}^{2}\right)}{48 l}>0 ; \\\Phi_{\mathrm{T}}(\nu)-\pi_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{D}}=\frac{n\left(20 f_{4}-16 f_{12} f_{9}+5 f_{9}^{2}\right)}{96 l}>0 .\end{array}$
命题7表示,利用Shapley值得出的各参与主体的利润高于分散决策情况下各个成员的利润。因此在合作博弈下,制造商、回收商和梯次利用商能够在供应链中获得更高的利润。
经典Shapley值法存在强调效益公平分配的不足,在一定程度上忽视了联盟成员对供应链的贡献的差异性,不能使供应链的利润分配最优。显然,完全按照经典Shapley值法进行利润分配是不合理的[20]。为此,就需要对Shapley值的利润分配方法进行改进[21]。考虑供应链各成员在风险承担、努力水平和贡献程度等方面因素的差异,先使用层次分析法(AHP)确定各成员在利润分配中的比重,再结合所占的比重来调整分配系数,最后基于改进的Shapley值法重新计算,以更准确地反映各企业的实际贡献[22]
修正后的模型:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathit{\Phi }\mathit{\text{'}}{\mathit{ }}_{\mathit{i}}={\mathit{\Phi }}_{\mathit{i}}+\mathit{\nu }\left(\mathit{s}\right){\mathit{w}}_{\mathit{i}}\\ {\mathit{w}}_{\mathit{i}}=\mathit{\gamma }-\frac{1}{\mathit{n}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:γ为联盟成员的权重;wi为利益分配的修正量。
为了最大限度地使梯次利用闭环供应链利润分配的合理化,本文考虑了成员的努力水平、贡献程度,以及风险因子3种影响因素。在梯次利用闭环供应链中联盟中,各成员参与活动的努力水平会影响供应链联盟的稳定程度[23],努力水平的表达式为ρi=$\frac{{\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{i}}}{\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^{\mathit{n}}{\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{i}}}$,Ri为成员的努力成本,ρi为个体成员的努力水平,$\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^{\mathit{n}}$Ri为供应链各参与主体努力总成本。闭环供应链成员在联盟活动中的贡献程度对供应链的利润分配有着重要的影响[24],个体成员对供应链贡献程度的表达式为ϑi=$\frac{{\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{i}}}{\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^{\mathit{n}}{\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{i}}}$,Ji为成员的投入成本,ϑi为个体成员对供应链的贡献程度,$\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^{\mathit{n}}$J为供应链各参与主体的投入总成本。愿意在联盟活动中积极承担风险的成员最终获得的收益也会越大[25],各参与主体在供应链的事务中所承担风险的表达式为μi=$\frac{{\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{i}}}{\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^{\mathit{n}}{\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{i}}}$,Ki为参与主体所承担的风险,μi为风险因子,$\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^{\mathit{n}}$Ki为供应链各参与主体所受的总风险。
根据上节的关键影响因素,构建层次结构模型。其中,梯次利用闭环供应链利润分配是最高层来修正权重,中间层是制造商、回收商和梯次利用商,最底层是努力水平ρi、贡献程度ϑi以及风险因子μi。利用层次分析法(AHP)构建影响利润分配的指标体系,对各项影响因素进行赋值、加权和标准化处理[26],并根据改进Shapley值模型求得制造商M、回收商R和梯次利用商T所占供应链的比例分别为w1w2w3。考虑影响因素后,闭环供应链各成员基于改进的Shapley值利润分配的利润如下:
制造商M重新分配的利润为
$\begin{array}{l}{\mathit{\Phi }}_{\mathit{M}}\left(\mathit{\nu }\right)\mathit{\text{'}}=\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{5}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}+\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{4{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}-\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{f}}_{7}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{4{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}+\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{48\mathit{l}}-\\ \frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}{\mathit{f}}_{9}}{48}+{\mathit{w}}_{1}\left(\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}+\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{4\mathit{l}}-\frac{1}{2}\mathit{o}{\mathit{m}}^{2}\right)\mathit{。}\end{array}$
回收商R重新分配的利润为
$\begin{array}{l}{\mathit{\Phi }}_{\mathit{R}}\left(\mathit{\nu }\right)\mathit{\text{'}}=\frac{\mathit{A}{\mathit{f}}_{7}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{4{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}+\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}{\mathit{f}}_{9}}{24}+\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{4{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}-\\ \frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{5}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{1}^{2}}-\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}^{2}}{32\mathit{l}}+\frac{7\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{48\mathit{l}}+\\ {\mathit{w}}_{2}\left(\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}+\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{4\mathit{l}}-\frac{1}{2}\mathit{o}{\mathit{m}}^{2}\right)\mathit{。}\end{array}$
梯次利用商T重新分配的利润为
$\begin{array}{l}{\mathit{\Phi }}_{\mathit{T}}\left(\mathit{\nu }\right)\mathit{\text{'}}=\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}^{2}}{32\mathit{l}}+\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{12\mathit{l}}-\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{8}{\mathit{f}}_{9}}{48}-\frac{1}{2}\mathit{o}{\mathit{m}}^{2}+\\ {\mathit{w}}_{3}\left(\frac{\mathit{A}\mathit{b}{\mathit{f}}_{3}^{2}{\mathit{f}}_{6}}{2{\mathit{f}}_{2}^{2}}+\frac{\mathit{n}{\mathit{f}}_{4}}{4\mathit{l}}-\frac{1}{2}\mathit{o}{\mathit{m}}^{2}\right)\mathit{。}\end{array}$
以上得出的基于改进Shapley值对供应链利润进行分配的结果是在经典Shapley值法对供应链的利润进行分配后供应链整体利润不变的基础上根据各个成员对供应链的贡献等影响因素的差异进行再分配,且利润分配结果随着利益修正量的改变而改变。
针对梯次利用闭环供应链利润分配问题,参考文献[25]的相关研究并结合现实情况,梯次利用闭环供应链的基础参数为A=30,b=30,e=3,h=2,k=4,l=0.2,c1=6,cm=4,g=1,n=2,o=20,m=0.2。通过对上述公式进行计算,可以得出在分散决策下,制造商、回收商和梯次利用商的利润分别为πM=157、πR=22、πT=24。在Shapley值法下,制造商、回收商及梯次利用商的收益分别为ΦM=197、ΦR=49、ΦT=19。利用AHP法对经典Shapley值进行改进,各个成员影响因素的标准化取值见表5
根据专家评分和层次分析法,确定各个影响因素的权重,得出各个影响因素的权重集为xTn=(0.26,0.29,0.44),则制造商、回收商和梯次利用商的利益修正量分别为w1=0.26-$\frac{1}{3}$=-0.068,w2=0.29-$\frac{1}{3}$=-0.042,w3=0.40-$\frac{1}{3}$=0.111。加入修正系数后制造商、回收商及梯次利用商的收益分别为Φ'M=179,Φ'R=38,Φ'T=48。不同分配方案的利益分配结果见表6
通过对比梯次利用闭环供应链联盟的3个主体在分散决策、利用Shapley值法分配及对Shapley值修正后的值可知,Shapley值的利润分配及改进的Shapley值的利润分配均满足大联盟合理性分配特征。通过对3种利润分配方案进行比较,采用Shapley值法后,不论是整个供应链的总利润还是各个节点的成员利润都得到了提升,进而实现了供应链的共赢局面。其中由于梯次利用商在进行梯次利用过程中承担的风险,做出的贡献较大,所以在对Shapley值修正后,供应链总体利润不变的情况下,梯次利用商所占供应链总利润的比例在提升,回收商和制造商的分配利润的比例有所下降。
经过利用加权修正后的Shapley值分配方法使梯次利用闭环供应链联盟成员间的合作关系更加紧密,各节点的利润分配也更加合理,使分配更加准确,更加符合实际情况。
参考文献[26]的相关研究并结合现实情况,将参数设为A=30,b=30,h=2,k=0.5,l=1.3,c1=6,cm=4,g=1, n=1,o=20,m=0.2。
成本优势下供应链利润的敏感性分析如图2图3所示。
图2可知,制造商和回收商的利润以及供应链的总利润皆随着成本优势的增加而增加,且在成本优势下非合作博弈所分配的利润皆小于合作博弈机制下所分配的利润,这说明使用低容量电池再制造新产品的成本优势增加,利用合作博弈分配利润对供应链各成员的利润是均有利的。由图3可知,改进合作博弈下各成员的利润随着成本优势的增加而增加,改进合作博弈下供应链的总利润与合作博弈下供应链的总利润相等,且梯次利用商获得比合作博弈下更高的利润。
回收难度系数下供应链利润的敏感性分析如图4图5所示。
图4可知,制造商和回收商的利润以及供应链的总利润随着回收难度系数的增大而降低,且非合作博弈所分配的利润低于合作博弈所分配的利润,说明回收商回收低容量电池的成本增高,制造商利用废旧电池再制造成本增加,利润下降。由图5可知,改进合作博弈下各成员的利润随着回收难度系数的增加而下降。
梯次利用商的努力程度下供应链利润的敏感性分析如图6图7所示。
图6图7可知,随着梯次利用商努力程度的增加,回收商和梯次利用商的利润及供应链的总利润均呈线性递增趋势,合作博弈及改进合作博弈制造商的利润呈线性递减的趋势,非合作博弈的制造商的利润呈线性递增的趋势。
针对由制造商、回收商和梯次利用商组成的闭环供应链利润分配的问题,构建合作博弈模型,研究制造商、回收商、梯次利用商之间联盟的形成及利润分配的机制。主要的结论如下:①使用低容量动力电池的成本优势较大时,有利于提高供应链成员及供应链的利润,因此制造商、回收商和梯次利用商应积极地参与到梯次利用供应链中,提高低容量动力电池的利用价值。②动力电池闭环供应链各主体在单独经营时,利润分配结构不合理,抗风险能力低。因此,需要改进利润分配机制,建立起企业之间的信任体系。③梯次利用闭环供应链各主体的合作实现整体利润的优化。采用Shapley值法时,供应链各主体有着较为合理的利润分配。④改进的Shapley值法弥补了传统Shapley值法的不足,考虑了影响动力电池梯次利用闭环供应链的利润分配的因素,主要包括努力水平、贡献程度和承担的风险等因素,得到了动力电池闭环供应链的利润分配的优化策略,协调了各利益相关方之间的利益冲突,确保供应链上各参与主体的利润公平,从而激发企业在合作方面的积极性。本文仅考虑供应链的利润在确定情况下的利润分配,未来可研究梯次利用供应链的利润在模糊情况下的利润分配。
  • 国家社会科学基金一般项目(22BJY135)
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2025年第25卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-28
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    沈阳工业大学管理学院, 沈阳 110870
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