Article(id=1153984490293678246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153984484975304790, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)03-0037-09, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723478400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753060942480, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753060942480, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753060942480, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753060942480, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153984484975304790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='346', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753060941213, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753063140421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1153993709164159831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153984484975304790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1153993709164159832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153984484975304790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153984491900096703, articleId=1153984490293678246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation and Settlement Mechanism of Shield Tunneling Construction in Composite Strata:Taking the Fuzhou Metro Binhai Express Line as an Example, columnId=1151876674645226399, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Technology Innovation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the disturbance mechanism of shield construction on composite strata,taking the coastal composite strata as an example, and relying on the Fuzhou Coastal Line, the disturbance mechanism of shield tunneling in composite strata was investigated.A refined numerical model of shield tunneling was established based on the finite element analysis software ABAQUS, and four parameters were considered, including face support pressure, grouting pressure, jack thrust, and cutterhead torque. After validating the model with on-site monitoring data, the settlement patterns of five composite strata traversed by the shield tunneling in the actual project were examined. The results show that the closer to the excavation area of the shield machine, the greater the disturbance; when the tunnel passes through composite strata, it causes more significant cutting in the softer layer, increasing soil disturbance.

, correspAuthors=Wei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhi XIE, Rensheng CHEN, Zhijian LIN, Wei ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153984543586505054, articleId=1153984490293678246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=CN, title=复合地层盾构施工数值模拟及沉降机理——以福州地铁滨海快线为例, columnId=1151876674787832737, journalTitle=科技和产业, columnName=科技创新, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究盾构施工对复合地层的扰动机理,以复杂地层滨海复合地层为例,依托福州滨海快线,基于有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立盾构施工精细化数值模型,考虑开挖掌子面力、注浆压力、千斤顶顶推力及刀盘扭矩4个参数,通过现场监测数据验证模型,对实际工程中盾构施工横穿的5种复合土层地层沉降规律进行研究。结果表明:离盾构机开挖区域越近,受扰动影响越大;隧道横穿复合地层对其中较软的一层会产生更大的切削,增大土体扰动。

, correspAuthors=张伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张伟(1982—),男,陕西西安人,博士,教授,研究方向为结构加固、地下工程。
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谢智(1987—),男,福建厦门人,工程师,研究方向为岩土工程、地下工程;

陈仁盛(1995—),男,福建福州人,工程师,研究方向为地下工程;

林志建(1995—),男,福建泉州人,工程师,研究方向为地下工程。

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林志建(1995—),男,福建泉州人,工程师,研究方向为地下工程。

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土体
编号
厚度/
m
工况1 工况2 工况3 工况4 工况5
S1 10.0 2-2-1 2-2-1 2-2-1 2-2-1 2-2-1
S2 11.4 5-2 2-4-5 2-4-2 2-4-1 6-1
S3 11.4 6-1 2-4-2 2-4-1 2-4-2 2-4-1
S4 9.2 6-1 6-1 6-1 6-1 6-1
S5 10.0 7-1 7-1 7-1 7-1 7-1
), ArticleFig(id=1273680467615310645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984490293678246, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

复合地层工况

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土体
编号
厚度/
m
工况1 工况2 工况3 工况4 工况5
S1 10.0 2-2-1 2-2-1 2-2-1 2-2-1 2-2-1
S2 11.4 5-2 2-4-5 2-4-2 2-4-1 6-1
S3 11.4 6-1 2-4-2 2-4-1 2-4-2 2-4-1
S4 9.2 6-1 6-1 6-1 6-1 6-1
S5 10.0 7-1 7-1 7-1 7-1 7-1
), ArticleFig(id=1273680467711779638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984490293678246, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地层名称 密度/
(g·cm-3)
弹性模
量/MPa
泊松比 摩擦角/
(°)
凝聚力/
kPa
2-2-1
粉细砂
1.80 7.00 0.35 20 16
2-4-1
淤泥质土
1.73 2.50 0.30 10 15
2-4-2
粉质黏土
1.89 10 0.32 16 17
2-4-5
含泥粉细砂
1.83 7.00 0.32 25 2
5-2
残积砂质黏性土
1.87 4.90 0.35 20 17
6-1
全风化花岗岩
1.86 20 0.3 21 18
7-1
砂土状全风化花岗岩
2.00 30 0.27 30 28
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土体材料力学参数

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地层名称 密度/
(g·cm-3)
弹性模
量/MPa
泊松比 摩擦角/
(°)
凝聚力/
kPa
2-2-1
粉细砂
1.80 7.00 0.35 20 16
2-4-1
淤泥质土
1.73 2.50 0.30 10 15
2-4-2
粉质黏土
1.89 10 0.32 16 17
2-4-5
含泥粉细砂
1.83 7.00 0.32 25 2
5-2
残积砂质黏性土
1.87 4.90 0.35 20 17
6-1
全风化花岗岩
1.86 20 0.3 21 18
7-1
砂土状全风化花岗岩
2.00 30 0.27 30 28
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名称 密度/
(g·cm-3)
弹性模量/
MPa
泊松比 厚度/mm
管片 2.50 34 500 0.20 0.40
盾壳 33.00 206 000 0.30 0.20
注浆层 1.80 10 0.25 0.13
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模型材料参数

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名称 密度/
(g·cm-3)
弹性模量/
MPa
泊松比 厚度/mm
管片 2.50 34 500 0.20 0.40
盾壳 33.00 206 000 0.30 0.20
注浆层 1.80 10 0.25 0.13
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荷载 数值
掌子面力/kPa 300~500
刀盘扭矩/(kN·m) 1 000~3 000
注浆压力/kPa 150~350
千斤顶反推力/kPa 1 000~3 000
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模型荷载

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荷载 数值
掌子面力/kPa 300~500
刀盘扭矩/(kN·m) 1 000~3 000
注浆压力/kPa 150~350
千斤顶反推力/kPa 1 000~3 000
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掌子面力/kPa 地表竖向沉降/mm 地层横向位移/mm
300 -3.39 4.75
350 -3.99 5.58
400 -4.58 6.35
450 -5.36 7.28
500 -6.25 8.29
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掌子面力对土体的影响

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掌子面力/kPa 地表竖向沉降/mm 地层横向位移/mm
300 -3.39 4.75
350 -3.99 5.58
400 -4.58 6.35
450 -5.36 7.28
500 -6.25 8.29
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注浆压力/kPa 地表竖向沉降/mm 地层横向位移/mm
150 -3.85 5.44
200 -3.91 5.51
250 -3.99 5.58
300 -4.08 5.66
350 -4.20 5.76
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注浆压力对土体的影响

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注浆压力/kPa 地表竖向沉降/mm 地层横向位移/mm
150 -3.85 5.44
200 -3.91 5.51
250 -3.99 5.58
300 -4.08 5.66
350 -4.20 5.76
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千斤顶顶推力/kPa 地表竖向沉降/mm 地层横向位移/mm
1 000 -1.36 5.44
1 500 -2.43 5.51
2 000 -3.99 5.58
2 500 -5.62 5.66
3 000 -7.50 5.76
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千斤顶顶推力对土体的影响

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千斤顶顶推力/kPa 地表竖向沉降/mm 地层横向位移/mm
1 000 -1.36 5.44
1 500 -2.43 5.51
2 000 -3.99 5.58
2 500 -5.62 5.66
3 000 -7.50 5.76
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刀盘扭矩/(kN·m) 地表竖向沉降/mm 地层横向位移/mm
1 000 -3.66 5.50
1 500 -3.78 5.52
2 000 -3.99 5.58
2 500 -4.10 5.62
3 000 -4.23 5.78
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刀盘扭矩对土体的影响

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刀盘扭矩/(kN·m) 地表竖向沉降/mm 地层横向位移/mm
1 000 -3.66 5.50
1 500 -3.78 5.52
2 000 -3.99 5.58
2 500 -4.10 5.62
3 000 -4.23 5.78
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复合地层盾构施工数值模拟及沉降机理——以福州地铁滨海快线为例
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谢智 1 , 陈仁盛 1 , 林志建 1 , 张伟 2
科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025,25(3): 37-45
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科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025, 25(3): 37-45
复合地层盾构施工数值模拟及沉降机理——以福州地铁滨海快线为例
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谢智1, 陈仁盛1, 林志建1, 张伟2
作者信息
  • 1 中交第三航务工程局有限公司厦门分公司, 福建 厦门 361021
  • 2 福建理工大学土木工程学院, 福州 350118
  • 谢智(1987—),男,福建厦门人,工程师,研究方向为岩土工程、地下工程;

    陈仁盛(1995—),男,福建福州人,工程师,研究方向为地下工程;

    林志建(1995—),男,福建泉州人,工程师,研究方向为地下工程。

通讯作者:

张伟(1982—),男,陕西西安人,博士,教授,研究方向为结构加固、地下工程。
Numerical Simulation and Settlement Mechanism of Shield Tunneling Construction in Composite Strata:Taking the Fuzhou Metro Binhai Express Line as an Example
Zhi XIE1, Rensheng CHEN1, Zhijian LIN1, Wei ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 Xiamen Branch of CCCC Third Navigation Engineering Bureau Co., Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China
  • 2 School of Civil Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10
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为探究盾构施工对复合地层的扰动机理,以复杂地层滨海复合地层为例,依托福州滨海快线,基于有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立盾构施工精细化数值模型,考虑开挖掌子面力、注浆压力、千斤顶顶推力及刀盘扭矩4个参数,通过现场监测数据验证模型,对实际工程中盾构施工横穿的5种复合土层地层沉降规律进行研究。结果表明:离盾构机开挖区域越近,受扰动影响越大;隧道横穿复合地层对其中较软的一层会产生更大的切削,增大土体扰动。

盾构施工  /  复合地层  /  有限元  /  现场监测  /  沉降规律

In order to explore the disturbance mechanism of shield construction on composite strata,taking the coastal composite strata as an example, and relying on the Fuzhou Coastal Line, the disturbance mechanism of shield tunneling in composite strata was investigated.A refined numerical model of shield tunneling was established based on the finite element analysis software ABAQUS, and four parameters were considered, including face support pressure, grouting pressure, jack thrust, and cutterhead torque. After validating the model with on-site monitoring data, the settlement patterns of five composite strata traversed by the shield tunneling in the actual project were examined. The results show that the closer to the excavation area of the shield machine, the greater the disturbance; when the tunnel passes through composite strata, it causes more significant cutting in the softer layer, increasing soil disturbance.

shield tunneling  /  composite strata  /  finite element  /  on-site monitoring  /  settlement patterns
谢智, 陈仁盛, 林志建, 张伟. 复合地层盾构施工数值模拟及沉降机理——以福州地铁滨海快线为例. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (3) : 37 -45 .
Zhi XIE, Rensheng CHEN, Zhijian LIN, Wei ZHANG. Numerical Simulation and Settlement Mechanism of Shield Tunneling Construction in Composite Strata:Taking the Fuzhou Metro Binhai Express Line as an Example[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (3) : 37 -45 .
盾构法作为一种常见的施工方法,在实际工程中应用广泛。其所具有的对土层及地表已有结构扰动小的优点对比其他施工方法具备相当的优越性,能够很好地满足城市轨道交通建设的要求。但当前盾构施工往往面临复杂的施工环境,其中滨海复合地层是其中特殊的一种,多见于中国东部及南部沿海城市。因此,需要对滨海复合地层下的盾构施工进行精细化模拟,探究其地层沉降机理。
针对盾构施工引发地层扰动的研究,许多研究人员已有诸多成果。Peck[1]提出了二维施工土体沉降数值计算方法。Vu等[2]在Peck公式基础上得出了埋深对隧道开挖土体扰动的影响。张运强等[3]基于Peck公式进一步得出了盾构施工引起的三维土体沉降计算方法。乙珂豪等[4]基于Peck公式和Chapman修正参数建立了双线隧道地表沉降的计算公式,为实际工程提供了可靠参考。
有限元模拟也是研究盾构施工引发地层扰动的一种常用手段。肖红菊和孙玉永[5]应用有限元模拟方法分析了上软下硬地层复合地层盾构开挖面变形特性与破坏模式,提出了破坏发生的限值及控制措施。Shahin等[6]考虑浅埋及深埋影响,基于数值模拟对隧道开挖过程中的地基性状进行分析,为工程设计提供合理建议。侯丰和刘府生[7]利用有限元软件,构建二维数值分析模型,研究了隧道下的地表沉降规律。刘禹等[8]利用有限元软件构建三维数值计算模型,对盾构隧道下方穿越建筑物进行分析,研究了不同的加固措施。邓声君等[9]基于数值模型与实地监测值,提出修正的小应变硬化(hardening soil-small,HSS)模型用于模拟软土地层盾构实时推进,提供了变形及风险预测方法。
现有研究大多针对单一掘进参数或单一土层盾构开挖扰动问题。邓皇适等[10]考虑注浆压力非均匀分布对地表沉降的影响,提出相应计算方法及影响因素。何祥凡等[11]基于有限元分析对隧道穿过上软下硬地层掌子面力进行分区优化分析,为调整掘进参数提供建议。诸多研究者对富水砂土地层、软岩地层、土岩复合地层、圆砾地层等盾构施工土体扰动进行研究,揭示了各地层盾构施工扰动的影响规律[12-15]
本文以福州滨海快线的滨海复合地层为例,对实际工程中盾构施工横穿的5种复合土层地层沉降规律进行研究,这在以往的研究中较为少见,具有较高的实际应用价值。本文基于有限元分析软件ABAQUS,建立考虑开挖掌子面力、注浆压力、千斤顶顶推力及刀盘扭矩4个关键参数的盾构施工精细化数值模型。这种模型的建立能够更准确地模拟实际工程中的盾构施工过程。通过对多个施工参数的综合分析,可以为施工方案的制定提供科学依据,实现施工参数的优化,提高施工效率。精细化数值模型能够更准确地预测盾构施工过程中可能遇到的各种情况,从而帮助施工团队采取预防措施,降低施工风险。
福州地铁的滨海快线经过的地层十分复杂,广泛分布有各种复合土层和孤石等地质结构。尤其在机场站至中间风井的区间(长度为3 360.081 m)中,地层的变化尤为显著。此区间的最大纵坡为28%,最小转弯半径为1 700 m。施工中选用了土压平衡盾构机,如图1所示,其管片的外径为8.3 m,内径为7.5 m,宽度为1.8 m,而厚度为0.4 m。盾构机的盾尾直径为8.56 m,而隧道的埋深范围为8.44~24.30 m。现场施工如图2所示。
福州地铁滨海快线机场站-中间风井区间地质、水文情况复杂,存在多段孤石群、全断面中风化硬岩、上软下硬、液化砂层等不良地质。其地质情况如图3图4所示。本文基于区间地质分布图选取了盾构施工横穿的5种特殊复合地层,探究复合地层盾构施工土体沉降机理。5种土层分布见表1。土体材料力学参数见表2
在盾构施工中,掌子面力和盾尾注浆对地层产生显著的扰动。然而,千斤顶推力和刀盘扭矩的影响同样不可忽视。考虑到这些关键影响因素,本文使用有限元软件ABAQUS构建盾构隧道开挖的数值模型,进行盾构施工的详细模拟。进一步基于这一模型,对不同复合地层的沉降机制进行了深分析。
在模型构建过程中,考虑埋深为2.0D,其中D代表盾构的直径,包括管片的直径和注浆层的厚度。模型的地层分布如图5所示。为确保模型边界与隧道开挖位置之间的距离在3.0D~5.0D的范围内,模型的尺寸被定义为52 m×60 m×54 m。在模拟施工过程中,每次开挖的步长与管片的宽度1.8 m相对应,整个模拟过程共计开挖30环。模型的底部和侧面都设置了法向位移的约束条件,而上表面则被定义为自由表面。
在模型中,土体的模拟采用了Mohr-Coulomb本构模型。盾构机及其相关部件被简化为均匀的盾壳,而管片则被简化为均匀的圆环来进行模拟。在模型中,盾壳、管片和注浆层都使用弹性模型进行模拟。具体的模拟参数见表3
在土压平衡盾构施工过程中,由于刀盘对前方土体的顶推和切削作用,可能会导致土体产生隆起或沉降变形。本次模拟基于理想的情况进行。
盾构施工过程中,隧道结构所承受的主要荷载如下。
(1)开挖面掌子面力。由于盾构的刀盘对前方土体进行顶推和切削,这可能导致土体出现隆起或沉降变形。在此次模拟中,考虑了一个理想状态,即在每个开挖面均匀施加掌子面力。该力的大小根据施工现场的盾构机掘进参数进行综合考虑。
(2)刀盘扭矩。在盾构掘进过程中,刀盘的切削作用会在其附近的地层土体内引起一定范围的扰动。在模型中,在土体的开挖面上施加了扭矩,其大小同样基于施工现场的盾构机掘进参数进行综合考虑。
(3)注浆压力。在盾构施工中,由于实际的盾构机开挖半径大于管片的半径,因此需要在土体与管片之间注入水泥浆液进行填充,这也起到了隧道止水的效果。但注入过程中产生的注浆压力会同时作用在土体和管片上,对它们产生二次扰动。
(4)千斤顶反推力。随着盾构机不断前进,它会对已经组装完成的管片产生推力,这会对管片及其周围的土体产生扰动。在模型中,将千斤顶的反推力等效为均匀压强,施加在管片的整个截面上,这与实际工程中多个千斤顶施加的荷载基本相符。
在模拟盾构开挖过程中,使用ABAQUS软件的geo地应力平衡功能,并辅以生死单元技术来进行模拟。主要步骤如下。
(1)进行地应力平衡,地应力平衡后土体位移最大达到10-6量级,这一值接近于零。
(2)采取与实际工程相似的方法,按照每环1.8 m的距离进行土体开挖。在开挖过程中,在开挖面上施加掌子面力和刀盘扭矩;已拼装的管片上施加千斤顶的反推力;同时在管片的外表面和土体上施加注浆压力,并同步设置注浆层。在模型中,注浆浆液的硬化过程没有被考虑。
(3)在下一环的土体开挖面上施加掌子面力和刀盘扭矩;移除前一环的土体和施加的荷载;激活盾壳;在新加入的管片上施加千斤顶反推力,在管片外表面和土体上施加注浆压力,并同步布置注浆层。
按照上述步骤,继续模拟直到整个开挖过程完成。模型开挖示意图如图6所示。
依据项目现场盾构施工掘进参数,取值见表4
考虑到实际的盾构施工过程,当盾构机穿过最大的土层时,选择工况2中的土层作为研究对象。以下针对此土层分析盾构施工过程中的地表沉降机理,并进一步探讨不同参数的影响。
在盾构开挖过程中,地表沉降被视为一个关键的监测和评估指标。图7展示了地表沉降的变化情况。从图中可以观察到,当盾构机进入特定环数位置时,该位置及其周边土体都呈现了明显的沉降。而随着盾构机的继续推进,土体地表沉降开始有所回升。
为了研究盾构掘进对周围土体的影响范围,选取隧道的中间断面,即模型的第15环断面,来分析土体地表的沉降情况,如图8所示。
(1)在盾构机掘进到中间断面之前,由于盾构机的自重相对较大并且处于一个较为柔软的土层中,中间断面的地表出现了轻微的沉降,但这一沉降幅度并不显著。
(2)当盾构机到达中间断面时,因其自重作用,地表开始呈现出显著的沉降槽,主要分布在隧道开挖中轴线两侧大约10 m的区域内。最大的沉降值位于隧道正上方区域。
(3)盾构机继续掘进并越过中间断面后,由于注浆压力消失,部分土体支撑减少,导致地表沉降更为显著。这使得沉降槽的宽度和深度都有所增加。另外,由于沉降槽区域的土体沉降加速和边界条件的限制,导致了沉降土体对其两侧土体产生了挤压效应,进而使两侧的土体隆起加剧。
(4)当盾构机掘进到第25环时,中间断面的地表沉降趋于稳定。这表明盾构掘进的影响范围大约为18 m,也就是2.0D~3.0D。最终,盾构掘进结束后,中间断面的最大沉降量达到10.06 mm,而最大隆起量为5.69 mm。
为了研究隧道上方不同土层的沉降特点,选取了盾构掘进完成30环后的竖向位移情况,如图9所示。从图9中可以明显看出,在隧道中轴线上方,各个土层的沉降表现出协调的变形特性。离隧道开挖深度越近的土层受到的影响越大,因此其沉降和隆起都更为显著。
此外,为了进一步研究断面方向上不同土层的沉降特性,同样在盾构掘进完成30环后,中间断面的竖向位移情况如图10所示。从中也可以观察到相似的变化规律。
图11所示为隧道中间断面开挖轴线右侧10 m处不同深度地层水平位移。由图11可知,当刀盘未到达中间断面时,由于掌子面力向前顶推,加之刀盘扭矩的施加,造成土体产生一定的挤压变形,呈现外扩的趋势。当刀盘到达中间断面时产生的扰动最大,地层水平位移突增,且开挖中心处最为明显,水平位移最大;同时,由于地层中心部分外扩,中心部分上层及下层土体产生略微反向水平位移。当刀盘通过中间断面后,由于土体地层损失,加之管片及注浆层刚度小于盾壳,地层水平位移持续增大,但增大速度减缓。
为确保上述有限元盾构施工模型的准确性,选取了与模型土层相匹配的实际施工监测数据进行比对,从而验证模拟结果的可靠性。
福州地铁滨海快线从机场站至中间风井的区间主要监测了地表的横向沉降。在此模型中,盾构开挖涵盖了30个环段,这与左侧隧道的第1环至第200环的土层相对应。为了对比分析,选取一个实际的监测断面数据,并与模型的中间断面数据进行对比。同时,根据盾构机在该区段的每日开挖进度,估算盾构机与该断面的实际距离。对比的结果如图12所示。
从对比数据中可见,隧道的中心轴线附近,模拟数据与实际监测数据的变化趋势是非常接近的。但在最大沉降位置,监测数据与模拟数据存在一定的偏差。在沉降槽的两侧,模拟数据显示出更为明显的隆起。这可能是因为实际工程中,土壤在两侧的接触刚性较低,或者在盾构施工中,施工团队根据当前的实际情况调整开挖参数,导致了监测数据与模拟数据之间的差异。
在盾构施工中,各种施工参数均会对土体产生一定的扰动效应。为了深入了解各施工参数对土体扰动的具体影响,对掌子面力、注浆压力、千斤顶反推力和刀盘扭矩的不同取值进行模拟分析。此外,地表竖向沉降是在刀盘开挖至中间断面时,中间断面地表的竖向沉降;而地层的横向位移则是在刀盘开挖至中间断面时,中间断面开挖轴线右侧10 m的地层水平位移。
表5展示了在不同掌子面力条件下对土体的扰动效应。从结果中可以观察到,随着掌子面力的增加,地表的竖向沉降也明显增大。这主要是因为更大的掌子面力会对前方的土体产生更大的扰动效应。与此同时,地层的横向位移也相应地增大,这是由于增大的掌子面力会加强土体的挤压效应,从而增加其外扩的趋势。
在不同的盾尾注浆压力条件下,土体的扰动效应见表6。分析结果表明,随着盾尾注浆压力的增加,中间断面的地表沉降也逐渐增大,但增量相对较小。这种现象可能是因为隧道顶部的埋深达到了2.0D,这使得在开挖过程中对土体的扰动影响较为有限;此外,地层的横向位移同样随着注浆压力的增加而有所增大,但其变化范围也相对较小。
表7表8可以观察到,随着千斤顶顶推力的增加,地表竖向沉降也相应增加。这一现象可能是因为在盾构推进过程中,千斤顶顶推力加大了对上方土体的扰动。相较之下,刀盘扭矩对土体产生的扰动相对较小。
综合以上分析,为减少盾构施工对土体的扰动,建议根据开挖地层合理调整掌子面力和千斤顶顶推力,并实时调控注浆压力,以有效控制土体的扰动幅度。
对照表1中列出的5种不同的工况土层,进一步研究盾构施工导致的地表沉降规律。在模型中,不同土层的分界线被定义在隧道横向中轴线上,正如图5中所展示的S2和S3土层。图13展示了不同工况下的中间断面地表沉降情况。从图13中可以观察到,当上方土层的弹性模量远大于下方土层时,沉降槽的深度较浅,并且总体上呈现一个隆起的趋势。而当上方土层的弹性模量小于下方土层时,沉降槽的深度则基本保持一致。
为深入了解不同土层的沉降机制,选择中间断面右侧10 m处的地层横向位移进行分析,如图14所示。从图14中可以看出,当上层或下层土层的弹性模量较低时,开挖过程会对其造成更大的切削,从而引起更大的扰动。而当上下两层土层的弹性模量相近时,对它们的影响则基本持平。
本文依托福州滨海快线建立了精细化有限元模型,模拟了开挖掌子面力、盾尾注浆压力、千斤顶反推力及刀盘扭矩对地层的扰动影响。在与现场监测数据相互验证后,进行了参数分析,并对当前工程穿过的复合地层土体沉降机理进行分析,得出以下结论。
(1)盾构开挖施工会对地层土体产生扰动变形。随着盾构机的开挖,距离盾构区域越近的土体,受扰动影响越大,当盾构机逐渐远离开挖断面后,土体会出现回弹现象。
(2)盾构机到达开挖断面时,地表开始出现明显沉降槽,区域开挖中轴线两侧10 m范围内,沉降最大值位于隧道正上方。盾构机通过开挖断面后,地表沉降更加明显;同时,由于土体沉降挤压,造成两侧土体隆起加剧。当盾构机远离开挖断面2.0D~3.0D后,中间断面地表沉降值趋于稳定。
(3)通过对开挖掌子面力、注浆压力、千斤顶反推力及刀盘扭矩进行模拟分析,可以发现其中掌子面力及千斤顶反推力的增大会增大地表沉降及地层水平位移,造成土体扰动加剧。盾构施工过程中可合理根据开挖地层降低掌子面力及千斤顶反推力,同步控制注浆压力。
(4)当隧道横穿土层中,上层土层弹性模量远小于下层土层时,沉降槽深度较浅,土层整体上为隆起状态。当上层或下层土层其中一层弹性模量较小时,对土层的扰动会偏向较软的土层,对其产生更大的切削。上层与下层相差不大时,则无此现象。
  • 福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2021J011062)
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蔡俊, 叶海旺, 雷涛, . 考虑剪胀角的节理化岩体隧道开挖进尺优化研究[J]. 岩土力学, 2016, 37(S1): 639-644, 650.
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-13
基金
福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2021J011062)
作者信息
    1 中交第三航务工程局有限公司厦门分公司, 福建 厦门 361021
    2 福建理工大学土木工程学院, 福州 350118

通讯作者:

张伟(1982—),男,陕西西安人,博士,教授,研究方向为结构加固、地下工程。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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