Article(id=1153984487722569870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153984484975304790, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)03-0158-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722787200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753060941867, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753060941867, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753060941867, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753060941867, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153984484975304790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='346', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753060941213, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753063140421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1153993709164159831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153984484975304790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1153993709164159832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153984484975304790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=158, endPage=163, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153984488242663569, articleId=1153984487722569870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Analysis on the Decoupling Relationship between Tourism Carbon Emissions and Tourism Economy in Yunnan Province, columnId=1151877659354558495, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Regional Practice, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the background of “dual carbon”, it is of great significance to comprehensively clarify the dynamic decoupling relationship between tourism carbon emissions and tourism economic development for the formulation of scientific tourism carbon emission reduction policies. The “bottom-up” tourism carbon emission measurement method was used to measure the tourism carbon emissions in Yunnan Province from 2010 to 2022, and on this basis, the Tapio decoupling model of tourism economy and tourism carbon emissions was constructed, and the decoupling relationship was analyzed. The results show that from 2010 to 2019, tourism revenue and tourism carbon emissions in Yunnan Province showed an upward trend, and in 2020, they decreased significantly, and from 2021 to 2022, Yunnan Province’s tourism revenue showed an upward trend, but the overall carbon emissions of tourism showed a downward trend, reflecting the low-carbon development of tourism in Yunnan Province. The contribution rate of tourism transportation carbon emissions to tourism carbon emissions in Yunnan Province is the largest, with an average proportion of 78% during the study period, and reducing tourism transportation carbon emissions is the key to low-carbon emission reduction of tourism in Yunnan Province. During the study period, the carbon emissions of tourism in Yunnan Province were mainly weakly decoupled, with high-quality strong decoupling in 2006 and 2022, and only in 2020, which generally reflected that Yunnan Province has achieved certain results in promoting energy conservation, emission reduction and low-carbon development of tourism.

, correspAuthors=Xiaoyun YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ningrui GAO, Xiaoyun YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153984501538607468, articleId=1153984487722569870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=CN, title=云南省旅游业碳排放与旅游经济脱钩关系分析, columnId=1151877659916595238, journalTitle=科技和产业, columnName=区域实践, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

“双碳”背景下,全面厘清旅游业碳排放与旅游经济发展的动态脱钩关系,对于制定科学的旅游业碳减排政策具有重要意义。采用“自下而上”的旅游业碳排放测算方法,对云南省2010—2022年旅游碳排放量进行测算,在此基础上构建旅游经济与旅游业碳排放的Tapio脱钩模型,分析其脱钩关系。结果表明:2010—2019年云南省旅游业收入与旅游业碳排放呈现上升趋势,2020年二者大幅下降,2021—2022年云南省旅游收入呈现上升趋势,但旅游业碳排放总体呈现下降趋势,体现了云南省旅游业的低碳化发展;旅游交通碳排放对云南省旅游业碳排放的贡献率最大,研究期内平均占比达到78%,降低旅游交通碳排放是云南省旅游业低碳减排的关键;研究期内,云南省旅游业碳排放主要以弱脱钩为主,2006年与2022年出现优质的强脱钩情况,仅在2020年出现衰退连接态势,总体上反映了云南省在促进旅游业节能减排、低碳发展方面取得一定成效。

, correspAuthors=杨晓云, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杨晓云(1975—),女,陕西延安人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,研究方向为旅游管理。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=xDyCLZ91sReMrEcqcCHApg==, magXml=cYpfJwCvIghusIutn5hXjw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=HkrYVwXcQU1Cxp8sgsf25g==, pdfFileSize=1524388, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=sbFqybI6Tot4fjorflpRFw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=by4kn57GbzDdUIKdBqKbfA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

高宁睿(1999—),男,山东淄博人,硕士研究生,研究方向为旅游管理。

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高宁睿(1999—),男,山东淄博人,硕士研究生,研究方向为旅游管理。

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高宁睿(1999—),男,山东淄博人,硕士研究生,研究方向为旅游管理。

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Environmental Science & Policy, 2010, 13(2): 131-140., articleTitle=The greenhouse gas intensity of the tourism sector: the case of Switzerland, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1273680327273898141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984487722569870, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1273680327282286750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984487722569870, companyId=1273680327273898141, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Economics and Management, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1273680327294869663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984487722569870, companyId=1273680327273898141, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西南林业大学经济管理学院, 昆明 650224)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1273680330969079987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984487722569870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OZAFQzPlqXDXlnK3EMXz9A==, figureFileBig=RB6u5J1saN8EHgStGUkvXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1273680331040383156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984487722569870, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2010—2022年云南省旅游碳排放与旅游经济变化情况, figureFileSmall=OZAFQzPlqXDXlnK3EMXz9A==, figureFileBig=RB6u5J1saN8EHgStGUkvXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1273680331321401525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984487722569870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Naz1EzqFE4ye4FoTaCcv/Q==, figureFileBig=38jSt3jY/eOXRAFXTf8R1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1273680331371733174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984487722569870, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2010—2022年云南省脱钩指数变化趋势, figureFileSmall=Naz1EzqFE4ye4FoTaCcv/Q==, figureFileBig=38jSt3jY/eOXRAFXTf8R1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1273680331434647735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984487722569870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脱钩效应 脱钩程度 ΔC/C ΔM/M μ
脱钩 强脱钩 ΔC/C<0 ΔM/M>0 α<0
弱脱钩 ΔC/C>0 ΔM/M>0 0<α<0.8
衰弱脱钩 ΔC/C<0 ΔM/M<0 α>1.2
连接 增长连接 ΔC/C>0 ΔM/M>0 0.8<α<1.2
衰弱连接 ΔC/C<0 ΔM/M<0 0.8<α<1.2
负脱钩 弱负脱钩 ΔC/C<0 ΔM/M<0 0<α<0.8
强负脱钩 ΔC/C>0 ΔM/M<0 α<0
增长负脱钩 ΔC/C>0 ΔM/M>0 α>1.2
), ArticleFig(id=1273680331539505336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984487722569870, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

旅游业碳排放与旅游经济脱钩类型标准

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脱钩效应 脱钩程度 ΔC/C ΔM/M μ
脱钩 强脱钩 ΔC/C<0 ΔM/M>0 α<0
弱脱钩 ΔC/C>0 ΔM/M>0 0<α<0.8
衰弱脱钩 ΔC/C<0 ΔM/M<0 α>1.2
连接 增长连接 ΔC/C>0 ΔM/M>0 0.8<α<1.2
衰弱连接 ΔC/C<0 ΔM/M<0 0.8<α<1.2
负脱钩 弱负脱钩 ΔC/C<0 ΔM/M<0 0<α<0.8
强负脱钩 ΔC/C>0 ΔM/M<0 α<0
增长负脱钩 ΔC/C>0 ΔM/M>0 α>1.2
), ArticleFig(id=1273680331615002809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984487722569870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 旅游交通 旅游住宿 旅游活动 旅游碳排放
总量/万t
旅游总
收入/亿元
碳排放量/万t 占比/% 碳排放量/万t 占比/% 碳排放量/万t 占比/%
2010 128.60 85 13.14 9 9.82 6 151.56 1 006.83
2011 141.30 84 13.83 8 13.28 8 168.41 1 300.29
2012 158.99 85 12.11 6 15.90 9 187.00 1 702.54
2013 179.18 83 16.90 8 19.50 9 215.58 2 111.24
2014 198.28 79 23.27 9 30.07 12 251.62 2 665.74
2015 208.13 81 16.03 6 34.47 13 258.63 3 281.79
2016 203.17 80 14.55 6 36.24 14 253.96 4 726.25
2017 204.36 78 13.44 5 45.14 17 262.94 6 922.23
2018 215.37 76 12.72 5 54.08 19 282.17 8 991.44
2019 236.51 76 12.19 4 62.63 20 311.33 11 035.20
2020 141.40 77 5.85 3 37.05 20 184.30 6 477.00
2021 146.82 74 6.36 3 45.37 23 198.55 7 474.62
2022 94.63 60 5.72 3 58.62 37 158.97 9 499.00
), ArticleFig(id=1273680331690500282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984487722569870, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2010—2022年云南省旅游业碳排放及其构成

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年份 旅游交通 旅游住宿 旅游活动 旅游碳排放
总量/万t
旅游总
收入/亿元
碳排放量/万t 占比/% 碳排放量/万t 占比/% 碳排放量/万t 占比/%
2010 128.60 85 13.14 9 9.82 6 151.56 1 006.83
2011 141.30 84 13.83 8 13.28 8 168.41 1 300.29
2012 158.99 85 12.11 6 15.90 9 187.00 1 702.54
2013 179.18 83 16.90 8 19.50 9 215.58 2 111.24
2014 198.28 79 23.27 9 30.07 12 251.62 2 665.74
2015 208.13 81 16.03 6 34.47 13 258.63 3 281.79
2016 203.17 80 14.55 6 36.24 14 253.96 4 726.25
2017 204.36 78 13.44 5 45.14 17 262.94 6 922.23
2018 215.37 76 12.72 5 54.08 19 282.17 8 991.44
2019 236.51 76 12.19 4 62.63 20 311.33 11 035.20
2020 141.40 77 5.85 3 37.05 20 184.30 6 477.00
2021 146.82 74 6.36 3 45.37 23 198.55 7 474.62
2022 94.63 60 5.72 3 58.62 37 158.97 9 499.00
), ArticleFig(id=1273680331770192059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984487722569870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 ΔC/C ΔM/M μ 脱钩状态
2011 0.11 0.29 0.38 弱脱钩
2012 0.11 0.31 0.36 弱脱钩
2013 0.15 0.24 0.64 弱脱钩
2014 0.17 0.26 0.64 弱脱钩
2015 0.03 0.23 0.12 弱脱钩
2016 -0.02 0.44 -0.04 强脱钩
2017 0.04 0.46 0.08 弱脱钩
2018 0.07 0.30 0.24 弱脱钩
2019 0.10 0.23 0.45 弱脱钩
2020 -0.41 -0.41 0.99 衰退连接
2021 0.08 0.15 0.50 弱脱钩
2022 -0.20 0.27 -0.74 强脱钩
), ArticleFig(id=1273680331845689532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153984487722569870, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2010—2022年云南省旅游业碳排放脱钩情况

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年份 ΔC/C ΔM/M μ 脱钩状态
2011 0.11 0.29 0.38 弱脱钩
2012 0.11 0.31 0.36 弱脱钩
2013 0.15 0.24 0.64 弱脱钩
2014 0.17 0.26 0.64 弱脱钩
2015 0.03 0.23 0.12 弱脱钩
2016 -0.02 0.44 -0.04 强脱钩
2017 0.04 0.46 0.08 弱脱钩
2018 0.07 0.30 0.24 弱脱钩
2019 0.10 0.23 0.45 弱脱钩
2020 -0.41 -0.41 0.99 衰退连接
2021 0.08 0.15 0.50 弱脱钩
2022 -0.20 0.27 -0.74 强脱钩
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云南省旅游业碳排放与旅游经济脱钩关系分析
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高宁睿 , 杨晓云
科技和产业 | 区域实践 2025,25(3): 158-163
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科技和产业 | 区域实践 2025, 25(3): 158-163
云南省旅游业碳排放与旅游经济脱钩关系分析
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高宁睿, 杨晓云
作者信息
  • 西南林业大学经济管理学院, 昆明 650224
  • 高宁睿(1999—),男,山东淄博人,硕士研究生,研究方向为旅游管理。

通讯作者:

杨晓云(1975—),女,陕西延安人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,研究方向为旅游管理。
Analysis on the Decoupling Relationship between Tourism Carbon Emissions and Tourism Economy in Yunnan Province
Ningrui GAO, Xiaoyun YANG
Affiliations
  • School of Economics and Management, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10
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“双碳”背景下,全面厘清旅游业碳排放与旅游经济发展的动态脱钩关系,对于制定科学的旅游业碳减排政策具有重要意义。采用“自下而上”的旅游业碳排放测算方法,对云南省2010—2022年旅游碳排放量进行测算,在此基础上构建旅游经济与旅游业碳排放的Tapio脱钩模型,分析其脱钩关系。结果表明:2010—2019年云南省旅游业收入与旅游业碳排放呈现上升趋势,2020年二者大幅下降,2021—2022年云南省旅游收入呈现上升趋势,但旅游业碳排放总体呈现下降趋势,体现了云南省旅游业的低碳化发展;旅游交通碳排放对云南省旅游业碳排放的贡献率最大,研究期内平均占比达到78%,降低旅游交通碳排放是云南省旅游业低碳减排的关键;研究期内,云南省旅游业碳排放主要以弱脱钩为主,2006年与2022年出现优质的强脱钩情况,仅在2020年出现衰退连接态势,总体上反映了云南省在促进旅游业节能减排、低碳发展方面取得一定成效。

云南省  /  旅游业碳排放  /  旅游经济  /  脱钩关系

Under the background of “dual carbon”, it is of great significance to comprehensively clarify the dynamic decoupling relationship between tourism carbon emissions and tourism economic development for the formulation of scientific tourism carbon emission reduction policies. The “bottom-up” tourism carbon emission measurement method was used to measure the tourism carbon emissions in Yunnan Province from 2010 to 2022, and on this basis, the Tapio decoupling model of tourism economy and tourism carbon emissions was constructed, and the decoupling relationship was analyzed. The results show that from 2010 to 2019, tourism revenue and tourism carbon emissions in Yunnan Province showed an upward trend, and in 2020, they decreased significantly, and from 2021 to 2022, Yunnan Province’s tourism revenue showed an upward trend, but the overall carbon emissions of tourism showed a downward trend, reflecting the low-carbon development of tourism in Yunnan Province. The contribution rate of tourism transportation carbon emissions to tourism carbon emissions in Yunnan Province is the largest, with an average proportion of 78% during the study period, and reducing tourism transportation carbon emissions is the key to low-carbon emission reduction of tourism in Yunnan Province. During the study period, the carbon emissions of tourism in Yunnan Province were mainly weakly decoupled, with high-quality strong decoupling in 2006 and 2022, and only in 2020, which generally reflected that Yunnan Province has achieved certain results in promoting energy conservation, emission reduction and low-carbon development of tourism.

Yunnan  /  carbon emissions from the tourism industry  /  tourism economy  /  decoupling relationship
高宁睿, 杨晓云. 云南省旅游业碳排放与旅游经济脱钩关系分析. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (3) : 158 -163 .
Ningrui GAO, Xiaoyun YANG. Analysis on the Decoupling Relationship between Tourism Carbon Emissions and Tourism Economy in Yunnan Province[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (3) : 158 -163 .
21世纪以来,碳排放量已经成为衡量人类经济发展方式的新标识[1],温室气体排放的不断增加已经严重影响地球生态环境。旅游业作为中国战略性支柱产业,包括交通、住宿等关联领域众多。世界旅游组织研究表明,旅游二氧化碳排放量约占全球二氧化碳排放总量的 4.9%,其对全球温室效应的贡献率高达14%,且以一定的速率在不断增长[2],如果不积极采取相应的低碳减排措施,预计到2035年全球旅游业二氧化碳排放量将增长130%[3],可见,将碳管理引入旅游业管理规划,实现低成本碳减排目标成为国内旅游业可持续发展的必要举措[4]。在此背景下,全面厘清旅游业碳排放与旅游经济发展的动态脱钩关系,对于制定科学的旅游业碳减排政策具有重要的理论意义。
目前,“自下而上”和“自上而下”测算方法是国内外有关旅游业碳排放的主要测算方法。“自上而下”法把旅游业看作国民经济体系的部门之一,通过投入产出法、基于旅游经济的综合测算法、旅游剥离系数法等从上向下对旅游业碳排放量进行核算。Xia等[5]采用投入产出法对甘肃旅游酒店、旅行社和景区碳排放量进行测算。庄同宁[6]采用投入产出法对徐州、苏州两地旅游业碳排放量进行测算,指出两地旅游碳排放主要来自旅游交通。Tu等[7]采用综合测算模型对中国旅游碳排放进行测算,指出旅游业碳排放带来的环境风险有所改善。也有学者采用综合测算模型对旅游各行业碳排放量进行测算,指出旅游交通碳排放量所占的比例最大[8]。Liu等[9]采用旅游剥离系数方法,通过旅游收入计算的旅游增值率和旅游附加值对中国区域旅游碳排放量进行估算。Tang和Huang[10]采用旅游剥离系数法测算黑龙江旅游碳排放,指出“运储邮”碳排放量在旅游业碳排放量中所占比较大。“自下而上”法是对旅游活动进行分解加总,分类估算旅游业碳排放总量,在省域旅游碳排放测算中,大多数学者将旅游碳排放分为旅游交通、旅游住宿、旅游活动3部分进行测算。陈玲玲[11]计算了中国旅游业碳排放,并对其碳排放强度的时空动态进行研究。Ma等[12]结合“自下而上”测算方法与情景分析和蒙特卡罗模拟方法对中国旅游业碳排放峰值进行预测,结果显示中国旅游业碳排放峰值将在2030年左右出现。高源遥等[13]采用“自下而上”法对四川省旅游业碳排放量进行核算。
随着旅游业碳排放测算的不断成熟,旅游业碳排放与旅游经济的脱钩关系研究开始引起学者的关注。马继等[14]对中国入境旅游脱钩关系进行研究,指出中国入境旅游碳排放与旅游经济关系整体呈由增长连接向弱脱钩过渡趋势。胡莉娜和胡海洋[15]指出长期来看西藏旅游业碳排放与经济增长间的脱钩关系基本处于良好状态。俞霞和吴德进[16]研究指出福建旅游业碳排放与旅游经济间的脱钩关系以弱脱钩为主,多种脱钩关系并存,距旅游业实现低碳发展愿景差距较大。在旅游碳排放脱钩状态影响因素研究中,王贝贝等[17]探究了经济发展水平、产业结构、旅客规模、技术水平和城镇化水平对成渝地区双城经济圈旅游业碳排放脱钩态势的影响。查建平等[18]指出能源强度效应对实现旅游业碳排放脱钩具有正向的促进作用,游客规模效应和消费水平效应是实现脱钩的主要抑制因素。郑伯铭等[19]指出科技创新能力、政府政策、城市化水平以及产业结构是影响脱钩态势空间异质性的主要因素。黄美忠和黄晓坤[20]、黄国庆等[21]、程慧等[22]分别对长三角城市群、黄河流域、中国旅游业脱钩状态的空间分异性进行研究。
总体来看,有关省域旅游业碳排放脱钩状态的研究已经较为成熟,省域旅游业碳排放脱钩状态研究致力于掌握旅游业碳排放与旅游业经济发展之间的关系,从而依据研究结果采取相应的碳减排举措。云南省旅游资源丰富,旅游业作为云南省主要产业之一,容易存在注重经济效益而忽略生态效益问题,粗放式的旅游发展模式极易造成碳排放的增加,且云南省物种多样性储量巨大。本文以云南省为研究区域,采用“自下而上”的测算方法,对云南省2010—2022年旅游业碳排放与旅游收入的变化趋势进行分析,利用Tapio脱钩模型进一步分析云南省脱钩情况,明确云南省研究期内的脱钩现状,为云南省旅游业的低碳发展提供一定的科学依据。
目前,旅游业碳排放测算方法主要包括“自上而下”与“自下而上”两种。与“自上而下”测算方法相比,“自下而上”的测算方法更能体现旅游各环节在旅游碳排放中的占比,且考虑到数据的可获取性与可信性,因此本文采用相关研究[11-12]省域旅游碳排放测算方法,从旅游交通、旅游住宿、旅游活动3个主要方面测算云南省旅游碳排放量。
$\mathit{c}={\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{t}}+{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{h}}+{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{e}}$
式中:c为云南省旅游业碳排放总量;ct、ch、ce分别为云南省旅游交通碳、旅游住宿、旅游活动碳排放量。
旅游交通碳排放:
$c_{\mathrm{t}}=\sum_{i=1}^{4} p_{i} f_{i} \alpha_{i}$
式中:i为运输方式,包括航空、铁路、公路、水运种类型;pi为第i类交通运输方式的客运周转量;fi为第i类交通运输方式旅游者占比;αi为第i类交通方式的碳排放系数,g/km。在此,参照航空、铁路、公路、水运4种交通类型的f值分别为64.7%、31.6%、13.8%、10.6%,α值分别为137、27、133、106 g/km。
旅游住宿碳排放:
${\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{h}}=\mathit{b}\mathit{l}\mathit{\delta }\mathit{\beta }\mathit{d}$
式中:b为云南省的旅游星级饭店床位数;l为年出租率;$\mathit{\delta }$为单位能耗,取155 MJ/(床·晚);β为碳排放系数,取43.2 gC/MJ;d为一年的天数。
旅游活动碳排放:
${\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{e}}=\sum _{\mathit{j}=1}^{5}{\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{j}}{\partial }_{\mathit{j}}$
式中:j为旅游活动类型,包括度假休闲、商务出差、观光旅游、探亲访友、其他活动5种;Njj类旅游活动的旅游人数;${\partial }_{\mathit{j}}$为各类旅游活动的碳排放系数,分别取1 670、786、417、591、172 g/人。
脱钩概念于20世纪60年代提出,并于20世纪末应用到环境经济领域。碳排放脱钩是经济增长与温室气体排放之间关系不断弱化乃至消失的理想化过程,即实现经济增长基础上,逐渐降低二氧化碳排放量[19]。Tapio脱钩模型根据脱钩弹性指数的波动,重新界定了8类脱钩状态,成为研究脱钩关系的核心方法[17]。本文结合现有研究成果,基于Tapio脱钩模型分析云南省旅游业碳排放与旅游经济的脱钩情况。具体公式为
$\mathit{\mu }=\frac{\mathit{\Delta }\mathit{C}/\mathit{C}}{\mathit{\Delta }\mathit{M}/\mathit{M}}$
式中:μ为脱钩指数;ΔC与ΔM分别为当期与上期旅游业二氧化碳排放变化量和旅游业总收入变化量;CM分别为当期旅游业二氧化碳排放量和旅游业总收入。根据$\mathit{\mu }\mathit{、}\frac{\mathit{\Delta }\mathit{C}}{\mathit{C}}\mathit{、}\frac{\mathit{\Delta }\mathit{M}}{\mathit{M}}$的值建立旅游业碳排放与旅游经济脱钩类型的标准(表1)。
云南省航空、公路、铁路、水路4类旅游交通的旅客周转量、入境和国内旅游收入数据来自历年统计年鉴和国民经济和社会发展统计公报,星级饭店床位数、出租率来源于《中国旅游统计年鉴》,度假休闲、商务出差、观光旅游、探亲访友、其他活动5种活动类型旅游人数数据来源于《旅游抽样调查资料》。
本文采用“自下而上”的旅游业测算方法,从旅游交通、旅游住宿、旅游活动3个方面对云南省旅游业碳排放进行测算。2010—2022年云南省旅游交通、旅游住宿和旅游活动碳排放分别通过式(2)~式(4)计算得出,再依据式(1)得出云南省旅游业总碳排放,计算结果见表2
图1所示,2010—2019年云南省旅游业呈现不同的发展态势。2010—2014年云南省旅游业平稳发展,旅游收入从2010年的1 006.83亿元增长到2014年2 665.74亿元,年均增长率为27.5%,2009年云南省被列为旅游综合改革发展试点省份,2010年滇西旅游区的腾冲和滇东南旅游区的弥勒声名鹊起吸引了大量游客,促进了云南旅游业的发展;2015—2019年云南省旅游业进入快速发展阶段,年均增长率达到32.9%,2015年党的十八届五中全会通过《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划的建议》,明确指出大力发展旅游业,为云南省旅游业发展提供了强大的发展动力,2016年国务院发布《国务院关于支持沿边重点地区开发开放若干政策措施的意见》,提升了云南省旅游业的对外开放水平,推动了云南省作为中国面向西南开放的区域性国际旅游集散地的建设;2020年受新冠肺炎疫情影响云南省旅游收入大幅下降;2021—2022年云南省旅游业进入恢复发展阶段,年均增长率为21.1%,2022年已经恢复到2019年的86%。
从云南省旅游碳排放量来看,研究时期内云南省旅游业碳排放量与旅游业总收入变化趋势大体相同,但与之不同的是2010—2014年云南省旅游业碳排放为快速增长阶段,年均增长率为13.5%,而2015—2019年云南省旅游业碳排放量年均增速为4.3%,其原因是2010—2014年云南省旅游业处于发展初期,旅游发展模式较为粗放,导致旅游业碳排放增长速度较快,2015年中共中央、国务院先后印发《关于加快推进生态文明建设的意见》和《生态文明体制改革总体方案》,对生态文明建设进行全面系统部署安排,2015—2019年随着生态文明建设以及绿色发展理念的普及,旅游经济快速增长的同时旅游碳排放量得到一定程度的控制,生态文明建设取得一定成效。
从云南省旅游碳排放组成结构来看,研究期内,旅游交通碳排放占比最大,年均占比78%,符合旅游交通的碳排放占比在65%~90%的研究结论[23-25],其次是旅游活动碳排放,年均占比16%;旅游住宿碳排放年均占比最小为6%,随着旅游业的发展,旅游交通仍是旅游业碳排放的核心碳源。
根据式(5)计算研究期内云南省旅游业碳排放脱钩指数,并根据表1确定研究期内云南省的脱钩情况,见表3
表3可知,研究期内云南省旅游业碳排放脱钩情况主要以弱脱钩为主,占比达到75%,表现为旅游经济和旅游碳排放都出现上升趋势,且旅游经济增长速度较大;2016年与2022年呈现优质的强脱钩状态,表现为旅游经济增长且旅游业碳排放下降;2020年呈现旅游碳排放与旅游经济的衰退连接态势,表现为旅游经济与旅游业碳排放同时下降,并且下降幅度相当。
图1可知,2011—2022年云南省旅游业碳排放脱钩指数呈现上升和下降的波动变化趋势。2011—2014年云南省旅游业碳排放脱钩指数大体呈现上升趋势,虽然旅游经济增长速度大于旅游业碳排放增长速度,但是两者之间的差距在不断减小;2015—2016年旅游经济增长率持续上升,旅游碳排放增长率持续下降,旅游碳排放脱钩指数大幅下降,并且在2016年脱钩指数变为负数,呈现优质的强脱钩态势,也体现出2015—2016年有关旅游业绿色发展以及生态文明建设取得的巨大成效;2017—2019年旅游经济与旅游业碳排放增长率的差距再次缩小,脱钩指数呈现上升趋势,由0.08增长到0.45;2020年旅游经济与旅游业碳排放呈现同等程度的下降趋势,脱钩指数接近1,呈现衰退连接趋势。2021—2022年旅游经济开始恢复,增长率呈现上升趋势,但是受低碳理念以及生态文明建设等影响,旅游业碳排放增长率未出现大幅度的上升,且在2022年出现优质的强脱钩状态。
本文采用“自下而上”的旅游业碳排放测算方法测算了2010—2022年云南省旅游交通、旅游住宿、旅游活动的碳排放量,在此基础上测算云南省旅游业总碳排放量,分析旅游业总碳排放量的变化趋势,明确了云南省旅游业碳排放的结构占比及关键部分。同时借助Tapio脱钩模型获取云南省旅游业碳排放与旅游经济的脱钩指数,分析研究期内脱钩情况的动态演变,得出以下结论。
(1)分别从云南省旅游业经济发展与旅游业碳排放量来看,2010—2019年云南省旅游业收入与旅游业碳排放均呈现上升趋势,且旅游经济增长速率大于旅游业碳排放增长速度;2020年二者都出现大幅下降;2021—2022年云南省旅游经济复苏,旅游收入呈现上升趋势,但旅游业碳排放总体呈现下降趋势,体现了云南省旅游业的低碳化发展。旅游交通碳排放仍是云南省旅游业碳排放的主要碳源,研究期内平均占比达到78%,降低旅游交通碳排放是降低云南省旅游业碳排放的关键。
(2)从云南省旅游业经济发展与旅游业碳排放脱钩关系来看,研究期内,云南省旅游业碳排放主要以弱脱钩为主,2006年与2022年出现优质的强脱钩情况,仅在2020年出现衰退连接态势,总体上反映了云南省促进旅游业节能减排、低碳发展取得一定成效。
(1)从研究结论来看,旅游交通碳排放为旅游业碳排放的核心碳源,应着力于降低云南省旅游业交通碳排放,提倡低碳出行,方便景区之间的公共交通,建立景区间旅游专线,通过公共旅游专线实现旅游从点到线到面的转变。
(2)同时应从旅游住宿、旅游餐饮方面降低旅游业碳排放量,反对铺张浪费,减少一次性用品。
(3)政府引导对降低旅游业碳排放起到关键作用,一方面应加大对旅游业碳排放方面的监管,从政策方面引导旅游企业进行低碳化旅游,另一方面应支持旅游业低碳技术的研发,增加相应支出。
(4)应积极宣传低碳旅游理念,通过宣传教育的方法,引导游客形成低碳旅游观念,发挥游客对降低旅游业碳排放的作用。
(5)应积极创新打造低碳旅游吸引物,开发低碳旅游产品,在促进旅游经济发展的同时,最大程度降低旅游业碳排放量。
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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    西南林业大学经济管理学院, 昆明 650224

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杨晓云(1975—),女,陕西延安人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,研究方向为旅游管理。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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