Article(id=1153984487009538185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153984484975304790, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)03-0031-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723478400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753060941697, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753060941697, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753060941697, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753060941697, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153984484975304790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='346', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753060941213, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753063140421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1153993709164159831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153984484975304790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1153993709164159832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153984484975304790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=31, endPage=36, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153984487567380621, articleId=1153984487009538185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Mechanism and Prevention Technology of Rainfall Disaster on Earthquake Damaged Highway Slope: Taking the Slope of the Newly Built Provincial Road S220 K39+280~K39+390 Section as an Example, columnId=1151876674645226399, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Technology Innovation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

On June 10, 2022, a 6.0-magnitude earthquake occurred in Caodeng Township, Marcang City, Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province. The earthquake not only caused a large number of landslides and landslides, but also caused seismic cracking and deformation of the slope rock and soil mass. Taking the K39+280~K39+390 section of the newly built provincial road S220 from Ribu to Muerzha Bridge in the earthquake stricken area as an example, the rainfall disaster mechanism and prevention technology after slope seismic cracking and damage was studied. It is found that during seismic activity, the seismic Bora shear effect promotes the expansion of rock joints and fissures, leading to the relaxation of soil structures. As a result, seismic cracking damage is widespread and has a significant impact on slope stability. The pores, joints, and fissures in the rock and soil structure of earthquake damaged slopes have good permeability, which is conducive to rainfall infiltration, resulting in a rapid increase in soil moisture content during the rainfall process. Joint fissures continuously accumulate water, and the entire earthquake damaged deformation body gradually reaches saturation during the rainfall process, forming high-value water pressure near the potential failure surface. In addition, the lubrication and softening effects of pore water and joint fissure water reduce the frictional resistance between soil particles and rock structural surfaces, leading to a decrease in shear strength and promoting the stability of the deformation body to continuously decline until instability. Earthquake damaged slopes can be prevented and controlled by point surface combination. In areas with severe earthquake damage and deformation, frame anchor rods can be used for overall slope protection, while dangerous rock falling blocks are generally developed but relatively weak. The slope surface adopts the method of retaining at the foot of the slope (concrete retaining wall+steel grating) take protective measures.

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2022年6月10日,四川省阿坝州马尔康市草登乡发生6.0级地震,地震不仅引发大量崩滑灾害,同时造成边坡岩土体震裂损伤变形。以震区新建省道S220线日部至木尔渣桥段中K39+280~K39+390段边坡为例,对边坡震裂损伤后降雨灾变机制与防治技术展开研究。研究发现:地震波拉-剪作用促使岩体节理裂隙扩展,土体结构松弛,震裂损伤普遍存在,构成震后孕灾内在条件;震损型边坡岩土体结构中孔隙、节理裂隙通性好,利于降雨下渗,导致降雨过程中土体含水率快速提升,节理裂隙不断积水,整个震裂损伤变形体在降雨过程中逐渐达到饱和状态,并在潜在破坏面附近形成高值水压力,加之孔隙水、节理裂隙水的润滑、软化作用降低土颗粒间、岩体结构面之间的摩擦阻力,导致其抗剪强度降低,促使变形体稳定性不断下降而直至失稳;震损型边坡可采用点面结合形式防治,严重震裂损伤变形区域可采用框架锚杆(索)进行整体坡面防护,而危岩掉块普遍发育但程度相对较弱的坡面则采用坡脚拦挡方式(混凝土挡土墙+钢格栅)进行防护。

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白慧林(1992—),男,四川绵阳人,博士,工程师,研究方向为工程边坡病害机理与防治技术;

范安军(1972—),男,四川广安人,正高级工程师,研究方向为总体路线设计;

蒋国为(1978—),男,四川成都人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为路基设计。

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白慧林(1992—),男,四川绵阳人,博士,工程师,研究方向为工程边坡病害机理与防治技术;

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白慧林(1992—),男,四川绵阳人,博士,工程师,研究方向为工程边坡病害机理与防治技术;

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范安军(1972—),男,四川广安人,正高级工程师,研究方向为总体路线设计;

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范安军(1972—),男,四川广安人,正高级工程师,研究方向为总体路线设计;

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蒋国为(1978—),男,四川成都人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为路基设计。

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蒋国为(1978—),男,四川成都人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为路基设计。

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震损型公路边坡降雨灾变机制与防治技术——以新建省道S220 K39+280~K39+390段边坡为例
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白慧林 , 范安军 , 蒋国为
科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025,25(3): 31-36
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科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025, 25(3): 31-36
震损型公路边坡降雨灾变机制与防治技术——以新建省道S220 K39+280~K39+390段边坡为例
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白慧林, 范安军, 蒋国为
作者信息
  • 四川公路工程咨询监理有限公司, 成都 610041
  • 白慧林(1992—),男,四川绵阳人,博士,工程师,研究方向为工程边坡病害机理与防治技术;

    范安军(1972—),男,四川广安人,正高级工程师,研究方向为总体路线设计;

    蒋国为(1978—),男,四川成都人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为路基设计。

Mechanism and Prevention Technology of Rainfall Disaster on Earthquake Damaged Highway Slope: Taking the Slope of the Newly Built Provincial Road S220 K39+280~K39+390 Section as an Example
Huilin BAI, Anjun FAN, Guowei JIANG
Affiliations
  • Sichuan Highway Engineering Consult Supervision Company Ltd., Chengdu 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10
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2022年6月10日,四川省阿坝州马尔康市草登乡发生6.0级地震,地震不仅引发大量崩滑灾害,同时造成边坡岩土体震裂损伤变形。以震区新建省道S220线日部至木尔渣桥段中K39+280~K39+390段边坡为例,对边坡震裂损伤后降雨灾变机制与防治技术展开研究。研究发现:地震波拉-剪作用促使岩体节理裂隙扩展,土体结构松弛,震裂损伤普遍存在,构成震后孕灾内在条件;震损型边坡岩土体结构中孔隙、节理裂隙通性好,利于降雨下渗,导致降雨过程中土体含水率快速提升,节理裂隙不断积水,整个震裂损伤变形体在降雨过程中逐渐达到饱和状态,并在潜在破坏面附近形成高值水压力,加之孔隙水、节理裂隙水的润滑、软化作用降低土颗粒间、岩体结构面之间的摩擦阻力,导致其抗剪强度降低,促使变形体稳定性不断下降而直至失稳;震损型边坡可采用点面结合形式防治,严重震裂损伤变形区域可采用框架锚杆(索)进行整体坡面防护,而危岩掉块普遍发育但程度相对较弱的坡面则采用坡脚拦挡方式(混凝土挡土墙+钢格栅)进行防护。

省道S220  /  震损型边坡  /  降雨渗流场  /  灾变机制  /  防治技术

On June 10, 2022, a 6.0-magnitude earthquake occurred in Caodeng Township, Marcang City, Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province. The earthquake not only caused a large number of landslides and landslides, but also caused seismic cracking and deformation of the slope rock and soil mass. Taking the K39+280~K39+390 section of the newly built provincial road S220 from Ribu to Muerzha Bridge in the earthquake stricken area as an example, the rainfall disaster mechanism and prevention technology after slope seismic cracking and damage was studied. It is found that during seismic activity, the seismic Bora shear effect promotes the expansion of rock joints and fissures, leading to the relaxation of soil structures. As a result, seismic cracking damage is widespread and has a significant impact on slope stability. The pores, joints, and fissures in the rock and soil structure of earthquake damaged slopes have good permeability, which is conducive to rainfall infiltration, resulting in a rapid increase in soil moisture content during the rainfall process. Joint fissures continuously accumulate water, and the entire earthquake damaged deformation body gradually reaches saturation during the rainfall process, forming high-value water pressure near the potential failure surface. In addition, the lubrication and softening effects of pore water and joint fissure water reduce the frictional resistance between soil particles and rock structural surfaces, leading to a decrease in shear strength and promoting the stability of the deformation body to continuously decline until instability. Earthquake damaged slopes can be prevented and controlled by point surface combination. In areas with severe earthquake damage and deformation, frame anchor rods can be used for overall slope protection, while dangerous rock falling blocks are generally developed but relatively weak. The slope surface adopts the method of retaining at the foot of the slope (concrete retaining wall+steel grating) take protective measures.

provincial highway S220  /  earthquake damaged slope  /  rainfall seepage field  /  disaster mechanism  /  prevention technology
白慧林, 范安军, 蒋国为. 震损型公路边坡降雨灾变机制与防治技术——以新建省道S220 K39+280~K39+390段边坡为例. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (3) : 31 -36 .
Huilin BAI, Anjun FAN, Guowei JIANG. Mechanism and Prevention Technology of Rainfall Disaster on Earthquake Damaged Highway Slope: Taking the Slope of the Newly Built Provincial Road S220 K39+280~K39+390 Section as an Example[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (3) : 31 -36 .
四川省近20年地震活动频繁,主要分布于川西地区,如汶川地震(8.0级)、九寨沟地震(7.0级)、泸定地震(6.8级)等。强震作用不仅能直接引发大量崩滑灾害,其对斜坡岩土体的震裂损伤影响更为广泛,尤其是高地震烈度区公路开挖边坡,工程开挖扰动加剧震裂损伤效果[1]。而震后震损型边坡整体稳定性变差,在降雨、冻胀等外动力作用下极易演化发展成次生灾害[2-4],造成较大的人员伤亡,如新磨村滑坡[5]、三溪村滑坡[6]等。这类次生灾害是地震作用的延续,因而历次地震后常常会开展多轮地质灾害遥感解译普查、详查等工作,主要目的也是提前发现隐患、解决隐患[7-8]
从当前研究成果可知,四川地区震后致灾因素主要为降雨,不同地域环境的降雨条件主要分为短时强降雨、持续性降雨两种情况。短时强降雨爆发性强,常常引发群发性滑坡或大型滑坡[9-10],灾害受早期地震作用,控制程度相对较弱;川西山区地质构造复杂,早期构造运动、地震作用对岩土体的影响反复叠加,已构成潜在孕灾条件,而高山峡谷特殊的气候环境下降雨强度偏小,润物无声,但持续降雨作用往往使变形累积而最终导致震损边坡失稳破坏[11-13]
2022年6月10日,四川阿坝州马尔康市草登乡发生6.0级地震,并且后续出现两次5级以上余震,属于群震型地震。而在同年5月,震中区新建省道220线日部至木尔渣桥段(K0+000~K56+059)刚刚通车,地震导致该新建公路沿线发生大量崩滑灾害。与此同时,地震作用对公路边坡岩土体震裂损伤特征显著,部分震损型边坡在震后短期内出现不同程度的变形破坏。K39+280~K39+390段边坡是震裂损伤最为典型的一处案例,震后应急抢险发现该边坡节理裂隙扩张,存在大量危岩体,浅表覆盖层已发生局部滑塌,加之该时间节点正处于雨季,不连续降雨加剧震损边坡的变形发展,大规模失稳一触即发。本文以该边坡为研究对象,在精细化调查基础上,结合无人机、数值分析等技术对震损型公路边坡降雨灾变机理进行研究,并探讨震损型公路边坡防治技术,以期为川西山区震损型公路边坡防治提供指导与借鉴。
新建省道220线日部至木尔渣桥段(K0+000~K56+059)是为解决原公路技术标准低、行车困难且部分路段已破损的问题,项目于2022年5月整体完工,投入试运营不足1月则发生地震活动。项目区属于川西高原季风气候,日照长,日气温变化较大,多年平均降雨量为765.2 mm,近5年最大小时降雨量、日降雨量分别为19.0、61.7 mm。由于降雨量小,区内地下水埋藏深,坡表覆盖层较干燥,部分地下水包裹于基岩节理裂隙中形成节理裂隙水。工程区属于高山峡谷地貌,最大海拔介于3 500~5 000 m,相对高差超过1 000 m,原始斜坡整体以凸型坡为主。在区域地质构造上,工程区处于马尔康西北向构造带内,区内褶皱、断层发育,麻尔曲-松岗断层于K30+700附近穿过省道,断层产状为N40°W/NE∠50°~70°。
K39+280~K39+390段边坡处于震中上游,距离震中不足10 km。该边坡地层为三叠系上统新都桥组(T3x),以板岩、变质砂岩夹千枚岩为主,强-中风化状,岩层产状206°~232°∠47°~73°,出露岩体节理裂隙发育;上覆崩坡积物(${\mathit{Q}}_{4}^{\mathit{d}\mathit{l}+\mathit{c}\mathit{o}\mathit{l}}$),以块碎石土为主,块碎石由板岩、变质砂岩等组成,粒径区间跨度大。该边坡原设计采用1∶0.75进行放坡,坡高约13 m,坡脚采用浆砌挡土墙+被动网进行防护。
地震发生后,原开挖边坡坡肩发生小规模崩塌,导致边坡高度由最初设计的13 m增大至38 m,而后由于地震造成岩土体结构损伤,边坡出现持续垮塌或碎屑流,边坡高度扩大至176 m,坡面出现明显的碎屑流沟槽。地震引起失稳破坏及碎屑流堆积于边坡坡脚,堆积高度可达25 m,坡脚最大厚度约5 m,呈现倒石锥特征。边坡中部左侧区仍发育一处规模较大的震裂损伤变形区,其高约112 m,宽约24 m,推测厚度约18 m,呈现阶梯状,可划分为两级变形体。变形区表部岩土体结构破碎凌乱,发育1条纵向裂缝,长约9 m,密集的节理裂隙已切割岩体呈碎裂状,难以辨识原岩结构特征,并可见明显的岩体孔洞,整体震裂损伤破碎程度严重,随时存在整体性失稳破坏的可能。此外,整个边坡坡表破碎的岩体掉块现象较为突出,导致路面乱石分布。边坡震裂损伤变形特征如图1所示。
在施工图设计阶段,对该路段地质调查时岩体节理裂隙虽然较为发育,但整体稳定性较好,因而原路高7~8 m的边坡未出现危岩掉块等现象。边坡开挖后,所揭露的岩体与地勘结论较为一致,故针对该边坡采用了浆砌挡土墙+被动网进行防护,挡土墙高5 m,埋深1.5 m,被动网可拦截局部落石。然而,由于马尔康地震影响,边坡岩体进一步震裂损伤变形,近坡脚段直接发生失稳破坏,造成浆砌挡土墙被堆积掩埋,被动网受落石冲击完全损毁,如图2图3所示。地震后该边坡高度增大至176 m,坡体变形区及局部危岩落石的影响较为严重,仍采用原方案进行恢复防治已不再有效,亟须进行针对性工程处治。
由于该边坡震裂损伤变形严重,破碎的岩土体结构透水性好,后期降雨是其最主要的影响因素,强降雨作用下极易发生失稳破坏。本文采用有限元软件对强降雨工况进行降雨和稳定性耦合分析,分析模型采用震后边坡形态(图1横断面)构建1∶1模型,计算节点1 138个,计算单元1 078个,降雨采用单位渗流边界,降雨强度为3 mm/h,持续降雨20 h,累积降雨为60 mm,为该区域近5年最大日降雨量。
模型材料主要分为覆盖层(块碎石土)、破碎岩体,材料土水特征曲线(SWCC)采用软件内置参数,其中覆盖层(块碎石土)取砂土材料参数,破碎岩体取砾石材料参数。两种材料土水特征曲线如图4所示。
降雨模拟分析时长为20 h,时步为2 h,不同降雨时间节点边坡渗流场特征如图5所示。由于地下水位埋藏深,且深部岩体震裂损伤变形程度较弱,因而降雨下渗对地下水影响不显著,潜水位线未发生明显变化。而变形区岩土体震裂损伤变形严重,破碎的岩土体结构为降雨下渗提供良好通道,有利于降雨下渗形成局部滞水,降雨模拟结果显示降雨下渗主要影响坡表以下一定深度的震裂损伤带。
从渗流场变化特征来看,降雨初期雨水几乎全部下渗,并以竖向渗流为主。由于土体处于非饱和状态,渗吸能力强,而岩体节理裂隙中无裂隙水,具备较佳的储水空间,因而边坡变形体类似“海绵”大量吸纳下渗雨水。随着降雨过程的持续,下渗量不断增加,导致坡体内孔隙水、节理裂隙水含量提高,局部相对封闭的破碎区以及覆盖层内逐渐形成饱和区。从图5中6 h节点渗流场特征来看,边坡变形区台坎处以及前缘边界最早形成饱和区,台坎处因震裂损伤变形而裂缝发育,致使雨水最易下渗,而变形区前缘为陡倾临空面,其中上部坡体内孔隙水、节理裂隙水在自重作用下渗流运移至此,从而形成饱和区,而在实际降雨过程中该位置必然会存在地下水排泄现象。至降雨10 h时, 边坡变形区已形成较大范围的饱和区,但整个变形体内部孔隙水、节理裂隙水未完全相连,并且此时孔隙水、节理裂隙水的渗流运移不再以竖向运动为主,已逐渐转为整体顺坡向的渗流运动。降雨16 h时,整体边坡变形区已基本达到饱和状态,并且孔隙水压力已增大,高值孔隙水压力沿边坡变形区潜在破坏面呈带状展布,反映出该层位上下岩土体渗透性具有明显差异,进而形成压力水头。
当降雨结束时(20 h),边坡变形区内高值孔隙水压力带已完全贯通,并且可以明显看出孔隙水、节理裂隙水的渗流沿该面向下运动,变形区前缘也因此而形成地下水汇集,孔隙水压力值更大。此情况下边坡变形区更易沿高值孔隙水压力带发生整体性失稳破坏。
在过程降雨基础上对该边坡进行稳定性耦合分析,通过自动搜索滑面确定潜在破坏区厚度,降雨20 h时边坡潜在滑动破坏区如图6所示。该边坡变形区潜在滑动面为高值孔隙水压力带,剪出口位于变形区前缘,该位置也是孔隙水、节理裂隙水渗流汇集、排泄之处。降雨作用下坡体潜在滑坡区范围与终态渗流场几乎一致,可见该边坡震裂损伤变形区在降雨影响下存在较大的灾变风险。
图7展示了降雨过程中边坡变形区稳定性系数发展趋势。随着降雨持续,边坡变形区稳定性逐渐降低,只是降雨初期降低速率相对较缓,4 h后降速增加,并且之后的降低速率较为一致。在降雨13 h左右,稳定性系数降低至1.0,即在该时间节点后边坡变形区将发生整体性失稳破坏。由于该软件难以反映出大变形特征,因而失稳后的稳定性系数呈现相同规律降低,而实际上一旦发生整体失稳后,后续的稳定性系数会呈现出陡降特征。
该边坡在马尔康地震影响下坡体已出现震裂损伤,导致边坡岩体节理裂隙发育,土体结构松散,边坡整体稳定性下降。虽然在天然工况下尚能维持整体稳定,但从岩土体结构破碎特征以及坡表不断出现的掉块现象来看,其稳定性已经较差,在降雨影响下极易发生整体性失稳破坏。通过对边坡震裂损伤变形区的降雨数值分析,在持续降雨过程中变形区孔隙水、节理裂隙水不断增大,并逐渐形成饱和区,土体强度随含水率的提高而不断降低,节理裂隙水的静水压力对破碎岩体也形成侧向挤压,加之水对节理裂隙面的润滑作用,结构破碎的边坡稳定性将不断降低,直至发生失稳破坏。
震损型边坡因后期外界因素激发而灾变的案例已较为普遍,部分学者将其定义为地震次生灾害。在川西山区高山峡谷地形环境中,频繁地震对山体的震裂损伤较为广泛,当前地质特征多由数次地震或地质构造运动综合造成,后期致灾因素中降雨是最典型、最主要的诱发因素。降雨的作用主要体现在水对岩土体的润滑、软化作用,引起力学强度的衰减、弱化,直至发生滑坡;对于部分红层边坡,当其具有顺层斜坡结构时,高水头的静水压力甚至可以引起平推式破坏。
该公路边坡初始设计高13 m,坡体整体稳定性较好,采用了浆砌挡土墙+被动网进行防护。马尔康地震后,原设计边坡发生一定规模的垮塌破坏,松散堆积物主要分布于坡脚及路面,造成浆砌挡土墙大段被掩埋,被动网严重损毁,且地震的震裂损伤导致该边坡变形破坏范围增大,坡体中上部存在一处规模较大的强烈变形区,恢复原有边坡处治方案已不再有效。
从马尔康地震后该边坡震裂损伤结果来看,该边坡存在的地质问题主要为两个方面,一是变形区在强降雨条件下存在整体失稳可能,对道路安全运行威胁最大,二是坡表存在多处松动的危岩体,呈现持续垮塌、掉块现象,已形成碎屑流侵蚀沟槽。针对这两方面地质问题,可分别采用相应的防治技术,并形成对该震损型边坡的综合处治方案。根据地勘、无人机测绘资料,边坡中上部变形体采用简易的爆破清危方式工程量极大,易造成严重的交通阻断,且爆破后的次生影响难以预见,因而建议采用对边坡变形体进行原位防护处治,采用3 m×4 m框架锚杆(索)进行防护,锚杆(索)倾角20°,其中锚杆长18 m,布设于变形体前缘与中后部,锚索长24 m,布设于变形体中部,均穿过潜在滑动面进入相对稳定岩体,如图8所示。
对于存在局部危岩掉块的坡段,由于其面积较大,对坡面直接采用工程防护虽能达到彻底处治的效果,但工程造价过高,因而建议采用混凝土挡土墙+钢格栅进行坡脚防护,挡土墙不仅能保护坡脚,同时其与边坡间的空间形成落石槽,而钢格栅进一步避免落石进入道路,威胁过往车辆、行人。
以新建省道220线日部至木尔渣桥段(K0+000~K56+059)中的K39+280~K39+390段震损边坡为例,在前期调查基础上对该边坡降雨灾变机制与防治技术展开研究,得到如下结论。
(1)马尔康地震不仅直接引发崩滑灾害,其地震波拉-剪作用对岩土体结构的不可逆影响更为广泛,形成震裂损伤变形体。震损型边坡岩体节理裂隙扩展,土体结构松弛,变形体表部裂缝发育,岩土体结构中存在较大孔洞,导致边坡整体稳定性下降。
(2)由于边坡震裂损伤变形体岩土体结构破碎严重,孔隙、节理裂隙贯通性好,降雨过程中土体含水率快速提升,节理裂隙不断积水,导致变形体达到饱和状态,并在潜在破坏面附近形成高值水压力。孔隙水、节理裂隙水的润滑、软化作用降低土颗粒间、结构面之间的摩擦阻力,导致其抗剪强度降低,进而促使变形体稳定性进一步下降,直至发生整体失稳。
(3)震损型边坡受地震活动影响范围大,除潜在不稳定变形体外,坡表普遍存在危岩掉块现象,因而对这类边坡的防护需采用点面结合的形式。严重震裂损伤变形区域可采用框架锚杆(索)进行整体坡面防护,而危岩掉块普遍发育但程度相对较弱的坡面则采用坡脚拦挡方式(混凝土挡土墙+钢格栅)进行防护,既达到防护效果,又节约工程造价。
  • 四川省科技计划资助(MZGC20240038)
  • 四川公路工程咨询监理有限公司科研项目(2023001)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41977252)
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-13
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四川省科技计划资助(MZGC20240038)
四川公路工程咨询监理有限公司科研项目(2023001)
国家自然科学基金(41977252)
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    四川公路工程咨询监理有限公司, 成都 610041
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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