Article(id=1153728263802315218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153728261185069506, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)01-0341-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720800000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752999853325, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1736438400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752999853325, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752999853325, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752999853325, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153728261185069506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='361', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752999852701, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753063089305, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1153993494768116564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153728261185069506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1153993494768116565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153728261185069506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=341, endPage=346, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153728264351769056, articleId=1153728263802315218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Comprehensive Evaluation of China’s Energy Security, columnId=1151877659430055969, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Governance & Performance, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The deep evolution of the world economy and geopolitics, the complex international situation, and the profound changes in the global energy landscape pose enormous challenges to China’s energy security. The conceptual evolution and evaluation model methods of energy security were outlined. Indicators were selected from the four dimensions of energy availability, accessibility, affordability, and acceptability to construct an energy security evaluation index system. Entropy weight TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) comprehensive evaluation was used to assess china’s energy security situation from 2007 to 2022, and it is found that the overall level of energy security in China is showing a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. In order to improve the level of energy security, countermeasures and suggestions are proposed.

, correspAuthors=Zifang MU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yingjie WANG, Zifang MU, Qianqian ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153728264624398825, articleId=1153728263802315218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=CN, title=中国能源安全综合评价, columnId=1151877659593633827, journalTitle=科技和产业, columnName=治理绩效, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

世界经济及地缘政治深度演变,国际形势错综复杂,全球能源格局发生深刻变革,中国能源安全面临巨大挑战。梳理能源安全的概念演变和评价模型方法;从能源可利用性、能源可获得性、能源可负担性、能源可接受性4个维度选取指标,构建能源安全评价指标体系;采用熵权TOPSIS(优劣解距离法)综合评价2007—2022年中国能源安全情况,发现中国能源安全水平整体呈现先下降后上升趋势。根据评价结果,提出加强国家能源安全的对策建议,切实提高中国能源安全水平。

, correspAuthors=牟子方, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
牟子方(1989—),男,山东潍坊人,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为技术创新与能源管理。
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王颖婕(1988—),女,河北唐山人,博士(后),副研究员,研究方向为技术创新与能源管理;

张茜茜(1991—),女,山东威海人,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为技术创新与能源管理。

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王颖婕(1988—),女,河北唐山人,博士(后),副研究员,研究方向为技术创新与能源管理;

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王颖婕(1988—),女,河北唐山人,博士(后),副研究员,研究方向为技术创新与能源管理;

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张茜茜(1991—),女,山东威海人,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为技术创新与能源管理。

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张茜茜(1991—),女,山东威海人,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为技术创新与能源管理。

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Energy Policy, 2016, 90: 60-72., articleTitle=Energy security in ASEAN: a quantitative approach for sustainable energy policy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274387133973422326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153728263802315218, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=85, pageEnd=93, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=王林秀, 邹艳芬, 魏晓平, journalName=中国工业经济, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王林秀, 邹艳芬, 魏晓平. 基于CGE和EFA的中国能源使用安全评估[J]. 中国工业经济, 2009(4): 85-93., articleTitle=基于CGE和EFA的中国能源使用安全评估, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274387134036336887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153728263802315218, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=26, issue=6, pageStart=964, pageEnd=970, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=吴初国, 何贤杰, 盛昌明, journalName=自然资源学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴初国, 何贤杰, 盛昌明, . 能源安全综合评价方法探讨[J]. 自然资源学报, 2011, 26(6): 964-970., articleTitle=能源安全综合评价方法探讨, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1274387126679527614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153728263802315218, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274387126683721919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153728263802315218, companyId=1274387126679527614, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Strategic Assessments and Consultation Institute, AMS, Beijing 100091, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274387126696304832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153728263802315218, companyId=1274387126679527614, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=军事科学院战略评估咨询中心, 北京 100091)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1274387131549114584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153728263802315218, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级指标 二级指标 计算公式 单位 指标属性
能源可利用性 人均能源生产量 能源生产总量/人口数 kgce 正向
生产集中度 前三发电量占比 % 逆向
能源可获得性 能源自给程度 能源生产量/能源供应量 % 正向
能源价格波动率 (第n年价格-第n-1年价格)/第n-1年价格 % 逆向
能源可负担能力 国内生产总值 - 万元 正向
能源加工转换效率 - % 正向
能源消费强度 能源消费量/GDP tce/万元 逆向
能源可接受能力 碳排放强度 二氧化碳排放量/GDP t/万元 逆向
化石能源占消费比重 化石能源消费/能源总消费 % 逆向
二氧化硫排放量 - t 逆向
), ArticleFig(id=1274387131628806361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153728263802315218, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

能源安全评价指标体系

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一级指标 二级指标 计算公式 单位 指标属性
能源可利用性 人均能源生产量 能源生产总量/人口数 kgce 正向
生产集中度 前三发电量占比 % 逆向
能源可获得性 能源自给程度 能源生产量/能源供应量 % 正向
能源价格波动率 (第n年价格-第n-1年价格)/第n-1年价格 % 逆向
能源可负担能力 国内生产总值 - 万元 正向
能源加工转换效率 - % 正向
能源消费强度 能源消费量/GDP tce/万元 逆向
能源可接受能力 碳排放强度 二氧化碳排放量/GDP t/万元 逆向
化石能源占消费比重 化石能源消费/能源总消费 % 逆向
二氧化硫排放量 - t 逆向
), ArticleFig(id=1274387131922407642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153728263802315218, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
能源安全等级 危险
(Ⅰ)
较危险
(Ⅱ)
临界安全
(Ⅲ)
较安全
(Ⅳ)
安全
(Ⅴ)
能源安全指数 [0,0.2) [0.2,0.4) [0.4,0.6) [0.6,0.8) [0.8,1]
), ArticleFig(id=1274387132002099419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153728263802315218, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

能源安全等级划分

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能源安全等级 危险
(Ⅰ)
较危险
(Ⅱ)
临界安全
(Ⅲ)
较安全
(Ⅳ)
安全
(Ⅴ)
能源安全指数 [0,0.2) [0.2,0.4) [0.4,0.6) [0.6,0.8) [0.8,1]
), ArticleFig(id=1274387132069208284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153728263802315218, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 权重 指标 权重
人均能源生产量 0.082 5 能源加工转换效率 0.063 2
生产集中度 0.046 1 能源消费强度 0.058 7
能源自给程度 0.201 6 碳排放强度 0.064 1
能源价格波动率 0.073 0 化石能源占消费比重 0.123 0
国内生产总值 0.120 8 二氧化硫排放量 0.167 0
), ArticleFig(id=1274387132140511453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153728263802315218, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

能源安全评价指标权重

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指标 权重 指标 权重
人均能源生产量 0.082 5 能源加工转换效率 0.063 2
生产集中度 0.046 1 能源消费强度 0.058 7
能源自给程度 0.201 6 碳排放强度 0.064 1
能源价格波动率 0.073 0 化石能源占消费比重 0.123 0
国内生产总值 0.120 8 二氧化硫排放量 0.167 0
), ArticleFig(id=1274387132337643742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153728263802315218, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 正理想解
距离s+
负理想解
距离s-
相对接
近度C
排序 能源
安全等级
2007 0.282 0.191 0.404 12 临界安全
2008 0.259 0.205 0.443 8 临界安全
2009 0.243 0.180 0.425 10 临界安全
2010 0.238 0.150 0.387 16 较危险
2011 0.234 0.155 0.398 14 较危险
2012 0.223 0.150 0.401 13 临界安全
2013 0.226 0.144 0.389 15 较危险
2014 0.216 0.155 0.418 11 临界安全
2015 0.219 0.163 0.426 9 临界安全
2016 0.187 0.187 0.501 5 临界安全
2017 0.229 0.191 0.455 7 临界安全
2018 0.218 0.212 0.493 6 临界安全
2019 0.204 0.241 0.542 4 临界安全
2020 0.204 0.260 0.560 2 临界安全
2021 0.216 0.265 0.551 3 临界安全
2022 0.169 0.280 0.624 1 较安全
), ArticleFig(id=1274387132408946911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153728263802315218, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2007—2022年中国能源安全总体评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 正理想解
距离s+
负理想解
距离s-
相对接
近度C
排序 能源
安全等级
2007 0.282 0.191 0.404 12 临界安全
2008 0.259 0.205 0.443 8 临界安全
2009 0.243 0.180 0.425 10 临界安全
2010 0.238 0.150 0.387 16 较危险
2011 0.234 0.155 0.398 14 较危险
2012 0.223 0.150 0.401 13 临界安全
2013 0.226 0.144 0.389 15 较危险
2014 0.216 0.155 0.418 11 临界安全
2015 0.219 0.163 0.426 9 临界安全
2016 0.187 0.187 0.501 5 临界安全
2017 0.229 0.191 0.455 7 临界安全
2018 0.218 0.212 0.493 6 临界安全
2019 0.204 0.241 0.542 4 临界安全
2020 0.204 0.260 0.560 2 临界安全
2021 0.216 0.265 0.551 3 临界安全
2022 0.169 0.280 0.624 1 较安全
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中国能源安全综合评价
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王颖婕 , 牟子方 , 张茜茜
科技和产业 | 治理绩效 2025,25(1): 341-346
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科技和产业 | 治理绩效 2025, 25(1): 341-346
中国能源安全综合评价
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王颖婕, 牟子方, 张茜茜
作者信息
  • 军事科学院战略评估咨询中心, 北京 100091
  • 王颖婕(1988—),女,河北唐山人,博士(后),副研究员,研究方向为技术创新与能源管理;

    张茜茜(1991—),女,山东威海人,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为技术创新与能源管理。

通讯作者:

牟子方(1989—),男,山东潍坊人,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为技术创新与能源管理。
Comprehensive Evaluation of China’s Energy Security
Yingjie WANG, Zifang MU, Qianqian ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Strategic Assessments and Consultation Institute, AMS, Beijing 100091, China
出版时间: 2025-01-10
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世界经济及地缘政治深度演变,国际形势错综复杂,全球能源格局发生深刻变革,中国能源安全面临巨大挑战。梳理能源安全的概念演变和评价模型方法;从能源可利用性、能源可获得性、能源可负担性、能源可接受性4个维度选取指标,构建能源安全评价指标体系;采用熵权TOPSIS(优劣解距离法)综合评价2007—2022年中国能源安全情况,发现中国能源安全水平整体呈现先下降后上升趋势。根据评价结果,提出加强国家能源安全的对策建议,切实提高中国能源安全水平。

能源形势  /  能源安全评价  /  熵权TOPSIS(优劣解距离法)  /  能源战略

The deep evolution of the world economy and geopolitics, the complex international situation, and the profound changes in the global energy landscape pose enormous challenges to China’s energy security. The conceptual evolution and evaluation model methods of energy security were outlined. Indicators were selected from the four dimensions of energy availability, accessibility, affordability, and acceptability to construct an energy security evaluation index system. Entropy weight TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) comprehensive evaluation was used to assess china’s energy security situation from 2007 to 2022, and it is found that the overall level of energy security in China is showing a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. In order to improve the level of energy security, countermeasures and suggestions are proposed.

energy situation  /  energy security evaluation  /  entropy weight TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)  /  energy strategy
王颖婕, 牟子方, 张茜茜. 中国能源安全综合评价. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (1) : 341 -346 .
Yingjie WANG, Zifang MU, Qianqian ZHANG. Comprehensive Evaluation of China’s Energy Security[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (1) : 341 -346 .
当今世界正经历百年未有之大变局,国际形势错综复杂。世界经济及地缘政治格局深度演变,将深刻影响全球能源格局,能源安全、供需结构失衡、价格波动等问题日益凸显[1]。党的二十大报告指出,加强重点领域安全能力建设,确保粮食、能源资源、重要产业链供应安全,明确将确保能源资源安全作为维护国家安全能力的重要内容。
能源是国家工业的“粮食”,也是社会经济发展的“命脉”,还是人民群众生产生活的重要基础,这就决定了能源安全是国家安全体系中不容忽视的核心内容,必须高度重视能源安全。本文构建能源安全评价指标体系,对中国能源安全性进行评估,分析中国能源安全的不足之处并提出对策建议,以期切实提高中国的能源安全水平。
能源安全是以国家为主体进行相关研究的概念,诞生于20世纪70年代石油危机后,进口国能源安全是保证充足的石油供给[2],出口国能源安全是保证石油销售市场的稳定[3]。由于能源出口国存在出口限制和价格操纵[4],为保障能源安全,需要更好地管理国内能源企业[5]和有效地改善能源技术[6]。2000年代,相关研究关注确保所有社会群体平等获得安全能源,并减少能源部门对环境和气候的负面影响[7]。国际能源署和经济合作与发展组织更注重能源供应的安全,将能源安全定义为以合理的价格不间断获取充足的能源供给,其内涵更偏向于石油安全[8]。亚太能源研究中心提出了能源安全的“4A”概念,即可利用性(availability)、可得性(avai-lability)、可负担能力(affordability)和可接受能力(acceptability ),成为能源安全评估的经典方法[9]。此后,能源安全的概念逐步向更广的维度拓展,包括基础设施、社会影响、能源效率等[10]。国内学者将能源安全概念与本国能源产业具体发展实际相结合,认为能源安全从概念上讲应该包括供应安全、消费安全、经济安全、生态环境安全等多个方面[11]
能源安全评价包含德尔菲法、主成分分析法、熵权法、可计量一般均衡(computable general equilibrium,CGE)模型、情景分析、灰色关联分析、模糊综合评价法等诸多方法[12],通常采用构建评价指标体系的方式进行研究。国际上比较著名的能源安全评价体系有:英国能源供应安全联合研究小组(从能源供给、市场信号和市场响应3个角度构建评价指标体系)[13]、国际能源署(构建价格风险指数和供应中断风险指数)[14]、亚太能源研究中心(从潜在供应风险、能源资源多样化及进口依存度3个方面构建评级体系)[15]。Nikolai[16]基于消费者视角采用深入访谈的定性分析法研究能源供应安全、可再生能源在确保能源安全中的作用以及能源安全与环境可持续性之间的联系,认为可再生能源在确保生态可持续性方面的作用微不足道。Wang和Zhou[17]从能源供应链、能源消耗和政治经济环境3个维度构建评估框架,应用主成分分析法研究国家能源安全的全球空间差异,认为能源安全和较安全的国家集中在西欧和北美,能源临界安全集中在中东和亚洲,而能源危险和较危险的国家和地区集中在非洲和亚洲。Ren和Sovacool[18]通过模糊综合评价法开展能源安全评估问题,认为能能源的可用性和可负担性对一个国家的整体能源安全影响最大,中国能源安全战略应包含推广可再生能源和促进能源多样化利用。Chan等[19]构建马尔科夫切换随机一般均衡模型研究最优补贴政策以加强能源安全,认为乌克兰危机期间产出、社会福利和能源消耗显著下降,最优补贴政策应取决于生产率水平、能源进口和对经济冲击的反应能力。朱庆缘等[20]采用函数型数据分析方法,构造权变框架下的安全评估体系,认为能源安全的能源供应与运输安全和经济安全两个维度占比最大,环境安全比重逐渐提高。Shin等[21]应用系统动力学构建能源安全评估模型测度韩国天然气安全水平,认为不断增长的能源需求是挑战韩国能源安全的关键因素。Tongsopit等[22]在“4A”框架下评估了东盟的能源安全,认为除了能源适用性外,东盟在大多数类别上都有所倒退,建议增强可再生能源和能效技术的发展以推动东盟实现能源安全和可持续能源政策的目标。王林秀等[23]在拓展可计量一般均衡模型(CGE),通过计算能源生态足迹和生态承载力,对中国1962—2005年的能源使用安全进行测度和评估,认为中国能源生态承载力基本呈逐年下降趋势,而人均能源生态足迹却呈逐年上升趋势,最终造成能源生态赤字的出现,且中国能源生态赤字有逐步加大的演变趋势,能源使用安全状况越来越令人担忧,建议通过扶持清洁生产,提高能源利用效率,改善能源结构,减轻能源使用的环境影响压力。
综合以上研究成果,参考国际普遍认可的“4A”能源安全概念,分析国内外能源安全评价模型。本文从能源可利用性、能源可获得性、能源可负担性、能源可接受性4个维度选取指标,构建能源安全评价指标体系,通过熵权法和优劣解距离法(TOPSIS)法综合评价中国能源安全情况,并根据评价结果,提出加强国家能源安全的对策建议。
熵权法原理是把评价中各个待评价单元的信息进行量化与综合后的方法。采用熵权法对各因子赋权,可以简化评价过程。熵权法评价能充分考虑获得信息的多少和质量,同时克服了传统方法在确定评价指标的权重因子时主观因素的影响。
(1)数据标准化处理。对于具有不同量纲的数据,应该进行标准化、去量纲化处理。同时,由于有些评价指标值越大越好,有些指标值越小越好,而有些指标值在某点处是最优的。为了能用指标值大小来说明其优劣,必须对各个评价指标进行正向化处理。
正向指标:
$\mathit{X}\mathit{\text{'}}{\mathit{ }}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}=\frac{{\mathit{X}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}-\mathit{m}\mathit{i}\mathit{n}{\mathit{X}}_{\mathit{j}}}{\mathit{m}\mathit{a}\mathit{x}{\mathit{X}}_{\mathit{j}}-\mathit{m}\mathit{i}\mathit{n}{\mathit{X}}_{\mathit{j}}}$
负向指标:
$\mathit{X}\mathit{\text{'}}{\mathit{ }}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}=\frac{\mathit{m}\mathit{a}\mathit{x}{\mathit{X}}_{\mathit{j}}-{\mathit{X}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}}{\mathit{m}\mathit{a}\mathit{x}{\mathit{X}}_{\mathit{j}}-\mathit{m}\mathit{i}\mathit{n}{\mathit{X}}_{\mathit{j}}}$
式中:X'ij为标准化指标;Xij为第i个年份第j项评价指标的数值;minXj和maxXj分别为所有年份中第j项评价指标的最小值和最大值。
(2)计算第j项指标下,第i个指标的比重pij
${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}=\frac{\mathit{X}\mathit{\text{'}}{\mathit{ }}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}}{\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^{\mathit{m}}\mathit{X}\mathit{\text{'}}{\mathit{ }}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}}$
(3)对于某个指标Xj,信息熵ej
${\mathit{e}}_{\mathit{j}}=-{\left(\mathit{l}\mathit{n}\mathit{m}\right)}^{-1}\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^{\mathit{m}}({\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}\mathit{l}\mathit{n}{\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}})$
当某指标的熵值ej越大,说明该指标提供的有用信息越少,在综合评价中所起到的作用越小,其权重越小;反之,当指标的熵值ej越小,说明该指标提供的有用信息越多,其权重也应越大。因此,在具体的分析过程中,可以用熵值法来赋予指标权重,从而得出较为客观的综合评价结果。
(4)计算信息熵冗余度dj
${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{j}}=1-{\mathit{e}}_{\mathit{j}}$
(5)计算第j项指标的权重wj
${\mathit{w}}_{\mathit{j}}={\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{j}}/\sum _{\mathit{j}=1}^{\mathit{n}}{\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{j}}$
TOPSIS法是一种常用的组内综合评价方法,能充分利用原始数据的信息,计算最优解与最劣解,通过评价对象对于最优解与最劣解的距离来判断评价方案的优劣。
(1)构造初始矩阵:A=(aij)n×m
(2)规范化处理:Y=(yij)n×m
式中:${\mathit{y}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}=\frac{{\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}}{\sqrt{\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^{\mathit{n}}{\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}^{2}}},\mathit{ }\mathit{i}=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,\mathit{n};\mathit{j}=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,\mathit{m}\mathit{。}$
(3)构造加权判断矩阵v
$\begin{array}{l}\mathit{v}=\left(\begin{array}{llll}{\mathit{w}}_{1}{\mathit{y}}_{11}& {\mathit{w}}_{2}{\mathit{y}}_{12}& \dots & {\mathit{w}}_{\mathit{m}}{\mathit{y}}_{1\mathit{m}}\\ {\mathit{w}}_{1}{\mathit{y}}_{21}& {\mathit{w}}_{2}{\mathit{y}}_{22}& \dots & {\mathit{w}}_{\mathit{m}}{\mathit{y}}_{2\mathit{m}}\\ \mathit{︙}& \mathit{︙}& \mathit{ }& \mathit{︙}\\ {\mathit{w}}_{1}{\mathit{y}}_{\mathit{n}1}& {\mathit{w}}_{2}{\mathit{y}}_{\mathit{n}2}& \dots & {\mathit{w}}_{\mathit{m}}{\mathit{y}}_{\mathit{n}\mathit{m}}\end{array}\right)=\\ \left(\begin{array}{llll}{\mathit{v}}_{11}& {\mathit{v}}_{12}& \dots & {\mathit{v}}_{1\mathit{m}}\\ {\mathit{v}}_{21}& {\mathit{v}}_{22}& \dots & {\mathit{v}}_{2\mathit{m}}\\ \mathit{︙}& \mathit{︙}& \mathit{ }& \mathit{︙}\\ {\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{n}1}& {\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{n}2}& \dots & {\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{n}\mathit{m}}\end{array}\right)\end{array}$
(4)计算正负理想值v+v-
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathit{v}}^{+}=\left\{\right(\mathit{m}\mathit{a}\mathit{x}{\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}\left|\mathit{j}\right.\in {\mathit{J}}^{+}),(\mathit{m}\mathit{i}\mathit{n}{\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}\left|\mathit{j}\right.\in {\mathit{J}}^{-}\left)\right\}=\\ \mathit{ }\mathit{ }({\mathit{v}}_{1}^{+},{\mathit{v}}_{2}^{+},\dots,{\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{m}}^{+})\\ {\mathit{v}}^{-}=\left\{\right(\mathit{m}\mathit{i}\mathit{n}{\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}\left|\mathit{j}\right.\in {\mathit{J}}^{+}),(\mathit{m}\mathit{a}\mathit{x}{\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}\left|\mathit{j}\right.\in {\mathit{J}}^{-}\left)\right\}=\\ \mathit{ }\mathit{ }({\mathit{v}}_{1}^{-},{\mathit{v}}_{2}^{-},\dots,{\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{m}}^{-})\end{array}\right.$
式中:J+为正向指标;J-为逆向指标。
(5)计算目标距离正负理想值的距离${\mathit{s}}_{\mathit{i}}^{+}$${\mathit{s}}_{\mathit{i}}^{-}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathit{s}}_{\mathit{i}}^{+}=\sqrt{\sum _{\mathit{j}=1}^{\mathit{m}}({\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}-{\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{j}}^{+}{)}^{2}},\mathit{ }\mathit{i}=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,\mathit{n}\\ {\mathit{s}}_{\mathit{i}}^{-}=\sqrt{\sum _{\mathit{j}=1}^{\mathit{m}}({\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}-{\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{j}}^{-}{)}^{2}},\mathit{ }\mathit{i}=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,\mathit{n}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${\mathit{s}}_{\mathit{i}}^{+}$${\mathit{s}}_{\mathit{i}}^{-}$分别为评价目标距离正负理想值的大小。
(6)计算相对接近度ci
${\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{i}}={\mathit{s}}_{\mathit{i}}^{-}/({\mathit{s}}_{\mathit{i}}^{+}+{\mathit{s}}_{\mathit{i}}^{-}),\mathit{ }\mathit{i}=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,\mathit{n}$
式中:接近度数值介于0~1,值越大,说明能源安全性越高,反之则代表安全性越低。
能源的可利用性主要从资源角度分析,反映国内能源储量总体情况,通过生产集中度、人均能源生产量两个指标来衡量。
(1)人均能源生产量:能源生产总量/人口数,反映每个人所占有的能源数量,从平均数的角度反映能源的富集程度,人均能源生产量越多,能源越安全。
(2)生产集中度:前3位地区发电量/总发电量,反映能源生产集中程度,能源进口集中度越大,说明越依赖于某些地区,能源安全度越低。
能源的可获得性主要从市场角度分析,反映一国的能源市场发达程度与能源贸易水平,通过能源自给程度、能源价格波动率两个指标来衡量。
(1)能源自给程度:能源消费量/(能源进口量-能源出口量),反映能源消费中是有多少是从国外市场上获取的,能源自给程度越高,对国外的依赖性越低,能源安全水平就越高。
(2)能源价格波动率:(第n年价格-第n-1年价格)/第n-1年价格,反映了国际能源价格的波动程度,价格波动率越大,能源越不安全。
能源可负担性主要从经济角度分析,反映一国能源利用情况,通过国内生产总值、能源消费强度、能源加工转化率3个指标来衡量。
(1)国内生产总值(GDP):反映了一国的经济发展水平,GDP越高,说明经济发展水平越高,能源安全程度也就越高。
(2)能源消费强度:能源消费量/GDP,反映一国经济发展对能源的依赖程度,能源消费强度越高,说明单位GDP生产所需要的能源越多,经济发展对能源越依赖,能源安全性越低。
(3)能源加工转化率:反映能源的利用效率,能源加工转化率越高,能源利用效率越高,能源安全程度也就越高。
能源可接受性主要从环境角度分析,反映一国能源使用对国家环境造成的影响,通过碳排放强度、化石能源占消费比重、二氧化硫排放量3个指标衡量。
(1)碳排放强度:二氧化碳排放量/GDP,从低碳环保的角度,反映了能源对环境的影响,碳排放强度越高,能源越不安全。
(2)化石能源占消费比重:化石能源消费/能源总消费,反映一国的能源结构对环境的影响,化石能源占消费比重越大,能源越不安全。
(3)二氧化硫排放量:从环境污染的角度,反映了能源对环境的影响,二氧化硫排放量越高,能源越不安全。
最终以4个维度、10个指标为基础,构建能源安全评价指标体系(表1)。
原始数据中GDP、人口总数来自《中国统计年鉴》,能源生产量、能源供应量、能源加工转换率、能源消费量来自《中国能源统计年鉴》,二氧化硫排放量来自《中国环境统计年鉴》,二氧化碳排放量、能源价格来自《BP世界能源统计年鉴》。
关于能源安全等级划分尚无统一标准,本文参考现有研究以0.2步伐将能源安全划分为不安全、预警、一般安全、较安全和安全5个等级[24],见表2
根据熵权法计算过程,对各项指标数据进行标准化处理,计算各指标比重、熵值、差异化系数,得出评价指标体系中各项指标的权重,见表3
通过TOPSIS对2007—2022年中国能源安全水平进行分析,总体评价结果见表4,从趋势上看,中国能源安全水平整体呈现先下降后上升趋势,2007—2013年,能源安全由临界安全状态下降至较危险,2014—2022年,能源安全呈现整体上升趋势,特别是2022年,由临界安全达到较安全状态,表明经过多年发展,在能源供应、能源消费、能源市场等的共同作用下,中国能源安全水平有所提高。
能源可利用性方面,中国人均能源生产量由2007年的1 905 kgce增长增长到2022年的2 924 kgce,增长了53%;能源生产集中度从24%下降到21%,2012年以前,发电量前3名地区为广东、山东、江苏,2022年发电量前3名地区依次内蒙古、广东、山东。
能源可获得性方面,中国能源自给程度由0.93下降到0.83,加之乌克兰危机、巴以冲突影响,世界原油价格大幅波动,2022年的价格波动达到43%,对中国能源安全造成不利影响。
能源可负担能力方面,随着经济发展水平不断提高,能源消费强度由1.15 tce/万元下降到0.45 tce/万元,实现大幅下降,能源加工转化率由71%增长到73%,中国能源可负担能力不断提高。
能源可接受能力方面,中国化石能源占消费占比逐年下降,碳排放强度由2.67 t/万元下降到0.95 t/万元,二氧化硫年排放量由2 468万t下降到260万t,生态环境得到明显改善,为能源安全带来积极影响。
随着中国经济的快速发展,对能源需求不断增加,特别是作为一个富煤、少油的国家,能源安全问题一直以来都是涉及国家发展稳定的重要议题。本文构建能源安全评价指标体系,评价中国能源安全水平,认为尽管中国能源安全总体上由较危险状态提高到较安全状态,但随着全球能源转型加速、石油美元体系遭遇挑战、信息技术与能源体系深度融合,中国面对内外风险叠加和新旧风险交织的复杂形势,仍须高度警惕能源安全,适时调整能源安全战略,提高风险应对能力。为实现“双碳”目标,提高能源安全等级,提出以下建议。
(1)能源供应方面,推动能源技术创新,推广节能减排技术的应用。技术进步是降低能源强度、提高能源利用效率的重要手段,要立足于中国国情,紧跟国际能源技术革命新趋势,以清洁、低碳、安全、高效为方向,推动能源技术创新,将能源技术创新与产业转型升级相结合,发现经济发展的新增长点的同时实现节能减排,提高能源可负担能力和能源可接受能力。
(2)能源消费方面,继续优化能源结构,实现能源消费结构的转型升级。风能、太阳能、核能等可再生能源都是未来煤炭能源的替代资源,但是限于开发技术和应用成本,广泛替代煤炭、石油等化石燃料尚需要很长时间,因此,对可再生能源、清洁能源加大研发投入的同时,煤炭、石油等化石能源高效利用的研发也要同步进行。煤炭的消费不仅是能源增长的问题,更带来了雾霾等环境污染问题,是当前亟待解决的关系民生的问题。改变能源消费结构,降低煤炭消费所占比重,推进煤炭清洁高效利用,发展非煤能源,形成煤、油、气、核、新能源、可再生能源多轮驱动的能源供应体系,提高能源安全水平。
(3)能源市场方面,深化能源价格机制改革,多元化开拓海外市场。当前,石油定价处于历史上价格波动最为动荡的时期,各产油国为摆脱美元剥削开始尝试“去美元化”,石油美元体系受到冲击,能源货币体系显现多元化趋势。比如伊朗、委内瑞拉等产油国,已率先在石油交易中采用人民币结算,伊朗、俄罗斯等国的商品交易所相继推出本币结算或计价原油期货。中国要抓住这一机遇与挑战,对内要持续加强能源产供储销体系建设,着力稳煤价、稳电价、稳气价,深化煤电上网电价市场化改革,合理调整煤电上网电价合理区间,煤、电价格区间实现有效衔接,区间内充分发挥市场机制作用,区间外加强调控监管,有力保障了国家能源安全;对外要积极开拓海外能源市场,推动构建开放、安全、稳定的国际能源合作新格局。
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    军事科学院战略评估咨询中心, 北京 100091

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牟子方(1989—),男,山东潍坊人,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为技术创新与能源管理。
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