Article(id=1153420091510215073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153001424821674657, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)08-0122-07, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1726588800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752926379324, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752926379324, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752926379324, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752926379324, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153001424821674657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752826561408, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763438371676, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1197510583135286126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153001424821674657, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1197510583135286127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1153001424821674657, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=122, endPage=128, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153420091900285348, articleId=1153420091510215073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Perishable Supply Chain Location-Intermodal Transportation Planning:A Case Study of Fresh-cut Flowers, columnId=1151877660386357290, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Industrial Development, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With increasingly globalized trade, efficiently, safely, and low-carbon distributing products is a critical challenge in the perishable supply chain network design(PSCND). A mixed-integer linear programming(MILP) model was developed considering perishability uncertainty, limited capacity of facility location, flow allocation and transport mood, aiming to minimize cost, carbon emissions and transportation time, as a case study, optimizing fresh-cut flower processing and pre-cooling centers in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. The Weibull function was introduced to model the loss of perishable products during transportation. Given the intricate nature of the problem, a hybrid algorithm that integrated the minimum element method with the genetic algorithm was devised. The applicability and validity of our proposed model and algorithm was substantiated through rigorous numerical analysis. It draws out the impact of perishability on establishing processing and pre-cooling centers and modes of transport. Enterprises should decide on the mode of transport and adjust the number and capacity of processing and pre-cooling centers according to the perishability of products.

, correspAuthors=Minke WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tian QIAN, Minke WANG, Baoshan ZHANG, Haotong ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153420099798160044, articleId=1153420091510215073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=CN, title=易腐供应链——空陆联运选址规划: 以鲜切花为案例, columnId=1151877660528963628, journalTitle=科技和产业, columnName=产业发展, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着贸易日益全球化,高效、安全、低碳地配送产品是易腐物品供应链网络设计中的一项重要挑战。以优化中国云南省昆明市鲜切花加工和预冷中心为例,建立一个混合整数线性规划模型,考虑易腐性的不确定性、设施位置的有限容量、流量分配和运输情绪,旨在使成本、碳排放和运输时间最小化。并且引入了Weibull函数来模拟易腐产品在运输过程中的损耗。鉴于问题的复杂性,设计一种将最小元素法与遗传算法相结合的混合算法。通过严格的数值分析,证实提出的模型和算法的适用性和有效性。结论指出易腐性对建立预冷中心以及运输方式的影响。企业应根据产品的易腐性决定运输方式,并调整预冷中心的数量和容量。

, correspAuthors=王旻轲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王旻轲(1986—),男,四川成都人,博士,讲师,研究方向为系统工程与决策科学、物流系统优化。
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钱田(1998—),女,甘肃天水人,硕士研究生,研究方向为航空交通运输;

张宝山(1997—),男,四川成都人,硕士研究生,研究方向为航空交通运输;

张昊彤(1999—),女,内蒙古赤峰人,硕士研究生,研究方向为航空交通运输。

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钱田(1998—),女,甘肃天水人,硕士研究生,研究方向为航空交通运输;

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张宝山(1997—),男,四川成都人,硕士研究生,研究方向为航空交通运输;

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张昊彤(1999—),女,内蒙古赤峰人,硕士研究生,研究方向为航空交通运输。

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Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 2020, 138: 101959., articleTitle=Analysis of the air cargo transport network using a complex network theory perspective, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197613096182264602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153420091510215073, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=32, issue=2, pageStart=315, pageEnd=323, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=马祖军, 王一然, journalName=中国管理科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马祖军, 王一然. 考虑生鲜农产品“最先一公里”损耗的预冷站选址定容[J]. 中国管理科学, 2024, 32(2): 315-323., articleTitle=考虑生鲜农产品“最先一公里”损耗的预冷站选址定容, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197613091631444704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153420091510215073, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197613091639833313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153420091510215073, companyId=1197613091631444704, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Airport Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, Sichuan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197613091644027618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153420091510215073, companyId=1197613091631444704, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国民用航空飞行学院机场学院, 四川 广汉 618307)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1197613092948456190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153420091510215073, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=MLFLW/7moGbQwYv2lpbZ5w==, figureFileBig=jXrZ0MQNWpsyqkzLzHASeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197613093002982143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153420091510215073, language=CN, label=图1, caption=空陆联运易腐供应链的拓扑结构, figureFileSmall=MLFLW/7moGbQwYv2lpbZ5w==, figureFileBig=jXrZ0MQNWpsyqkzLzHASeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197613093095256832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153420091510215073, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=RPIVXJ7yRUl0SHyqc9F7Pg==, figureFileBig=B7P/PA7Z38pGVxDojM7QfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197613093162365697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153420091510215073, language=CN, label=图2, caption=损耗参数对供应链各成本的影响, figureFileSmall=RPIVXJ7yRUl0SHyqc9F7Pg==, figureFileBig=B7P/PA7Z38pGVxDojM7QfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197613093221085954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153420091510215073, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1us6zeB6IEBKufjMw7MYZg==, figureFileBig=tlh1H92vcAeC/jeEzKVtdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197613093279806211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153420091510215073, language=CN, label=图3, caption=损耗率函数参数对目标函数的影响, figureFileSmall=1us6zeB6IEBKufjMw7MYZg==, figureFileBig=tlh1H92vcAeC/jeEzKVtdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197613093338526468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153420091510215073, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
距离 α β γ
产地至PC 0.04 2.0 -0.5
PC至需求区 0.02 1.5 -0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1197613093388858117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153420091510215073, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

损耗率函数系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
距离 α β γ
产地至PC 0.04 2.0 -0.5
PC至需求区 0.02 1.5 -0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1197613093451772678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153420091510215073, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 Ca Cb Cp fj Ea Eb Erp λa λr λb
单位 元/tkm 元/tkm 元/tkm kg kg kg
取值 1.5 0.45 0.1 [10 000,
20 000]
0.309 0.232 0.03 3.15 3.14 3.14
参数 Cr Up Va Vb h ρp Pr taPr d Nl
单位 元/t 元/t km/h km/h % 元/t h km t
取值 5 100 800 100 5 3 10 2 60 [100,550]
), ArticleFig(id=1197613093539853063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1153420091510215073, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各参数单位及取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 Ca Cb Cp fj Ea Eb Erp λa λr λb
单位 元/tkm 元/tkm 元/tkm kg kg kg
取值 1.5 0.45 0.1 [10 000,
20 000]
0.309 0.232 0.03 3.15 3.14 3.14
参数 Cr Up Va Vb h ρp Pr taPr d Nl
单位 元/t 元/t km/h km/h % 元/t h km t
取值 5 100 800 100 5 3 10 2 60 [100,550]
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易腐供应链——空陆联运选址规划: 以鲜切花为案例
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钱田 , 王旻轲 , 张宝山 , 张昊彤
科技和产业 | 产业发展 2025,25(8): 122-128
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科技和产业 | 产业发展 2025, 25(8): 122-128
易腐供应链——空陆联运选址规划: 以鲜切花为案例
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钱田, 王旻轲, 张宝山, 张昊彤
作者信息
  • 中国民用航空飞行学院机场学院, 四川 广汉 618307
  • 钱田(1998—),女,甘肃天水人,硕士研究生,研究方向为航空交通运输;

    张宝山(1997—),男,四川成都人,硕士研究生,研究方向为航空交通运输;

    张昊彤(1999—),女,内蒙古赤峰人,硕士研究生,研究方向为航空交通运输。

通讯作者:

王旻轲(1986—),男,四川成都人,博士,讲师,研究方向为系统工程与决策科学、物流系统优化。
Perishable Supply Chain Location-Intermodal Transportation Planning:A Case Study of Fresh-cut Flowers
Tian QIAN, Minke WANG, Baoshan ZHANG, Haotong ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Airport Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25
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随着贸易日益全球化,高效、安全、低碳地配送产品是易腐物品供应链网络设计中的一项重要挑战。以优化中国云南省昆明市鲜切花加工和预冷中心为例,建立一个混合整数线性规划模型,考虑易腐性的不确定性、设施位置的有限容量、流量分配和运输情绪,旨在使成本、碳排放和运输时间最小化。并且引入了Weibull函数来模拟易腐产品在运输过程中的损耗。鉴于问题的复杂性,设计一种将最小元素法与遗传算法相结合的混合算法。通过严格的数值分析,证实提出的模型和算法的适用性和有效性。结论指出易腐性对建立预冷中心以及运输方式的影响。企业应根据产品的易腐性决定运输方式,并调整预冷中心的数量和容量。

易腐性  /  供应链  /  遗传算法

With increasingly globalized trade, efficiently, safely, and low-carbon distributing products is a critical challenge in the perishable supply chain network design(PSCND). A mixed-integer linear programming(MILP) model was developed considering perishability uncertainty, limited capacity of facility location, flow allocation and transport mood, aiming to minimize cost, carbon emissions and transportation time, as a case study, optimizing fresh-cut flower processing and pre-cooling centers in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. The Weibull function was introduced to model the loss of perishable products during transportation. Given the intricate nature of the problem, a hybrid algorithm that integrated the minimum element method with the genetic algorithm was devised. The applicability and validity of our proposed model and algorithm was substantiated through rigorous numerical analysis. It draws out the impact of perishability on establishing processing and pre-cooling centers and modes of transport. Enterprises should decide on the mode of transport and adjust the number and capacity of processing and pre-cooling centers according to the perishability of products.

supply chain  /  perishability  /  genetic algorithm
钱田, 王旻轲, 张宝山, 张昊彤. 易腐供应链——空陆联运选址规划: 以鲜切花为案例. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (8) : 122 -128 .
Tian QIAN, Minke WANG, Baoshan ZHANG, Haotong ZHANG. Perishable Supply Chain Location-Intermodal Transportation Planning:A Case Study of Fresh-cut Flowers[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (8) : 122 -128 .
供应链网络设计(supply chain network design, SCND)旨在优化资源配置,提高客户满意度,降低成本,增强企业竞争优势[1]。由于运输产品的不同,SCND也有不同的要求。鲜切花等易腐产品的质量会随着时间的推移而下降[2],因此SCND便转向了易腐供应链网络设计(perishable supply chain network design, PSCDN)。一直以来,易腐产品的高易腐率是PSCND的痛点,故而如何将易腐产品的易腐率降到最低,是需要重点解决的问题。目前,空陆联运已成为PSCND降低易腐产品易腐率的一种实用选择[3]。这种方法将高速航空运输的优势与陆路运输的便利结合在一起,提高了PSCND的效率。近年来,越来越多的人将SCND与可持续发展联系起来,以实现经济、环境和社会的多重可持续发展目标。低碳物流也成为供应链行业的热门话题[4]。空陆联运虽然快捷方便,但飞机、卡车和冷藏集装箱会产生大量的碳排放。因此,平衡运输效率、碳排放和客户满意度对于实现经济、环境和社会效益至关重要。
随着人们对环境越来越重视,越来越多的学者开始考虑碳排放量在PSCND中对环境的影响。孟建军等[4]不仅优化了运输成本的降低,还通过建立减排与总费用相应增加之间的关系,优化了物流供应网络运行过程中产生的环境成本。Abbas等[5]将冷链运输过程中的冷藏箱作为生鲜食品供应链可持续性的一个决策变量,研究冷链的可持续性与提高易腐产品的质量和安全性的同时,实现冷链物流的可持续性目标之间的相互关系。
易腐品会随着时间的变化而降低,尤其鲜切花对时间高度敏感。太长的运输时间会导致产品的售卖价格、货架期以及顾客的满意度[6]。但是却很少有学者重视时间对易腐品的影响。除了通过控制时间从而降低易腐的腐败率,在PSCND的研究中,学者通常还会通过控制温度来降低易腐率。Zhao等[7]利用改进的多目标蚁群算法对冷链物流路径进行优化,使运输距离与损伤系数呈指数关系并对温度变化和货物损失进行了敏感性分析。严格的温度控制的有效性使得冷链被广泛运用。不仅新鲜食品而且一些特殊物品的运输,如药品、疫苗、血液包装和其他对温度高度敏感的物品,在冷链物流中可以保证质量和安全[8-9]。但目前冷链物流对易腐产品的研究主要集中在供应链的后端,如配送车辆路线优化问题[10]和“最先一公里”的供应链管理决策问题,而有关冷链物流“最先一公里”预冷设施选址优化的研究较少。综上所述,目前还没有系统将最小成本目标、最小碳排放目标、最少时间目标以及冷链前端的PC(processing and pre-cooling center)选址问题结合在一起的模型。因此本文提出一个考虑到这四个要素的综合模型。
与传统的铁路、公路、海运相比,航空物流是在PSCND中时效性最强的运输方式[11]。因此,在多式联运易腐供应链中,航空货运是重要的组成部分之一,尤其鲜花、海鲜、疫苗等高度易腐产品主要需要通过航空冷链运输。Yu和Jiang[12]设计了空铁联运下的供应链网络,他们充分有效地利用了货运飞机、客机腹舱和高速列车(HST)腹舱三种交通工具,并构建一个双面模型。Claassen等[13]在经典经济订货批量(economic order quantity,EOQ)模型的基础上,建立一种新的高易腐产品冷链管理方法,主要采用海运和空运两种运输方式,实现不同交通运输方式的有效链接,提升了货运业务的联动性,大幅降低了企业运输成本。Rossi等[14]的目标是为易腐食品提出一种新的运输模式(命名为“旅行库存”),消除易腐食品多式联运的障碍。很多学者多考虑水铁联运、空铁联运等枢纽和枢纽之间的联运。但是在具体的现实情况中,并没有考虑特定产品的始发地与枢纽之间的距离,如鲜花产地一般都会离机场很远因此而造成运输不便。综上所述,目前对航空冷链物流研究侧重于定性分析[15-18],很少考虑空陆联运过程中SCND的布局和规划。
问题所描述的空陆联运易腐供应链的拓扑结构如图1所示。以鲜切花供应链为例,空陆联运易腐供应链由三层结构组成:产地(如花田)、PC(如鲜花预冷站)以及需求区。考虑一批鲜切花于某地区多产地生产,分销商从备选位置中选择合适的地点建立PC,采购鲜切花后需要通过冷藏车将其运送至PC进行预处理。PC位置和容量的选择需要根据当地鲜切花的产量来确定的。确定流量分配后,产品由分销商运往需求区。在运输过程中,分销商可根据产品的易腐性选择运输方式(如货运飞机或冷藏卡车)。
对此问题的数学模型做出以下假设:①不允许易腐产品在产地和需求区之间直接流动;②产品可能有不同的易腐率;③飞机和冷藏车的燃料消耗只取决于运输距离;④一个产地可以在允许的距离内将易腐产品发送到任意PC;⑤一个需求区可以从任意PC接收易腐产品。
(1)集合:iI为产地集合,i=1,2,…;jJ为PC备选点集合,j=1,2,…;kK为需求区集合,k=1,2,…;tT为时间集合,t=1,2,…;lL为PC容量等级集合,l=1,2,…。
(2)参数:Ca为航空运输过程中的单位运输成本;Cb为公路运输过程中的单位运输成本;Cp为运输货物的过程中所需的冷藏单位距离成本;fj为设置PCj的固定资本成本;Ea为航空运输过程中飞机每距离单位所消耗的燃料;λa为飞机所消耗的燃料转换为二氧化碳时的转换因子;Eb为公路运输过程中冷链车每距离单位所消耗的燃料;λb为冷链车所消耗的燃料转换为二氧化碳时的转换因子;Er为货物在运输过程中使用冷藏每距离单位所消耗的燃料;λr为冷链所消耗的燃料转换为二氧化碳时的转换因子;Sp为货物的易腐率;ρ为货物允许的最大易腐率;Dij为产地i至PCj的距离;Djk为PCj至需求区k的距离Va为飞机运输的速度;Vb为冷链车运输的速度;${t}_{Pr}^{a}$为当货物航空运输时,需要将货物从PC提前运输至机场以及转运打包所需要的时间;Up为货物的零售单价;Pr为货物在PC预处理时所需的单位成本;Cr为货物在空陆联运转运时所需的单位成本;α为三参数Weibull函数的尺度因子;β为三参数Weibull函数的形状因子;γ为三参数Weibull函数的位置因子;Opi为产地提供的供应量;Dpk为需求区的需求量;M为足够大的一个数;d为产地和PC之间允许的最大距离;Nll级别PC的最大容量;h为可建立PC的最大数量。
(3)决策变量:Qij为从产地i运输到PCj的货物数量;Qjk为从PCj运输到需求区k的货物数量;xij=1,当易腐产品从产地i运往PCj时;xij=0,其他;xjk=1,当易腐产品从PCj运往需求区k时;xjk=0,其他;yjl=1,如果在节点j建立l级别的PC时;yjl=0,其他;Ya=1,如果运输产品使用航空运输方式时;Ya=0,其他。
$\begin{array}{c}\min Z_{\text {cost }}=\sum_{j \in J} f_{j} y_{j l}+\sum_{i \in I} \sum_{j \in J}\left(C_{\mathrm{b}}+C_{\mathrm{p}}\right) D_{i j} Q_{i j}+ \\\sum_{j \in J} \sum_{k \in K}\left(C_{\mathrm{a}}+C_{\mathrm{p}}\right) D_{j k} Q_{j k} Y_{\mathrm{a}}+ \\\sum_{j \in J} \sum_{k \in K}\left(C_{\mathrm{b}}+C_{\mathrm{p}}\right) D_{j k} Q_{j k}\left(1-Y_{\mathrm{a}}\right)+ \\\sum_{j \in J} \sum_{k \in K}\left(P_{\mathrm{r}}+C_{\mathrm{r}}\right) Q_{j k} Y_{\mathrm{a}}+ \\\sum_{j \in J} \sum_{k \in K} P_{\mathrm{r}} Q_{j k}\left(1-Y_{\mathrm{a}}\right)+ \\\sum_{i \in I} \sum_{j \in J}\left[1-\mathrm{e}^{\left.-\alpha_{2}\left(\frac{D_{i j}}{V_{\mathrm{b}}}-\gamma_{2}\right)^{\beta_{2}}\right]} Q_{i j} U_{\mathrm{p}}+\right. \\\sum_{j \in J} \sum_{k \in K}\left[1-\mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_{1}}\left(\frac{D_{i k}}{V_{\mathrm{a}}}+t_{P_{\mathrm{r}}}^{a}-\gamma_{1}\right)^{\beta_{1}}\right] Q_{j k} U_{\mathrm{p}} Y_{\mathrm{a}}+ \\\sum_{j \in J} \sum_{k \in K}\left[1-\mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_{1}}\left(\frac{D_{i j}}{V_{\mathrm{b}}}-\gamma_{1}\right)^{\beta_{1}}\right] Q_{j k} U_{\mathrm{p}}\left(1-Y_{\mathrm{a}}\right)\end{array}$
$\sum_{j \in J} \sum_{k \in K}\left(E_{\mathrm{b}} \lambda_{\mathrm{b}} D_{j k}+E_{\mathrm{r}} \lambda_{\mathrm{r}} Q_{i j}\right)\left(1-Y_{\mathrm{a}}\right) x_{j k}$
$\begin{array}{c}\min Z_{\text {time }}=\sum_{i \in I} \sum_{j \in J} \sum_{k \in K}\left[\frac{D_{i j}}{V_{\mathrm{b}}} x_{i j}+\left(\frac{D_{j k}}{V_{\mathrm{a}}}+t_{P_{\mathrm{r}}}^{s}\right) x_{j k} Y_{\mathrm{a}}+\right. \\\left.\frac{D_{i k}}{V_{\mathrm{b}}} x_{j k}\left(1-Y_{\mathrm{a}}\right)\right]\end{array}$
$\text { s. t. } \sum_{j \in J} Q_{i j}=O_{p i}, \quad \forall i \in I$
$\sum_{i \in I}\left[\mathrm{e}^{-a_{2}\left(\frac{D_{i j}}{V_{\mathrm{b}}}-\gamma_{2}\right)^{R_{2}}}\right] Q_{i j} \leqslant \sum_{l \in L} N_{l} y_{j i}, \quad \forall j \in J$
$\begin{array}{c} \sum_{k \in K}\left\{\left[\mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_{1}\left(\frac{D_{i j}}{V_{\mathrm{a}}}+f_{p k}-\gamma_{1}\right) \beta_{1}}\right] Y_{\mathrm{a}}+\left[\mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_{1}\left(\frac{D_{i k}}{V_{\mathrm{b}}}-\gamma_{1}\right)^{\beta_{1}}}\right] \times\right. \\ \left.\left(1-Y_{\mathrm{a}}\right)\right\} Q_{j k} \geqslant D_{p j}, \quad \forall j \in J \end{array}$
$\sum_{l \in J} y_{j l} \leqslant 1, \quad \forall j \in J$
$\sum_{j \in J} \sum_{l \in L} y_{j l} \leqslant h$
$\begin{array}{c} {\left[\sqrt[\beta_{1}]{-\alpha_{1} \ln (1-\rho)}+\gamma_{1}\right] q \geqslant\left(\frac{D_{i j}}{V_{\mathrm{b}}}+\frac{D_{j k}}{V_{\mathrm{a}}}+t_{P_{\mathrm{r}}}^{\mathrm{a}}\right) Y_{\mathrm{a}}+} \\ \left(\frac{D_{i j}}{V_{\mathrm{b}}}+\frac{D_{j k}}{V_{\mathrm{b}}}\right)\left(1-Y_{\mathrm{a}}\right) \\ \forall i \in I, \forall j \in J, \forall k \in K \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l} q \leqslant M\left(x_{i j}+x_{j k}-1\right), \\ \forall i \in I, \forall j \in J, \forall k \in K \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{c} {\left[1-\mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_{1}\left(\frac{D_{j k}}{V_{\mathrm{a}}}+t_{\mathrm{Pr}}^{\mathrm{a}}-\gamma_{1}\right)^{\beta_{1}}}\right] Y_{\mathrm{a}}+\left[1-\mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_{1}\left(\frac{D_{\mathrm{jk}}}{V_{\mathrm{b}}}-\gamma_{1}\right) \beta_{1}}\right]} \\ \left(1-Y_{\mathrm{a}}\right) \leqslant \rho \end{array}$
$\sum_{i \in I} Q_{i j} \leqslant \sum_{i \in I} x_{i j} M, \quad \forall j \in J$
$\sum_{j \in J} Q_{j k} \leqslant \sum_{j \in J} x_{j k} M, \quad \forall k \in K$
$x_{i j}, x_{j k}, Y_{\mathrm{a}} \in\{0,1\}, \quad \forall i \in I, \forall j \in J, \forall k \in K$
$D_{i j} x_{i j} \leqslant d, \quad \forall i \in I, \forall j \in J$
式(1)旨在最大限度地降低空陆联运易腐食品供应链网络的总成本,其中分别包含供应链网络的设施固定成本、易腐产品的运输成本、易腐产品在PC的包装和预处理成本、运输过程中因易腐烂而产生的腐败成本。式(2)减少了供应链产生的碳排放总量。易腐供应链在运输过程中同样需要使用燃料,因此分别要计算运输工具的碳排放量。此外,还考虑了冷藏箱在运输过程中产生的碳排放量。碳排放量根据冷藏车、飞机和冷藏箱的能耗以及相应的碳排放系数计算得出。式(3)最大限度地减少运输时间。运输时间越短,易腐产品质量越好,客户满意度越高。要实现整个供应链的高效率和高质量运作,就必须尽量缩短运输时间。
式(4)~式(6)描述了供应链中产品的易腐性,并对运输过程中的流量设定了限制。具体来说,式(4)根据产地的供应链确定了从产地运输至PC的流量;式(6)确定从PC运输至目的地的流量,并考虑产品从PC到目的地因易腐性而造成的损失;式(5)考虑到产品从产地运输至PC过程中也是易腐的,并且运输至PC的总流量被限制在PC的最大容量内。此外,式(7)和式(8)限制了供应链网络中建立PC的数量,并确定了PC的容量水平。式(9)的目的是施加时间约束,帮助决定是否使用空运将产品从PC运往需求区。为避免过度损耗导致整批货物贬值,产品的最大易腐率受到式(10)的限制。式(11)和式(12)规定运输路线必须是开放的,即原产地和每个需求区之间最多只有一条路线允许流动。式(14)确保变量的类型及其正向性。式(15)旨在将PC尽可能地靠近产地。
使用元启发式算法来求解数学模型,该算法广泛探索整个搜索空间,并逐步调整解以找到最优解。为求解建立的多目标函数规划模型,采用线性加权组合法对以上的目标函数进行处理,在目标函数前设置相应的权重,可以得到式(16)。
minZ=ξ1Zcost+ξ2Zcarbon+ξ2Ztime
式中:ξ1ξ2ξ3分别为总成本、碳排放量和运输总时间的目标函数权重,且ξ1+ξ2+ξ3=1。使用线性加权组合法旨在综合考虑总成本、碳排放量和运输总时间这三个目标函数在优化计算过程中的优先级。目标函数为最小化问题,以目标函数最小为个体优劣的评价标准,则个体的适应度函数为
Fit(n)=$\frac{1}{Z\left(n\right)}$
对于每一条染色体n,先根据染色体解码得到选址方案以及运输策略,再根据最小元素法得到流量分配方案,依此计算得到目标函数值Z(n)。最小元素法又叫最少费用分配法,是按照“就近供应”,即最少费用的原则进行调运。具体做法是根据单位运价找出最小运价的“产地-PC-需求区”路线组合。考虑运输过程中的所有产地节点、需求区节点、备选PC节点以及所需的虚拟节点,但是对产地节点而言,备选PC节点是目的节点;对于需求区节点而言,备选PC节点又是源节点。因此,考虑到在运输过程中易腐产品会具有损耗性,将每个备选PC节点的需求量和供给量设为MD和MS。
$\mathrm{MD}=\sum_{i \in I} O_{p}\left[1-\mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_{2}\left(\frac{D_{i j}}{V_{\mathrm{b}}}-\gamma_{2}\right) \beta_{2}}\right]$
$MS={\sum }_{k\in K}^{}{D}_{p}[{e}^{-{\alpha }_{1}{\left(\frac{{D}_{jk}}{{V}_{a}}+{{t}^{a}}_{Pr}-{\gamma }_{1}\right)}^{{\beta }_{1}}}{Y}_{a}+{e}^{-{\alpha }_{1}{\left(\frac{{D}_{jk}}{{V}_{b}}-{\gamma }_{1}\right)}^{{\beta }_{1}}}$×(1-Ya)
为了保证在物资配送过程中不仅运输费用最小化,而且能在第一时间满足所有顾客的一定的需求,通过增加相应的临时节点(即虚拟点C)来减少运输费用,其次通过改进物资配送过程中物资分配环节来提高服务质量。
考虑昆明的鲜切花分销中心布局优化问题,目前昆明市辖14个县级行政区划单位(7个市辖区、3个县,代管1个县级市和3个自治县),为此研究昆明不同地区的生产能力和种植园数量,确定每个区、县花农的鲜切花产量,从中选取100个鲜切花产品产地和18个预冷备选点。
在PC将鲜花的温度降低到适宜的温度后会降低其损耗速度,损耗率函数的系数也会随之发生变化。令Sp(t)=1-${e}^{-{\alpha }_{2}(t-{\gamma }_{2}{)}^{{\beta }_{2}}}$Sp(t)=1-${e}^{-{\alpha }_{1}(t-{\gamma }_{1}{)}^{{\beta }_{1}}}$分别表示产地到分销中心再到销地的损耗率函数,则有α1>α2>0,β2>β1>0[19],如表1所示。根据昆明市公共数据开放平台中的统计数据估算各销地鲜切花的需求量。所有产地、PC和需求区之间的距离根据其经纬度求得实际距离。所有其余参数如表2所示。
考虑总成本目标函数、低碳目标函数和时间目标函数的加权分别是0.4、0.3、0.3,三个目标函数计算出的值分别为730 681.34 元、54 020.61 t和205.48 h。根据上述数据进行求解,得到PC位置。
图2直观地表达各损耗函数参数的变化对各成本的影响,可以看出,当尺度因子α和形状因子β越大,由变质导致的损耗率越高,二者呈正相关关系。当尺度因子或形状因子增大时,为了降低损耗率的增长幅度,优化的结果主要通过调整运输方式以及PC的个数、容量类型,从而缩短运输时间,不断增加因提前到达而产生的运输成本来替代损耗成本的增长量以达到总成本最优。参数的灵敏度分析过程中,为减少时间所带来的损耗,供应链第二阶段运输方式中速度较慢的公路运输会逐渐被平均运输速度更高的航空运输代替。
计算得到在损耗函数参数αβ发生变化时三个目标函数的优化情况,如图3所示,由于参数和与损耗率函数均呈正相关关系,故而在供应链优化过程中,为逐渐平缓损耗率增加带来的成本增加,就要增加航线以减少运输货物的总时间。由于冷链运输的碳排放量包含储存货物时冷藏箱的碳排放量,其碳排放量也不容忽视,所以当需求量固定时,损耗率的增加除了会带来运输量的增加也会带来碳排放量的增加。也就是说,最小成本、最小碳排放量以及最少时间这三个目标在一定的可行性域内,三者并不是互为博弈的关系。
同时,对比图2图3中目标函数优化结果变化情况可以发现,尺度因子α能够通过极小的变化使目标结果产生较为明显的改变,而形状因子β对优化结果的改变较为细微。通过两个参数的相互作用并加入位置因子对损耗开始时间的确定,在不同花卉品种损耗特性相似或相差较大时,都能够利用该损耗模型区分其性质并描述,可以证明Weibull分布函数的适用性可以用来模拟冷链产品的损耗特征。
本文以中国云南省昆明市的鲜切花供应链为例,重点探讨三层空陆联运中的易腐烂供应链网络设计。此外,除了考虑鲜切花的易腐性、碳排放、时间限制、成本、冷链、距离等现实问题,还创建了一个MILP模型,通过考虑以上各种现实因素,使总成本、碳排放和运输时间最小化,从而优化空陆联运中的易腐供应链。鉴于该问题的复杂性,提出了一种结合改进的最小元素法的遗传算法来解决该问题,旨在同时优化流量分配和配送决策。
在流量分配过程中,PC被视为转运节点,在分配从产地到PC以及从PC到需求区的流量时,要考虑产品的易腐率。根据产品易腐率和运输距离来决定运输模式和合理分配流量。结果表明,该算法可以实现最优解。此外,企业还可以根据当地产地的位置和鲜切花的易腐性优化PC的布局,以减少产品在“最初一公里”的损耗。同时,空陆联运可以较好地解决鲜切花产地远离运输枢纽的问题,减少了鲜切花长途运输中的损耗。企业根据不同易腐烂率的产品确定空运航线的数量,以降低运输成本。
尽管模型考虑了鲜切花供应链的许多现实特点,但一些细节仍需进一步关注。例如,未来的研究应关注货物到达目的地后的运输流程,以及不同易腐烂程度产品的同时运输和分配。在选择加工和预冷中心地点时,应考虑与容量相关的可变建设成本、运营成本和规模经济等因素。此外,在确定中心位置和容量时,还应考虑收获季节,以确保全年高效利用和成本最小化,并且应继续努力探索更有效的算法,以提高模型的实用性和准确性。
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2025年第25卷第8期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-18
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    中国民用航空飞行学院机场学院, 四川 广汉 618307

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王旻轲(1986—),男,四川成都人,博士,讲师,研究方向为系统工程与决策科学、物流系统优化。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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