Article(id=1152977385977799376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1152551050662785728, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)09-0048-08, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728921600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752820830101, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752820830101, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752820830101, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752820830101, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152551050662785728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='371', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752719183840, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753063306760, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1153994406857269276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1152551050662785728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1153994406857269277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1152551050662785728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=48, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152977386757939937, articleId=1152977385977799376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Calculation and Analysis of Anti-seepage Effect of Horizontal Earth-rock Cofferdam in Yanzhou Junction Phase I, columnId=1151876674645226399, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Technology Innovation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a crucial hydraulic engineering structure, the impermeability of a rockfill dam directly affects the safety of the project, environmental protection, and economic benefits. Different protective measures are taken for cofferdams under different conditions, so a detailed analysis based on specific conditions is necessary. Focusing on the transverse soil and rock revetment upstream of Phase I of the Yanzhou hub, the large-scale finite element software GeoStudio was used to conduct an in-depth analysis of its various anti-seepage structural forms, aiming to evaluate the effectiveness and seepage control effects of each anti-seepage scheme.The research findings indicate that both the absence of anti-seepage measures and the sole use of geomembrane structures fail to meet the engineering requirements for seepage prevention. Although a single anti-seepage wall structure can meet the requirements, it is not the best choice due to its high construction difficulty and economic cost. In contrast, the anti-seepage solution combining high-pressure jet grouting with composite geomembrane can effectively fulfill the project’s seepage prevention needs, which provides practical guidance and suggestions for the design of earth-rock cofferdam.

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土石围堰作为一种关键的水利工程结构,其防渗能力直接关系到工程的安全性、环境的保护以及经济效益的实现。针对不同条件下的围堰采取的防护措施各有特点,有必要根据具体情况进行详细分析。以艳洲枢纽一期上游的横向土石围堰为研究对象,利用GeoStudio大型有限元软件,对其各种防渗结构形式进行深入分析,以评估各个防渗方案的有效性和防渗效果。研究结果表明,未采取防渗措施以及仅使用土工膜结构的情况下,均无法满足工程的防渗需求。尽管单一防渗墙结构可以满足防渗要求,但其施工难度大且经济成本较高;采用高压旋喷与复合土工膜相结合的防渗方案,能够很好地满足工程的防渗要求,为土石围堰设计提供了实用的指导和建议。

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熊英建(1987—),男,湖南衡阳人,高级工程师,研究方向为水运工程施工技术管理;

卢盛雄(1985—),男,湖南岳阳人,高级工程师,研究方向为水运工程施工管理;

杨嘉兴(2000—),男,湖南益阳人,硕士研究生,研究方向为水利工程;

程永舟(1974—),男,湖北广水人,博士,教授,研究方向为水利工程教学。

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P为频率,P=10%表示10年一遇;Q为流量;PE表示聚乙烯塑料薄膜;标高的单位为m,堆石护坡、雷诺护垫和沙支持层厚单位为mm

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材料 渗透系数/
(m·s-1)
密度/
(kN·m-3)
黏聚力/
kPa
内摩擦
角/(°)
石渣 1×10-5 2.8 0 34
土石渣 1×10-6 1.9 0 26
堆石护坡 1×10-5 2.5 5 35
砂卵石覆盖层 1×10-5 2.1 17 38
基岩 1×10-6 2.5 14 30
混凝土防渗墙 1×10-9 2.3 30 37
), ArticleFig(id=1179117544972628484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1152977385977799376, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

围堰计算参数

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材料 渗透系数/
(m·s-1)
密度/
(kN·m-3)
黏聚力/
kPa
内摩擦
角/(°)
石渣 1×10-5 2.8 0 34
土石渣 1×10-6 1.9 0 26
堆石护坡 1×10-5 2.5 5 35
砂卵石覆盖层 1×10-5 2.1 17 38
基岩 1×10-6 2.5 14 30
混凝土防渗墙 1×10-9 2.3 30 37
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工况 1 2 3 4
防渗结构 无防护 土工膜 防渗墙 土工膜+防渗墙
), ArticleFig(id=1179117545111040518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1152977385977799376, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

计算工况

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工况 1 2 3 4
防渗结构 无防护 土工膜 防渗墙 土工膜+防渗墙
), ArticleFig(id=1179117545182343687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1152977385977799376, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 1 2 3 4
渗流量/(10-6m3·s-1) 8.11 2.91 3.48 3.01
), ArticleFig(id=1179117545291395592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1152977385977799376, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同工况的渗流量

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工况 1 2 3 4
渗流量/(10-6m3·s-1) 8.11 2.91 3.48 3.01
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工况 1 2 3 4 允许最小值
安全系数 1.074 1.130 1.271 1.312 1.150
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不同工况的安全系数

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工况 1 2 3 4 允许最小值
安全系数 1.074 1.130 1.271 1.312 1.150
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艳洲枢纽一期横向土石围堰防渗效果计算与分析
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熊英建 1 , 卢盛雄 1 , 杨嘉兴 2 , 程永舟 2
科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025,25(9): 48-55
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科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025, 25(9): 48-55
艳洲枢纽一期横向土石围堰防渗效果计算与分析
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熊英建1, 卢盛雄1, 杨嘉兴2, 程永舟2
作者信息
  • 1 中交二航局第三工程有限公司, 江苏 镇江 212000
  • 2 长沙理工大学水利与环境工程学院, 长沙 410114
  • 熊英建(1987—),男,湖南衡阳人,高级工程师,研究方向为水运工程施工技术管理;

    卢盛雄(1985—),男,湖南岳阳人,高级工程师,研究方向为水运工程施工管理;

    杨嘉兴(2000—),男,湖南益阳人,硕士研究生,研究方向为水利工程;

    程永舟(1974—),男,湖北广水人,博士,教授,研究方向为水利工程教学。

Calculation and Analysis of Anti-seepage Effect of Horizontal Earth-rock Cofferdam in Yanzhou Junction Phase I
Yingjian XIONG1, Shengxiong LU1, Jiaxing YANG2, Yongzhou CHENG2
Affiliations
  • 1 The Third Engineering Co., Ltd. of China Second Navigation Bureau, Zhenjiang 212000, Jiangsu, China
  • 2 School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
出版时间: 2025-05-10
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土石围堰作为一种关键的水利工程结构,其防渗能力直接关系到工程的安全性、环境的保护以及经济效益的实现。针对不同条件下的围堰采取的防护措施各有特点,有必要根据具体情况进行详细分析。以艳洲枢纽一期上游的横向土石围堰为研究对象,利用GeoStudio大型有限元软件,对其各种防渗结构形式进行深入分析,以评估各个防渗方案的有效性和防渗效果。研究结果表明,未采取防渗措施以及仅使用土工膜结构的情况下,均无法满足工程的防渗需求。尽管单一防渗墙结构可以满足防渗要求,但其施工难度大且经济成本较高;采用高压旋喷与复合土工膜相结合的防渗方案,能够很好地满足工程的防渗要求,为土石围堰设计提供了实用的指导和建议。

土石围堰  /  防渗设计  /  有限元  /  渗流分析  /  艳洲枢纽

As a crucial hydraulic engineering structure, the impermeability of a rockfill dam directly affects the safety of the project, environmental protection, and economic benefits. Different protective measures are taken for cofferdams under different conditions, so a detailed analysis based on specific conditions is necessary. Focusing on the transverse soil and rock revetment upstream of Phase I of the Yanzhou hub, the large-scale finite element software GeoStudio was used to conduct an in-depth analysis of its various anti-seepage structural forms, aiming to evaluate the effectiveness and seepage control effects of each anti-seepage scheme.The research findings indicate that both the absence of anti-seepage measures and the sole use of geomembrane structures fail to meet the engineering requirements for seepage prevention. Although a single anti-seepage wall structure can meet the requirements, it is not the best choice due to its high construction difficulty and economic cost. In contrast, the anti-seepage solution combining high-pressure jet grouting with composite geomembrane can effectively fulfill the project’s seepage prevention needs, which provides practical guidance and suggestions for the design of earth-rock cofferdam.

earth-rock cofferdam  /  impermeable design  /  finite element  /  seepage analysis  /  yanzhou hub
熊英建, 卢盛雄, 杨嘉兴, 程永舟. 艳洲枢纽一期横向土石围堰防渗效果计算与分析. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (9) : 48 -55 .
Yingjian XIONG, Shengxiong LU, Jiaxing YANG, Yongzhou CHENG. Calculation and Analysis of Anti-seepage Effect of Horizontal Earth-rock Cofferdam in Yanzhou Junction Phase I[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (9) : 48 -55 .
土石围堰作为一种临时性围护结构,多以砂卵砾石、堆石、过渡料等填筑而成,其安全性和稳定性在整个水利枢纽工程施工中具有至关重要的地位,不仅关系着施工人员的安全,也直接决定工程的进度和质量。
渗流问题与土石围堰的安全运行具有紧密联系,很多土石围堰的失事都是由于水体的渗透造成的[1]。堰体出现渗漏问题后会出现不利的渗流场分布,从而导致土石围堰发生渗透变形,更严重的会导致围堰堰体边坡滑移或垮塌[2]。目前,土石围堰的渗流研究主要有数值分析方法、解析方法和模型试验等。王常明等[3]以珠江流域某土石围堰工程为例,采用有限元分析法对防渗墙的厚度和嵌入弱风化层基岩的深度进行了优化研究,得出满足防渗设计要求的防渗墙最优设计参数;黄娟等[4]建立轴对称柱坐标下三维渗流模型,推导出考虑封底效应的圆形围堰稳态渗流场解析解;黄春华等[5]针对大藤峡水利工程一期施工导流围堰布置方案建立物理模型,研究该工程措施下明渠通航水流条件及可能造成安全隐患的因素;唐立模等[6]建立鄱阳湖入江水道星子—湖山段物理模型,对鄱阳湖水利枢纽一期围堰典型工况下的通航水流条件进行试验,针对航道内出现的不良流态提出相应优化措施并进行方案比选,设计航道各工况下水流条件均满足通航安全要求;刁海鹏等[7]以阿扎德帕坦水电站下游土石围堰为例,对比两种不同围堰剖面设计方案,考虑枯水期及汛期实际工况,对围堰在渗流应力耦合状态下遭遇水位变动和短历时强降雨时的渗流和边坡稳定性进行有限元分析。由于围堰在不同水位下的渗流特性各不相同,需要对防渗设施的渗透系数进行敏感性分析,从而确定围堰渗流控制措施的优化参数[8]。陈昭安等[9]采用svoffice岩土软件和ANSYS结构有限元软件研究高水位条件下环形土围堰的整体稳定性。由于现实中围堰渗流主要为非稳定、非饱和渗流,袁帅等[10]以托巴土石围堰为依托,研究了围堰上游坡体在水位下降情况下的非稳定渗流场及其对围堰上游坡稳定性的影响规律。李文涛等[11]为能够有效模拟非饱和渗流,提出了一种高效的自适应松弛Picard法,通过模拟一维和二维渗流算例,并与传统方法的结果进行对比,对算法和程序的准确性、高效性和鲁棒性进行了验证。对于地质条件及边界条件较复杂的问题,有限元数值分析是最有效的方法之一。戴会超和王玲玲[12]采用有限元法对二期高土石围堰在不利的运行工况下不同防渗方案的渗流场进行数值分析。针对防渗墙结构,王学武等[13]以某大坝深厚复杂覆盖层上的高土石围堰为例,运用三维渗流有限元理论及3D-seep计算软件,研究了围堰防渗墙的设计深度,提出合理的围堰防渗方案。此外,渗流稳定复核还是判断土石坝除险加固设计是否合理的标准。冯宵等[14]用GeoStudio软件的渗流分析模块SEEP/W和坝坡稳定分析模块SLOPE/W,对某水库土石坝除险加固设计进行渗流稳定复核。这些研究成果对土石围堰的设计和施工具有重要参考价值。
学者们结合工程实际,并根据不同的防渗要求,设计出了多种形式的防渗方案。其中包括桩墙框架结构(PWFS)、复合土工膜斜墙+塑性混凝土防渗墙、地连墙与旋喷防渗墙相结合、复合土工膜心墙+灌浆防渗、土工膜斜墙+混凝土板、钢板桩结构等。这些防渗方案主要通过优化围堰的结构和材料、设置合理的防渗设施等方式来降低围堰的渗透性,确保其稳定性和安全性。桩墙框架结构(PWFS)是双壁板桩结构,具有钢筋混凝土的整体预制框架,用于连接两排紧密放置的桩。Xue等[15]在滨州对PWFS围堰进行了工程测试,在水力充填过程中仔细监测了沿桩井的横向位移,建立了试验的三维有限元模型(FEM),研究了PWFS的稳定性失效机理,此外,基于极限平衡法的结构稳定性分析,特别考虑了行距对切割桩力的影响,提出了一种PWFSs的设计方法。白鹤滩上游围堰采用复合土工膜斜墙+塑性混凝土防渗墙结构,由于围堰高达83.0 m,如果采用高弹性模量的刚性混凝土防渗墙在上部荷载的作用下,周围土层的沉降比防渗墙大得多,可能引起墙体内部产生巨大的压应力而导致墙体破坏,因此基础防渗选择弹性模量低、适应变形能力强的塑性混凝土材料[16]。在围堰的关键部位,可以采用防渗混凝土或其他密实材料进行加固,有效降低水分渗透的可能性。同时,为了增强围堰的整体结构稳定性,可以在围堰体内部设置防渗墙或防渗帷幕,形成一个完整的防渗系统,有效隔离水体渗透。孙万通和张公略[17]根据富春江船闸扩建改造工程,在调研国内外导流围堰结构形式的基础上,确定了采用过流保护的土石过水围堰+土石子围堰加高挡水的结构形式,提出采用地连墙与旋喷防渗墙相结合的防渗结构。文志颖和张飞[18]依托夹岩水利枢纽工程,设计采用复合土工膜心墙与灌浆防渗,进行渗流、稳定性分析及变形监测,保证围堰设计的合理性。何若飞[19]结合北疆某水电站当地气候条件、堰体填筑材料和类似工程经验,通过对比土工膜斜墙、土工膜心墙和浇筑式沥青心墙3种方案的优缺点,最终确定采用土工膜斜墙围堰。卢晓春等[20]针对围堰采用的塑性混凝土防渗墙上接复合土工膜的防渗形式,采用有限单元法对其正常运行条件和局部破损情况下的渗流场进行了计算分析,并采用非线性强度参数对各运行条件下的上下游边坡稳定性进行了复核。袁淑霞等[21]对适用于深水和滩涂等复杂地质条件的钢板桩围堰进行了研究,使用Fluent软件分析了不同工况下打桩及工作过程的稳定性,并利用ANSYS评估了外压载荷对围堰整体结构屈曲稳定性的影响。黄梁等[22]采用有限元软件Midas GTS对锁扣钢管桩围堰和双壁钢围堰两种方案的支护效果进行了比较,结果显示锁扣钢管桩围堰的支撑效果更佳,最大水平变形减少了约27%,最大弯矩降低了约61%,内支撑所受的轴力也减少了58.88%。此外,考虑到不同流速对钢管桩围堰的变形影响,黄梁等[23]还使用有限元软件Plaxis 3D进行了三维建模,以分析流速、钢桩直径、嵌入深度及围护结构形式对侧向变形的影响。这些防渗方案的设计不仅能够确保土石围堰的安全运行,还能够为相关工程领域的发展和进步提供有益的借鉴和指导。
本文以常德市澧县境内艳洲枢纽一期上游横向土石围堰工程为依托,利用有限元软件GeoStudio进行计算分析,针对其复杂地质条件,探讨不同防渗结构对其渗流和稳定性的影响。通过模拟不同防渗结构在最不利水位下的抗渗性能和稳定性,得出针对该项目的最佳防渗方案,为土石围堰设计提供了实用的指导和建议,保障工程的安全可靠性。
项目位于常德市澧县境内。艳洲属亚热带季风性湿润气候,四季分明,雨量充沛,严寒期短,暑热期长。澧水流域年平均气温16~16.8 ℃,历年最高气温41.6 ℃(1977年7月26日石门站),最低气温-15.8 ℃(1977年1月30日临澧站)。年平均相对湿度75%~82%,年平均蒸发量为1 161~1 431 mm。澧水流域雨水丰沛,年平均降水量为1 165~1 924 mm。汛期为4—8月,5个月的降水量占全年的66.5%。其余7个月的降水量仅占33.5%。
拟建艳洲枢纽船闸规模采用闸室有效尺度为280 m×34 m×4.5 m(长×宽×门槛水深),按2 000 t级船闸设计,设计单向通过能力2 420万t。最高通航流量为2年一遇流量8 910 m3/s。建筑物级别:主要建筑物(闸首、闸室)定为2级,次要建筑物(导航、靠船、隔水建筑物、护坡)为3级,临时建筑物为4级。通航净高10 m。
一期围堰阶段主要施工项目为船闸主体结构混凝土、电站厂房的土建及部分金结施工,包含土石方开挖、船闸(闸室、闸首、进水墙)及电站主体结构钢筋混凝土浇筑等项目的施工。一期围堰围船闸主体结构和电站,由上下游横向土石围堰和纵向混凝土围堰组成,上下游土石围堰主要由戗堤填筑和基坑预留开挖形成。
坝基岩性为石英砂岩,以中风化为主,抗变形性能较强,由于岩体破碎,透水性相对较强。经钻孔压水试验表明,坝基防渗下限(>5 Lu)埋深较深,左岸埋深30.00 m(高程-2.88 m)、河床埋深25.00~26.00 m(高程0.53~12.57 m)、右岸埋深26.10~32.00 m(高程19.52~28.26 m),故坝基主要存在沿岩体内节理裂隙的坝基渗漏和绕坝渗漏问题,右岸的地下水位较高,其防渗帷幕接头均可考虑与地下水位封闭,左、右岸防渗帷幕需向两岸区域适当延伸。
上下游围堰分别布置石渣戗堤,堰身材料为石渣混合料;左侧纵向围堰采用C20混凝土。一期上游横向围堰为利用开挖的土石方填筑土石坝围堰,围堰顶部分位置兼作施工便道使用。戗堤标高35.65 m,戗堤顶宽3.5 m,围堰顶宽4 m,上游围堰顶标高为44 m,围堰两侧均按1∶1.5的坡度放坡,外侧坡面采用石渣护坡,防止冲刷。下游横向围堰顶标高均为43.7 m,分为两部分,靠岸侧部分为原地面开挖预留围堰,由于兼作施工便道使用,开挖时围堰顶预留宽度10 m,往船闸主体基坑方向按照1∶1.5坡比进行放坡开挖;靠江侧部分为利用开挖的土石方填筑土石围堰,围堰作为二期围堰的一部分,戗堤顶标高为35.65 m,戗堤顶宽3.5 m,围堰顶宽4 m,围堰两侧均按1∶1.5的坡度放坡,外侧坡面采用1 m厚堆石护坡,防止冲刷。围堰结构的设计充分考虑了土石方的特性和水流动力学,采用石渣混合料和C20混凝土,使得围堰在强度和耐久性上都有较好表现。同时,围堰的坡度设计(1∶1.5)和护坡措施有效地抵御了水流冲刷的影响。断面示意图如图1所示。
上游横向围堰采用土石围堰结构形式,为保证围堰防渗效果,提供了3种不同的防渗方案,以适应不同的施工环境和要求,增强了设计的灵活性和针对性。这种多方案对比的做法,能在实际施工中选择最适合的方案,从而提高整体工程效率。
方案1:围堰整体采用复合土工膜防渗,型号为SN/PE-5.0-400-0.5(短纤针刺非织造/PE复合土工膜,二布一膜,标称断裂强度为5.0 kN/m,非织造布总单位面积质量400 g/m2,膜厚度0.5 mm),铺设土工膜前,应在基础表面铺设一层保护层,在土工膜铺设完毕后,进行固定和封边处理。常用的固定方式包括埋土、钉固、打码等。
方案2:围堰顶部作为旋喷桩施工平台,旋喷桩孔深下界穿过基岩面并伸入中风化岩0.5 m,沿旋喷轴线布置单排孔,孔间距0.7 m,分三序进行施工。
方案3:围堰35.65 m戗堤高程以下采用高压旋喷防渗(三管法工艺),戗堤以上采用复合土工膜防渗,型号为SN/PE-5.0-400-0.5(短纤针刺非织造/PE复合土工膜,二布一膜,标称断裂强度为5.0 kN/m,非织造布总单位面积质量400 g/m2,膜厚度0.5 mm)。围堰填筑至35.65 m作为旋喷桩施工平台,旋喷桩孔深下界穿过基岩面并伸入中风化岩0.5 m,沿旋喷轴线布置单排孔,孔间距0.7 m,分三序进行施工。
考虑在围堰的不同区域综合使用方案1和方案3,即在围堰高程35.65 m以下区域采用高压旋喷防渗,35.65 m以上则继续使用复合土工膜。这种综合应用将有效增强整体防渗能力。
本次数值模拟的工况选择一期围堰挡水标准水位43.81 m(10年一遇设计洪水位),采用有限元软件GeoStudio,分别对不同防渗形式进行计算分析,计算参数见表1,具体防渗结构见表2
按照图1尺寸(工况4)建立模型,计算模型上游取到距围堰上游坡脚40 m,下游取距围堰下游坡脚80 m,底部距离地面18 m。模型网格一共剖分为4 612个节点、4 455个单元,底部边界为不透水边界,左侧受有静水压力作用,即水头荷载,右侧设排水边界,且为自由边界。该荷载以孔隙水压力的形式施加到计算模型中。由于篇幅原因,以下仅介绍工况4网格模型,如图2所示。
图3揭示了在设定水位条件下采用不同防渗措施的渗流情况。孔隙水压力向下逐渐增大,通过设定孔隙水压力边界的最小值为0,可以绘制围堰的浸润线(蓝色虚线)并观察逸出点位置。从图中可知,工况1[图3(a)]中逸出点的位置处于围堰背坡上,流速分布几乎占整个围堰,渗水严重,围堰整体存在安全隐患,需要增加防渗措施。引入复合土工膜后[图3(b)],流速分布区域显著减少,浸润线下降,逸出点下降至坡脚处,围堰右上方区域没有水渗入从而形成负压区,而上游渗水集中在土工膜与土体接触的坡脚处。采用防渗墙结构[图3(c)]后,由于水无法渗透防渗墙,只能围绕防渗墙底部产生局部绕流,围堰右侧近一半区域没有流速分布,表现为负压区。在工况4[图3(d)]中,防渗墙+复合土工膜结构进一步减少了围堰的渗流分布区域,渗流主要出现在防渗墙的底部,少量透过土工膜渗透至堰体,达到最佳防渗效果。除工况1外,采取防渗措施后逸出点均控制在下游围堰坡脚,防渗效果较好。此外,由图3(b)图3(d)可知,在土工膜与地面、防渗墙结构连接处存在局部渗漏,需要在此处采用合理的防渗措施。
根据图4所示,在不同的工况下,围堰下游的渗流分布情况发生了变化。以围堰背坡顶点为起始点,设为0 m,横坐标代表背坡各点与起始点的水平距离。
从图中可知,围堰未采取防渗措施时出现了多处渗漏,图中出现倒立“3峰”,峰体皆为出现渗流的点,同时逸出点位置更高,不利于围堰的稳定。当采取防渗措施后,图由未采取防渗措施的“3峰”转变为“2峰”,此时第1个峰顶为逸出点位置,此处的渗流量最大,而第2个峰为在围堰后发生的渗漏,出现小范围的渗流。工况2、工况3、工况4皆出现该情况,分析两峰顶的间距可知,工况2、工况3较为相似,而工况4的间距更接近,表现为渗水集中,此情况利于管理和控制。结合表3,未采用防渗措施,围堰总渗流量达8.11×10-6 m3/s,采取防渗措施后,工况2的总渗流量最小,工况4次之,而工况3最大,分别为2.91×10-6、3.01×10-6、3.48×10-6 m3/s,均有效减少了围堰的渗流量。但仅通过渗流分析还无法确定最佳的防渗方案,需要进一步讨论和深入分析。
图5所示,绿色部分为边坡产生滑移的区域,围堰最危险断面处于围堰下游坡脚处,采用极限平衡法分析计算得到不同工况下的安全系数,见表4,依据《水电工程围堰设计导则》《水利水电工程围堰设计规范》,边坡稳定安全系数不低于1.15。从表4中可知工况1、工况2的安全系数分别为1.074和1.130,未能满足要求,结合上述渗流分析,工况4总渗流量小于工况3的同时安全系数高于工况3,选择工况4更加合理。
由于当地地质条件恶劣,地下水位较高,土壤渗透性较强,仅采用防渗墙的防渗效果可能会受到影响,而防渗墙和土工膜的结合使用能够形成双重防护,提供更加可靠的防渗效果。防渗墙主要用于抵御较大的水压力,而土工膜则可以有效地隔离渗透,两者相结合可以互补优势,提高整体防渗系统的效果。尽管防渗墙结合土工膜的施工相对复杂,但在需要提高防渗效果的情况下,这种方案可以在一定程度上平衡成本和效果。通过综合考虑工程条件、地质条件和经济成本等因素,选择防渗墙结合土工膜的方案能够确保防渗效果,并且长期运行成本较低。在对比工况3和工况4的施工难度与成本后,工况4以其经济性和实用性成为最终选定的防渗结构方案。通过分析可知,复合土工膜与防渗墙的结合使用已经证明能够形成一个有效的防渗系统,为确保围堰的防渗效果提供了可靠的保障。
总体来说,复合土工膜+防渗墙组成的防渗体系起到较好的防渗作用,而在处理围堰的渗漏问题时,必须将重点放在提升各连接部位的密封性上,确保这些潜在的弱点得到充分加固。
(1)在确保实用性和经济性的前提下,复合土工膜和防渗墙组成的防渗体系起到较好的防渗作用,在围堰工程中具有较高的适用性和可靠性。
(2)因地质条件复杂,艳洲枢纽一期上游横向土石围堰工程选用高压旋喷灌浆法作为主要施工工艺,并采用复合土工膜防渗技术,确保了围堰的防渗效果,同时在经济成本上也具备一定的优势,具备优良的工程应用价值。
(3)针对围堰的渗漏问题,应当重点关注连接部位的密封性,并进一步加强监测和维护工作,应定期对围堰的防渗系统进行检查和保养,包括但不限于检查土工膜的完整性、防渗墙的稳定性以及接缝的密封情况,以确保围堰的安全稳定运行。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52071031)
  • 湖南省交通科技项目(202224)
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2025年第25卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-15
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国家自然科学基金(52071031)
湖南省交通科技项目(202224)
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    1 中交二航局第三工程有限公司, 江苏 镇江 212000
    2 长沙理工大学水利与环境工程学院, 长沙 410114
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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