Article(id=1152977384077779624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1152551050662785728, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)09-0070-09, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731427200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752820829645, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752820829645, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752820829645, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752820829645, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152551050662785728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='371', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752719183840, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753063306760, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1153994406857269276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1152551050662785728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1153994406857269277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1152551050662785728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=70, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152977385344459458, articleId=1152977384077779624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Study on Stress and Deformation Characteristics of Shield Tunnel in Different Soft-hard Uneven Strata: Taking the East Extension of Nanchang Metro Line 1 as an Example, columnId=1151876674645226399, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Technology Innovation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the mechanical characteristics of shield tunnels passing through different soft-hard uneven strata, a three-dimensional refined shield tunnel numerical model considering the contact effect of ring longitudinal bolt joints and segment-soil was established, and its feasibility were verified by comparing the measured data. Then, aiming at the complex ground conditions of upper soft-lower hard, upper hard-lower soft, and longitudinal soft-hard uneven strata, the influence of different strata composite ratios on the internal force, convergence deformation and vertical settlement of shield segment structure was deeply explored. The results show that with the increase of strata composite ratio, the bending moment of tunnel bottom in upper soft-lower hard strata decreases greatly, the vertical settlement of segment increases slowly and then rapidly, and the convergence deformation of segment increases linearly. Compared with the upper soft-lower hard strata, the vertical settlement response of shield segment in the upper hard-lower soft strata is more sensitive under the same composite ratio. When the tunnel lies in the longitudinal soft-hard uneven strata, the extreme value and extreme difference of the longitudinal bending moment of the segment and the shear force increase with the increase of the strata composite ratio. The convergence deformation of the segment is larger on the hard soil side than on the soft soil side.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chong LIU, Yafeng WANG, Guiyuan XIAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152977428394795875, articleId=1152977384077779624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=CN, title=不同软硬不均地层中盾构隧道受力变形特征研究——以南昌地铁1号线东延段为例, columnId=1151876674787832737, journalTitle=科技和产业, columnName=科技创新, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为探明盾构隧道穿越不同软硬不均地层的力学特性,建立考虑环纵向螺栓接头、管片-土体接触作用的三维精细化盾构隧道有限元模型,并对比实测数据验证其可行性,再针对上软下硬、上硬下软、纵向软硬不均复杂地层条件,深入探究不同地层复合比对盾构管片结构内力、收敛变形及竖向沉降的影响规律。结果表明:随地层复合比增大,上软下硬地层隧底弯矩大幅降低,管片竖向沉降呈先慢后快的增长趋势,管片收敛变形大致呈线性增长;相较于上软下硬地层,相同复合比下上硬下软地层盾构管片竖向沉降响应更为敏感;隧道下卧纵向软硬不均地层时,管片纵向弯矩极值及极差、剪力均随地层复合比的增加而提升;管片收敛变形在硬土侧较软土侧大。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=RzgBNGaN3rVYAYZcWkfeUg==, magXml=61erNo/7CyGaLFBS9q3oKA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=wONX5pSCl+yrFFJNTjk9Xg==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=+70nR7+T/Zh8MJrjZVra7Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘冲(1994—),男,河南新乡人,硕士,助理工程师,研究方向为隧道与地下工程;

王亚锋(1987—),男,陕西西安人,工程师,研究方向为隧道与地下工程;

肖桂元(1976—),男,广西桂林人,博士,教授,研究方向为特殊土成灾机理及地下工程防灾。

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肖桂元(1976—),男,广西桂林人,博士,教授,研究方向为特殊土成灾机理及地下工程防灾。

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构件类型 材料类型 弹性模量/GPa 泊松比 内摩擦角/(°) 黏聚力/kPa 基床系数/(MPa·m-1)
盾构管片 C50混凝土 34.5 0.2
环向螺栓 5.8/M27高强螺栓 210 0.3
纵向螺栓 5.8/M24高强螺栓 210 0.3
钢筋笼 HRB400/HPB300钢筋 210 0.3
土体 砂土 0.025 0.32 32 0 35
粉质黏土 0.016 0.3 18.7 33.1 15
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模型材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件类型 材料类型 弹性模量/GPa 泊松比 内摩擦角/(°) 黏聚力/kPa 基床系数/(MPa·m-1)
盾构管片 C50混凝土 34.5 0.2
环向螺栓 5.8/M27高强螺栓 210 0.3
纵向螺栓 5.8/M24高强螺栓 210 0.3
钢筋笼 HRB400/HPB300钢筋 210 0.3
土体 砂土 0.025 0.32 32 0 35
粉质黏土 0.016 0.3 18.7 33.1 15
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不同软硬不均地层中盾构隧道受力变形特征研究——以南昌地铁1号线东延段为例
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刘冲 1 , 王亚锋 1 , 肖桂元 2
科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025,25(9): 70-78
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科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025, 25(9): 70-78
不同软硬不均地层中盾构隧道受力变形特征研究——以南昌地铁1号线东延段为例
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刘冲1, 王亚锋1, 肖桂元2
作者信息
  • 1 中铁隧道股份有限公司, 郑州 450001
  • 2 桂林理工大学土木工程学院, 广西 桂林 541004
  • 刘冲(1994—),男,河南新乡人,硕士,助理工程师,研究方向为隧道与地下工程;

    王亚锋(1987—),男,陕西西安人,工程师,研究方向为隧道与地下工程;

    肖桂元(1976—),男,广西桂林人,博士,教授,研究方向为特殊土成灾机理及地下工程防灾。

Study on Stress and Deformation Characteristics of Shield Tunnel in Different Soft-hard Uneven Strata: Taking the East Extension of Nanchang Metro Line 1 as an Example
Chong LIU1, Yafeng WANG1, Guiyuan XIAO2
Affiliations
  • 1 China Railway Tunnel Stock Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 2 School of Civil Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
出版时间: 2025-05-10
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为探明盾构隧道穿越不同软硬不均地层的力学特性,建立考虑环纵向螺栓接头、管片-土体接触作用的三维精细化盾构隧道有限元模型,并对比实测数据验证其可行性,再针对上软下硬、上硬下软、纵向软硬不均复杂地层条件,深入探究不同地层复合比对盾构管片结构内力、收敛变形及竖向沉降的影响规律。结果表明:随地层复合比增大,上软下硬地层隧底弯矩大幅降低,管片竖向沉降呈先慢后快的增长趋势,管片收敛变形大致呈线性增长;相较于上软下硬地层,相同复合比下上硬下软地层盾构管片竖向沉降响应更为敏感;隧道下卧纵向软硬不均地层时,管片纵向弯矩极值及极差、剪力均随地层复合比的增加而提升;管片收敛变形在硬土侧较软土侧大。
盾构隧道  /  软硬不均地层  /  地层复合比  /  数值模拟  /  管片内力  /  变形

In order to explore the mechanical characteristics of shield tunnels passing through different soft-hard uneven strata, a three-dimensional refined shield tunnel numerical model considering the contact effect of ring longitudinal bolt joints and segment-soil was established, and its feasibility were verified by comparing the measured data. Then, aiming at the complex ground conditions of upper soft-lower hard, upper hard-lower soft, and longitudinal soft-hard uneven strata, the influence of different strata composite ratios on the internal force, convergence deformation and vertical settlement of shield segment structure was deeply explored. The results show that with the increase of strata composite ratio, the bending moment of tunnel bottom in upper soft-lower hard strata decreases greatly, the vertical settlement of segment increases slowly and then rapidly, and the convergence deformation of segment increases linearly. Compared with the upper soft-lower hard strata, the vertical settlement response of shield segment in the upper hard-lower soft strata is more sensitive under the same composite ratio. When the tunnel lies in the longitudinal soft-hard uneven strata, the extreme value and extreme difference of the longitudinal bending moment of the segment and the shear force increase with the increase of the strata composite ratio. The convergence deformation of the segment is larger on the hard soil side than on the soft soil side.

shield tunnel  /  soft-hard uneven strata  /  strata composition ratio  /  numerical simulation  /  internal force of segment  /  deformation
刘冲, 王亚锋, 肖桂元. 不同软硬不均地层中盾构隧道受力变形特征研究——以南昌地铁1号线东延段为例. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (9) : 70 -78 .
Chong LIU, Yafeng WANG, Guiyuan XIAO. Study on Stress and Deformation Characteristics of Shield Tunnel in Different Soft-hard Uneven Strata: Taking the East Extension of Nanchang Metro Line 1 as an Example[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (9) : 70 -78 .
近年来,随着城市轨道交通建设蓬勃发展,各地轨道交通线网不断延展、加密,盾构法隧道施工遭遇软硬不均地层的现象屡见不鲜。盾构隧道穿越此类地层时,容易出现管片局部破损、横向变形超限、纵向不均匀沉降等一系列突出问题[1-3]。因此,探明不同软硬不均地层中盾构隧道受力变形特性具有重要的工程意义。
学者们针对软硬不均地层中盾构隧道力学特性开展了一系列研究。理论研究方面,肖明清等[4]、黄戡等[5]对传统修正惯用法荷载体系进行修正,提出了复合地层盾构隧道荷载计算模式;晁峰等[6]提出了不均匀地层地铁隧道拱顶荷载计算的修正方法;曹利强等[7]提出了软硬不均地层中盾构掘进时不同施工参数引起地层隆沉的解析计算方法。试验研究方面,张涛[8]基于现场实测数据对比分析了软硬不均地层、均质砂层、均质岩层盾构隧道管片环外水土压力和管片内力;张晏铭等[9]开展模型试验探究了超载作用下不同硬岩比的土岩复合地层盾构隧道变形与破坏特征;陈晓坚[10]通过模型试验研究了在纵向软硬差异地段上覆水位荷载以及下卧地层损失对盾构隧道纵向差异沉降的影响;Liu等[11]开展模型试验探讨了上软下硬复合地层浅埋地铁隧道渐进坍塌机理;Liu等[12]采用缩尺隧道模型研究了软硬不均地层盾构隧道的纵向行为和破坏模式以及纵向槽钢加固机理。数值仿真方面,Yang等[13]通过离散元软件模拟了倾斜上软下硬地层隧道开挖,分析了围岩应力、位移和失效的演化规律和分布特征;王俊等[14]采用离散元手段对比分析了上软下硬地层和均质地层中盾构掘进引起的地表沉降、地中沉降及沉降槽宽度;程建龙等[15]采用有限差分软件研究了上软下硬、上硬下软及沿洞线方向软硬交替不同情况下双护盾隧道掘进机(tunnel boring machine,TBM)与围岩相互作用机理;尚彦军等[16]采用有限差分程序探究了不同侧压系数下深部复合地层TBM开挖扰动破坏特征;Mei等[17]开展三维有限元模拟研究了上软下硬复合地层大直径泥水盾构开挖引起的地表变形规律;Tu等[18]采用有限元方法研究了不同开挖方式下上软下硬浅埋隧道围岩变形及支护结构力学特性;Lü等[19]采用有限元模拟分析了不同硬岩比条件下盾构隧道对地面沉降的影响规律;玉达变等[20]通过有限元软件探究了开挖断面区域软岩地层不同占比条件下隧道围岩变形及应力特征。
综上所述,各类软硬不均地层盾构隧道受力变形特性以及开挖对周围环境的影响备受学者关注,但既有研究多聚焦于分析开挖断面内(竖向)不同软硬组合地层情况,且数值仿真大多仅考虑盾构隧道环向或纵向接头的单一影响。部分学者[10,15]虽然分析了沿隧道开挖方向(纵向)不同软硬地层组合形式,但前者未考虑地层复合比,后者数值模型对管片结构进行简化处理。鉴于此,本文以南昌地铁1号线东延段麻丘站—瑶湖西站区间盾构隧道为工程背景,建立考虑环、纵向接头的三维精细化盾构隧道数值模型,旨在更为全面地探究盾构隧道穿越竖向、纵向软硬不均地层的力学特性,着重分析不同地层复合比对盾构管片结构内力、收敛变形及竖向沉降的影响规律。
南昌地铁1号线东延段起于麻丘站,止于瑶湖西站,全段里程共4.36 km。选取南昌典型地层中具有代表性的2个地铁盾构隧道断面作为研究对象进行扩展分析[8],分别为断面1和断面2,其土层分布如图1所示。
该工程段管片环外径为6 m,内径为5.4 m,幅宽为1.2 m,错缝拼装,相邻管片的环、纵向分别由M27和M24的5.8级高强弯螺栓进行连接。单块管片内部预埋钢筋主要由纵筋和箍筋构成,管片内外排纵筋分别为10根Φ20 mm钢筋及8根4Φ25 mm+Φ22 mm的HRB400钢筋,箍筋为若干HPB300钢筋。
依托南昌1号线东延段工程建立考虑环、纵向接头的三维精细化多环盾构管片数值模型,该模型由5环管片错缝拼装而成,为增强各工况的对比性,管片拼装方式均同图2(a),即各管片环较相邻环旋转36°。单环管片由一块封顶块、2块邻接块及3块标准块通过螺栓接头连接而成,如图2(b)所示。为简化模型的收敛难度,并增强各工况的对比性,将部分土层进行等效处理,如将断面1隧道上部土体均视为粉质黏土进行分析,同图2(c)所示。
将各管片相邻接触面的切向及法向行为分别设置为硬接触及基于罚函数的Cloumb摩擦,法向行为的摩擦系数为0.4[21]。为提高模型的收敛性,将螺栓与螺栓孔间接触面的法向行为设置为硬接触,切向行为设置为无摩擦。管片手孔与螺帽的接触均视为绑定,采用“Tie”约束模拟,利用“内置约束”将钢筋笼嵌入对应的管片内部,以此来建立材料间的相互作用。并在模型受力模拟前对各环、纵向螺栓按规范[22]要求施加相应的预紧力(环、纵向螺栓预紧力分别为180、140 kN)。在模型分析前,约束土体四周的位移、底部固定,并限制隧道的纵向位移,防止受力过程中与土体产生相对滑移。
管片所用材料为C50混凝土,采用弹塑性本构计算,环、纵向螺栓均为5.8级高强弯螺栓,屈服强度为400 MPa,极限强度为500 MPa;内置钢筋类型为HRB400(纵筋)和HPB300(箍筋);土体采用摩尔-库仑本构。模型材料参数见表1
对于竖向不均地层,复合比在本文中定义为隧道开挖断面范围内软土层(粉质黏土)厚度与隧道直径的比值,物理意义为隧道开挖断面区域软土层所占比值。对于纵向不均地层,复合比在本文中的定义为隧道纵向范围内软土层(粉质黏土)分布长度与隧道区间长度的比值,物理意义为沿隧道开挖延伸方向上软土层所占比值,如图3所示。
基于断面1及断面2的地层分布,进一步扩展不同复合地层工况,主要探究不同地层复合比的上软下硬、上硬下软、纵向软硬不均地层(硬土层对应砂土,软土层对应粉质黏土)对盾构隧道结构受力变形特征的影响机理。上软下硬工况设置4种地层复合比工况,分别为0(全硬)、0.27(对应断面1)、0.50、0.73,对应的软土层高度(H1)分别为0、1.6、3.0、4.4 m;上硬下软工况设置5种地层复合比工况,分别为0.27、0.50、0.73、1.00(全软),对应的软土层高度(H1)分别为1.6、3.0、4.4、6.0 m;纵向软硬不均工况设置7种地层复合比工况,分别为0、0.25、0.33、0.50、0.67、0.75、1.00,对应的软土层纵向分布范围(L1)为0、1.5、2.0、3.0、4.0、4.5、6.0 m。
为进一步说明本文数值模型的可行性及先进性,选取依托工程的断面1和断面2现场测试结果[8]对本文建立的三维精细化多环盾构管片数值模型进行验证。数值与实测的管片弯矩分布对比如图4所示。
图4(a)图4(b)可知,本文建立的三维精细化盾构隧道数值模型计算所得结果与文献[8]的现场实测结果总体吻合较好。具体表现为:对于断面1(上软下硬),隧顶和隧底管片内侧受拉,而左右隧腰管片外侧受拉,且隧顶管片弯矩值明显大于隧底。从数值和实测结果均可以明显看到,在地层交界面(62.2°及297.8°)邻近区域管片的正弯矩较大,从地层交界面到隧腰管片弯矩逐渐变小,尤其是隧底管片弯矩普遍很小。对于断面2(全硬土),管片结构受力与断面1较为一致,均表现为隧顶及隧底内侧受拉、隧腰外侧受拉,不同之处在于:断面2隧底的管片弯矩略大于隧顶,且隧腰管片弯矩更甚于隧底,其弯矩呈“蝴蝶形”分布;而断面1由于其地层在竖向上分布不均,地层交界线上部土体更为软弱,地层抗力更小,进而导致管片弯矩在地层交界附近存在突变,地层交界线以上管片弯矩分布整体“向上移动”、交界线以下管片弯矩均有不同程度的降低。
由数值和实测对比分析可知,本文提出的三维精细化盾构隧道数值模型可较好地模拟分析盾构隧道的受力特征,可用于后续盾构隧道的数值分析,并具有较高的准确性。
通过研究不同地层复合比的上软下硬、上硬下软地层对隧道结构收敛变形、竖向沉降、截面内力的影响,从而进一步探明地层竖向分布不均作用下盾构管片力学响应规律,相应的数值计算结果分析如下。为降低边界效应对计算结果的影响,本节所展示结果均取自中环管片相应的内力、变形及沉降数据。
图5为不同地层复合比的上软下硬不均地层盾构隧道管片弯矩分布。由图5可知,隧道处于单一砂层时,其管片弯矩呈“蝴蝶形”分布,隧底弯矩略大于隧顶,均为负弯矩(内侧受拉);隧腰为正弯矩(外侧受拉),且为弯矩最大值。相较于单一砂层,当隧道处于上软下硬地层时,其管片弯矩分布形态会发生显著突变,其突变处均位于地层交界线(软硬交界处)附近,且突变处的管片弯矩均大幅提升,随地层复合比的增大(软土地层厚度的增加),隧顶弯矩略有提升,隧底弯矩大幅降低,降幅达75%以上,这是由于竖向上软下硬地层内下部硬土层区域的刚度更大,加强了周围土体的约束作用,在一定程度上限制了下部地层区域内管片弯矩的发展,导致在地层交界面上部邻近区域管片出现应力集中(弯矩突变)的现象。
图6为不同地层复合比的上软下硬地层盾构管片竖向沉降。由图6可知,随地层复合比的增大,管片竖向沉降值不断提升,并呈现先慢后快的增长趋势,这是由于粉质黏土(软土)的基床系数远小于砂土(硬土),仅为砂土的42.9%,故随着竖向软硬不均地层内软土占比的提升管片结构竖向沉降有所增长,且其沉降增速亦不断加快。
图7为不同地层复合比的上软下硬地层盾构管片收敛变形。由图7可知,上软下硬地层盾构管片收敛变形随地层复合比的增加而大致呈线性增长,当地层复合比为0.73时,管片横向收敛及竖向收敛变形相较于单一砂层作用下分别提升34.4%、29.9%。相较于单一砂层(硬土),当隧道上覆土体由硬土转换成软土时,管片结构的横向收敛及竖向收敛均有所提升,提升幅度随软土厚度的增加而增大。这是由于软土的基床系数及土拱效应均弱于硬土,故传递给隧道的上覆荷载更大,其地层沉降也越大,而硬土层性质更好,其地层沉降远小于软土层(图6也可印证),进而使得管片在软硬地层交界附近形成较为显著的应力集中效应,这从图5管片弯矩分布中亦可看出。因此,相较于单一硬土层,上软下硬地层作用下管片结构整体变形更大,并随地层复合比(软土占比)的增加,硬土对隧道变形的约束不断降低,故管片收敛变形会随地层复合比的增加而增大。
不同地层复合比的上硬下软地层盾构隧道管片弯矩分布如图8所示。由图8可知,隧道处于单一粉质黏土层(地层复合比为1.00)时,其管片弯矩分布规律与单一砂层大体一致,均呈“蝴蝶形”分布,且隧底弯矩略大于隧顶,均为负弯矩(内侧受拉),隧腰为正弯矩(外侧受拉),为弯矩最大值。与上软下硬地层类似,上硬下软地层作用下管片弯矩分布同样在地层交界线附近有所突变,突变处弯矩有所提升,不同之处在于:随上硬下软地层的地层复合比的减小,隧顶、隧腰弯矩大幅降低,并随地层复合比的减小,二者弯矩的降幅有所增大,降幅范围分别为57.3%~97.1%、25.1%~62.8%;而隧底弯矩随地层复合比的降低有所提升,增幅为16.9%~94.1%,这是由于隧道上覆土由粉质黏土转变为砂土后,地层刚度有所提升,相较于全粉质黏土层一定程度上降低了隧道的上覆荷载,硬土层起到一定的上部支撑作用,并对地层以下土体存在挤压作用。
不同地层复合比的上硬下软地层盾构隧道管片竖向沉降如图9所示。由图9可知,上硬下软地层盾构隧道管片沉降随地层复合比的增加(软土占比的提高)呈先快后慢的增长趋势,这是由于随地层复合比的提高,隧道上覆硬土层的厚度不断减小,隧道上覆硬土层的拱效应不断减弱,其与上软下硬地层的增长趋势较为类似,不同之处在于二者竖向沉降随地层复合比的增长趋势不同,前者为先快后慢、后者为先慢后快,以地层复合比0.27为例,上硬下软、上软下硬地层的竖向沉降分别为142.2、91.5 mm,前者沉降为后者的155.4%,这说明相同地层复合比下,相较于上软下硬地层,穿越上硬下软地层时隧道沉降响应更为敏感,实际工程中需特别关注。
图10为不同地层复合比的上硬下软地层盾构隧道管片收敛变形图。由图10可知,随地层复合比增加,上硬下软地层盾构管片收敛变形大致呈线性降低的态势,这与上软下硬地层的规律有所不同,这是缘于上硬下软地层的上覆硬土的土拱效应更强,一定程度上降低了隧道受到的上覆荷载,且隧道下卧软土的基床系数更小、地层沉降大,而上覆硬土的基床系数大、地层沉降小,故处于二者间的隧道管片收敛变形有所降低。相较于单一粉质黏土层(地层复合比1.00),上硬下软地层作用下管片横向、竖向收敛变形变化幅度未超过10%。
通过研究不同地层复合比的纵向软硬不均地层对隧道结构收敛变形、竖向沉降、截面内力的影响,探究地层纵向分布不均作用下盾构隧道管片力学响应规律。缘于数值模型单元数过多,收敛分析时间较长,故同第3节分析,本节亦采用5环管片进行分析。
图11为不同地层复合比的纵向软硬不均地层盾构隧道各环管片纵向内力对比图。
图11(a)图11(c)可知,当隧道处于单一砂土及粉质黏土地层时,管片纵向截面弯矩Mz(xoy截面弯矩)随隧道纵向的分布较为均匀,极差分别为338、1 342 kN·m,差值较小,这也同样说明了单一地层作用下隧道上覆荷载的分布较为均匀。当隧道处于纵向软硬不均地层时,相较于单一地层,管片纵向截面弯矩极值及其极差大幅提升,且与地层复合比大致呈线性增长,相较于单一砂层,其弯矩极值及极差分别增大387%~1 764.5%、721.2%~1 805.3%,相较于单一粉质黏土层分别增长22.7%~369.6%、90.4%~341.9%。由此可知,当隧道下卧土层由单一地层转变为纵向软硬不均地层时,管片纵向弯矩极值及极差均会大幅提升,尤其在地层交界面附近管片弯矩极值迅速增长,在远离交界面处管片弯矩增速较缓,这也说明了在地层交界面附近的管片剪力有所提升,且该弯矩极值及极差、剪力均随地层复合比的增加而提升,因此,在地层交界面附近的管片易引发管片错台、裂损等病害的产生。
图11(b)图11(d)可知,不同地层复合比下纵向软硬不均地层盾构隧道结构纵向截面轴力分布规律大体类似,除单一砂层外,其余工况的结构纵向轴力极值与极差的差距较小。
纵向软硬不均地层盾构隧道中环管片弯矩随地层复合比的变化曲线如图12所示。
图12可知,隧道下卧地层由单一地层转变为纵向不均地层时,中环管片的弯矩包络线发生较大变化,在隧腰两侧曲线向外扩张,隧顶两侧的曲线略有隆起,而在隧底变化尤为剧烈,曲线明显凸起。具体表现为:隧顶弯矩受地层复合比的影响较小,而隧底及隧腰弯矩与地层复合比呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,并在地层复合比达到0.50时达到最大,分别为197.1、161.4 kN·m,相较于单一砂层(地层复合比0)分别增大了55.6%、12.1%,相较于单一粉质黏土层(地层复合比1.00)分别增大了44.6%、12.6%。由上述分析可知,下卧地层的软硬不均使管片弯矩分布发生了较大改变,其使隧顶负弯矩区域显著增大,同时使弯矩极大值有所增大,增幅随地层复合比的增大呈先增后减的变化趋势,最大增幅近50%,此时中环管片位于地层交界处。这说明下卧地层的软硬不均会使隧道管片内力发生明显变异,导致管片受力处于不利状态,尤其隧底区域管片弯矩及剪力(弯矩变化幅度)大幅提升,更易产生裂损,且表现为越靠近软硬地层交界处,管片内力变异的更明显,弯矩及剪力的提升越大。
因此,当盾构隧道下卧纵向不均地层时,应重点加强地层交界线附近管片的(环向、纵向)受力及变形监测,并适当对管片纵向螺栓接头进行复紧,以减小地层纵向不均对隧道结构产生的不利影响。
图13为纵向软硬不均地层盾构隧道中环管片竖向沉降随地层复合比的变化曲线。由图13可知,纵向软硬不均地层作用下中环管片竖向沉降大致与地层复合比呈线性增长,表明隧道下卧土层的弱化对竖向沉降的影响较大,且随隧道下卧软土层比例的增加,竖向沉降大幅提升。
不同地层复合比的纵向软硬不均地层盾构隧道各环管片收敛变形如图14所示。
图14(a)可知,盾构隧道下卧纵向软硬不均地层时,软土侧(粉质黏土)管片收敛变形比硬土(砂土)侧更小,以地层复合比0.75时为例,软土边界处(s=6 m)管片收敛变形为15.0 mm,硬土边界处(s=0)管片收敛变形为19.5 mm,相差30%,且该差值随地层复合比的降低而降低,而地层复合比为0.25时,该差值仅为11.25%。出现这一现象的主要原因在于隧道下卧软硬不均地层的地层抗力存在较大差异性,软土抗力更小、容易变形,硬土抗力较大、不易变形,导致在地层交界处(软硬突变处)管片环的应力集中较为明显,加之软土因抗力小对隧道有一定的缓冲作用,故软土侧管片的收敛变形较硬土侧小。图14(b)图14(a)的规律基本一致,在此不做赘述。
需要解释的是,这并不代表纵向软硬不均地层会降低软土侧的横向收敛变形,相较于单一砂层,下卧地层软硬不均时(地层复合比为0~1,不含0和1),硬土侧管片收敛变形显著增大,且随地层复合比的增加,收敛变形的增幅越大,为15.2%~18.9%,而软土侧管片收敛变形在地层复合比不大于0.5时略大于单一砂层,在地层复合比大于0.5时小于单一砂层,这表明下卧纵向软硬不均地层会使隧道收敛变形在纵向上分布不均,导致管片收敛变形最值大幅提升。因此,当隧道下卧纵向软硬不均地层时,对在硬土侧结构的受力性能有更高的要求。故可考虑采用粘钢法等方法提升其刚度,控制隧道的横向收敛变形,必要时也可采用地层注浆或硬土区隧道上部卸载等方法降低结构的收敛变形。
通过对盾构隧道穿越不同软硬不均地层开展精细化数值仿真分析,并结合实测数据验证了数值模型的可靠性,探究了不同软硬不均地层对盾构隧道受力特性的影响规律,基于本文计算参数得到以下结论。
(1)建立了上软下硬、上硬下软、纵向软硬不均地层条件下的三维精细化盾构隧道模型,模型考虑了管片与螺栓间的相互作用、管片与土体间的接触、环纵向螺栓初始预紧力,并经现场实测结果验证其在精准模拟分析盾构隧道力学性能具有较好的可行性。
(2)相较于单一地层,上软下硬地层盾构隧道在地层交界处邻域处管片应力集中显著,弯矩大幅提升,且随地层复合比(软土层占比)增大,隧顶弯矩略有提升,隧底弯矩大幅降低(降幅达75%以上),管片竖向沉降呈先慢后快的增长趋势,管片收敛变形大致呈线性增长,最大增幅超过30%。
(3)对于上硬下软地层,随地层复合比降低,管片隧顶及隧腰弯矩均大幅降低,但隧底弯矩有所提升;相同地层复合比下,相较于上软下硬地层,隧道穿越上硬下软地层时沉降响应更为敏感;管片收敛变形与地层复合比大致呈线性负相关,其变化幅度未超过10%。
(4)盾构隧道下卧纵向软硬不均地层时,管片纵向弯矩极值及极差均会大幅提升,在地层交界面附近管片剪力有所提升,且管片弯矩极值及极差、剪力均随地层复合比的增加而提升,极易引发管片错台、裂损;管片收敛变形在硬土侧较软土侧大,且变形最值与两侧变形差值随地层复合比的减小而降低,可见对硬土侧结构受力性能要求更高。
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-13
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国家自然科学基金(52169022)
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    1 中铁隧道股份有限公司, 郑州 450001
    2 桂林理工大学土木工程学院, 广西 桂林 541004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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