Article(id=1149673295403991461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1149670639897854094, articleNumber=1671-1807(2025)10-0077-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733414400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752033073521, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752033073521, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752033073521, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752033073521, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149670639897854094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, year='2025', volume='25', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='377', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752032440399, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756780756355, updator=15831073675, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169586520596947842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1149670639897854094, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169586520596947843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, issueId=1149670639897854094, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=77, endPage=82, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151877662193627433, articleId=1149673295403991461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, language=EN, title=Erosion Characteristics and Improvement of Anti-erosion of Bend Pipe Union, columnId=1151876674645226399, journalTitle=Science Technology and Industry, columnName=Technology Innovation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Erosion wear of movable elbow is an important problem that cannot be ignored in fracturing field. In view of the phenomenon that particles carried in fracturing fluid are prone to erosion and wear of movable elbow pipes, a flow channel model was established. Orthogonal tests were designed according to the fluid parameters and pipeline structural parameters of movable elbow, and the influence of the erosion rate was analyzed by CFD numerical simulation. The test results show that the influence degree of each working parameter on the erosion rate of movable elbow is particle mass flow rate > particle diameter >2# bend Angle > flow rate. According to the orthogonal test results can guide the actual work, when the movable elbow is placed in U-shape, the erosion wear is the largest, and the position is in the bending surface of the elbow, so the movable elbow should be avoided in the U-shape state to reduce the erosion. At the same time, the erosion resistance design of the bend of the movable elbow is carried out, and the triangle erosion resistance groove is added. The maximum erosion wear rate of the original structure and the improved structure is compared with that of the original structure. The erosion wear of the improved structure is reduced by 39.01%, which proves that the improvement can effectively reduce the erosion wear of the movable elbow during work, and provides a solution for the erosion resistance of the movable elbow.

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活动弯头的冲蚀磨损是压裂现场不可忽视的重要问题。针对压裂液中携带的颗粒容易冲蚀磨损活动弯头管道的现象,建立流道模型,根据活动弯头工作时的流体参数和管道结构参数设计正交试验,并利用CFD数值模拟分析对冲蚀率的影响大小。试验结果表明,活动弯头的各工作参数对其冲蚀率的影响程度大小排序依次为:颗粒质量流量>颗粒直径>2#弯管角度>流速。根据正交试验结果可指导实际工作,活动弯头为U形放置的时候冲蚀磨损最大,位置在弯头外弯曲面,故在布置活动弯头时应避免处于U形状态以减小冲蚀。同时对活动弯头的拐弯处进行抗冲蚀设计,增加三角形抗冲蚀槽,并对比分析原结构和改进结构的最大冲蚀磨损率,改进结构相较于原结构减少了39.01%的冲蚀磨损,证明该改进可以有效减小活动弯头在工作时的冲蚀磨损,为活动弯头抗冲蚀提供了解决思路。

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何宗毅(1998—),男,湖北武汉人,硕士研究生,研究方向为流体传动控制与机械结构设计。

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2. 长江大学机械结构强度与振动研究所, 湖北 荆州 434023, bio={"content":"

何宗毅(1998—),男,湖北武汉人,硕士研究生,研究方向为流体传动控制与机械结构设计。

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何宗毅(1998—),男,湖北武汉人,硕士研究生,研究方向为流体传动控制与机械结构设计。

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因素 水平
2#弯管角度DR/(°) 0 30 45 75 90
固体颗粒直径D/mm 2 3 4 5 6
颗粒质量流量M/(kg·s-1) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
流速V/(m·s-1) 6 8 10 12 15
), ArticleFig(id=1173173733905806331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1149673295403991461, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各因素及水平

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因素 水平
2#弯管角度DR/(°) 0 30 45 75 90
固体颗粒直径D/mm 2 3 4 5 6
颗粒质量流量M/(kg·s-1) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
流速V/(m·s-1) 6 8 10 12 15
), ArticleFig(id=1173173733977109500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1149673295403991461, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 2#弯管
角度DR/(°)
颗粒直径
D/mm
颗粒质量流量
M/(kg·s-1)
流速V/
(m·s-1)
1 0 0.2 1 4
2 0 0.3 2 10
3 0 0.4 3 6
4 0 0.5 1.5 12
5 0 0.6 2.5 18
6 45 0.2 3 10
7 45 0.3 1.5 6
8 45 0.4 2.5 12
9 45 0.5 1 8
10 45 0.6 1.5 4
11 90 0.2 2.5 6
12 90 0.3 1 12
13 90 0.4 2 8
14 90 0.5 3 4
15 90 0.6 1.5 10
16 135 0.2 2 12
17 135 0.3 3 8
18 135 0.4 1.5 4
19 135 0.5 2.5 10
20 135 0.6 1 6
21 180 0.2 1.5 8
22 180 0.3 2.5 4
23 180 0.4 1 10
24 180 0.5 2 6
25 180 0.6 3 12
), ArticleFig(id=1173173734081967101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1149673295403991461, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正交试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 2#弯管
角度DR/(°)
颗粒直径
D/mm
颗粒质量流量
M/(kg·s-1)
流速V/
(m·s-1)
1 0 0.2 1 4
2 0 0.3 2 10
3 0 0.4 3 6
4 0 0.5 1.5 12
5 0 0.6 2.5 18
6 45 0.2 3 10
7 45 0.3 1.5 6
8 45 0.4 2.5 12
9 45 0.5 1 8
10 45 0.6 1.5 4
11 90 0.2 2.5 6
12 90 0.3 1 12
13 90 0.4 2 8
14 90 0.5 3 4
15 90 0.6 1.5 10
16 135 0.2 2 12
17 135 0.3 3 8
18 135 0.4 1.5 4
19 135 0.5 2.5 10
20 135 0.6 1 6
21 180 0.2 1.5 8
22 180 0.3 2.5 4
23 180 0.4 1 10
24 180 0.5 2 6
25 180 0.6 3 12
), ArticleFig(id=1173173734153270270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1149673295403991461, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 平方和S 自由度F 均方和V F 排序
DR 25.553 4 6.388 1.829 3
D 53.589 4 13.397 3.836 2
M 103.954 4 25.989 7.440 1
V 15.331 4 3.833 1.097 4
), ArticleFig(id=1173173734216184831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1149673295403991461, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

方差分析

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因素 平方和S 自由度F 均方和V F 排序
DR 25.553 4 6.388 1.829 3
D 53.589 4 13.397 3.836 2
M 103.954 4 25.989 7.440 1
V 15.331 4 3.833 1.097 4
), ArticleFig(id=1173173734337819648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1149673295403991461, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 DR D M V
K1 32.830 11.740 12.690 18.240
K2 18.310 19.760 22.130 28.460
K3 25.320 32.570 16.960 22.400
K4 20.010 28.420 24.890 22.010
K5 22.940 26.920 42.740 28.300
k1 6.566 2.348 2.538 3.648
k2 3.662 3.952 4.426 5.692
k3 5.064 6.514 3.392 4.480
k4 4.002 5.684 4.978 4.402
k5 4.588 5.384 8.548 5.660
R 2.904 4.166 6.010 2.044
), ArticleFig(id=1173173734421704704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1149673295403991461, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

极差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 DR D M V
K1 32.830 11.740 12.690 18.240
K2 18.310 19.760 22.130 28.460
K3 25.320 32.570 16.960 22.400
K4 20.010 28.420 24.890 22.010
K5 22.940 26.920 42.740 28.300
k1 6.566 2.348 2.538 3.648
k2 3.662 3.952 4.426 5.692
k3 5.064 6.514 3.392 4.480
k4 4.002 5.684 4.978 4.402
k5 4.588 5.384 8.548 5.660
R 2.904 4.166 6.010 2.044
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活动弯头冲蚀特性研究及抗冲蚀改进
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何宗毅 1, 2
科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025,25(10): 77-82
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科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025, 25(10): 77-82
活动弯头冲蚀特性研究及抗冲蚀改进
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何宗毅1, 2
作者信息
  • 1. 长江大学机械工程学院, 湖北 荆州 434023
  • 2. 长江大学机械结构强度与振动研究所, 湖北 荆州 434023
  • 何宗毅(1998—),男,湖北武汉人,硕士研究生,研究方向为流体传动控制与机械结构设计。

Erosion Characteristics and Improvement of Anti-erosion of Bend Pipe Union
Zongyi HE1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
  • 2. Institute of Mechanical Structure Strength and Vibration, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25
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活动弯头的冲蚀磨损是压裂现场不可忽视的重要问题。针对压裂液中携带的颗粒容易冲蚀磨损活动弯头管道的现象,建立流道模型,根据活动弯头工作时的流体参数和管道结构参数设计正交试验,并利用CFD数值模拟分析对冲蚀率的影响大小。试验结果表明,活动弯头的各工作参数对其冲蚀率的影响程度大小排序依次为:颗粒质量流量>颗粒直径>2#弯管角度>流速。根据正交试验结果可指导实际工作,活动弯头为U形放置的时候冲蚀磨损最大,位置在弯头外弯曲面,故在布置活动弯头时应避免处于U形状态以减小冲蚀。同时对活动弯头的拐弯处进行抗冲蚀设计,增加三角形抗冲蚀槽,并对比分析原结构和改进结构的最大冲蚀磨损率,改进结构相较于原结构减少了39.01%的冲蚀磨损,证明该改进可以有效减小活动弯头在工作时的冲蚀磨损,为活动弯头抗冲蚀提供了解决思路。

活动弯头  /  冲蚀磨损  /  正交试验  /  结构优化

Erosion wear of movable elbow is an important problem that cannot be ignored in fracturing field. In view of the phenomenon that particles carried in fracturing fluid are prone to erosion and wear of movable elbow pipes, a flow channel model was established. Orthogonal tests were designed according to the fluid parameters and pipeline structural parameters of movable elbow, and the influence of the erosion rate was analyzed by CFD numerical simulation. The test results show that the influence degree of each working parameter on the erosion rate of movable elbow is particle mass flow rate > particle diameter >2# bend Angle > flow rate. According to the orthogonal test results can guide the actual work, when the movable elbow is placed in U-shape, the erosion wear is the largest, and the position is in the bending surface of the elbow, so the movable elbow should be avoided in the U-shape state to reduce the erosion. At the same time, the erosion resistance design of the bend of the movable elbow is carried out, and the triangle erosion resistance groove is added. The maximum erosion wear rate of the original structure and the improved structure is compared with that of the original structure. The erosion wear of the improved structure is reduced by 39.01%, which proves that the improvement can effectively reduce the erosion wear of the movable elbow during work, and provides a solution for the erosion resistance of the movable elbow.

bend pipe union  /  erosive wear  /  orthogonal test  /  structure improvement
何宗毅. 活动弯头冲蚀特性研究及抗冲蚀改进. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (10) : 77 -82 .
Zongyi HE. Erosion Characteristics and Improvement of Anti-erosion of Bend Pipe Union[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (10) : 77 -82 .
在油气田管道,尤其是在压裂液管道中,活动弯头因其可以360°旋转,常被用于局限空间的管汇连接。其主要作用是改变和调整被运输介质的流动方向,在局限空间内使用活动弯头连接管道具有成本低,实用性广和可操作性高等优势。压裂管道中的压裂液常常会携带部分的固体颗粒,当介质在活动弯头中高速流动时,因弯头改变了介质的流动方向,固体颗粒会以不同的角度和速度对弯头的内壁进行冲刷,致使弯头内壁减薄,承压能力减弱,最终引发管道破裂等安全事故[1-3]。因此有必要对不同工况与连接方式的活动弯头进行冲蚀预测,找到可能发生最大冲蚀磨损的位置,并进行针对性改进,以提高活动弯头的使用寿命。
目前,国内外许多专家和学者对管道弯头的冲蚀磨损问题进行了大量的研究与试验。黎伟等[4]基于计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)-离散相模型(discrete phase model,DPM)方法对60.3 mm的直角弯管进行冲蚀仿真,预测颗粒在不同流速、直径和质量流量下对直角弯管的冲蚀趋势。曹学文等[5]采用气液固多相流试验环道,开展段塞流条件下携砂水平弯管的冲蚀研究,探究不同砂粒直径对冲蚀规律的影响。王硕等[6]采用CFD-DPM的方式开展水煤浆管路主要参数对直角弯管的冲蚀磨损速率的单变量模拟,研究找出了对弯管磨损最小的工况。郭姿含等[7]运用CFD-DPM方法,对具有仿生表面结构的弯管进行抗冲刷特性研究,考虑不同流速和颗粒质量流量对冲蚀的影响,并验证三角形槽的仿生结构可以有效减小管道的冲蚀磨损。彭文山和曹学文[8]分析不同管径和砂粒特性对弯管的冲蚀特性与磨损影响。杨金梅[9]针对90°弯管容易发生冲蚀磨损的情况,在弯管处增加了特殊结构并对比改进前后的冲蚀情况,发现该结构可以提高弯管耐冲蚀性能。Zhang等[10]研究水力压裂浆液流动过程中高压管道(high pressure pipe,HPP)的浆液侵蚀。通过对高压弯头的宏观特征和扫描电镜进行失效分析,得出高压弯头的失效原因和失效机理。高凯歌等[11]对通径69.85 mm的活动弯头进行冲蚀磨损仿真模拟,模拟弯头在不同布置角度下的冲蚀磨损,其结果与实际工况吻合。李美求等[12]总结了冲蚀磨损对管道承压能力的削弱与危害,同时提出了模拟仿真在管道冲蚀研究方面的下一步发展与方向。华剑等[13]针对变径管易被冲蚀的问题基于DPM模型分析不同流体参数和管道参数下的参数规律,并提出一种改进结构以减小其冲蚀磨损。
综上所述,现有的管道弯头冲蚀磨损研究大多集中在90°的直角弯头或单个弯头上。对于活动弯头的冲蚀磨损暂时还没涉及各尺寸及工况因素的相互影响。因此,本文以石油四机生产的活动弯头为例结合压裂管道中活动弯头的实际工况,基于CFD-DPM模型和正交试验方法探究安装角度、颗粒直径、颗粒质量流量与流速共4个因素对活动弯头冲蚀影响的程度大小,并为活动弯头抗冲蚀提出优化方向。
以 “石油四机”生产的2 in口径的活动弯头为例,其结构如图1所示,分为入口段、扭转段和出口段。压裂液从入口段进入,经过活动弯头的扭转段后,按预先调整好角度改变流动方向,最后从出口段流出。
利用三维软件对上述2 in(1 in=2.54 cm)活动弯头的流道进行建模。为了使介质在管道内可以充分发展,入口段长度取4倍公称直径,出口段同样取4倍公称直径,活动弯头流道建模如图2所示。由于活动弯头在使用时,会根据实际情况调整扭转角,因此对应的流道模型也会改变。
根据活动弯头流体区域的几何轮廓特点,采用多区域的方法对流体区域进行六面体网格划分,为了提高计算结果的准确度,对进出口添加膨胀层控制第一层网格高度,同时加密弯管处的网格,网格划分如图3所示。
网格数量对后续冲蚀仿真计算效率和结果精确度有很大影响,因此现在以同一流动条件,不同网格数目计算的冲蚀磨损率为评判依据[14],对模型进行网格无关性检验,结果如图4所示。可以看出当网格数量小于64万时,活动弯头冲蚀率的波动幅度较大。随着网格数量不断增多至132万后,活动弯头管道的冲蚀率变化幅度逐渐减小,趋势趋于平稳。最后综合考虑计算准确性和计算成本,选择网格数量为64万用于后续的仿真计算。
根据水力压裂工作的实际工况,设置活动弯头入口为速度入口,入口湍流强度和水力直径分别为5%和50 mm,管道壁面为反射边界,活动弯头出口为静压出口,其值为10 MPa,采用RNG $\kappa -\epsilon $湍流模型,瞬态计算,时间步设置为1 000,时间步长设置为0.001。在残差曲线精度为10-4的情况下,同时对进出口流量进行检测,当活动弯头进出口流量保持平衡且残差曲线基本保持不变时则认为结果收敛。
在对活动弯头进行冲蚀模拟仿真时,需要确定其控制方程和湍流模型。当介质通过活动弯头时,质量和动量均需要保持守恒,得到控制方程[15]如下。
质量守恒连续方程:
$\frac{\partial \rho }{\partial t}+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{m}}\left(\rho {v}_{m}\right)=0$
动量方程:
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left(\rho {v}_{m}\right)+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{n}}\left(\rho {v}_{m}{v}_{n}\right)=-\frac{\partial p}{\partial {x}_{m}}+\frac{\partial {\tau }_{mn}}{\partial {c}_{n}}+\rho {g}_{n}+{V}_{m}$
${\tau }_{mn}=\left[\mu \left(\frac{\partial {v}_{m}}{\partial {x}_{n}}+\frac{\partial {v}_{n}}{\partial {x}_{m}}\right)\right]-\frac{2}{3}\mu \frac{\partial {\tau }_{m}}{\partial {x}_{m}}{\delta }_{mn}$
能量方程:
$\begin{array}{c}\frac{\partial}{\partial t}(\rho E)+\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{m}}\left[v_{m}(\rho E+p)\right]= \frac{\partial}{\partial x_{m}}\left[\lambda \frac{\partial v_{m}}{\partial x_{m}}-\sum_{n^{\prime}} h_{n^{\prime}} J_{n^{\prime}}+v_{n}\left(\tau_{m n}\right)\right]+S_{\varepsilon}\end{array}$
式中: $\rho $为密度;t为时间;v为介质矢量速度;Vm为体积力;P为压力; ${\tau }_{mn}$为应力张量; $\lambda $为导热系数; ${S}_{\epsilon }$为能量源;E为湍流耗散率。
压裂液管道中介质流动属于湍流,目前 $k-\epsilon $湍流模型是运用最广泛的,其中的RNG $k-\epsilon $模型考虑的介质高速流动时的涡流对流动的影响,能够提高计算的准确性,因此选用RNG $k-\epsilon $湍流模型来描述活动弯头内部的介质流动。
$\begin{array}{c}\frac{\partial(p k)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial\left(\rho k u_{i}\right)}{\partial x_{j}}=\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}\left[\left(\mu+\frac{\mu_{t}}{\sigma_{k}}\right) \frac{\partial k}{\partial x_{j}}\right]+ G_{k}+G_{\mathrm{b}}-\rho \varepsilon-Y_{\mathrm{m}}+S_{k}\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{c}\frac{\partial(\rho \varepsilon)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial\left(\rho \varepsilon u_{i}\right)}{\partial x_{j}}=\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}\left[\left(\mu+\frac{\mu_{t}}{\sigma_{\varepsilon}}\right) \frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial x_{j}}\right]+ G_{1 \varepsilon} \frac{\varepsilon}{k} G_{k}-G_{2 \varepsilon} \rho \frac{\varepsilon^{2}}{k}+S_{\varepsilon} ,\mu_{t}=\rho C_{\mu} \frac{k^{2}}{\varepsilon}\end{array}$
式中:k为湍流动能; $\epsilon $为湍流耗散率;ui为平均速度;xj为空间坐标; ${\mu }_{t}$为湍流黏性系数;Gk为平均速度引起的湍流动能产生项;Gb为由浮力引起的湍动能k的产生项;Ym为湍流引起的能量波;其余均为经验常数。
根据压裂作业的实际工作条件,活动弯头内的介质主要为压裂液和压裂颗粒,一般颗粒所占的体积分数小于10%,故可以忽略固体颗粒之间的碰撞影响。因此选用DPM模型即可全面地分析各参数对活动弯头的冲蚀磨损。
活动弯头壁面的冲蚀磨损程度和许多因素有关系,选用典型的冲蚀磨损模型进行分析[16]
${R}_{erosion}=\sum _{n=1}^{N}\frac{{m}_{n}C\left({d}_{n}\right)f\left(\theta \right){w}^{b\left(u\right)}}{{A}_{face}}$
式中:Rerosion为冲蚀磨损率;N为颗粒数目;mn为质量流量; $C\left({d}_{n}\right)=1.8\times {10}^{-9},$为直径系数; $\theta $为冲击角; $f\left(\theta \right)$为颗粒冲击函数;b(u)为颗粒的速度相关函数;w为颗粒碰撞速率计算函数;Aface为冲蚀壁面面积。
压裂液中的固体颗粒在与活动弯头壁面碰撞的过程中,会有能量的传递与损失,同时动量也会随着固体颗粒的反弹而随着恢复系数发生变化。恢复系数分为法向与切向恢复系数,其代表了颗粒在与管内壁发生碰撞前后的动量方向的变化值,因此采用Forder Rebound Model回弹模型[17]来反映固体颗粒的动量变化。
${\epsilon }_{N}=0.993-0.030 7\alpha +4.75\times {10}^{-4}{\alpha }^{2}-2.61\times {10}^{-6}{\alpha }^{3}$
${\epsilon }_{T}=0.998-0.029\alpha +6.43\times {10}^{-4}{\alpha }^{2}-3.56\times {10}^{-6}{\alpha }^{3}$
式中: $\alpha $为固体颗粒碰撞壁面的角度; ${\epsilon }_{N}、{\epsilon }_{T}$为法向和切向方向的恢复系数。
介质在活动弯头内流动时,2#弯头角度DR、介质中颗粒的直径D,颗粒的质量流量M和流速V均影响弯头的冲蚀磨损率。为了准确获得这四个关键因素对活动弯头管道冲蚀磨损率的影响程度大小,将上述2#弯头角度DR、介质中颗粒的直径D、颗粒的质量流量M和流速V作为正交分析试验的因素,同时根据压裂现场的常见工况,确定了各个因素的5个水平,具体参数如表1所示。
由于试验共有4个因素而每个因素对应5个水平,涉及的试验次数较多,因此采用正交试验方法以减少试验次数,缩短试验周期,正交试验方案如表2所示,同时根据表2的参数分别建立对应的CFD仿真模型,进行CFD分析。
对上文正交试验得到的25组活动弯头冲蚀试验方案进行流体仿真后,通过软件提取出各方案的冲蚀磨损率结果。同时将所得到的冲蚀磨损作为因变量,各因素的水平为自变量,导入SPSS软件中进行方差分析与极差分析(表3)。
在方差分析中,检验2#弯管角度DR、颗粒直径D、颗粒质量流量M及流速V的均值是否相等,从而判断上述变量是否对因变量冲蚀磨损率具有显著影响。
通过表3可以得到各因素对活动弯头磨损率的影响排序为颗粒质量流量M>颗粒直径D>2#弯管角度DR>流速V,故对冲蚀磨损率影响最明显的是颗粒质量流量,而颗粒直径和2#弯管角度次之,最不明显的是流速。因此若想减小活动弯头冲蚀磨损可以考虑减小颗粒质量流量,但在压裂现场,压裂液中的颗粒含量都是事先根据工况需求预先调配好的,一般不轻易修改。故想要想减小冲蚀磨损率首先考虑优化活动弯头的布置方案或对弯头结构进行修改。
极差分析是各因素的水平对冲蚀磨损率影响大小的平均数,其变化看作该因素不同水平的效应,在进行极差分析时极差R越大说明影响程度越大。如表4所示。
通过表4的极差分析结果可以看出颗粒质量流量M的极差值R最大,其影响程度也最大,而流速V对冲蚀磨损率影响最小,将上述各因素的极差值进行由大到小的排序可以比较得到对活动弯头冲蚀磨损率的影响程度依次为颗粒质量流量M>颗粒直径D>2#弯管角度DR>流速V,结果与方差分析一致。
以最大冲蚀磨损率为目标可以得到活动弯头冲蚀磨损最大的工况,对颗粒质量流量M取3 kg/s、颗粒直径D取0.6 mm、2#弯管角度DR取0°、流速V取12 m/s,并以此工况来检验后续结构优化的效果。
用正交试验得到冲蚀磨损最严重的工况,对活动弯头进行冲蚀仿真,得到图5所示的活动弯头的冲蚀磨损云图,由此可以看出冲蚀主要集中在两节弯管处,弯管比直管段更加容易受到固体颗粒的冲蚀。由于介质带动压裂颗粒在管道中流动时,颗粒受到离心力和介质的扰动,使弯头的外弯曲面比内弯曲面更加容易受到颗粒的冲击与磨损,其中最大冲蚀磨损率为9.1×10-9 kg/m2,主要发生在2#弯管的外弯曲面。
根据上文得到的结论可知弯管处更容易受到颗粒冲蚀,因此考虑在活动弯头的弯管处增加三角形抗冲蚀槽[7],流道如图6(a)所示,根据郭姿含等[7]的正交试验结果,确定当三角抗冲蚀槽的槽宽为4 mm,槽深为4 mm。槽间距为3 mm时,抗冲蚀效果最好且三角抗冲蚀槽需要覆盖弯头的整个90°弯曲面,因此共设计23个槽。具体尺寸如图6(b)所示。其余区域的尺寸与原模型相同。
以颗粒质量流量M=3 kg/s、颗粒直径D=0.6 mm、2#弯管角度DR=0°、流速V=12 m/s的工况下对活动弯头抗冲蚀改进结构进行冲蚀模拟仿真,结果如图7所示。
图7可以看出改进结构的冲蚀磨损呈V字形点状分布在弯管的45°~75°外弯曲面的槽间,最大冲蚀率为5.55×10-9 kg/m2位于2#弯管的出口端的三角槽内,且在该处的冲蚀集中明显。而1#弯管内侧也有少量的冲蚀磨损,同样呈现V字形分布,但磨损率均较低。
结合图6原结构的活动弯头冲蚀磨损云图可知颗粒在管道内运动时先与1#弯管的外弯曲面发生撞击,改变运动方向,然后在管内壁不断反射碰撞,最终大量的颗粒在2#弯管外弯曲面发生碰撞,形成块状的冲蚀磨损区域,且越靠近出口越集中。而改进后的结构,可以看出抗冲蚀槽对介质的流动产生扰动,使一些颗粒在介质的作用下被带离了壁面,而没有抗冲蚀槽时这些颗粒则会与壁面发生碰撞。因此以原结构在该工况下的最大冲蚀率9.1×10-9 kg/m2为标准,三角形抗冲蚀槽能有效减小活动弯头的冲蚀磨损,冲蚀率减小39.01%。
结合正交试验方法和CFD-DPM模型,对活动弯头冲蚀进行有效的仿真计算,探究活动弯头的冲蚀磨损率与各工作参数之间的关系。并运用正交试验结果,以活动弯头冲蚀磨损率为目标对结构进行抗冲蚀改进,并得到以下结论。
(1)不同因素对活动弯头的冲蚀磨损影响情况排序为依次为颗粒质量流量M>颗粒直径D>2#弯管角度DR>流速V,该结论可以为现场布置活动弯头提供指导思路,增加弯头使用寿命。
(2)当各因素水平为颗粒质量流量M取3 kg/s、颗粒直径D取0.6 mm、2#弯管角度DR取0°、流速V取12 m/s时活动弯头的冲蚀磨损达到最大,且主要集中在2#弯管的外弯曲面靠近出口处,在布置活动弯头时应尽量避免此类工况。
(3)以减小活动弯头冲蚀磨损率为目标提出抗冲蚀磨损优化结构。在弯管外弯曲面增加三角形抗冲蚀槽,仿真结果表明改进结构能有效减小活动弯头的冲蚀磨损。
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2025年第25卷第10期
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-06
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    1. 长江大学机械工程学院, 湖北 荆州 434023
    2. 长江大学机械结构强度与振动研究所, 湖北 荆州 434023
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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