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Vertical joints are a key characteristic of loess, contributing to its strong anisotropies. This factor must be taken into consideration in engineering activities. The development mechanism of vertical joints in loess at great depths under the influence of dry-wet cycles was investigated, focusing on a highway tunnel passing through a loess irrigation area. The appropriate method was also explored for calculating this phenomenon. Through a comprehensive analysis of diffraction patterns and scanning electron microscopy, it was proposed that soluble salts in the loess play a key role in cementation. A significant amount of soluble salts dissolved in water and migrated downward during dry-wet cycles, disrupting the cementation of the loess. This results in a shift from point-to-point contact between soil particles to point-to-surface or surface-to-surface contact. Additionally, the recrystallization after migration leads to the development and expansion of fine pores in the loess. The continued expansion of the joint fracture volume also creates a pathway for further downward penetration of the water flow. This cyclical interaction between loess and water will facilitate the development of joint fractures at greater depths. The surface cracks and sinkholes in underground engineering activities carried out in similar strata are the visible signs of the progressive development of internal cracks in loess from the subsurface to the surface. The utilization of random joint mesh DNF in finite element software to convert joints into discrete, planar, and finite-size elements is a viable approach for representing the anisotropy of loess in calculations. It also introduces a new concept for the equivalent treatment of discontinuous problems using the continuous mechanics method.

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垂直节理是构成黄土的主要特征之一,其赋予黄土强烈的各向异性,是工程活动中不得不考虑的影响因素。以穿越黄土灌溉区的某公路隧道为依托,研究干湿循环作用下黄土垂直节理向深部发展的机理及其在计算中的合理表述。通过衍射分析法及扫面电镜法的综合分析,提出黄土中的可溶盐是构成胶结体的关键部分,干湿循环过程中大量的易溶盐溶于水并向下迁移,破坏了黄土的胶结作用,使得土颗粒间的点-点接触变为点-面接触或面-面接触,同时迁移后的重结晶作用导致黄土内部细小的孔隙拉伸、发育、扩大、串联。循环往复的黄土-水相互作用会促使节理裂隙向深部发育,发育深度甚至可达十数米至隧道埋深,传统的有限元模拟手段无法表现这一破坏过程对隧道产生的影响,在有限元软件中采用随机节理网格(DNF)将节理等效为离散的、平面的和有限尺寸的单元,是在计算中表述黄土各向异性的更为可行方案。

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李涛(1991—),男,甘肃兰州人,硕士,工程师,研究方向为地下工程、岩土工程;

张建(1987—),男,山东汶上人,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为隧道工程;

王永刚(1979—),男,山东诸城人,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向为隧道工程、岩土工程;

孙纬宇(1991—),男,甘肃天水人,博士,副教授,研究方向为地下工程、岩土工程;

吕硕(1990—),男,甘肃白银人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为隧道工程;

许政东(1996—),男,甘肃天水人,工程师,研究方向为地下工程、岩土工程。

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王永刚(1979—),男,山东诸城人,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向为隧道工程、岩土工程;

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许政东(1996—),男,甘肃天水人,工程师,研究方向为地下工程、岩土工程。

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figureFileSmall=AMV0T7qcrFWRwzSyVkyypA==, figureFileBig=4Xbj29Plakx/cmGVgDsIpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173173868320669751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1149670640585719950, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分 占比/% 成分 占比/%
SiO2 58.82 ZrO2 0.039 8
Al2O3 15.55 SrO 0.037 6
CaO 11.43 ZnO 0.017 8
Fe2O3 4.76 V2O5 0.016 1
MgO 3.38 Rb2O 0.012 2
K2O 2.58 Ag2O 0.010 4
Na2O 1.76 Cr2O3 0.010 2
TiO2 0.67 NiO 0.006 8
SO3 0.39 Y2O3 0.004 1
P2O5 0.25 CO3O4 0.003 4
Cl 0.11 CuO 0.003 3
MnO 0.09 PbO 0.002 1
BaO 0.04 Ga2O3 0.001 9
), ArticleFig(id=1173173868387778616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123222451335185, articleId=1149670640585719950, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究区黄土X射线衍射分析成果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分 占比/% 成分 占比/%
SiO2 58.82 ZrO2 0.039 8
Al2O3 15.55 SrO 0.037 6
CaO 11.43 ZnO 0.017 8
Fe2O3 4.76 V2O5 0.016 1
MgO 3.38 Rb2O 0.012 2
K2O 2.58 Ag2O 0.010 4
Na2O 1.76 Cr2O3 0.010 2
TiO2 0.67 NiO 0.006 8
SO3 0.39 Y2O3 0.004 1
P2O5 0.25 CO3O4 0.003 4
Cl 0.11 CuO 0.003 3
MnO 0.09 PbO 0.002 1
BaO 0.04 Ga2O3 0.001 9
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黄土围岩 黏聚力/kPa 內摩擦角/(°) 泊松比 密度/(g·cm-3)
62.23 30.06 1.77
黄土节理 法向刚度
Ka/MPa
切向刚度
Ks/MPa
黏聚力/
kPa
内摩擦角/
(°)
14 0.94 16.7 21
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物理力学参数表

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黄土围岩 黏聚力/kPa 內摩擦角/(°) 泊松比 密度/(g·cm-3)
62.23 30.06 1.77
黄土节理 法向刚度
Ka/MPa
切向刚度
Ks/MPa
黏聚力/
kPa
内摩擦角/
(°)
14 0.94 16.7 21
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黄土垂直节理发育机理及其合理的数值计算方法
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李涛 1 , 张建 1, 2 , 王永刚 1 , 孙纬宇 2 , 吕硕 1 , 许政东 1
科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025,25(10): 1-8
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科技和产业 | 科技创新 2025, 25(10): 1-8
黄土垂直节理发育机理及其合理的数值计算方法
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李涛1, 张建1, 2, 王永刚1, 孙纬宇2, 吕硕1, 许政东1
作者信息
  • 1. 甘肃省交通规划勘察设计院股份有限公司, 兰州 730030
  • 2. 兰州交通大学土木工程学院, 兰州 730070
  • 李涛(1991—),男,甘肃兰州人,硕士,工程师,研究方向为地下工程、岩土工程;

    张建(1987—),男,山东汶上人,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为隧道工程;

    王永刚(1979—),男,山东诸城人,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向为隧道工程、岩土工程;

    孙纬宇(1991—),男,甘肃天水人,博士,副教授,研究方向为地下工程、岩土工程;

    吕硕(1990—),男,甘肃白银人,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为隧道工程;

    许政东(1996—),男,甘肃天水人,工程师,研究方向为地下工程、岩土工程。

The Development Mechanism of Vertical Joints in Loess and Its Appropriate Calculating Method
Tao LI1, Jian ZHANG1, 2, Yonggang WANG1, Weiyu SUN2, Shuo LÜ1, Zhendong XU1
Affiliations
  • 1. Gansu Provincial Transportation Planning Survey and Design Institute Co. Ltd., Lanzhou 730030, China
  • 2. School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25
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垂直节理是构成黄土的主要特征之一,其赋予黄土强烈的各向异性,是工程活动中不得不考虑的影响因素。以穿越黄土灌溉区的某公路隧道为依托,研究干湿循环作用下黄土垂直节理向深部发展的机理及其在计算中的合理表述。通过衍射分析法及扫面电镜法的综合分析,提出黄土中的可溶盐是构成胶结体的关键部分,干湿循环过程中大量的易溶盐溶于水并向下迁移,破坏了黄土的胶结作用,使得土颗粒间的点-点接触变为点-面接触或面-面接触,同时迁移后的重结晶作用导致黄土内部细小的孔隙拉伸、发育、扩大、串联。循环往复的黄土-水相互作用会促使节理裂隙向深部发育,发育深度甚至可达十数米至隧道埋深,传统的有限元模拟手段无法表现这一破坏过程对隧道产生的影响,在有限元软件中采用随机节理网格(DNF)将节理等效为离散的、平面的和有限尺寸的单元,是在计算中表述黄土各向异性的更为可行方案。

隧道工程  /  细观损伤  /  垂直节理  /  干湿循环  /  随机节理网格

Vertical joints are a key characteristic of loess, contributing to its strong anisotropies. This factor must be taken into consideration in engineering activities. The development mechanism of vertical joints in loess at great depths under the influence of dry-wet cycles was investigated, focusing on a highway tunnel passing through a loess irrigation area. The appropriate method was also explored for calculating this phenomenon. Through a comprehensive analysis of diffraction patterns and scanning electron microscopy, it was proposed that soluble salts in the loess play a key role in cementation. A significant amount of soluble salts dissolved in water and migrated downward during dry-wet cycles, disrupting the cementation of the loess. This results in a shift from point-to-point contact between soil particles to point-to-surface or surface-to-surface contact. Additionally, the recrystallization after migration leads to the development and expansion of fine pores in the loess. The continued expansion of the joint fracture volume also creates a pathway for further downward penetration of the water flow. This cyclical interaction between loess and water will facilitate the development of joint fractures at greater depths. The surface cracks and sinkholes in underground engineering activities carried out in similar strata are the visible signs of the progressive development of internal cracks in loess from the subsurface to the surface. The utilization of random joint mesh DNF in finite element software to convert joints into discrete, planar, and finite-size elements is a viable approach for representing the anisotropy of loess in calculations. It also introduces a new concept for the equivalent treatment of discontinuous problems using the continuous mechanics method.

tunnel engineering  /  microscopic damage  /  vertical joints  /  dry and wet cycles  /  discrete fracture network
李涛, 张建, 王永刚, 孙纬宇, 吕硕, 许政东. 黄土垂直节理发育机理及其合理的数值计算方法. 科技和产业, 2025 , 25 (10) : 1 -8 .
Tao LI, Jian ZHANG, Yonggang WANG, Weiyu SUN, Shuo LÜ, Zhendong XU. The Development Mechanism of Vertical Joints in Loess and Its Appropriate Calculating Method[J]. Science Technology and Industry, 2025 , 25 (10) : 1 -8 .
穿越黄土灌溉区的隧道,由地表降水及灌溉活动引起的干湿循环作用导致黄土内部的垂直节理发育,赋予黄土极强的各向异性,这是黄土隧道尤其是浅埋黄土隧道中不得不考虑的问题。学术界普遍认为黄土节理面一般发育于表层土体[1-3],但以兰州南部的某公路黄土隧道为例,隧道浅埋段(埋深约为15 m)采用机械开挖,对土体扰动较小,洞顶的灌溉水仍通过竖向节理形成的通道在洞周有渗出,因此研究黄土垂直节理发育机理是进一步深入研究黄土各向异性及相应物理力学特征的关键。冯立等[4]通过野外调查及现场实验提出黄土地表水下渗的途径有两种,一种是非饱和入渗,下渗深度有限且缓慢,另一种是沿着构造裂隙组成的优势通道入渗,入渗深度深且迅速;潘振兴等[5]利用核磁共振仪观察饱水试样裂隙发展规律,提出干湿循环作用会造成黄土内部裂隙的扩展,裂隙的扩展具有不可修复性;周昌和黄顺[6]通过对比分析黄土宏观尺寸特性与微观尺寸特性,认为土体中易溶盐含量的流失是导致微观结构损伤的关键因素。
对于黄土的计算目前学术界通常都选用各向同性的本构模型[7-8],但随着干湿循环作用,黄土垂直节理向深部发育至结构埋深,此时由单组优势节理(即黄土垂直节理)引起的强烈各向异性在其宏观物理力学特性的表现中起到主导作用,但目前鲜有相关的计算理念及方法的研究[9-11]。节理具有随机分布、数量不定等特性,节理的作用应在考虑尺寸效应的基础上等效连续化处理;程龙虎等[12]提出非连续方法在描述岩体的各向异性时具有明显的优势。
近年来随着中国交通建设工程的向西推进,很多隧道开始修筑于黄土农业区,伴随着农业区的耕作、灌溉活动,隧道地表常年处于干湿循环的状态[13],导致黄土中黏土矿物及腐殖质等胶结物质与易溶盐之间的胶结性连接失效,破坏黄土的微观结构[14];且可溶盐离子再次结晶时会发生膨胀,由此产生的挤压作用会在一定程度上导致黄土内部孔隙的发育、扩大、串联,表层黄土可能发生的冻胀作用会使得这一现象在一定深度范围内更为明显[15]。黄土垂直节理发育机理、发育深度及对深层黄土力学特性的影响,是黄土隧道修筑技术研究的重要内容。目前学术界对黄土垂直节理的相关研究一般都集中于细观层面,关于宏观层面的节理发育深度、节理发育与水流入渗的相互促进作用、节理发育对深部结构物的影响等相关研究较少,也缺乏合理的手段在软件中表述黄土的各向异性。
基于此,以兰州南部的某公路隧道为工程依托,采用矿物成分分析、扫描电镜等方法,开展灌溉区影响下黄土垂直节理向深部发育机理的研究,并以此为基础,结合随机节理网格DNF(discrete fracture network),通过数值计算分析明确节理裂隙对黄土宏观特性的影响及其在软件计算中的合理表述,并计算不同裂隙发育深度对隧道结构安全性的影响。研究成果丰富了黄土垂直节理研究理论,有助于促进灌溉区黄土隧道修筑技术进一步发展。
以兰州南部的某公路隧道为例,隧道浅埋段埋深约为15 m,埋深范围内为第四系马兰黄土,浅灰黄色,质地疏松,具有大孔性和含白色钙质条纹及斑点,垂直节理发育,地表为经济园林,灌溉引起的干湿循环作用尤为频繁。隧道修筑期间浅埋段地表及洞身连续出现数道密集分布的裂缝,纵向裂缝平行于隧道掘进方向,局部环向裂缝与纵向裂缝贯通,形成怀抱式裂缝(图1),地表裂缝新增及发育在降雨或地表灌溉后较为明显,局部裂缝从地表发展延伸至隧道洞身处,地表水可沿该裂缝渗透至洞身。将地表园林的漫灌改为滴灌后,环形裂缝停止了进一步发育。
通过对地表裂缝的长期观测,裂缝出现后普遍会经历由窄到宽、由浅到深、再到落水洞的,逐步向深部发展的演变历程(图2)。落水洞的发育,是黄土内部多节理面串联扩大、相互贯通的宏观表现。显然,浅层的垂直节理在灌溉水作用下进一步向下发展,提供垂直下渗通道,改变了深层黄土的力学特性。黄土-水的相互作用是这一演变过程的根本诱因,由此可对干湿循环作用下黄土垂直节理的发育机理做出如下假设:一是黄土-水相互作用引起易溶岩及水敏性矿物流失,致使土体胶结性变差;二是黄土的结构性在渗水作用下发生变化。
为研究黄土-水作用的深层关系,采用X射线衍射分析法,对研究区黄土矿物成分进行测定。该区黄土主要化学成分以SiO2(58.82%)、Al2O3(15.55%)、CaO(11.43%)为主(表1),其他较重要的化学成分还有Fe2O3(4.76%)、MgO(3.38%)、K2O(2.58%)及Na2O(1.76%)等。其中CaO、K2O及Na2O等为易溶盐,质量占比超过15%,在地表降水或灌溉作用下,表层黄土内的易溶盐会发生溶解并向下迁移。图3为依托工点洞口岸坡,坡脚毛细水迁移造成条带状的盐分析出。同样,对于隧道洞顶覆土来说,在干湿循环的作用下,表层黄土内的可溶盐离子也会随水迁移,向下富集,并在一定范围内重结晶。
结构性是黄土的重要工程性质,为探明干湿循环作用对黄土结构性及其内部裂隙的影响,用环刀(规格为30 cm2,高度为2 cm)制样,取制备好的试样测定其天然含水率并进行干湿循环实验(图4)。试样天然含水率为4.6%,首先在试样双面加水并在保湿器中静置使水分扩散均匀,静置后称重微调含水量并重复上述步骤至含水率为20%,达到预设含水率后采用晾干法将试样减湿至含水率4.6%,干湿循环共进行6次。实验前后分别采用扫面电镜(SEM)对结构的微观结构进行研究。
浸水前试样黄土颗粒结合紧密、孔隙较小,黄土内部孔隙随机排列,其中部分孔隙自然联通;浸水后试样中,黄土微观结构在一定程度上被破坏,颗粒之间由点点接触转变为点面接触或面面接触,排列杂乱。粗颗粒矿物构成了黄土的骨架,较细小的土颗粒是充填期间,黏土矿物、易溶盐等胶结物又充填于粗细颗粒之间,起着胶结作用。经历多次干湿循环后,土颗粒间的易溶盐大量迁移,岩土体的矿物成分发生变化,胶结物的流失导致土体的胶结性变差,进而使得岩土体微结构遭到破坏,为裂隙和孔洞的发育提供条件。且黄土增湿后,土颗粒间相互引力使土颗粒相互靠近,内部的小孔隙受拉变长,相互连通成大孔隙,且在数量上出现增多趋势,从而使土体内部出现孔隙集中带,这一变化趋势会随着水分的迁移逐步向土体深层发展,形成明显的、深度发育的垂直节理裂隙。如图5图6所示。
前文的讨论表明,黄土受干湿循环作用时,原生垂直节理会进一步扩大、串联向下部发展,甚至发育至隧道埋深处,垂直节理的随机性和复杂性赋予黄土强烈的各向异性,对于黄土隧道尤其是浅埋的黄土隧道而言,由此引发的应力响应是不能忽视的,在相应的计算分析中必须对黄土的各向异性做出合理的表述。目前在考虑节理的影响时一般有两种处理方式,一是等效折减岩体参数,如Hoek-Brown本构模型,但这一处理方法只适用于节理裂隙不占主导,从宏观角度把握问题的情形;二是采用3DEC、PFC等离散元软件来做模拟计算并结合随机节理网格(DNF)来对黄土垂直节理做表述。相对而言,黄土节理裂隙更适合采用DNF来模拟,但相对而言离散元软件一般是从细观角度出发分析问题,参数取值与常规的试验参数区别较大,这就导致离散元软件使用难度大。本文提出将有限元软件中各向同性的本构模型与DNF相结合,根据现场调查数据,确定节理尺寸、位置和方向,使用DFN将节理模拟为离散的、平面的和有限尺寸的单元(图7),体现结构面导致的各向异性和不均匀问题等,是采用连续力学方法等效处理非连续问题的新方向。
利用随机节理网格(DNF)将黄土内部的垂直节理等效为一组离散的有限尺寸的平面圆盘,最终随机节理网格(DNF)与计算模型融合的结果如图8所示。
相对于周围的原岩土体,岩土体中节理面、软弱夹层等的强度弱与原岩,合理的参数取值是模型计算合理性的基本保障,如何确定结构面强度在黄土垂直节理对隧道开挖的影响分析中有着极为重要的意义。采用三轴压缩试验结果拟合黄土的抗剪强度(图9),重塑黄土反复直剪试验来测定土的结构面的抗剪强度,结构面的刚度则通过经验公式来计算式(1)和式(2),综合推断黄土及其节理力学参数如表2所示。
${K}_{a}=-7.15+1.75JRC+2JCS/JRC$
${K}_{S}=\frac{100}{L}\times JCS\times tan{\varphi }_{r}$
式中:Ka为不连续面的法向刚度;KS为不连续面的剪切刚度;JRC为不连续面粗糙度系数,可以参照典型的JRC剖面来确定具体的值,Barton和Bandis[16]给出了10种典型的剖面供参考;JCS为不连续面抗压强度;L为不连续面迹长; ${\varphi }_{r}$为不连续面残余摩擦角,可通过重塑黄土反复直剪试验来获取。
通过建模计算探讨不同黄土节理竖向发育深度对隧道开挖的影响,共设计7组数值试验,节理发育深度分别为0、5、10、15、20、25、30 m,隧道埋深为20 m(拱顶至地表)。如图10所示。
土体发生剪切破坏时,都是沿剪切应变最大的部位发生,隧道开挖时围岩的剪切破坏可视作局部剪切带形成的现象,围岩的变形相对集中在最大剪应变增量区域内,而区域外的变形相当于卸载后的刚体运动。这也是隧道开挖时地表裂缝产生的原因。通过数值分析得到的最大剪应变增量图,可以在一定程度上分析垂直节理影响下隧道开挖裂缝产生的位置及规律。如图11~图14所示。
计算结果表明,在垂直节理发育深度达到20 m时,隧道开挖产生的裂缝逐渐贯通到地表,整个滑动面呈现上小下大的“酒瓶状”,这与隧道洞顶出现的落水洞形状特征一致。当垂直节理深度进一步发展时,地表裂缝形成部位与隧道中轴的间距相应的增大,同时裂缝剪出口的位置也在逐步下移。依托隧道开挖过程中,在地表裂缝形成的同时,边墙裂缝同时出现渗水,说明地表水浇地诱发的垂直节理已发育至隧道埋深深度,与计算结果一致。数值实验中垂直节理发育至30 m时,左、右侧裂缝距离隧道中线约为20 m,与实测值接近,进一步证明本文提出的将有限元软件中各向同性本构模型与随机节理网格(DNF)相结合的黄土各向异性表述方式可行。
(1)黄土中含有大量的可溶盐,这些可溶盐及黏土矿物等组成的胶结体决定黄土微结构的强度。黄土水浇地因为灌溉活动有着远多于普通黄土的干湿循环作用,在干湿循环过程中,大量的易溶盐溶于水并向下迁移,破坏了黄土的胶结作用的同时,迁移后的重结晶作用引起的膨胀会导致黄土内部细小的孔隙拉伸、发育、扩大、串联,这一过程的不断重复会导致节理裂隙向深部发育。
(2)黄土浸水后土颗粒之间由点点接触转变为点面接触或面面接触,颗粒间相互引力使土颗粒相互靠近,这种客观上的颗粒“聚团”也是导致土体中孔隙增多的一个因素。当然,干湿循环引起的节理裂隙从各种意义上来说都是处于细观层面的,以依托工程为例,地表上出现的宽大裂缝及落水洞等,是在施工扰动下黄土土体沿竖向节理发生剪切破坏的宏观表现。
(3)在垂直节理影响下,黄土表现强烈的各向异性,在分析计算时,黄土的各向异性必须纳入考虑。通过设置垂直节理不同发育深度下的计算对照组,对裂缝的发展规律进行研究并进一步对照现场情况,证明在有限元中引入随机节理网格将节理等效为离散的、平面的和有限尺寸的单元,进而在宏观层面等效计算黄土深部节理对隧道结构的影响是可行方案的方案。
  • 国家自然科学基金(5220081849)
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2021M693843)
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2025年第25卷第10期
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-24
基金
国家自然科学基金(5220081849)
中国博士后科学基金(2021M693843)
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    1. 甘肃省交通规划勘察设计院股份有限公司, 兰州 730030
    2. 兰州交通大学土木工程学院, 兰州 730070
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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