Article(id=1324320359658431361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1324320221309313194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1783008000000, receivedDateStr=2026-07-03, revisedDate=1789056000000, revisedDateStr=2026-09-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793672178424, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1790524800000, pubDateStr=2026-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793672178424, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793672178424, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793672178424, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324320221309313194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1790524800000', pubDateStr='2026-09-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793672145439, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793673806843, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324327189847605469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1324320221309313194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324327189847605470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1324320221309313194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=94, endPage=107, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324320360287576962, articleId=1324320359658431361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research progress in joint lidar and radar observations: New insights into ionospheric irregularities via metal ion tracers, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Metal ions are important tracers of ionospheric dynamics, and their vertical transport is closely associated with the formation of ionospheric irregularities. As part of the Chinese Meridian Project, a new generation of ion resonance fluorescence lidars has been deployed at the mid−latitude stations of Mohe and Beijing and at the low−latitude station of Hainan. Together with VHF radars, ionosondes, and other instruments, these lidars constitute a coordinated observational network. This paper systematically reviews recent advances achieved with this network in understanding metal−ion upwelling and ionospheric irregularities. Mid−latitude observations show that storm−time enhancement of equatorward neutral winds can uplift Ca+ layers from the E region to altitudes of up to 350 km. Differences in magnetic dip angle between Mohe and Beijing result in distinct sensitivities of Ca+ layer uplift to geomagnetic storm conditions at the two sites. At low latitudes, observations reveal a direct association between storm−time penetration electric field–driven metal−ion upwelling and valley−region irregularities, with metal−ion layers providing the density gradients necessary for the development of gradient−drift instability. Furthermore, lidar observations have, for the first time, clearly imaged depletion and bifurcation structures associated with equatorial plasma bubbles in Ca+ density profiles. The observations demonstrate that plasma−bubble−related depletion structures can extend downward to altitudes as low as 150 km in the ionospheric valley region, revising the conventional understanding of their altitude distribution and providing important observational constraints on the generation and evolution of plasma bubbles. These findings deepen our understanding of solar−terrestrial energy coupling processes and provide concrete evidence for the close relationship between metallic ion vertical transport and the formation/manifestation of ionospheric irregularities.

, authors=Jing JIAO1, Wenjie SUN2, *, Guozhu LI2, Guotao YANG1, 3, Yajun ZHU1, 3, Lifang DU1, Chunxiao YAN1, 3, Maosheng HE1, Hui LI1, authorsList=Jing JIAO, Wenjie SUN, Guozhu LI, Guotao YANG, Yajun ZHU, Lifang DU, Chunxiao YAN, Maosheng HE, Hui LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenjie SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324320362997097361, articleId=1324320359658431361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=子午工程激光雷达和无线电雷达联测研究进展:金属离子示踪的电离层不均匀体新认知, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

金属离子作为电离层中重要的示踪物,其垂直输运过程与电离层不均匀体的形成密切相关。子午工程在中纬漠河、北京及低纬海南布局了新一代离子激光雷达,并与甚高频(very high frequency,VHF)雷达、电离层测高仪等设备形成协同观测。综述了该观测网在金属离子上涌与电离层不均匀体研究方面的最新进展。中纬观测表明,暴时赤道向中性风增强可将Ca+层从E区抬升至350 km高度,磁倾角差异导致漠河与北京对磁暴条件依赖程度不同。低纬观测揭示了暴时穿透电场驱动的金属离子上涌与谷区不均匀体的直接关联,金属离子层为梯度漂移不稳定性提供了必要的密度梯度。此外,激光雷达首次在Ca+密度剖面中清晰成像了等离子体泡的耗空与分叉结构,发现等离子体泡的耗空结构可出现在低至150 km谷区高度,改变了以往对其高度分布的认识,为等离子体泡产生与演化研究提供了重要参考。这些发现深化了对日地能量耦合过程的理解,为利用多站协同观测研究金属离子输运及其与电离层不均匀体之间的联系提供了新的观测依据。

, authors=焦菁1, 孙文杰2, *, 李国主2, 杨国韬1, 3, 朱亚军1, 3, 杜丽芳1, 燕春晓1, 3, 何茂盛1, 李晖1, authorsList=焦菁, 孙文杰, 李国主, 杨国韬, 朱亚军, 杜丽芳, 燕春晓, 何茂盛, 李晖, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙文杰, authorNote=

焦菁,副研究员,研究方向为激光雷达探测,电子信箱:

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孙文杰(通信作者),高级工程师,研究方向为电离层扰动与不均匀体,电子信箱:
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蓝色、红色和黑色线分别表示VHF雷达波束、激光雷达探测

波束及相关视线方向或磁力线

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子午工程激光雷达和无线电雷达联测研究进展:金属离子示踪的电离层不均匀体新认知
焦菁 1 , 孙文杰 2, * , 李国主 2 , 杨国韬 1, 3 , 朱亚军 1, 3 , 杜丽芳 1 , 燕春晓 1, 3 , 何茂盛 1 , 李晖 1
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(18): 94-107
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (18) : 94 -107
子午工程激光雷达和无线电雷达联测研究进展:金属离子示踪的电离层不均匀体新认知
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焦菁1 , 孙文杰2, * , 李国主2, 杨国韬1, 3, 朱亚军1, 3, 杜丽芳1, 燕春晓1, 3, 何茂盛1, 李晖1
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院国家空间科学中心,北京 100190
  • 2中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,北京 100029
  • 3海南空间天气国家野外科学观测研究站,儋州 571734
通讯作者:
孙文杰(通信作者),高级工程师,研究方向为电离层扰动与不均匀体,电子信箱:
作者简介:

焦菁,副研究员,研究方向为激光雷达探测,电子信箱:

Research progress in joint lidar and radar observations: New insights into ionospheric irregularities via metal ion tracers
Jing JIAO1 , Wenjie SUN2, * , Guozhu LI2, Guotao YANG1, 3, Yajun ZHU1, 3, Lifang DU1, Chunxiao YAN1, 3, Maosheng HE1, Hui LI1
Affiliations
  • 1National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
  • 3Hainan National Field Observation and Research Station for Space Weather, Danzhou 571734, China
出版时间: 2026-09-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00007
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金属离子作为电离层中重要的示踪物,其垂直输运过程与电离层不均匀体的形成密切相关。子午工程在中纬漠河、北京及低纬海南布局了新一代离子激光雷达,并与甚高频(very high frequency,VHF)雷达、电离层测高仪等设备形成协同观测。综述了该观测网在金属离子上涌与电离层不均匀体研究方面的最新进展。中纬观测表明,暴时赤道向中性风增强可将Ca+层从E区抬升至350 km高度,磁倾角差异导致漠河与北京对磁暴条件依赖程度不同。低纬观测揭示了暴时穿透电场驱动的金属离子上涌与谷区不均匀体的直接关联,金属离子层为梯度漂移不稳定性提供了必要的密度梯度。此外,激光雷达首次在Ca+密度剖面中清晰成像了等离子体泡的耗空与分叉结构,发现等离子体泡的耗空结构可出现在低至150 km谷区高度,改变了以往对其高度分布的认识,为等离子体泡产生与演化研究提供了重要参考。这些发现深化了对日地能量耦合过程的理解,为利用多站协同观测研究金属离子输运及其与电离层不均匀体之间的联系提供了新的观测依据。

子午工程  /  金属离子激光雷达  /  Ca+层  /  电离层不均匀体  /  赤道向中性风  /  穿透电场

Metal ions are important tracers of ionospheric dynamics, and their vertical transport is closely associated with the formation of ionospheric irregularities. As part of the Chinese Meridian Project, a new generation of ion resonance fluorescence lidars has been deployed at the mid−latitude stations of Mohe and Beijing and at the low−latitude station of Hainan. Together with VHF radars, ionosondes, and other instruments, these lidars constitute a coordinated observational network. This paper systematically reviews recent advances achieved with this network in understanding metal−ion upwelling and ionospheric irregularities. Mid−latitude observations show that storm−time enhancement of equatorward neutral winds can uplift Ca+ layers from the E region to altitudes of up to 350 km. Differences in magnetic dip angle between Mohe and Beijing result in distinct sensitivities of Ca+ layer uplift to geomagnetic storm conditions at the two sites. At low latitudes, observations reveal a direct association between storm−time penetration electric field–driven metal−ion upwelling and valley−region irregularities, with metal−ion layers providing the density gradients necessary for the development of gradient−drift instability. Furthermore, lidar observations have, for the first time, clearly imaged depletion and bifurcation structures associated with equatorial plasma bubbles in Ca+ density profiles. The observations demonstrate that plasma−bubble−related depletion structures can extend downward to altitudes as low as 150 km in the ionospheric valley region, revising the conventional understanding of their altitude distribution and providing important observational constraints on the generation and evolution of plasma bubbles. These findings deepen our understanding of solar−terrestrial energy coupling processes and provide concrete evidence for the close relationship between metallic ion vertical transport and the formation/manifestation of ionospheric irregularities.

Chinese Meridian Project  /  metal ion lidar  /  Ca+ layer  /  ionospheric irregularities  /  equatorward neutral winds  /  penetration electric field
焦菁, 孙文杰, 李国主, 杨国韬, 朱亚军, 杜丽芳, 燕春晓, 何茂盛, 李晖. 子午工程激光雷达和无线电雷达联测研究进展:金属离子示踪的电离层不均匀体新认知. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (18) : 94 -107 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00007
Jing JIAO, Wenjie SUN, Guozhu LI, Guotao YANG, Yajun ZHU, Lifang DU, Chunxiao YAN, Maosheng HE, Hui LI. Research progress in joint lidar and radar observations: New insights into ionospheric irregularities via metal ion tracers[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (18) : 94 -107 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00007
激光雷达作为一种高精度光学遥感手段,长期被用于探测中高层大气中的金属原子(如Na、Fe、K、Ca等)和金属离子(如Ca+)。传统激光雷达观测表明,中性金属层主要分布在80~105 km的电离层E层高度。以金属原子为示踪,可对电离层E区的动力学过程进行观测研究,如,基于共振荧光激光雷达的观测数据,以往的研究可获得E区高度上的风场、温度、大气波动、金属原子数密度等[1−4]。近年来,激光雷达技术的发展,突破了金属离子层的探测。Ca+作为目前唯一可被激光雷达探测的金属离子,通常也局限于120 km以下的E区[1,2,5−6]。基于E区高度Ca+离子的探测,以往的研究获得了金属离子密度分布特征及其与中性层的耦合过程,并揭示电离层E区的不均匀体的发生/形态与Ca+层密切相关[1−2]。
在以往的研究中,电离层不均匀体的观测研究主要基于甚高频(very high frequency,VHF)相干散射雷达[7−8],可获得电离层E区、谷区和F区不均匀体回波的强度、多普勒速度和谱宽。基于雷达干涉,可进一步获得不均匀体的空间结构演变[9−11]。研究发现,这些不均匀体的产生既可伴随密度增强结构产生(如E区不均匀体)[12],也可伴随密度耗空结构产生(如等离子体泡)[13−14]。然而,VHF雷达探测不均匀体,是基于这些不均匀结构的电波效应,得到的是米级尺度不均匀体的后向散射回波,而无法进一步获得这些不均匀体所对应的密度剖面及精细结构。
最近的研究发现,在特殊条件下,Ca+可出现/上涌到200 km以上的电离层F区高度[15−16],这为进一步以Ca+为示踪,探测电离层更高高度(如谷区和F区)电离层不均匀体的精细结构提供了可能。然而,传统研究存在一个显著局限:激光雷达与VHF雷达的观测通常是独立进行的,难以针对同一团不均匀体开展共视场探测。近年来,在子午工程、国家自然科学基金等的支持下,在中纬度漠河、北京以及低纬度海南富克、乐东等地,实现了新一代Ca+激光雷达与VHF雷达、电离层测高仪的协同布网。这一布局使得金属离子密度剖面与电离层不均匀体回波能够同时、同区域获取,为揭示二者之间的内在联系提供了前所未有的观测能力。本文梳理子午工程激光雷达与无线电雷达协同观测在金属离子上涌及电离层不均匀体研究方面的核心突破,综述中纬度Ca+层上涌、低纬度谷区不均匀体及等离子体泡3大主题研究进展。
Ca+作为目前唯一可通过共振荧光激光雷达直接探测的金属离子,其激光雷达观测历史可追溯至20世纪80年代。法国科学家Granier等[17]在中纬度Haute−Provence天文台(44°N)利用Nd:YAG泵浦染料激光器实现了Ca和Ca+的共振荧光探测,探测高度约85~115 km。此后,美国Urbana站(40°N)和德国Kühlungsborn站(54°N)的长期观测证实了Ca+层主要分布在E区高度,且与偶发E层存在密切关联[1−2]。在低纬度地区,Arecibo天文台(18°N)利用多金属共振荧光雷达首次实现了Ca+与电子密度的同步联合观测;Raizada等[18]进一步在该站将Ca+高度探测上限提升至约180 km,并观测到F区谷区(130~180 km)的Ca+层。日本团队开发了基于固体激光器的双波长Ca/Ca+同时探测系统,实现了中性Ca和Ca+的整夜同时观测[19];Ejiri等[20]利用高分辨率Ca+激光雷达揭示了偶发E层中等离子体不均匀体的精细结构,并证实了Ca+密度与电子密度的高度相关性。
在国际上,除Ca+外,Na、Fe、K等中性金属原子的激光雷达探测也得到了长足发展。美国科罗拉多大学团队在南极McMurdo(77.8°S)利用Fe玻尔兹曼激光雷达首次观测到热层Fe层(110~155 km)[3];安第斯激光雷达天文台(Andes Lidar Observatory,ALO,30°S)实现了105~140 km高度的Na层风温同时探测[4];日本团队也在多个站点开展了Na和Fe层的长期观测。这些中性金属原子的探测技术为Ca+激光雷达的系统升级提供了重要参考。
总体而言,传统Ca+激光雷达受限于激光能量和望远镜口径,探测高度普遍在200 km以下,对F区及以上高度的探测能力严重不足。近年来,随着固体激光器、光参量振荡(optical parametric oscillator,OPO)、光学参量放大器(optical parametric amplifier,OPA)和和频技术的发展,Ca+激光雷达的探测能力实现了跨越式提升。本团队利用北京站OPO/OPA全固态窄带Ca+激光雷达系统,将中纬度Ca+探测上限提升至300 km[15];漠河站进一步将探测上限拓展至350 km[16],为以金属离子示踪电离层动力学过程开辟了新的前沿。
依托子午工程,本团队在北京(40.3°N,116.2°E)、漠河(53.5°N,122.3°E)及海南富克(19.3°N,109.1°E)先后部署了3台Ca+激光雷达系统,在探测能力和科学发现方面取得了跨越式进展。
北京站是国内首个实现Ca+从80 km到300 km全高度连续探测的站点。2022年,利用北京站数据首次报道了磁静日期间Ca+层从E区上涌至300 km高度的完整过程,揭示了中纬度地区金属离子可在非磁暴条件下被输运至F区[15]。这一发现突破了传统认知,证明了Ca+可作为电离层F区动力学的有效示踪物。漠河站是子午工程二期重点建设的中国区域最接近高纬的站点。该站采用和频技术,脉冲能量达50 mJ,功率孔径积(5.3 W·m)较北京站提升1个数量级。基于漠河站数据,首次在强磁暴期间观测到Ca+层上涌至350 km高度,并系统统计了热层−电离层Ca+层的季节变化和夜间变化特征[16, 21]。富克站是子午工程在低纬度地区的重要布局。该站首次实现了Ca+从80 km到500 km的连续探测,为研究赤道−低纬度金属离子输运提供了关键数据支撑[22]。
上述3站的数据积累表明,金属离子在磁暴期间可被输运至350 km甚至更高高度,且Ca+密度剖面中呈现的耗空与分叉结构与电离层不均匀体高度相关。
在中纬度的北京和漠河,与Ca+激光雷达形成共视场探测的地基无线电雷达设备主要是电离层测高仪,可通过发射高频扫频脉冲并接收电离层的反射回波,得到等离子体频率随高度的变化图像,即电离层频高图。根据频高图中电离层描迹的形态,可分析电离层扰动特征;基于人工度量频高图,可进一步获得电子密度剖面及电离层垂直高度变化。
在低纬海南,与Ca+激光雷达形成共视场探测的设备,除了同样位于富克站内的电离层测高仪,还有建设于海南乐东(18.4°N,109.0°E)的流星不均匀体多波段探测系统(meteor and ionospheric irregularity observation system,MIOS)相控阵VHF雷达[23]。其工作频率为47.5 MHz,通过向垂直磁力线的方向发射无线电波,可获得3 m尺度电离层场向不均匀体的相干散射回波。根据海南地区地磁场构型,MIOS VHF雷达中心仰角设置约为60°可满足垂直磁力线条件,俯仰方向和方位角方向的波束宽度分别为10°和24°。由于乐东位于富克几乎正南方100 km处,MIOS VHF雷达的波束在约150~220 km的高度范围内可与海南富克Ca+激光雷达形成共视场探测(图1[22])。
除此之外,结合南中国电离层不均匀体与闪烁观测网(Ionospheric Observational Network for Irregularity and Scintillation in East/Southeast Asia, IONISE)的全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)观测[24−25],获得电离层电子总含量(total electron content, TEC)和不均匀体指数ROTI(rate of TEC index),与无线电雷达及激光雷达的观测形成交叉验证。
金属离子在电离层中的垂直输运受中性风、电场和化学过程三重控制。动力学层面,离子−中性碰撞频率与回旋频率之比(ξ)随高度变化:E区(约100~150 km)ξ>1,中性风主导离子运动;F区(>200 km)ξ<1,电场E×B漂移逐渐占优。磁倾角θD调制二者效率:θD接近45°时中性风驱动垂直输运效率最高,低纬度则电场驱动更为显著。化学层面,金属离子通过与NO+、O2+的电荷交换反应及电子−离子复合而损失,其寿命在E区为数十分钟至数小时,直接影响Ca+层垂直分布形态。上述机制共同决定了Ca+作为示踪物的有效高度范围。
基于上述理论框架,国内外发展了不同类型的金属离子输运模式。早期工作如Carter等[26]建立了二维Fe+输运模型;Chu等[27]发展了热层−电离层Fe/Fe+(thermosphere−ionosphere Fe,TIFe)模式,成功解释了南极热层Fe层的形成机制。近年来,全球耦合模式取得突破性进展:Wu等[28]将Mg+、Fe+和Na+的全输运过程自洽纳入WACCM−X(whole atmosphere community climate model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension)模式,实现了金属离子从消融注入、化学转化到电动力学输运的全链条模拟;Huba等[29]在SAMI3(Sami model)模式中加入了Mg+和Fe+的全球输运,揭示了中性风和全球电场对金属离子分布的协同重塑作用。上述模式的发展为理解金属离子输运提供了定量化框架。中纬度地区金属离子的垂直输运主要受中性风和电场共同控制。根据Chu等[27]的理论模型,金属离子垂直漂移速度可表示为
$ \nu_{izw}=\frac{\xi\mathrm{cos}\theta_{\mathrm{D}}}{1+\xi^2}V_{n,x}-\frac{\mathrm{sin}\left(2\theta_{\mathrm{D}}\right)}{2\left(1+\xi^2\right)}V_{n,y}+\left(1-\frac{\mathrm{cos}^2\theta_{\mathrm{D}}}{1+\xi^2}\right)V_{n,z} $
式中,θD为磁倾角,ξ为离子−中性碰撞频率与离子回旋频率之比,Vn为中性风分量。
这表明,水平中性风在中纬度离子垂直输运中占主导地位,且磁倾角越接近45°,则输运效率越高。
2022年,本团队利用北京站Ca+激光雷达数据,首次报道了磁静日期间中纬度地区Ca+层从E区上涌至300 km高度的完整过程[15]。图2[15]的观测显示,Ca+层呈现“上升—下降”的完整回环结构,上升阶段速度约25 m/s,下降阶段速度约−16.7 m/s。与此同时,电离层测高仪记录到明显的扩展F现象,且Ca+上涌过程与扩展F的发生时间高度吻合。
北京站位置的磁倾角约64.3°,虽未达到理论最优的45°,但磁静日条件下仍可观测到显著的Ca+上涌。这表明,除了磁暴驱动的赤道向风增强外,常规的中性风场和/或重力波扰动也可能在中纬度金属离子输运中发挥作用。
漠河站位置的磁倾角约70.8°,较北京站更偏离最优磁倾角。根据理论模型,该站需要更强的赤道向风才能实现高效的离子向上输运。2023年11月5日强磁暴主相期间Dst(disturbance storm−time index)指数最低达−163 nT,漠河激光雷达首次记录到Ca+层从E区上涌至约350 km高度,这是中纬度地区金属离子被探测到的最高高度记录[16]。
与此同时,漠河法布里−珀罗干涉仪在250 km高度观测到显著的赤道向中性风增强,风速在100~360 m/s之间波动。北京—漠河电离层测高仪链推算的赤道向风速约为278 m/s,与直接观测吻合。根据式(1),仅赤道向风分量即可贡献高达60 m/s的向上离子漂移,足以解释观测到的Ca+上涌速率(约60 m/s)。
极光电集流指数(auroral electrojet index,AE)在Ca+上涌期间超过1000 nT,表明极区存在显著的能量注入。从AE指数增强到漠河站观测到Ca+上涌,时间延迟约1~4 h,与赤道向中性风从极区传播至漠河站的特征时间一致。这一时序关系进一步支持了“极区能量注入→赤道向中性风增强→中纬度金属离子上涌”的因果链(图3[16])。
北京站与漠河站的对比为磁倾角效应提供了关键的观测验证。统计表明,在2023年7月至2024年6月的51个观测夜中,漠河站共记录到26次热层−电离层Ca+层事件,其中72%伴随扩展F。然而,漠河站的Ca+上涌事件主要发生于磁暴期间,而北京站在磁静日即可观测到类似现象[15, 21]。
这一差异恰好印证了理论预期:北京站(磁倾角64.3°)更接近最优磁倾角(45°),赤道向风驱动效率更高,因此在较弱的驱动力下即可实现离子向上输运;漠河站(磁倾角70.8°)需要更强的暴时赤道向风才能有效抬升离子。这一发现为理解中纬度金属离子输运的纬度依赖性提供了重要约束。
此外,漠河站的热层−电离层Ca+层事件具有明显的季节特征:11月(冬季)和7月(夏季)出现频率最高,与偶发E层的双峰季节分布一致,为低层大气过程(如重力波滤波、风剪切)在金属离子层形成中的潜在作用提供了启示[21]。
电离层谷区约130~180 km高度长期以来是不均匀体研究的难点区域。该区域电子密度较低,传统VHF雷达探测信噪比不足,而卫星原位探测又缺乏连续时空覆盖。谷区不均匀体的生成机制存在2种主流假说:一是赤道等离子体泡边缘场引起的等离子体“抽吸”效应[30];二是中间层(intermediate layer)提供的密度梯度在梯度漂移不稳定性作用下产生不均匀体[31]。然而,这2种假说均缺乏直接的观测验证。
在国际上,谷区不均匀体的观测研究主要依托Jicamarca(秘鲁,磁赤道)和Gadanki(印度,6.5°N磁纬)等站的VHF雷达。Jicamarca雷达曾观测到与等离子体泡相关的上升型谷区不均匀体,Woodman[32]提出这些不均匀体可能是由等离子体泡的边缘电场(fringe field)由E区向上输运至谷区的等离子体所产生[32−33]。然而,Gadanki雷达的观测却未能在类似条件下探测到谷区不均匀体,尽管其F区等离子体泡结构发育充分[31]。这一差异引发了关于边缘电场随纬度衰减效应的讨论——最新研究通过平行板电容器类比模型表明,随着纬度升高和高度降低,边缘电场强度显著减小,可能不足以在低纬谷区激发不均匀体[34]。本研究中海南富克—乐东协同观测首次在低纬度(磁纬约14°N)谷区同时获取了金属离子密度剖面与VHF雷达回波,为理解这一问题提供了新的观测约束。
2025年1月1日发生了一次强磁暴事件,该事件Dst指数最低达−210 nT,最大行星K指数( planetary K−index,Kp)达到8。在磁暴主相期间,海南富克激光雷达观测到Ca+从105 km上涌至190 km,形成清晰的向上通量管结构,平均上涌速度约31 m/s[35]。在140~160 km高度范围内,Ca+密度形成团块状聚集,峰值密度约300 cm−3,较背景密度高出近1个数量级(图4(a))[35]。
乐东VHF雷达在对应时刻(12:45—13:30 UT)于140~160 km高度探测到强烈的谷区不均匀体回波(图4(b))。不均匀体的多普勒速度约为30 m/s(图4(c)),方向远离雷达,与Ca+上涌速度(31 m/s)高度一致。多普勒谱宽较窄(约8 m/s,图4(d)),表明不均匀体内湍流活动性偏低。
这是首次在谷区同时获取金属离子密度和等离子体不均匀体回波,直接证实了金属离子聚集与不均匀体生成的时空关联。Ca+团块为梯度漂移不稳定性提供了必要的密度梯度,而不均匀体则在这一梯度上得以激发和维持。
该事件的驱动力分析指向2个可能来源。(1) 暴时东向穿透电场。沿110°E~120°E经度链,从磁赤道到低纬度的多个电离层测高仪站(Chumphon、Bac Lieu、Meiji、Cebu)均记录到电离层底部高度(F层虚高h'F)在11:10 UT左右同时跃升。这一同时性排除了局地因素(如日落增强)的解释,指向大尺度驱动的存在。与此同时,行星际磁场(interplanetary magnetic field,IMF)Bz分量在相同时刻发生南向翻转,为穿透电场提供了典型驱动条件。(2) 等离子体泡极化电场。尽管乐东经度(约109°E)在13:00 UT附近未直接观测到等离子体泡,但更西侧站点(约100°E)的GNSS TEC数据显示等离子体泡已开始发展。等离子体泡西侧的大尺度极化电场可能通过磁力线映射至富克—乐东区域,协助抬升金属离子。
理解谷区Ca+观测的物理意义,需首先明确Ca+密度与电子密度之间的关系。在偶发E层中,二者密切相关(相关系数可达0.91以上),表明Ca+聚集与电离增强存在直接对应。然而在谷区(约130~180 km),Ca+绝对密度(102~103 cm−3)远低于电子密度(105~106 cm−3),其对总电子密度的直接贡献有限。因此,Ca+在该高度范围反映的是离子输运和聚集的空间结构,而非电子密度本身;二者通过共享驱动机制(风剪切、电场漂移、梯度漂移不稳定性)建立间接物理关联。综合以上观测,分析提出谷区不均匀体的形成机制如下:暴时穿透电场和/或等离子体泡极化电场将金属离子从E区抬升至谷区;在谷区高度,金属离子因风剪切或电场减弱而发生聚集,形成高密度薄层;该薄层提供了显著的密度梯度;在梯度漂移不稳定性作用下,薄层上产生小尺度不均匀体,被VHF雷达探测到。这一机制框架将金属离子输运、薄层形成和不均匀体激发3个过程统一起来,为理解低纬度谷区不均匀体的起源提供了新的物理图像。
等离子体泡是赤道和低纬度地区最常见的电离层不均匀体之一,在瑞利−泰勒不稳定性作用下起始产生于电离层底部,发展至更高高度后呈现耗空和分叉结构。自Woodman等[36]提出“上升气泡”模型以来,等离子体泡的产生与演化机制一直是电离层物理研究的前沿课题。国际上围绕等离子体泡的气候学特征取得了系统进展,包括其季节分布、经度差异及太阳活动依赖性[37−38]。等离子体泡及其内部不均匀体的形态结构主要通过VHF雷达回波、630.0 nm气辉成像以及GNSS TEC耗空或不均匀体指数ROTI进行探测[7,38−39]。例如,利用Gadanki雷达的多波束扫描功能,Patra等[40]对印度地区的等离子体泡内的米级尺度不均匀体形态结构进行了精细成像探测;Otsuka等[41]利用位于南北半球共轭位置的气辉成像仪,同时探测到等离子体泡的分叉状典型结构,为等离子体泡沿同一条磁力线映射到南北半球的特性提供了关键观测证据;利用不同地区密集GNSS观测网数据计算得到的ROTI指数,观测到一系列磁暴期间延展到中纬区域的超级等离子体泡[13,42−43]。然而,基于这些方法,只能探测到等离子体泡在200 km以上的结构信息,其耗空结构是否能沿磁力线映射至更低高度(如谷区高度)尚不清楚。经分析其原因是在200 km以下的谷区高度,等离子体密度极低,缺乏合适的“显影剂”来直接“看到”密度耗空本身。富克站Ca+激光雷达首次在金属离子密度剖面中直接成像了等离子体泡的耗空与分叉结构,为研究泡的垂直形态和低空延伸提供了全新视角。
2024年10月31日,富克激光雷达在140~400 km高度观测到一个高密度Ca+团块(图5[22])。该团块在14:00—17:15 UT期间呈现逐渐下降的趋势。在这一Ca+团块中,清晰识别出4个密度耗空结构,标记为“1”至“4”。
4个耗空结构表现出明显的分层特征:结构“1”和“2”,从约200 km延伸至300 km以上。结构“2”呈现清晰的分叉形态,贯穿整个Ca+团块直至约400 km高度。这2个结构与VHF雷达观测到的典型等离子体泡一一对应。结构“3”和“4”,仅存在于220 km以下,最低延伸至约150 km的谷区底部。这2个结构在VHF雷达中没有对应的回波信号,但在Ca+密度剖面中清晰可辨。为对上述耗空结构进行系统验证,以下分别从VHF雷达回波、GNSS TEC及测高仪观测3个角度展开协同分析,并对耗空结构进行分层识别与讨论。
乐东VHF雷达观测证实,结构“1”和“2”对应典型的等离子体泡回波(图6(a))[22]。基于VHF雷达干涉测量得到的回波结构(图6(b)中的黑点所示)恰好可以填充Ca+剖面中的耗空结构,且回波结构呈现明显的西倾特征(图6(c)~(f)),即高高度部分位于低高度部分的西侧。这与等离子体泡东向漂移时低高度部分先被探测到、高高度部分后被探测到的典型形态(图6(b))一致。
由测高仪观测得到的电离层剖面(图7(a))[22]显示,结构“1”和“2”的高度由F层剖面的底部穿过峰区直达顶部,且结构的发生恰好对应扩展F(剖面中空白部分),而结构“3”和“4”的高度位于F层剖面底部以下,其发生时,未观测到强烈的扩展F,仅在对应的频高图中低频部分观测到部分扩展描迹。GNSS TEC数据显示(图7(b)),结构“1”和“2”对应的TEC耗空约20 TECu,且伴随卫星信号失锁;结构“3”和“4”对应的TEC耗空不足10 TECu,未引起信号失锁,但不均匀体指数ROTI的切片仍能识别出这些等离子体泡不均匀体,但不能完美区分每个独立的等离子体泡结构,如结构“1”和“2”一起对应一团ROTI结构,结构“3”和“4”一起对应另一团ROTI结构(图7(c)~(d))。ROTI沿19°N纬度的分析表明,这些等离子体泡结构均起源于约100°E附近,以约140 m/s的速度向东漂移,解释了为何富克站在日落后数小时才观测到等离子体泡结构。
结构“3”和“4”的存在具有重要的科学意义。这是首次在低至150 km高度的电离层谷区观测到等离子体泡引起的密度耗空。传统观点认为,等离子体泡主要影响F层(>200 km),谷区因电子密度过低而难以探测耗空结构。然而,Ca+作为高密度离子示踪物(尽管绝对密度仍远低于电子,Ca+密度峰值约102 cm−3,电子密度约106 cm−3),成功“显影”了这一低空耗空。
需要注意的是,等离子体泡的耗空结构出现于谷区并不等同于等离子体泡生成于谷区高度。富克站150 km高度沿磁力线对应磁赤道上空约500 km的高度,因此观测到的谷区耗空实质上是等离子体泡沿磁力线映射至低纬度的“镜像结构”。尽管如此,这一发现表明等离子体泡的影响范围比以往认为的更深、更广。
与传统探测手段相比,Ca+激光雷达示踪等离子体泡具有以下优势:(1) 直接测量密度耗空,而非间接通过不均匀体回波推断;(2) 高垂直分辨率(30~96 m)可解析等离子体泡的精细结构;(3) 可探测谷区及以下的低空耗空,填补了传统手段的盲区。
然而,该方法也存在局限:Ca+团块的出现具有偶然性(2024年22个观测夜中仅2次出现携带泡结构的Ca+团块);激光雷达为单点垂直探测,缺乏水平覆盖;Ca+密度远低于电子密度,仅在高信噪比条件下才能有效识别耗空结构。未来,多站激光雷达链与VHF雷达网的协同观测有望克服这些局限。
综合上述观测,利用Ca+示踪电离层结构的适用条件可归纳为:目标高度存在可探测Ca+层(密度≥5 cm−3以保证信噪比);离子充分磁化且与背景离子经历相似电场漂移,化学寿命足够长(数十分钟以上)。该方法的主要局限包括:Ca+层出现具有空间偶发性和时间间歇性(2024年22个观测夜中仅2次出现携带等离子体泡结构的Ca+团块);Ca+密度远低于电子密度(约4~5个数量级),反映的是“相对耗空”而非绝对密度变化;激光雷达为单点垂直探测,缺乏水平覆盖。
基于子午工程激光雷达与无线电雷达协同观测,在以下3方面实现了首次突破:(1) 在中纬地区报道了磁静日条件下Ca+层从E区上涌至300 km高度的完整过程,突破了以往认为金属离子上涌仅发生于磁暴事件的认知局限,但该结论目前主要基于北京站的单站观测,其普适性有待多站统计验证;(2) 在低纬度谷区(140~160 km)同时获取了Ca+密度剖面与VHF雷达场向不均匀体回波,直接证实了金属离子聚集与不均匀体生成的时空关联,但该事件发生于一次强磁暴(Dst≈−210 nT)期间,磁静日条件下谷区是否同样存在此类耦合仍需进一步观测;(3) 在Ca+密度剖面中直接成像了等离子体泡的耗空与分叉结构,并将耗空结构的可探测高度下延至150 km的谷区底部,改变了以往对等离子体泡高度分布的传统认识,然而Ca+团块携带等离子体泡结构的出现具有偶然性(2024年22个观测夜中仅2次),该示踪方法的普适性和统计规律尚需更长周期的数据积累。以上3项突破,均基于子午工程特定站点的有限样本,其适用边界和统计显著性有待后续多站协同观测与数值模拟的进一步验证。
上述突破共同指向一个更深层的认识:金属离子不仅是电离层扰动的被动示踪物,还可能通过改变局部电导率在不均匀体形成中发挥积极作用。漠河站统计显示,热层−电离层Ca+层事件中72%伴随扩展F;作为对比,在未观测到热层Ca+层的观测夜中,扩展F的发生率为该站同期统计样本中的背景水平。这一对比初步提示金属离子与不均匀体之间存在统计关联,但要检验金属离子是否通过改变局部电导率直接参与不均匀体形成这一假说,仍需进一步开展以下方面的工作:(1) 数值模拟验证——利用包含金属离子动力学的热层−电离层耦合模式(如WACCM−X),定量评估金属离子密度增加对局部电导率和梯度漂移不稳定性的影响幅度,检验其是否达到激发不均匀体的阈值条件;(2) 电场与风场的协同观测——结合非相干散射雷达等获取的背景电场和中性风数据,区分金属离子聚集本身是由电场/风场输运导致(被动示踪)还是金属离子确实反作用于电离层介质(主动参与);(3) 统计对比的规范化——建立标准化的热层Ca+层事件定义和扩展F识别准则,在控制地磁活动水平、季节、局地时间等变量的条件下,系统比较“有Ca+层”与“无Ca+层”条件下扩展F发生率的差异及其统计显著性。在上述证据积累之前,这一假说仅视为有待检验的科学猜想。
相比于国际主要观测网络,子午工程激光雷达与无线电雷达的联测模式具有不可替代的优势。在国际上,秘鲁Jicamarca非相干散射雷达和印度Gadanki MST雷达在低纬度/赤道电离层不均匀体研究中具有重要地位[31−33, 40],但均缺乏金属离子密度的同步探测能力,其中Jicamarca以电子密度和漂移速度测量为主,Gadanki以场向不均匀体回波为主。美国Urbana站和德国Kühlungsborn站的金属离子激光雷达探测上限普遍在200 km以下,主要聚焦E区金属层[1−2]。相比之下,子午工程观测网首次实现了金属离子密度(80~500 km)与电离层不均匀体的共视场同步探测,在探测高度覆盖和联合探测能力方面具有独特优势。未来,与国际观测网络(如Jicamarca的雷达、南美和东南亚的GNSS闪烁网)的联合观测和数据共享,将有助于从全球尺度理解金属离子示踪的电离层不均匀体现象。
子午工程激光雷达与无线电雷达协同观测在金属离子动力学与电离层不均匀体研究方面取得3项核心突破,可归纳如下。
1) 中纬度金属离子上涌:揭示赤道向中性风的驱动作用与磁倾角效应。在北京站(磁倾角64.3°)和漠河站(磁倾角70.8°)的观测首次证实,中纬度Ca+层可从E区上涌至300~350 km高度。北京站在磁静日即可观测到上涌现象,而漠河站仅能在强磁暴期间实现同等高度的抬升。这一差异源于磁倾角对中性风驱动效率的调制:磁倾角越接近45°,赤道向风产生向上离子漂移的效率越高。漠河站法布里−珀罗干涉仪观测到的赤道向中性风增强(100~360 m/s)与电离层测高仪链推算结果一致,理论计算表明该风场足以解释观测到的上涌速率(约60 m/s)。AE与上涌事件的时序关联(延迟1~4 h)进一步支持“极区能量注入→赤道向中性风增强→中纬度金属离子上涌”的因果链。
2) 低纬度谷区不均匀体:建立金属离子聚集与不均匀体生成的直接关联。富克—乐东协同观测首次在谷区(140~160 km)同时获取Ca+密度剖面与VHF雷达回波,直接证实了金属离子聚集与不均匀体生成的时空关联。观测表明,暴时穿透电场和/或等离子体泡极化电场将金属离子从E区抬升至谷区,中性风剪切使其聚集形成高密度薄层(峰值约300 cm−3),该薄层提供的密度梯度在梯度漂移不稳定性作用下激发小尺度不均匀体。这一机制框架将离子输运、薄层形成和不均匀体激发统一起来,Ca+作为示踪物首次“可视化”了中间层等离子体结构。
3) 等离子体泡的Ca+示踪:发现等离子体泡结构下延至谷区的新认知。富克站Ca+激光雷达首次在金属离子密度剖面中直接成像了等离子体泡的耗空与分叉结构。4个耗空结构中,高高度结构(>200 km)对应VHF雷达回波和显著TEC耗空(~20 TECu),低高度结构(150~220 km)虽无VHF回波,但在Ca+剖面中清晰可辨。这是首次在150 km高度的谷区观测到等离子体泡引起的密度耗空,表明等离子体泡的影响范围比以往认为的更深、更广。观测结果改变了以往对等离子体泡高度分布的认识,为其产生与演化研究提供了重要参考。Ca+作为高密度离子示踪物,发挥了“显影剂”的作用,使传统手段难以探测的低空结构得以呈现。
基于子午工程“一链三网四聚焦”的科学布局[44],结合当前研究进展与尚未解决的科学问题,未来研究应聚焦以下3个方向。
1) 多站激光雷达链协同观测:构建金属离子输运的纬度分布图像。当前观测集中在漠河、北京、富克3个站点,纬度覆盖有限。未来,在国际子午圈大科学计划[30]的支持下,将在磁赤道建设Ca+激光雷达,结合目前子午工程沿120°E经度链的多站布局,将有望实现从极区到赤道的金属离子连续探测,系统研究:(1) 金属离子上涌事件的发生率、抬升高度、持续时间的纬度分布;(2) 磁暴期间赤道向中性风的传播特征及其纬度衰减规律;(3) 等离子体泡沿磁力线映射的纬度扩展范围。这将为构建金属离子输运的全纬度图像提供数据基础。
2) 全链条数值模式与观测的深度融合:定量区分电场与中性风的贡献。当前SAMI3/WACCM−X耦合模式已初步应用于金属离子与电离层不均匀体相互作用的研究。Huba等[45]利用该模式发现,E区金属离子层增强的局域电导率可抑制赤道等离子体泡的发展,为本研究提出的假说提供了初步模式支持。未来应重点推进以下工作:(1) 将Ca+密度剖面和VHF雷达回波数据同化模式,通过敏感性试验定量区分电场与中性风在不同纬度、不同磁暴阶段的相对贡献;(2) 利用模式输出解释观测中尚未被完全理解的精细结构(如Ca+团块内的多层耗空特征及其与等离子体泡分叉结构的对应关系);(3) 将地基单点观测与全球模式相结合,将局地物理过程外推至更大空间尺度,弥补激光雷达水平覆盖不足的局限。这将推动金属离子动力学研究从定性描述走向定量归因。
3) 基于金属离子的电离层不均匀体预警方法研究:向应用转化。金属离子与电离层不均匀体的强相关性具有潜在的应用价值。未来应探索:(1) 建立基于Ca+层高度和密度的扩展F发生概率预报模型,利用实时激光雷达观测数据输出预警指数;(2) 将激光雷达单点观测与GNSS TEC同化技术结合,实现对等离子体泡空间分布的三维重构;(3) 评估金属离子预警方法在子午工程业务化运行中的可行性与可靠性,将基础研究成果向空间天气预报应用转化。
总之,子午工程激光雷达与无线电雷达协同观测网已在中纬度金属离子上涌、低纬度谷区不均匀体、等离子体泡示踪等方面取得了一系列具有国际影响力的原创成果。未来,随着观测网络的持续完善、数值模式的不断进步以及人工智能技术的深度介入,金属离子示踪方法有望在空间物理前沿探索和空间天气业务应用中发挥更大作用。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2025YFE0202500)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42374204)
  • 国家自然科学基金国际合作项目(42020104002)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(42404180)
  • 国家自然科学基金重大科研仪器研制项目(41727803)
  • 中国科学院稳定支持基础研究领域青年团队计划(YSBR−018)
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2026年第44卷第18期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00007
  • 接收时间:2026-07-03
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-07-03
  • 修回日期:2026-09-11
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2025YFE0202500)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42374204)
国家自然科学基金国际合作项目(42020104002)
国家自然科学基金青年项目(42404180)
国家自然科学基金重大科研仪器研制项目(41727803)
中国科学院稳定支持基础研究领域青年团队计划(YSBR−018)
作者信息
    1中国科学院国家空间科学中心,北京 100190
    2中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,北京 100029
    3海南空间天气国家野外科学观测研究站,儋州 571734

通讯作者:

孙文杰(通信作者),高级工程师,研究方向为电离层扰动与不均匀体,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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