Article(id=1324320300766212661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1324320221309313194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.06.00060, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1780761600000, receivedDateStr=2026-06-07, revisedDate=1789056000000, revisedDateStr=2026-09-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793672164384, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1790524800000, pubDateStr=2026-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793672164384, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793672164384, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793672164384, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324320221309313194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1790524800000', pubDateStr='2026-09-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793672145439, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793673806843, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324327189847605469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1324320221309313194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324327189847605470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1324320221309313194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=79, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324320301244363318, articleId=1324320300766212661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Observation advances of the Hainan VHF Coherent Scatter Phased Array Radar (HCOPAR), columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Hainan coherent scatter phased−array radar (HCOPAR) operates at 47 MHz and detects meter−scale field−aligned irregularities in the low−latitude ionosphere. It is the first independently developed VHF coherent scatter phased−array radar of this type in mainland China. This review summarizes the system configuration, observing capability, and major scientific results of HCOPAR. Long−term observations reveal clear local−time, seasonal, and altitude variations in E−region irregularities. The observations also identify quasi−periodic echoes, low−altitude quasi−periodic echoes, and V−shaped echoes. Combined radar, ionosonde, meteor−radar, and geomagnetic observations constrain the spatial structures and possible excitation processes of these echoes. The results indicate that neutral−wind shear, plasma density gradients, and geomagnetic disturbances can influence E−region irregularities. For the F region, statistical studies characterize the occurrence of nighttime echoes and their dependence on ionospheric height. Daytime observations show that residual irregularities may enter the radar field of view along magnetic field lines. Radar imaging further reveals their discrete spatial structures and rapid dissipation under sunlight. Joint airglow and radar measurements distinguish the distributions of meter−scale irregularities within and outside equatorial plasma bubbles. These measurements suggest that density gradients, polarization electric fields, and bubble evolution jointly regulate the irregularities. Geomagnetic disturbances can alter the motion and lifetime of F−region irregularities. Medium−scale traveling ionospheric disturbances can also modulate or trigger stripe−like echoes. The available results demonstrate the value of HCOPAR for studying multiscale coupling in the East Asian low−latitude ionosphere. Future work should combine long−term statistics, interferometric imaging, and coordinated observations from radars, optical instruments, Global Navigation Satellite System receivers, and satellites.

, authors=Chunxiao YAN1, Jiaxin GUO2, Gang CHEN3, *, Jiyao XU1, Jingye YAN1, Tao YU2, Min ZHANG3, Jin WANG2, Yuanlin JIA3, Pengfei HU1, 3, authorsList=Chunxiao YAN, Jiaxin GUO, Gang CHEN, Jiyao XU, Jingye YAN, Tao YU, Min ZHANG, Jin WANG, Yuanlin JIA, Pengfei HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Gang CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324320305778405971, articleId=1324320300766212661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=子午工程海南VHF雷达(HCOPAR)观测进展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海南相干散射相控阵雷达(Hainan VHF Coherent Scatter Phased Array Radar,HCOPAR)是中国大陆首台自主研制、用于低纬电离层米尺度场向不规则体探测的甚高频(very high frequency,VHF)相干散射相控阵雷达。长期观测揭示了E区不规则体的地方时、季节和高度分布特征,以及准周期、低高度准周期和V形回波的空间结构与可能机制;联合测高仪、流星雷达和地磁指数观测表明,中性风剪切、梯度漂移不稳定性和地磁扰动可影响E区不规则体。F区研究刻画了夜间回波统计特征、日间残余不规则体的耗散、泡内外米尺度结构的分布,以及地磁扰动和中尺度行进式电离层扰动的作用。现有成果表明,HCOPAR为认识东亚低纬电离层多尺度耦合过程及其空间天气效应提供了重要观测基础。

, authors=燕春晓1, 郭嘉欣2, 陈罡3, *, 徐寄遥1, 阎敬业1, 余涛2, 张敏3, 王锦2, 贾渊琳3, 胡鹏飞1, 3, authorsList=燕春晓, 郭嘉欣, 陈罡, 徐寄遥, 阎敬业, 余涛, 张敏, 王锦, 贾渊琳, 胡鹏飞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈罡, authorNote=

燕春晓,研究员,研究方向为空间探测技术,电子信箱:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈罡(通信作者),教授,研究方向为空间物理,电子信箱:
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指标参数或典型值
台址海南儋州富克站(19.5°N,109.1°E)
工作频率与目标尺度47 MHz;主要探测约3.2 m尺度的场向不规则体
天线阵列规模发射/主接收阵列18×4,共72副5单元八木天线;2020年新增2个9×4只接收子阵,接收天线总数144副
发射功率单T/R通道峰值750 W;系统总峰值54 kW,共72个发射通道
带宽与编码最大带宽2 MHz;采用7位或13位Barker编码
波束配置7个波束;方位角−22.5°~+22.5°,间隔7.5°;中心波束指向正北
中心波束与波束宽度中心波束仰角61.36°;半功率波束宽度为方位向4.6°、俯仰向21.7°
探测距离与距离分辨率常规模式约80~700 km、0.711 km;高分辨率E区模式约80~330 km、0.178 km
时间分辨率单波束模式20 s;7波束依次扫描约120 s完成一轮
主要输出参数回波功率/信噪比、多普勒速度和谱宽;原始I/Q数据可用于谱分析、干涉测量和成像
), ArticleFig(id=1324320318231294646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1324320300766212661, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

HCOPAR主要技术指标与典型观测参数

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指标参数或典型值
台址海南儋州富克站(19.5°N,109.1°E)
工作频率与目标尺度47 MHz;主要探测约3.2 m尺度的场向不规则体
天线阵列规模发射/主接收阵列18×4,共72副5单元八木天线;2020年新增2个9×4只接收子阵,接收天线总数144副
发射功率单T/R通道峰值750 W;系统总峰值54 kW,共72个发射通道
带宽与编码最大带宽2 MHz;采用7位或13位Barker编码
波束配置7个波束;方位角−22.5°~+22.5°,间隔7.5°;中心波束指向正北
中心波束与波束宽度中心波束仰角61.36°;半功率波束宽度为方位向4.6°、俯仰向21.7°
探测距离与距离分辨率常规模式约80~700 km、0.711 km;高分辨率E区模式约80~330 km、0.178 km
时间分辨率单波束模式20 s;7波束依次扫描约120 s完成一轮
主要输出参数回波功率/信噪比、多普勒速度和谱宽;原始I/Q数据可用于谱分析、干涉测量和成像
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子午工程海南VHF雷达(HCOPAR)观测进展
燕春晓 1 , 郭嘉欣 2 , 陈罡 3, * , 徐寄遥 1 , 阎敬业 1 , 余涛 2 , 张敏 3 , 王锦 2 , 贾渊琳 3 , 胡鹏飞 1, 3
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(18): 79-93
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (18) : 79 -93
子午工程海南VHF雷达(HCOPAR)观测进展
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燕春晓1 , 郭嘉欣2, 陈罡3, * , 徐寄遥1, 阎敬业1, 余涛2, 张敏3, 王锦2, 贾渊琳3, 胡鹏飞1, 3
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院国家空间科学中心,北京 100190
  • 2中国地质大学(武汉)地球物理与空间信息学院,武汉 430074
  • 3武汉大学地球与空间科学学院,武汉 430072
通讯作者:
陈罡(通信作者),教授,研究方向为空间物理,电子信箱:
作者简介:

燕春晓,研究员,研究方向为空间探测技术,电子信箱:

Observation advances of the Hainan VHF Coherent Scatter Phased Array Radar (HCOPAR)
Chunxiao YAN1 , Jiaxin GUO2, Gang CHEN3, * , Jiyao XU1, Jingye YAN1, Tao YU2, Min ZHANG3, Jin WANG2, Yuanlin JIA3, Pengfei HU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
  • 3School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2026-09-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.06.00060
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海南相干散射相控阵雷达(Hainan VHF Coherent Scatter Phased Array Radar,HCOPAR)是中国大陆首台自主研制、用于低纬电离层米尺度场向不规则体探测的甚高频(very high frequency,VHF)相干散射相控阵雷达。长期观测揭示了E区不规则体的地方时、季节和高度分布特征,以及准周期、低高度准周期和V形回波的空间结构与可能机制;联合测高仪、流星雷达和地磁指数观测表明,中性风剪切、梯度漂移不稳定性和地磁扰动可影响E区不规则体。F区研究刻画了夜间回波统计特征、日间残余不规则体的耗散、泡内外米尺度结构的分布,以及地磁扰动和中尺度行进式电离层扰动的作用。现有成果表明,HCOPAR为认识东亚低纬电离层多尺度耦合过程及其空间天气效应提供了重要观测基础。

VHF雷达  /  相干散射  /  低纬电离层  /  场向不规则体  /  赤道等离子体泡

The Hainan coherent scatter phased−array radar (HCOPAR) operates at 47 MHz and detects meter−scale field−aligned irregularities in the low−latitude ionosphere. It is the first independently developed VHF coherent scatter phased−array radar of this type in mainland China. This review summarizes the system configuration, observing capability, and major scientific results of HCOPAR. Long−term observations reveal clear local−time, seasonal, and altitude variations in E−region irregularities. The observations also identify quasi−periodic echoes, low−altitude quasi−periodic echoes, and V−shaped echoes. Combined radar, ionosonde, meteor−radar, and geomagnetic observations constrain the spatial structures and possible excitation processes of these echoes. The results indicate that neutral−wind shear, plasma density gradients, and geomagnetic disturbances can influence E−region irregularities. For the F region, statistical studies characterize the occurrence of nighttime echoes and their dependence on ionospheric height. Daytime observations show that residual irregularities may enter the radar field of view along magnetic field lines. Radar imaging further reveals their discrete spatial structures and rapid dissipation under sunlight. Joint airglow and radar measurements distinguish the distributions of meter−scale irregularities within and outside equatorial plasma bubbles. These measurements suggest that density gradients, polarization electric fields, and bubble evolution jointly regulate the irregularities. Geomagnetic disturbances can alter the motion and lifetime of F−region irregularities. Medium−scale traveling ionospheric disturbances can also modulate or trigger stripe−like echoes. The available results demonstrate the value of HCOPAR for studying multiscale coupling in the East Asian low−latitude ionosphere. Future work should combine long−term statistics, interferometric imaging, and coordinated observations from radars, optical instruments, Global Navigation Satellite System receivers, and satellites.

VHF radar  /  coherent scatter  /  low−latitude ionosphere  /  field−aligned irregularities  /  equatorial plasma bubble
燕春晓, 郭嘉欣, 陈罡, 徐寄遥, 阎敬业, 余涛, 张敏, 王锦, 贾渊琳, 胡鹏飞. 子午工程海南VHF雷达(HCOPAR)观测进展. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (18) : 79 -93 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.06.00060
Chunxiao YAN, Jiaxin GUO, Gang CHEN, Jiyao XU, Jingye YAN, Tao YU, Min ZHANG, Jin WANG, Yuanlin JIA, Pengfei HU. Observation advances of the Hainan VHF Coherent Scatter Phased Array Radar (HCOPAR)[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (18) : 79 -93 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.06.00060
电离层是太阳极紫外和X射线辐射电离高层大气形成的弱电离等离子体区域,主要分布在60~1000 km高度范围,是日地空间环境中对无线电传播影响最大的区域之一。受太阳辐射、地磁活动、中性风、潮汐/重力波和电动力学过程共同作用,电离层内部会出现不同尺度的变化和不规则结构。这些结构会改变无线电波传播路径、相位和幅度,进而影响卫星通信、全球卫星导航系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)定位、雷达探测和空间天气预报。在低纬地区,电离层闪烁对导航定位性能的影响尤为突出,因此低纬电离层不规则体研究具有重要科学意义和应用价值[1−2]。
低纬电离层中存在多种大尺度等离子体密度结构,包括赤道电离异常(equatorial ionospheric anomaly,EIA)、不同尺度的行进式电离层扰动(traveling ionospheric disturbance,TID)、夜间电子密度增强以及赤道等离子体泡(equatorial plasma bubbles, EPB)等[3−6]。其中赤道等离子体泡因其非线性发展过程和不可预测性格外受到关注。等离子体泡通常在日落后赤道地区的F区底部产生。此时F区底部存在向上的等离子体密度梯度,日落前后预反转增强电场(pre−reversal enhancement,PRE)抬升F区底部等离子体,并增强瑞利−泰勒不稳定性(Rayleigh−Taylor instability,RTI)的增长条件,在广义瑞利−泰勒不稳定性(generalized Rayleigh−Taylor instability,GRTI)作用下,低密度等离子体结构可向上发展并形成赤道等离子体泡[6−7]。磁暴期间的扰动电场以及重力波/TID等大尺度扰动,可通过改变F区垂直漂移、背景密度梯度和RTI/GRTI增长条件,促进、抑制或调制赤道—低纬F区不规则体的发展[8−10]。这种赤道等离子体泡可向高空发展至数百千米以上,并沿地磁场线向低纬甚至中纬地区映射或延伸[11]。同时受背景风影响,等离子体泡在午夜前通常向东漂移,且逐渐减速,在午夜后可能转向为向西漂移[12],最终变为化石结构(fossil structure)并逐渐消失[13]。EPB的边界及内部具有陡峭密度梯度,受等离子体不稳定性的激发会产生米尺度的场向不规则体(field−aligned irregularity,FAI)[14−15]。EPB及其内部多尺度密度不规则体能够显著扰动穿越的无线电信号,是低纬电离层闪烁的重要物理背景[6]。
EPB这种等离子体密度耗空结构可被630.0 nm全天空气辉成像仪观测到,可记录其水平二维分布特征[16];GNSS接收机可通过总电子含量(total electron content,TEC)扰动或电离层闪烁反映EPB内部高密度梯度对穿越无线电信号的影响[17];EPB边界和内部包含的米尺度场向不规则体能够对入射甚高频(very high frequency,VHF)电波产生相干后向散射,因此可被VHF相干散射雷达探测[15];当EPB经过测高仪上空,测高仪常会记录到扩展F(spread F)现象。通过多种无线电和光学设备的联合观测,可以从不同维度、不同侧面了解EPB和其内部FAI的发生、发展和衰落特征[18]。
海南VHF雷达位于中国海南省儋州市富克镇,依托子午工程一期建设,是用于电离层场向不规则体观测的海南相干散射相控阵雷达(Hainan VHF Coherent Scatter Phased Array Radar,HCOPAR)[19]。自2012年投入观测以来,HCOPAR依托其VHF相干散射探测能力,并结合周边Digisonde、GNSS接收机和全天空气辉成像仪等无线电与光学设备,开展了低纬E区和F区场向不规则体的观测及机制研究,并探讨了F区场向不规则体与赤道等离子体泡之间的联系,揭示了东亚低纬地区电离层不规则体的发生条件、时空分布、漂移特征及其与背景电离层结构和空间天气扰动之间的关联性[20−22]。近年来,随着HCOPAR硬件系统、相控阵观测能力以及雷达成像和数据处理方法的持续升级,该雷达已由传统回波探测逐步发展到对低纬F区不规则体精细结构的成像观测和演化分析,为认知赤道—低纬电离层不规则体的多尺度结构及其动力学过程提供了重要观测支撑[23−24]。
子午工程(空间环境地基综合监测网)是中国面向日地空间环境监测建设的国家重大科技基础设施,主要通过地基观测手段连续监测太阳活动、行星际空间、磁层、电离层和中高层大气等日地空间环境要素。子午工程一期以东经120°经向链和北纬30°纬向链为骨架,建设了多类地基监测台站,形成具有中国区域特色的空间环境综合观测链。子午工程二期在一期基础上进一步扩展观测网络和数据协同能力,构建“一链三网四聚焦”的综合监测体系,从而提高对空间天气关键区域、关键过程及其地面效应的连续探测能力[25],观测设备布局如图1[26]所示。海南VHF雷达作为低纬电离层不规则体观测设备,是子午工程在中国低纬地区的重要观测节点之一,与子午工程在海南岛及周边地区布置的设备协同观测将更全面地获取日地空间环境背景信息。
子午工程HCOPAR位于海南省儋州市富克镇(19.5°N,109.1°E),是中国大陆第一套自主研制的专用于电离层不规则体探测的雷达设备。该雷达坐落于赤道电离层异常北驼峰区,主要用于观测电离层E区和F区的场向不规则体。HCOPAR的工作频率为47 MHz,对应自由空间波长约6.38 m;按照VHF相干散射雷达的后向布拉格散射条件,该频率主要观测约3.2 m尺度的场向不规则体[19]。HCOPAR的天线阵列及控制设备如图2所示。
HCOPAR采用分布式全数字有源相控阵,主要由天线阵列、收发(transmit/receive,T/R)模块、数字收发单元、中央处理系统和时频同步等部分组成。每副八木天线均配置独立T/R模块和数字收发单元,中央处理系统统一下发波形、时序和波束控制参数,从而实现发射波束电扫描和接收数字波束合成。这种分布式数字收发架构减少了传统集中馈电和模拟移相方案中的大功率馈线及功分网络损耗,提高了系统灵活性、通道一致性并使后续成像处理成为可能[19]。HCOPAR的7波束指向及中心波束与地磁场的关系如图3所示。
HCOPAR可形成如图3(a)所示的7个波束,方位角覆盖−22.5°~+22.5°,相邻波束间隔7.5°,其中波束4指向正北。在满足布拉格散射条件的前提下,雷达回波主要来自波矢与地磁场近似正交的有效散射区域,图3(b)给出了波束4和地磁场之间的关系。该波束仰角为61.36°,在水平和垂直方向上的半波宽度分别为4.6°和21.7°。该雷达通常采用单波束和7波束扫描探测2种工作模式。单波束模式一般选择中心波束连续观测,时间分辨率较高(20 s),适合分析E区准周期(quasi−periodic,QP)回波、连续型回波和F区FAI的短时演化过程。7波束扫描模式按照设定顺序依次观测7个波束,约120 s完成一个扫描周期,可获得回波在垂直于磁场的散射面上的分布与运动特征[19]。雷达输出参数包括回波强度、多普勒速度和谱宽等,原始同相/正交(in−phase/quadrature,I/Q)数据还可用于谱分析、干涉测量和成像处理[27]。
HCOPAR自2012年起对电离层的E区和F区开展常规观测。HCOPAR初始采用18×4八木天线发射/主接收阵列,共包含72副天线;2020年对HCOPAR进行改造升级,升级后的HCOPAR接收阵列总体规模为18×8,其中原18×4阵列承担发射和主接收功能,新增的2个9×4子阵仅用于接收。共包含144副接收天线。该天线阵列可分为4个子阵,能够获得回波在4个不同接收点的幅度和相位信息。通过比较同一散射回波在不同位置的相位差异,便能估计散射点在三维空间中的具体位置,从而进行散射目标成像。雷达主要技术指标与典型观测参数如表1所示。
自2012年投入运行以来,HCOPAR持续开展电离层观测,积累了覆盖1个太阳活动周期的长期资料。依托这些观测数据,相关研究揭示了中国低纬地区的E区和F区电离层场向不规则体的一些典型统计特征,并分析了地磁扰动和大气扰动等特殊条件下不规则体的激发、发展和调制过程。
低纬地区的E区场向不规则体主要位于85~115 km高度的偶发E层(sporadic E layer,Es层),其回波形态主要包括连续型和准周期型,主要触发机制包括梯度漂移不稳定性和剪切不稳定性[28−30]。多年来HCOPAR对E区场向不规则体的观测研究主要关注普适性驱动机制和一些特殊回波形态的驱动机制。HCOPAR位于低纬Es活跃区,其长期观测和多基线成像可进一步检验白天强回波、低高度准周期(low−altitude quasi−periodic,LQP)精细结构及地磁扰动响应。
基于2015年9月至2016年8月HCOPAR观测资料的统计研究表明,低纬E区不规则体的发生率具有显著的地方时和季节差异。如图4所示,日出前后发生率最低,正午附近出现次低值;夜间回波出现在较高高度,白天回波则主要分布在纬向风转向高度附近。上午与下午回波分布之间存在较清晰的高度−地方时边界,较大的潮汐振幅总体对应较高的回波发生率,而增强的太阳辐射不利于米尺度结构维持。白天回波高发区与纬向风转向区域具有较好的统计对应关系,夏季白天回波还表现出较宽的高度范围和总体更大的发生率。白天—夜间、上午—下午发生率间隙以及零风线位置表明,中性风剪切通过改变Es层等离子体汇聚条件并调制密度梯度,通过剪切不稳定性导致不规则体的发生。而夜间100 km以上电离层区域密度梯度变大,出现在该高度区域的不规则体可能源自梯度漂移不稳定性。总之,太阳辐射、潮汐风场和背景等离子体分布共同塑造了低纬E区不规则体的统计特征[31]。
E区准周期回波可分为典型QP回波和LQP回波。二者均可在距离−时间图中表现为成组倾斜条纹,但观测高度、出现时段和所反映的动力过程存在差异。如图5所示,2013年8月7日晚HCOPAR与海南测高仪的联合观测发现,QP条纹的倾斜方向与背景等离子体漂移方向具有较强相关性,当背景等离子体分别向北或向南漂移时,雷达距离−时间图中对应出现正倾斜或负倾斜的QP回波,背景风转向时,QP回波倾斜也会出现相应的变化。这进一步验证了QP回波是沿场向延伸的等离子体结构[32]。
HCOPAR于2020年3月12日观测到一次主要分布在约93~97 km高度的LQP回波事件。如图6(a)所示,16:15—16:30 LT期间的回波由多条具有负斜率的准周期条纹组成。利用升级后阵列的多基线干涉测量能力,可进一步获得典型回波迹的空间位置及其连续变化。图6(b)显示,Trace 1、Trace 2和Trace 3对应的散射结构在观测期间分别以约44.0、41.6和51.5 m/s的速度向南运动,同时分别以约26.8、38.0和62.3 m/s的速度向西运动,而垂直方向的运动速度相对较小,表明这些结构总体上以近水平方式向西南方向漂移。由于E区场向不规则体具有较强的方向敏感性,雷达只能在约59.05°~61.35°的有限仰角范围内接收到相干散射回波。散射结构随水平漂移进入和离开雷达的有效观测区域,从而在高度—时间图中形成倾斜的LQP条纹。因此,LQP条纹的表观高度变化并不完全表示不规则体持续升降,而与散射结构的水平漂移及雷达观测几何密切相关。该结果说明,传统单波束距离−时间图中的单条斜迹不一定对应一个完整且刚性运动的等离子体结构,干涉成像能够进一步区分同一距离内的多个散射结构[33]。
总体而言,典型QP观测主要揭示了回波条纹与背景等离子体漂移之间的联系,LQP成像则进一步揭示了低纬E区不规则体的精细空间结构和差异性运动。LQP事件中的复杂漂移及其与中性风剪切的对应关系,为开尔文−亥姆霍兹(Kelvin−Helmholtz,K−H)不稳定性参与LQP结构形成提供了观测支持。
2015年8月16日HCOPAR观测到如图7(a)所示的E区V形散射回波,该回波持续1个多小时,最大信噪比超过30 dB;多波束回波联合分析发现散射结构向西漂移,海南测高仪同时记录到如图7(b)所示的Es层临界频率(critical frequency of the sporadic E layer,foEs)显著增强,闪烁监测也记录了如图7(c)所示的很强的幅度闪烁指数(amplitude scintillation index,S4)[34]。结合地磁场模型定位和雷达波束方向图分析,研究指出V形外观主要由运动中的强散射回波穿透雷达旁瓣形成,并不表示等离子体结构本身具有真实的V形几何外观。日间光化学过程通常会削弱E区电子密度梯度和抑制米尺度不规则结构的产生,但在特定条件下,等离子体不稳定性在低纬日间E区也能形成足以引起强相干散射和无线电闪烁的米尺度不规则体[34−35]。
2015年3月17—18日强地磁活动期间,多台测高仪记录到异常的foEs增强,且异常foEs峰值从较高纬度向低纬度依次出现,为扰动向南传播提供了时序证据。HCOPAR同步观测到不寻常的E区FAI。如图8所示,研究发现极光电集流指数(auroral electrojet index,AE)、北极冠指数(Polar Cap North index,PCN)、低纬foEs变化和不规则体的出现依次呈现约5 h周期变化,且富克站foEs峰值与FAI增强具有良好对应性。基于上述时序关系,研究提出高纬焦耳加热激发的热层风扰动向低纬运动,调制本地潮汐风和风剪切,从而加强Es层并激发米尺度不规则体。该结果拓展了对地磁活动影响低纬E区途径的认识[36]。
低纬度地区的电离层F区常常受到赤道电离层异常和赤道等离子体泡的影响,而赤道等离子体泡中因存在陡峭密度梯度,会产生大量不规则体结构。这些不规则结构在发生、发展、维持和耗散期间所展示的普适性规律,以及它们和等离子体泡之间的共生关系是依托HCOPAR开展研究的重点。另外,与EPB没有关联的F区场向不规则体的特征和触发机制也是非常值得关注的。
基于子午工程在低纬地区布局的综合观测网,可以对F区不规则体开展多维度观测。全天空气辉图像反映大尺度耗空的水平投影;GNSS−TEC和闪烁分别反映沿射线路径的电子含量变化及较小尺度密度梯度变化;测高仪可测量电离层虚高、临频、密度剖面和扩展F;相干散射雷达可观测场向不规则体的后向散射回波。多种设备观测数据能够相互印证,便于研究现象背后的物理机制。
利用2014—2017年HCOPAR与三亚测高仪资料开展的统计研究表明,F区FAI发生率与日落后电离层垂直漂移峰值呈明显正相关。在春秋季日落扇区,当垂直漂移峰值超过20 m/s时,FAI发生率超过50%;超过30 m/s时,发生率接近100%。此外,FAI发生率还具有太阳活动、季节、地方时和地磁活动依赖,说明日落后F区抬升及其导致的RTI增长率增加,是EPB发生和发展的重要条件。如图9的地方时统计显示,午夜前回波的最大高度和强度总体高于午夜后;太阳活动高年春秋季发生率较高,而海南夏季午夜后FAI变化与其他经度台站并不完全一致。研究提出,局地对流及其激发的重力波活动可能参与这种区域差异,但该解释仍需更长时间和多台站联合观测资料加以检验[37]。
HCOPAR在2个地磁平静日的正午观测到罕见的顶部F区FAI,其多普勒速度较小、谱宽较窄且纬向运动不明显。结合测高仪和空间几何关系,研究将其解释为夜间不规则体的残余结构沿磁力线进入雷达视场,而不是白天在本地重新产生。升级后的HCOPAR成像观测进一步显示,日间FAI由多个离散、倾斜且沿南北方向拉长的结构组成,如图10[21,23]所示。HCOPAR与三亚VHF雷达的双雷达联合观测记录了日间FAI沿磁力线向下、向北传播并显著消散的过程:HCOPAR在更低高度晚于三亚雷达10余分钟观测到同类结构,且多数回波在传播过程中消失。研究认为,日照条件下的光电离补充和等离子体回填是该类结构快速消散的重要因素[38]。另一次长持续日间事件发生于2022年6月13日,研究提出,亚暴扰动和负相电离层暴形成的低密度背景有利于残余不规则体延续至白天[39]。
地磁扰动能够改变低纬F区的密度分布、电场特征并激发不稳定性。2017年9月7—8日磁暴期间,HCOPAR与测高仪联合观测揭示了低纬F区FAI的形成与演化过程,表明扰动电场和背景F区变化对不规则体发生发展具有重要影响[22]。
2014年3月4日午夜前,HCOPAR同时观测到上部缓慢下沉且几乎没有纬向运动的不规则体,以及下部正常向东漂移的不规则体。上部结构由约577.6 km高度下降,平均下沉速度约为(71.58±2.46) m/s;研究认为,弱亚暴相关扰动电场可能主要作用于较高电离层,从而造成上下层结构的运动差异[40]。
除地磁扰动外,中尺度行进式电离层扰动(medium−scale traveling ionospheric disturbance,MSTID)也可调制甚至触发低纬F区FAI。2017年9月9日,HCOPAR记录到间隔约33 min的平行条带状回波;同期TEC图显示MSTID经过雷达视场,TEC扰动与雷达回波在纬度−时间分布上具有较好对应关系,同时未发现EPB存在。条带状回波与MSTID在时空分布和周期性上的一致性表明,该事件中的FAI位于MSTID波峰和波谷区域,说明EPB并不是低纬F区FAI发生的唯一原因[41](图11)。
HCOPAR与630.0 nm全天空气辉成像仪的联合观测,使大尺度EPB耗空结构与米尺度FAI能够在同一空间框架下进行比较。在2015年4月13日的EPB事件中,比对了全天空气辉图像灰度值与HCOPAR的7个波束回波信噪比的对应关系,发现米尺度FAI主要分布在EPB内,但泡内不同区域的回波强度和持续时间存在差异,说明EPB内部密度梯度、漂移速度和极化电场条件会影响米尺度FAI的产生和维持。对处于不同耗散阶段的EPB进行统计发现,米尺度不规则体可出现在泡的西墙、东墙和中心区域;在耗散初期,西墙回波发生率和强度明显较高,而在耗散后期,各区域回波均显著减弱,东西墙差异缩小,泡中心回波接近消失[24,42]。上述结果表明,泡内密度梯度、东向漂移速度及极化电场随耗散过程减弱,会共同限制米尺度FAI的产生和维持。进一步的联合观测还发现,部分FAI能够出现在空气辉识别的EPB边界之外,如图12所示。研究提出2种可能路径:相邻泡之间的静电场重构可将不规则体输运到泡外;倾斜泡壁上的高密度梯度及其极化电场也可能向泡外延伸,从而在边界外维持小尺度结构[43]。
HCOPAR、曲靖全天空气辉成像仪和多台测高仪联合研究分析了2014年2月26—27日EPB快速耗散事件。图13给出了2014年2月26日和27日不同EPB顶部纬度及其对应顶点高度的时间变化,图13上方色块表示HCOPAR观测到的泡内场向不规则体持续时间,箭头分别标志FAI B1和B2开始下降及到达最低高度的时刻。两次事件中,B1和B2的最大顶点高度分别约为634和592 km,明显低于充分发展的A1、A2和C2;其耗散时间分别约为14和35 min,也显著短于其他泡体。结合测高仪观测结果,夜间电离层增强主要发生在南宁以南区域,B1和B2进入该区域后随背景F区下降,并表现出快速耗散。两夜中,F区高度先上升后快速下降,高空等离子体向低高度压缩并形成夜间电离层增强;EPB内部FAI最初随F区下降,随后重新上升,其垂直变化范围超过100 km。作者认为,背景F区下降使高空等离子体向较低高度汇聚,在形成夜间电离层增强的同时,也使EPB进入密度更高的背景环境。较高的环境等离子体密度可能增强垂直于地磁场方向的扩散,从而加快EPB及其内部米尺度场向不规则体的耗散。
这一结果说明,EPB的寿命及其内部小尺度结构并非只由泡体自身演化决定,还会受到背景电离层密度和垂直运动的显著影响。多台测高仪提供的区域背景、空气辉记录的大尺度泡体结构以及HCOPAR探测的米尺度FAI,共同构成识别该相互作用过程的关键证据[44]。
综合上述研究,HCOPAR已经形成从长期统计、典型事件到干涉成像的观测链条,但要从现象描述推进到可检验的物理机制,仍有许多工作需要开展。
1) 多种设备的联合观测和数据比对。单部相干散射雷达的观测范围受波束覆盖和磁场正交条件限制,主要提供有效散射区内不规则体的回波强度、距离分布及径向运动信息。低纬电离层夜间小尺度不规则体可引起无线电信号闪烁,严重时可能造成导航信号失锁[17]。因此,多源观测融合是提高电离层状态描述与应用服务能力的重要途径[45]。通过与GNSS接收机网络、测高仪、全天空气辉成像仪、非相干散射雷达及卫星载荷等观测数据进行比对,可以分析不规则体的大范围分布、整体状态、三维运动特征及其不稳定性驱动机制和来源。
2) 观测范围与三维反演能力拓展。单部相干散射雷达的有效观测区域受到波束覆盖和场向正交散射条件约束,当前仍缺乏适用于低纬地区、具有稳定时空分辨率的不规则体三维观测与反演方法。未来可通过优化多波束扫描模式、扩展接收基线并开展多站协同观测,提高对不规则体三维结构及其演化过程的反演能力。
3) 不规则体的新形态特征及其驱动机制研究。长期观测表明,低纬电离层不规则体呈现条纹状、下行型、孤立型及快速垂直漂移型等多种非典型形态。这些形态可能反映背景电场、中性风、密度梯度及波动过程之间的复杂耦合。有必要仔细比对数据,找出这些特殊不规则体形态,探讨其驱动机制。
海南VHF相干散射相控阵雷达(HCOPAR)是子午工程在中国低纬地区布局的重要空间环境观测平台。自开展常规观测以来,HCOPAR依托自身VHF相干散射探测、多波束扫描和干涉成像能力,并结合测高仪、GNSS接收机、全天空气辉成像仪、流星雷达和卫星资料,在中国低纬E区和F区米尺度场向不规则体研究中形成了较为系统的观测基础。相关研究不仅积累了海南地区长期VHF雷达电离层观测资料,也推动了中国低纬电离层不规则体从个例识别向统计分析、多设备联合诊断和精细结构成像方向发展。
在E区研究中,HCOPAR观测揭示了低纬E区场向不规则体在地方时、高度和季节上的显著变化特征。长期统计结果表明,E区回波发生率与Es层密度梯度、中性风剪切、潮汐背景和太阳辐射条件密切相关;QP和LQP事件研究进一步显示,距离−时间图中的准周期条纹不仅反映回波形态,也包含不规则体漂移和空间结构信息。日间强E区回波、V形回波和磁扰期间Es/FAI响应等事件表明,强日照抑制条件下E区依然能通过风场或波动扰动激发等离子体不稳定性,产生强散射不规则结构,并对无线电传播产生影响。
在F区研究中,HCOPAR对EPB内部或边界附近产生的相干散射回波,以及TID驱动的FAI开展研究。夜间统计研究表明,F区FAI的发生与日落后垂直漂移、太阳活动、季节和地磁活动有关;日间观测则显示,部分F区FAI可作为夜间残余结构沿磁力线进入雷达视场,并在日照条件下发生快速且规律的消散。地磁活动产生的电场可改变FAI的运动方向,MSTID可在其波峰和波谷激发条带状不规则结构。近年来,HCOPAR与全天空气辉成像仪的联合研究进一步揭示了大尺度EPB耗空结构与米尺度FAI之间并非简单一一对应,泡内不规则体在不同泡区具有明显差异性分布,泡外不规则体也可能受极化电场和密度梯度延伸的影响而形成。
总体来看,HCOPAR的长期观测和升级后的成像能力为认知东亚低纬电离层不规则体的多尺度结构、动力学过程和空间天气效应提供了重要支撑。未来研究应继续发挥HCOPAR的相控阵和干涉成像优势,结合更广区域的多雷达、多光学设备、密集GNSS和卫星观测,建立统一事件目录和可重复的数据处理流程。通过将长期统计与典型个例相结合,有望进一步厘清低纬E区和F区不规则体的形成机制、演化规律及其对导航通信系统的影响,为低纬电离层空间天气监测和预报提供更加可靠的观测依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42274197)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.06.00060
  • 接收时间:2026-06-07
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-06-07
  • 修回日期:2026-09-11
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42274197)
作者信息
    1中国科学院国家空间科学中心,北京 100190
    2中国地质大学(武汉)地球物理与空间信息学院,武汉 430074
    3武汉大学地球与空间科学学院,武汉 430072

通讯作者:

陈罡(通信作者),教授,研究方向为空间物理,电子信箱:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.06.00060
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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