Article(id=1324320280121844204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1324320221309313194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1783526400000, receivedDateStr=2026-07-09, revisedDate=1790092800000, revisedDateStr=2026-09-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793672159462, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1790524800000, pubDateStr=2026-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793672159462, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793672159462, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793672159462, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324320221309313194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1790524800000', pubDateStr='2026-09-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793672145439, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793673806843, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324327189847605469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1324320221309313194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324327189847605470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1324320221309313194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=127, endPage=136, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324320280461582829, articleId=1324320280121844204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=From Chinese Meridian Project to the International Meridian Circle Program——Sino−Brazilian joint space weather monitoring, scientific breakthroughs and prospects, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Taking the China−Brazil Joint Laboratory for Space Weather (CBJLSW) as the research focus, this paper clarifies the evolutionary trajectory of China−Brazil cooperation in space science. It first presents the fundamental overview of the laboratory, which serves as a pioneering demonstration platform for the International Meridian Circle Program (IMCP). As a major international scientific initiative independently initiated and led by Chinese scientists, the IMCP is developed on the basis of Chinese Meridian Project (CMP). This paper systematically summarizes the twelve−year research achievements of CBJLSW. Relying on the unique geographical advantages of the geomagnetic conjugation and symmetry between China and Brazil, the laboratory has carried out dawn−dusk observations, international joint measurements, and comparative analysis of the solar−terrestrial space environment. This study elaborates on the cutting−edge research progress in key fields including the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), Equatorial Ionospheric Anomaly (EIA), and Van Allen radiation belts. In accordance with the implementation requirements of IMCP deployment in South America, the paper further prospects the medium− and long−term development of regional observation networks and space−ground collaborative observation systems. This research aims to facilitate China and Brazil in jointly making new contributions to the scientific development of developing countries and promoting the peaceful utilization of outer space for all humankind.

, authors=Hui LI1, 2, Zhengkuan LIU1, 2, *, Quanlin FAN1, Xiaoyu LI1, Shengyu HUANG2, authorsList=Hui LI, Zhengkuan LIU, Quanlin FAN, Xiaoyu LI, Shengyu HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhengkuan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324320284131598844, articleId=1324320280121844204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=从中国子午工程到国际子午圈——中国−巴西空间天气联合监测、科学突破与展望, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以中国−巴西空间天气联合实验室为例,梳理了中巴空间科学领域合作的发展脉络。概述了南美实验室作为由中国科学家率先发起的、基于中国子午工程为基础的、“以我为主”的国际子午圈大科学计划的先行示范站基本情况。总结了实验室12载成效,发挥中巴地理位置共轭对称的天然优势,开展日地空间环境的晨昏探测、国际联测和对比分析研究,重点阐述南大西洋异常区、赤道电离层异常、范艾伦辐射带等前沿科学研究及进展。结合国际子午圈大科学计划在南美的实施需求,展望了中长期区域观测网络和天地协同的前景。

, authors=李晖1, 2, 刘正宽1, 2, *, 范全林1, 李晓宇1, 黄圣瑜2, authorsList=李晖, 刘正宽, 范全林, 李晓宇, 黄圣瑜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘正宽, authorNote=

李晖,研究员,研究方向为空间物理学、行星际扰动(激波、日冕物质抛射、MHD波动等),电子信箱:

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刘正宽(通信作者),高级工程师,研究方向为中高层大气探测技术,电子信箱:
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李晖,研究员,研究方向为空间物理学、行星际扰动(激波、日冕物质抛射、MHD波动等),电子信箱:

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台站名称部署空间环境监测设备
圣若泽钠钾双波长激光雷达、GNSS电离层TEC及闪烁监测仪
圣玛利亚电离层数字测高仪、GPS电离层TEC监测仪、大气电场仪、毫米波测云雷达
圣马丁尼奥全天空气辉成像仪、磁通门磁力仪
阿蒂巴亚大气电场仪
大坎皮纳电离层数字测高仪、大气电场仪
波多韦柳GNSS电离层TEC及闪烁监测仪
圣路易斯磁通门磁力仪
福塔雷萨GNSS电离层TEC及闪烁监测仪、磁通门磁力仪
圣塔伦磁通门磁力仪
), ArticleFig(id=1324320292868334137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1324320280121844204, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

南美实验室部署设备

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台站名称部署空间环境监测设备
圣若泽钠钾双波长激光雷达、GNSS电离层TEC及闪烁监测仪
圣玛利亚电离层数字测高仪、GPS电离层TEC监测仪、大气电场仪、毫米波测云雷达
圣马丁尼奥全天空气辉成像仪、磁通门磁力仪
阿蒂巴亚大气电场仪
大坎皮纳电离层数字测高仪、大气电场仪
波多韦柳GNSS电离层TEC及闪烁监测仪
圣路易斯磁通门磁力仪
福塔雷萨GNSS电离层TEC及闪烁监测仪、磁通门磁力仪
圣塔伦磁通门磁力仪
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从中国子午工程到国际子午圈——中国−巴西空间天气联合监测、科学突破与展望
李晖 1, 2 , 刘正宽 1, 2, * , 范全林 1 , 李晓宇 1 , 黄圣瑜 2
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(18): 127-136
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (18) : 127 -136
从中国子午工程到国际子午圈——中国−巴西空间天气联合监测、科学突破与展望
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李晖1, 2 , 刘正宽1, 2, * , 范全林1, 李晓宇1, 黄圣瑜2
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院国家空间科学中心,北京 100190
  • 2中国−巴西空间天气联合实验室/中国科学院南美空间天气实验室,北京 100190
通讯作者:
刘正宽(通信作者),高级工程师,研究方向为中高层大气探测技术,电子信箱:
作者简介:

李晖,研究员,研究方向为空间物理学、行星际扰动(激波、日冕物质抛射、MHD波动等),电子信箱:

From Chinese Meridian Project to the International Meridian Circle Program——Sino−Brazilian joint space weather monitoring, scientific breakthroughs and prospects
Hui LI1, 2 , Zhengkuan LIU1, 2, * , Quanlin FAN1, Xiaoyu LI1, Shengyu HUANG2
Affiliations
  • 1National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2China−Brasil Joint Laboratory for Space Weather/South American Space Weather Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
出版时间: 2026-09-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00042
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以中国−巴西空间天气联合实验室为例,梳理了中巴空间科学领域合作的发展脉络。概述了南美实验室作为由中国科学家率先发起的、基于中国子午工程为基础的、“以我为主”的国际子午圈大科学计划的先行示范站基本情况。总结了实验室12载成效,发挥中巴地理位置共轭对称的天然优势,开展日地空间环境的晨昏探测、国际联测和对比分析研究,重点阐述南大西洋异常区、赤道电离层异常、范艾伦辐射带等前沿科学研究及进展。结合国际子午圈大科学计划在南美的实施需求,展望了中长期区域观测网络和天地协同的前景。

空间天气  /  空间科学  /  中国子午工程  /  国际子午圈  /  南大西洋异常区  /  共轭观测

Taking the China−Brazil Joint Laboratory for Space Weather (CBJLSW) as the research focus, this paper clarifies the evolutionary trajectory of China−Brazil cooperation in space science. It first presents the fundamental overview of the laboratory, which serves as a pioneering demonstration platform for the International Meridian Circle Program (IMCP). As a major international scientific initiative independently initiated and led by Chinese scientists, the IMCP is developed on the basis of Chinese Meridian Project (CMP). This paper systematically summarizes the twelve−year research achievements of CBJLSW. Relying on the unique geographical advantages of the geomagnetic conjugation and symmetry between China and Brazil, the laboratory has carried out dawn−dusk observations, international joint measurements, and comparative analysis of the solar−terrestrial space environment. This study elaborates on the cutting−edge research progress in key fields including the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), Equatorial Ionospheric Anomaly (EIA), and Van Allen radiation belts. In accordance with the implementation requirements of IMCP deployment in South America, the paper further prospects the medium− and long−term development of regional observation networks and space−ground collaborative observation systems. This research aims to facilitate China and Brazil in jointly making new contributions to the scientific development of developing countries and promoting the peaceful utilization of outer space for all humankind.

space weather  /  space science  /  Chinese Meridian Project  /  International Meridian Circle Program  /  South Atlantic Anomaly  /  conjugate observation
李晖, 刘正宽, 范全林, 李晓宇, 黄圣瑜. 从中国子午工程到国际子午圈——中国−巴西空间天气联合监测、科学突破与展望. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (18) : 127 -136 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00042
Hui LI, Zhengkuan LIU, Quanlin FAN, Xiaoyu LI, Shengyu HUANG. From Chinese Meridian Project to the International Meridian Circle Program——Sino−Brazilian joint space weather monitoring, scientific breakthroughs and prospects[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (18) : 127 -136 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00042
1974年8月15日,中华人民共和国与巴西联邦共和国正式建立外交关系[1]。1993年中巴率先建立战略伙伴关系[2];2012年双边关系升级为全面战略伙伴关系[3],2024年在两国元首顶层战略引领下,双边关系进一步提升为携手构建更公正世界和更可持续星球的中巴命运共同体[4]。中巴关系完成3次关键性跃升,走出一条发展中大国相互尊重、平等互信、互利共赢、协同共进的南南合作之特色道路。
中巴航天科技合作始于20世纪90年代,中巴地球资源卫星(China−Brazil Earth Resources Satellite,CBERS)历经30余载发展已联合研制6颗CBERS卫星[5],构建起稳定的对地协同观测体系。而伴随着中国科学院国家空间科学中心(National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences,NSSC)与巴西国家空间研究院(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais,INPE)于2010年4月16日在巴西利亚签署合作谅解备忘录,中巴空间科学领域合作也正式拉开序幕。
中国位于东半球和北半球,巴西位于西半球和南半球,东西经度相差180°,具有位置共轭对称、昼夜和季节相反等特点,是开展日地空间环境晨昏探测和对比分析研究的天然实验室。在空间环境探测和空间天气研究等领域,中巴两国都已建立起空间天气监测、研究和应用的完整体系。中国子午工程(Chinese Meridian Project,CMP)和巴西空间天气监测研究项目(Estudo e Monitoramento Brasileiro do Clima Espacial,EMBRACE)发展成为全球少有的空间环境综合监测资源。而中国和巴西也都是国际空间环境服务组织(International Space Environment Service,ISES)的成员国[6]。
2013年,中国科学院实施“率先行动”计划,践行“走出去”发展战略,全面启动了海外拓展工程[7]。作为中国科学院批准成立的第一批5个海外科教中心之一,中国−巴西空间天气联合实验室于2014年正式启动并于2014年8月6日在巴西挂牌成立,标志着中巴两国空间天气领域合作从顶层规划转入实质性实施。
中国−巴西空间天气联合实验室/中国科学院南美空间天气实验室(简称南美实验室)是由NSSC和INPE联合共建的中国科学院海外科教中心。南美实验室是在中巴全面战略伙伴框架下共建的首个实体化科研机构,也是基于中国子午工程[8]发起的“以我为主”[9]的国际子午圈大科学计划(International Meridian Circle Program,IMCP)的先行示范站[10]。
中巴携手12载,搭建起“共建共管、数据共享、人才双向流动”的长效运行机制。自成立以来,南美实验室完成了初期建设任务,建成了南美数据中心、10个观测站和16台套空间环境监测设备;已获取南美地区空间环境监测数据超过11 TB;联合培养人才19人;聚焦南大西洋异常区、赤道电离层异常、范艾伦辐射带等热点研究方向开展联合研究,发表科研论文超过110篇。
南美实验室得到两国政府的重点支持,相关合作成果先后纳入2015年中巴政府联合声明及《2016中国的航天》[11]和《2021中国的航天》白皮书[12],是继中巴CBERS卫星之后的又一重大科技创新合作成果。
中巴双方携手联合完成了南美实验室初期建设任务并取得丰硕的建设成果。建立起了行之有效的组织机构和管理体系,实行理事会领导下的主任负责制,保障了海外机构的稳定运营;在巴西成功注册了非营利性科研机构“中国−巴西空间科学技术研究所”,为后续推动机构转型奠定了基础;建成了容量高达200 TB的南美数据中心,通过开发数据传输、数据存储、数据管理以及数据服务等模块保障获取数据;聚焦南大西洋异常区腹地、赤道/磁赤道,沿着低纬、中高纬以及南美洲东海岸线,科学选址10个观测站,部署了钠钾双波长激光雷达、全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)电离层电子总含量(total electron content,TEC)及闪烁监测仪、全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)电离层TEC监测仪等8类16台套空间环境监测设备(表1),初步搭建起南美地区日地空间环境电离层和中高层大气的监测链路。
通过部署以上设备和数据中心,可获取南美地区空间环境参量:地磁H、D、Z三分量;中高层大气温度、密度、气辉辐射强度;电离层临界频率、峰值高度和最大电子密度值等。
截止目前,南美数据中心已获取数据累计超过11 TB,共享交换巴西历史数据超过5.5 TB,数据已链接到国家空间科学数据中心,填补了中国在南美地区空间环境科学数据的空白。
南美实验室组织中巴双方科研人员,聚焦南大西洋异常区、范艾伦辐射带、赤道电离层异常、碱金属层等前沿科学领域开展联合研究,并取得重要研究进展,联合发表科研论文超过110篇,多篇科研论文还获得美国地球物理学会(American Geophysical Union,AGU)旗下期刊年度下载量前10%的殊荣(图1)。
南大西洋异常区(South Atlantic Anomaly,SAA)为全球近地空间地磁场最弱区域,是低轨卫星、载人航天等飞行器易遭受空间辐射的首要风险地带(图2)[13]。
对该区域的观测资源主要有美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)磁场卫星、欧洲航天局(European Space Agency,ESA)Swarm星座、中国张衡系列卫星和澳科一号卫星[14],以及南美地区地基设备,如巴西空间环境监测研究项目(EMBRACE)、秘鲁低纬电离层分布式观测网(Low−latitude Ionospheric Sensor Network,LISN)和南美实验室观测平台等。中巴双方在地磁极小核心区巴西圣玛丽亚台站部署了中高层大气和电离层监测设备,很大程度填补了该区域观测短板。
依托中巴双方长期在轨观测、地面台站连续监测积累的海量电离层F区关键特征参数时序数据,研究团队完成了多源观测数据的质控、筛选、归一化校正与融合处理,构建了覆盖SAA区域、时间序列完整、参数维度全面的高精度电离层基准数据集[15]。该数据集有效弥补了SAA区域地磁环境特殊、观测数据稀缺、数据质量参差不齐的短板,为该区域电离层建模、预报修正、空间天气机理研究提供了可靠的基础数据支撑,是开展后续系列原创性研究的核心数据底座。基于该基准数据集,中巴联合科研团队围绕SAA区域弱地磁环境下电离层响应机制、模型预报误差校正、磁暴扰动演化规律等关键科学问题开展系统性联合攻关,取得多项具有自主知识产权的原创性科研突破。
一是创新提出适配SAA区域的hmF2峰值高度本地化校正算法。当前国际主流全球电离层经验模型多基于全球平均地磁、电离层观测数据构建,未充分考虑SAA区域地磁强度显著偏弱、地磁结构异常的特殊空间环境,导致模型在该区域的hmF2峰值高度、电离层分层结构、参数演化趋势等关键指标存在系统性预报偏差,难以满足高精度空间天气预报需求。针对这一技术瓶颈,研究团队基于长期实测时序数据,剖析了SAA区域hmF2峰值高度的日变化、季节变化、年际变化规律,厘清了地磁强度、太阳活动、大气波动等多因子对峰值高度的耦合影响机制,创新性构建了本地化差分校正模型与动态修正算法[16]。该算法可根据实时观测环境参数动态优化模型输出结果,有效抵消了全球模型在SAA区域的固有系统误差,大幅提升了电离层峰值高度参数的预报精度与适配性。
二是定量揭示并证实SAA区域弱地磁环境对磁暴诱导电离层扰动的放大效应。磁暴期间高能粒子沉降、电场扰动、大气成分变化会引发全球电离层电子密度剧烈扰动,但不同地磁环境区域的扰动响应强度存在显著差异,长期以来SAA区域弱地磁背景与磁暴电离层扰动的定量关联机制尚不明确。中巴研究团队通过多场次强、中、弱磁暴事件的比对分析,结合统计拟合、时序相关性分析、扰动幅值定量拆解等研究手段,量化了地磁偏弱程度与电离层电子密度扰动幅度、扰动持续时长、扰动空间覆盖范围的对应关系[17]。研究证实,SAA区域独特的弱地磁背景场会显著放大磁暴引发的电离层电子密度扰动效应,相较于全球正常地磁区域,该区域磁暴期间电离层扰动幅度更高、恢复周期更长、空间异常特征更显著。该成果明确了特殊地磁环境是SAA区域电离层空间天气灾害高发、扰动异常剧烈的核心诱因,填补了特殊地磁异常区磁暴电离层响应定量研究的空白。
三是完整阐明弱地磁环境调控电离层等离子体演化的内在物理机制。针对“SAA区域弱地磁环境如何调控电离层动力学过程”这一核心科学问题,研究团队从等离子体磁约束特性、电离层电场传导机制、粒子输运演化规律等微观物理层面开展深度剖析,揭示了其核心作用机理[18]。常规强地磁区域可通过地磁场磁力线对电离层等离子体形成有效磁约束,抑制等离子体的无序扩散与跨层输运,同时限制穿透电场的纵向传导效率;而SAA区域地磁强度大幅衰减,对电离层等离子体的磁约束作用显著弱化,使得等离子体粒子扩散速率加快、空间分布不均匀性增强。同时,偏弱的地磁屏障效应大幅提升了太阳风穿透电场、电离层感应电场的纵向传导与区域渗透效率,进一步加剧了电离层等离子体的重组、扩散与扰动演化,最终形成该区域电离层参数易扰动、难恢复的特殊空间天气特征。该成果从物理本质上解释了SAA区域电离层异常扰动的核心成因,为精准预报该区域空间天气扰动、保障卫星在轨运行、短波通信、导航定位等空间基础设施安全提供了重要理论支撑。
赤道电离层异常(Equatorial Ionospheric Anomaly,EIA)是磁赤道低纬电离层标志性双驼峰电子密度结构,核心由电离层喷泉效应驱动,其形态、强度与不规则体爆发直接制约低纬GNSS导航、短波通信及低轨航天器运行安全。现有全球电离层研究多聚焦亚太扇区、南美磁赤道同时叠加南大西洋异常区弱地磁环境,区域电离层演化特征独特,长期缺乏高密度、多要素连续地基观测数据。
中巴双方联合在磁赤道沿线的佛塔雷萨、大坎皮纳、波多韦柳等观测站布设电离层数字测高仪和GNSS电离层TEC及闪烁监测仪等设备开展加密观测,补齐赤道扇区观测缺口。依托中巴合作搭建的南美赤道区域多站点加密观测体系,研究团队积累了长时序、高分辨率的赤道电离层观测数据,针对EIA精细结构演化、太阳活动响应机制、地磁异常区跨圈层耦合机理等前沿科学问题开展系统性攻关,突破了传统赤道电离层理论在南半球SAA区域的应用局限,取得一系列原创性、系统性科研成果(图3)。
一是首次在强磁暴条件下的日侧电离层观测到罕见的EIA四峰空间精细结构,并揭示了其双层动力学形成机制[19]。传统经典理论普遍认为,磁暴期间赤道电离层受穿透电场与喷泉效应调控,仅呈现双峰或三峰典型结构,四峰特殊结构长期缺乏观测实证与机理解释,是赤道电离层精细动力学研究的认知盲区。研究团队基于南美赤道多站点同步加密观测数据,捕捉到强磁暴扰动期间日侧电离层罕见的四峰异常分布特征,通过拆解电离层大尺度等离子体抬升、分层输运与局地扰动叠加过程,创新性提出底层电离层扰动叠加顶部超级喷泉的双层耦合动力学机制,精准解释了四峰结构的形成诱因、空间分布特征与演化过程。该成果刷新了强磁暴极端场景下赤道电离层结构演化的传统认知,完善了磁暴扰动下电离层精细结构的动力学理论体系。
二是系统阐明第25太阳活动周期间EIA强度对太阳辐射变化的饱和与放大双重响应规律[20]。过往研究多单一认定EIA强度随太阳活动呈线性正相关变化,忽略了不同太阳辐射强度区间下的差异化响应特征,尤其缺乏第25太阳活动周的系统性实测验证。研究团队依托该太阳活动周完整时序观测数据,统计分析了不同太阳辐射通量、不同季节、不同地磁背景下EIA峰值强度、南北半球不对称性的演化特征,精准区分了太阳活动低年的饱和响应阶段与太阳活动高年的放大响应阶段,明确了两种差异化响应的临界阈值与主控物理因子,厘清了太阳极紫外辐射、中性大气成分、潮汐波动的耦合调控机制。该成果精准刻画了新时代太阳活动周赤道电离层的动态响应规律,为电离层长期演化建模与趋势预判提供了最新观测支撑。
三是创新建立SAA区域地磁异常与EIA电离层扰动的跨圈层耦合关联,完整构建了弱地磁环境诱发电离层扰动加剧、等离子体泡频发的完整物理链条[21]。长期以来,SAA区域弱地磁异常与赤道电离层扰动的关联多停留在现象统计层面,二者跨圈层耦合的内在物理机制尚未形成完整闭环解释。研究团队结合地磁背景场特征、电离层动力学演化与等离子体输运过程,系统性剖析了SAA区域弱地磁约束的物理效应,证实弱地磁环境可显著削弱磁场对电离层等离子体的束缚能力,大幅提升穿透电场的传导效率,加剧赤道等离子体的抬升、剥离与不均匀分布,最终持续放大EIA电离层扰动幅度,并显著提升等离子体泡的爆发频次与演化强度。该成果完整打通了“地磁异常—动力学扰动—电离层灾害性事件”的物理传导路径,明确了SAA区域空间天气扰动频发的核心机理,为南美赤道区域高精度空间天气建模、扰动预报与风险防控提供了关键理论支撑。
范艾伦辐射带(Van Allen radiation belts)是地球磁层捕获高能带电粒子形成的环状辐射区域(图4)[22],其中外辐射带相对论电子动态剧烈波动,直接受太阳风扰动调控,是空间物理核心研究对象;高能电子会引发航天器辐照损伤、单粒子翻转等故障,尤其SAA区域的卫星受影响显著,开展相关机理研究,既能完善磁层动力学基础理论,也可为航天辐射安全预报提供关键支撑。
依托南美实验室的观测平台优势,双方团队利用范艾伦双星高精度粒子与电磁场探测数据,结合南美区域地磁台阵、电离层多设备连续观测资料,针对地球外辐射带相对论电子动态演化、极端空间天气下波粒耦合机制等前沿科学问题开展了系统性联合研究。外辐射带高能相对论电子的加速、损耗与通量演化是引发卫星单粒子效应、在轨器件损伤的核心诱因,而波粒相互作用是调控辐射带电子动态分布的核心物理过程,长期以来其多场景差异化调控机制缺乏完整、定量的机理解释。围绕该关键难题,团队取得系列系统性原创成果。
一是阐明了高速太阳风阿尔文涨落激励等离子体波并驱动高能电子加速的完整物理机制[23]。以往研究多关注稳态背景下等离子体波动对电子的加速效应,忽略了高速太阳风输运过程中阿尔文涨落的动态激发与能量耦合作用。该研究通过对高速太阳风事件、行星际磁场扰动与辐射带等离子体波动的协同匹配分析,明确了高速太阳风携带的阿尔文涨落可通过磁层顶耦合过程传入内磁层,有效激发局地等离子体静电波与电磁波动;进一步厘清了阿尔文涨落能量逐级传递、波能累积放大并与相对论电子发生共振耦合的物理过程,揭示了该波动通过动量与能量交换持续提升电子动能、实现高能电子高效加速的关键机理,完善了太阳风−磁层−辐射带能量逐级耦合的理论体系。
二是系统揭示了极端空间天气事件下相对论电子通量暴跌的演化规律与触发机制[24]。电子通量暴跌是辐射带动态演化中最具破坏性的现象之一,但其突发触发条件、演化时序特征与主导物理过程一直存在认知短板。研究团队基于多轨道卫星长时序观测数据,筛选多例典型磁暴与太阳风扰动事件,系统剖析了电子通量暴跌的起始时机、衰减速率、空间分布范围与恢复特征,精准区分了磁层大尺度对流输运、等离子体波散射损失、磁场拓扑重构等多过程的主次作用,明确了不同扰动强度下电子通量暴跌的主导机制与演化规律,精准刻画了辐射带高能电子突发损耗的完整演化链条,为辐射带电子灾害性扰动预警提供了关键理论依据。
三是定量厘清了不同行星际扰动背景下,磁壳参数对高能电子通量增长时序演化的调控机制,完整解析了多场景下波粒耦合过程的差异化响应特征[25]。针对不同太阳风、地磁扰动条件下辐射带电子演化规律异质性强、难以统一建模的问题,研究团队引入磁壳参数作为关键调控因子,通过统计拟合与数值仿真结合的方式,量化了不同磁壳位置高能电子通量的增长速率、峰值强度、持续时长的时序演化特征,明确了磁壳约束对电子输运、加速与损耗过程的调控规律。同时对比分析了高速太阳风、行星际激波、南向磁场扰动等不同行星际扰动场景下的波粒耦合响应差异,阐明了不同扰动下等离子体波激发强度、共振作用区间、能量耦合效率的差异化特征,完整揭示了多因子耦合作用下辐射带电子动态演化的物理机理,为辐射带环境精准建模与高精度预报提供了重要理论支撑。
中间层和低热层(mesosphere−lower thermosphere,MLT)区域钠、钾碱金属层是流星消融形成的标志性大气结构,其时空演化直接反映大气潮汐、流星化学与电离层物质交换过程,是衔接低层大气与电离层的关键圈层界面。过往全球金属层观测多集中于北半球,南半球低纬长期缺少连续同步观测,难以厘清南北半球金属层演化差异,也无法为低纬电离层、赤道电离层异常研究提供高层物质输入边界。
中巴联合共建的巴西圣若泽钠钾双波长激光雷达观测系统,可实现80~110 km高度区间内钠、钾中层金属层的同步协同观测,有效填补了南半球低纬区域MLT高度长期连续观测的数据空白,为开展南半球低纬金属层结构演化、突发扰动特征及区域对比研究提供了专属高精度观测平台[26]。长期以来,全球MLT区域金属层观测研究多集中于北半球中低纬地区,南半球受观测站点稀缺、双波长同步探测设备匮乏等因素制约,金属层昼夜演化、季节周期变化及偶发结构的统计规律长期缺乏系统、完整的观测支撑。依托该自主运行的双波长激光雷达设备,中巴团队针对南半球低纬MLT区域钠、钾金属层开展长期持续观测与系统性研究,形成多项具有区域创新性的观测成果与科学结论。
一是系统探明了南半球低纬钠、钾金属层的昼夜与季节完整演化规律[27](图5)。以往相关研究多依赖北半球观测数据,南半球金属层的周期性演化特征长期缺少实测验证。研究团队基于多年连续原位观测数据,构建了南半球低纬钠、钾金属层参数长时序数据集,系统剖析了金属层峰值高度、层厚、数密度的日变化、季节变化及年际演化特征,厘清了大气潮汐、重力波扰动、太阳辐射周期变化等关键因子对钠钾金属层结构的调控机制,建立了南半球低纬MLT金属层基础演化特征的认知体系,弥补了南北半球金属层区域对比研究的数据短板。
二是在南半球首次实现偶发钠、钾金属层事件的同步统计分析[28]。受探测设备限制,过往南半球偶发金属层研究多针对单一元素开展独立观测,无法厘清两类偶发金属层的共生关系与同步演化特征。本研究依托双波长同步探测优势,突破传统单元素观测局限,完成南半球范围内大规模偶发钠、钾金属层事件的同步识别、匹配筛选与归类统计,首次建立了南半球偶发金属层双元素同步事件数据库,为揭示偶发金属层的形成本源与耦合演化关系提供了关键观测依据。
三是系统归纳了南半球低纬偶发金属层的空间分布、爆发特征与演化规律[29]。通过对多批次偶发金属层事件的深度解析,统计得到该区域偶发金属层的高度分布区间、爆发频次、持续时长、密度扰动幅度等关键特征参数,明确了地磁活动、大气波动、流星尘埃沉降等因素对偶发金属层爆发的协同影响机制,总结提炼出南半球低纬偶发金属层的典型演化模型。该成果完善了全球中高层大气金属层扰动理论,为揭示南北半球MLT区域大气环境差异、解析流星沉积与大气动力学耦合过程提供了重要的区域观测支撑。
南美实验室是中国科学家率先提出的、基于中国子午工程的、“以我为主”的国际子午圈大科学计划(图6)的先行示范站。在合作模式、海外建设、联合运维、国际联测、科学研究以及人才培养等方面都发挥了重要的示范和引领作用,为IMCP计划的全面实施奠定坚实基础。
中巴联合论证的IMCP计划南美中心是西半球核心枢纽,服务于IMCP计划科学目标,拟通过布局光学、无线电、地磁电等14类40余台监测设备,形成覆盖从太阳大气、行星际、磁层、电离层、中高层大气、低层大气等日地空间环境垂直方向探测的全链路,将补齐南大西洋异常区腹地、赤道/磁赤道、亚马逊河流域、安第斯山脉等特殊地理位置的长期观测缺口,实现太阳活动“日不落”观测和南美地区关键核心区的加密观测,并与天基探测相结合形成南美地区空间环境天地一体化监测体系。
除在建设、运维、原创研究和支撑国际大科学计划等方面取得重要进展外,南美实验室还在联合培养人才、组织学术研讨会等方面开展得有声有色。建设由特聘教授、名誉教授、客座教授、访问学者、海外博士后等构成的跨国人才梯队。已联合培养了来自巴西、秘鲁、尼泊尔等国家的博士后19人。主办或承办了国际子午圈大科学计划研讨会、南大西洋异常区空间环境研讨会、中巴空间科学研讨会、拉美地区空间物理年会、巴西空间地球物理和高层大气物理年会、激光雷达国际专题研讨会等系列研讨会,为全球空间科学界提供成果展示、学术交流以及合作的开放平台。
展望未来,立足中巴命运共同体和中长期中巴空间科学合作战略共识,以南美实验室为基础,立足巴西辐射南美,筹建IMCP计划南美中心,助力国际子午圈大科学计划全面实施;联合论证中巴电离层卫星星座等天基任务,完善南美空间环境天地一体化监测体系建设;响应“一带一路”空间信息走廊建设部署[30],共建南美空间环境综合监测研究平台。从区域观测网络、天地协同监测、综合科研平台等维度开启中巴空间科学合作的新征程,持续放大中巴空间科技合作区域辐射力与全球影响力。
  • 国家重点研发计划战略性科技创新合作重点专项(2025YFE0202500)
  • 中国科学院海外中心部署科研合作项目(119GJHZ2024027MI)
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2026年第44卷第18期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00042
  • 接收时间:2026-07-09
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-07-09
  • 修回日期:2026-09-23
基金
国家重点研发计划战略性科技创新合作重点专项(2025YFE0202500)
中国科学院海外中心部署科研合作项目(119GJHZ2024027MI)
作者信息
    1中国科学院国家空间科学中心,北京 100190
    2中国−巴西空间天气联合实验室/中国科学院南美空间天气实验室,北京 100190

通讯作者:

刘正宽(通信作者),高级工程师,研究方向为中高层大气探测技术,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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