Article(id=1317089734623613623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1317089654613070048, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00035, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1760025600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-10, revisedDate=1780848000000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791948263077, onlineDateStr=2026-10-14, pubDate=1789228800000, pubDateStr=2026-09-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791948263077, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791948263077, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791948263077, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317089654613070048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789228800000', pubDateStr='2026-09-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791948244002, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791948304422, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317089908171322237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1317089654613070048, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317089908171322238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1317089654613070048, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=81, endPage=90, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317089734883660472, articleId=1317089734623613623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research on the impact assessment of light reflection from glass curtain walls in China, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In large cities, glass curtain walls are widely used owing to their advantages such as aesthetic appeal, energy efficiency and practicality. However, the negative impacts of their reflected light on the surrounding environment have become increasingly prominent, mainly reflected in glare interference on windows of sensitive buildings including residences, hospitals and schools, as well as potential hazards to traffic safety on main roads. To effectively control the impacts of reflected light, China currently requires newly built glass curtain wall projects to conduct light reflection impact assessment. By calculating and predicting the incident angle, influence region and duration time of reflected light, the assessment verifies whether relevant standards are met and formulates targeted prevention and control measures. This paper reviews the standard systems, analytical methods and regulatory requirements concerning light reflection from glass curtain walls, and distinguishes the impact mechanism and typical scene of light reflection. It also systematically introduces the current calculation methods and assessment procedures for light reflection impact assessment in China. Finally, in view of the management deficiencies and technical bottlenecks encountered in assessment practice, this paper puts forward optimization suggestions and future research directions.

, authors=Dan XIA1, Wenying ZHU1, Qiyao LIU2, authorsList=Dan XIA, Wenying ZHU, Qiyao LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317089740067820248, articleId=1317089734623613623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=中国玻璃幕墙光反射影响评价研究进展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在大城市中,玻璃幕墙因其美观、节能及实用性等优势被广泛应用,但其反射光对周边环境的负面影响日益凸显,主要表现为对住宅、医院、学校等敏感建筑窗户的眩光侵扰,以及对主干道行车安全的潜在威胁。为有效控制反射光影响,中国现阶段要求新建玻璃幕墙项目需开展光反射影响评价,通过计算预测反射光的入射角度、影响范围与持续时间,明确是否满足相关标准,并制定针对性防治措施。本文梳理了国内外玻璃幕墙光反射的标准体系、分析方法与管理要求,辨析了光反射的影响机制与典型场景;系统介绍了中国现行反射光影响评价的计算方法与评价流程。针对评价实践中存在的管理短板和技术瓶颈,提出优化建议与研究方向。

, authors=夏丹1, 祝文英1, 刘启耀2, authorsList=夏丹, 祝文英, 刘启耀, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

夏丹,高级工程师,研究方向为物理污染控制,电子信箱:

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冬至日8:00—16:00逐时阴影轮廓线

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冬至日8:00—16:00逐时反射光轮廓线

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影响目标反射光与水
平面夹角
/(°)
持续照射
时间/
min
判定结果
敏感建筑窗台面0°≤θ≤45°t≤30达标
t>30不达标
), ArticleFig(id=1317089748611617559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089734623613623, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

敏感建筑玻璃幕墙反射光影响控制要求

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响目标反射光与水
平面夹角
/(°)
持续照射
时间/
min
判定结果
敏感建筑窗台面0°≤θ≤45°t≤30达标
t>30不达标
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中国玻璃幕墙光反射影响评价研究进展
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夏丹 1 , 祝文英 1 , 刘启耀 2
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(17): 81-90
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (17) : 81 -90
中国玻璃幕墙光反射影响评价研究进展
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夏丹1 , 祝文英1, 刘启耀2
作者信息
  • 1上海市环境科学研究院,上海 200233
  • 2上海天乔信息科技有限公司,上海 200135
作者简介:

夏丹,高级工程师,研究方向为物理污染控制,电子信箱:

Research on the impact assessment of light reflection from glass curtain walls in China
Dan XIA1 , Wenying ZHU1, Qiyao LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
  • 2Shanghai TQ Information Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200135, China
出版时间: 2026-09-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00035
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在大城市中,玻璃幕墙因其美观、节能及实用性等优势被广泛应用,但其反射光对周边环境的负面影响日益凸显,主要表现为对住宅、医院、学校等敏感建筑窗户的眩光侵扰,以及对主干道行车安全的潜在威胁。为有效控制反射光影响,中国现阶段要求新建玻璃幕墙项目需开展光反射影响评价,通过计算预测反射光的入射角度、影响范围与持续时间,明确是否满足相关标准,并制定针对性防治措施。本文梳理了国内外玻璃幕墙光反射的标准体系、分析方法与管理要求,辨析了光反射的影响机制与典型场景;系统介绍了中国现行反射光影响评价的计算方法与评价流程。针对评价实践中存在的管理短板和技术瓶颈,提出优化建议与研究方向。

玻璃幕墙  /  光反射  /  计算方法  /  影响评价

In large cities, glass curtain walls are widely used owing to their advantages such as aesthetic appeal, energy efficiency and practicality. However, the negative impacts of their reflected light on the surrounding environment have become increasingly prominent, mainly reflected in glare interference on windows of sensitive buildings including residences, hospitals and schools, as well as potential hazards to traffic safety on main roads. To effectively control the impacts of reflected light, China currently requires newly built glass curtain wall projects to conduct light reflection impact assessment. By calculating and predicting the incident angle, influence region and duration time of reflected light, the assessment verifies whether relevant standards are met and formulates targeted prevention and control measures. This paper reviews the standard systems, analytical methods and regulatory requirements concerning light reflection from glass curtain walls, and distinguishes the impact mechanism and typical scene of light reflection. It also systematically introduces the current calculation methods and assessment procedures for light reflection impact assessment in China. Finally, in view of the management deficiencies and technical bottlenecks encountered in assessment practice, this paper puts forward optimization suggestions and future research directions.

glass curtain wall  /  light reflection  /  calculation method  /  impact assessment
夏丹, 祝文英, 刘启耀. 中国玻璃幕墙光反射影响评价研究进展. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (17) : 81 -90 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00035
Dan XIA, Wenying ZHU, Qiyao LIU. Research on the impact assessment of light reflection from glass curtain walls in China[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (17) : 81 -90 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00035
玻璃幕墙是指由玻璃面板与支承结构体系组成的、可相对主体结构有一定位移能力或者自身有一定变形能力、不承担主体结构所受作用的建筑外围护墙[1]。玻璃幕墙于19世纪起源于美国,在第二次世界大战后得到了快速的应用,随着材料科学和建筑技术的进步,玻璃幕墙在20世纪末迎来了技术创新的高峰期,双层幕墙、智能玻璃和光伏玻璃的应用,使其不仅具有美观性,还具备了节能环保的功能。中国从21世纪80年代开始引进玻璃幕墙技术,建成了北京长城饭店、上海联谊大厦、广州广交会展馆等国内首批玻璃幕墙建筑,在随后20余年间发展成玻璃幕墙生产和使用的世界第一大国[2−3]。
然而,随着玻璃幕墙的广泛使用,其镜面反射引发的光污染问题愈发凸显。玻璃幕墙的反射光(又称为眩光),本质是太阳光经镀膜玻璃表面形成的定向镜面反射。目前国内多地已出现玻璃幕墙反射光扰民现象,上海环球金融中心、深圳汉京集团金融中心、香港环球贸易广场、济南华润中心等建筑均出现典型案例,反射光分别干扰居民日常生活、校园教学秩序,甚至对远距离住宅、城市道路交通造成不良影响[4−7]。相关研究证实,长期暴露于眩光环境会对人体健康造成多重损害:强光反复刺激视网膜,易引发视力下降,提升白内障、黄斑眼病等眼部疾病的发病概率,还会造成眼肌劳损、头晕眩晕,进一步诱发神经衰弱、生物钟紊乱,危害人体生理与心理健康。此外,强烈反射光易造成驾驶员短暂视觉盲区与视觉偏差,大幅提升道路交通事故风险,威胁车辆与行人安全[8]。基于上述环境与安全隐患,中国从法规与技术层面作出明确约束。《中华人民共和国生态环境法典》规定,建筑物、构筑物外表面采用玻璃幕墙等建筑材料,应当符合国家规定,合理设计和选材,防止、减轻光污染[9]。同时国内现行规范明确要求,玻璃幕墙项目必须在建设前期开展光反射影响评价,通过建模计算预测反射光的影响,并配套实施针对性防控措施,从源头管控光污染风险。
尽管玻璃幕墙反射光存在一定危害,但对这方面的监管却不多。国际上许多城市有关于建筑物立面反射光的指导方针,但大多数只指出应进行反射光影响分析,并没有明确的标准或规范对反射光影响进行限制。
据了解,有一些城市是通过限制玻璃幕墙反射率来进行影响控制。澳大利亚部分城市的玻璃幕墙反射率限制为不超过20%[10],新加坡建设局的建筑日光反射设计指南中,规定了玻璃幕墙的反射率不超过20%[11],香港屋宇署在住宅楼宇能源效益的设计及建造要求指引中也有类似的限制[12]。在中国的《玻璃幕墙光热性能》(GB/T 18091—2015)中规定了玻璃幕墙应采用可见光反射比不大于0.3的玻璃[13],但不同城市可以有更为严格要求,如《上海市建筑幕墙工程技术标准》(DG/TJ 08—56—2019)要求,幕墙玻璃的可见光反射比不宜大于0.15,反射光影响范围内没有敏感建筑时可选择不大于0.20[14]。深圳《建筑玻璃幕墙反射光影响评价标准》(SJG 188—2025)要求玻璃幕墙应采用可见光反射比不大于0.25的玻璃[15]。
现阶段,国外尚未形成普遍认可的标准来界定城市环境中反射光的可接受限值,Danks等[16]梳理了现有的关于反射光对人体影响的法规及评估指标,旨在帮助建筑设计师评估玻璃幕墙反射光对其周边环境的影响程度。在中国,《建筑环境通用规范》(GB 55016—2021)要求,玻璃幕墙反射光照射在敏感建筑内长时间工作或停留的场所的窗台面,在与水平面夹角0°~45°范围内的连续滞留时间不应超过30 min;在驾驶员前进方向垂直角20°、水平角±30°、行车距离100 m内,玻璃幕墙对机动车驾驶员不应造成连续反射光[17]。上海在国标的基础上增加了反射光亮度的控制指标,要求对于敏感建筑窗台面,玻璃幕墙反射光与水平面夹角小于15°时的亮度应小于2000 cd/m2,在15°~30°范围内的亮度应小于4000 cd/m2[18]。
对于玻璃幕墙反射光的影响研究目前有几种方法,Yi等[19]对一些常规的方法和参数进行了比较,总体而言,目前比较主流的研究方法如下。一种是现场测量法,Jakubiec等[20]率先提出依托高动态范围(high dynamic range,HDR)摄影技术,量化解析建筑与室内空间表面的反射光亮度分布规律。在此基础上,Suk等[21]拓展研究,构建起联结绝对眩光因子(absolute glare factor,AGF)与相对眩光因子(relative glare factor,RGF)的眩光量化评估体系;Cauwerts等[22]则另辟路径,探究基于图像照明(image based lighting,IBL)的测算方案,实现室内反射光亮度的核算。国内研究方面,高成康等[23]以幕墙表面照度、亮度为核心监测参数,搭建玻璃幕墙光污染实测模型,据此确定诱发幕墙光污染的关键影响因子。现场测量可以量化影响结果,但是对于设备的要求较高,无法覆盖较大的范围,且仅适用于已建成的玻璃幕墙建筑。
另一种是光线追踪模拟法,Ward[24]利用Radiance等光线追踪模拟软件,用于评估建筑物表面反射光线的分布情况;Wong[6]选取香港环球贸易广场作为实测原型,通过自研光线追踪程序复现太阳光线经由幕墙反射后投射至周边居住建筑的传播轨迹。Yang等[25]依托Rhino联合Grasshopper参数化平台,以反射光线路径确定影响范围,依托反射光密度指标完成影响程度的定量描述。Wang等[26]横向比对4类光线追踪算法,厘清不同模拟方案下幕墙反射光对周边环境的作用差异。李爱梅、黄福来等[27−28]基于Ecotect仿真平台,分别选取上海、厦门典型幕墙工程实例,开展反射光模拟分析。光线追踪和模拟的方法对于反射光影响范围的确定比较准确,同时可以将反射光线可视化,但其更适用于区域或建筑尺度,难以细化至在建筑窗户处的影响。
目前国外并没有针对玻璃幕墙反射光相关的管理要求。中国则已将玻璃幕墙光反射影响评价纳入强制性管理,《建筑环境通用规范》规定,在居住建筑、医院、中小学校、幼儿园周边区域以及主干道路口、交通流量大的区域设置玻璃幕墙时,应进行玻璃幕墙反射光影响分析。上海市要求建设单位应当在施工图设计文件阶段,委托相关机构对玻璃幕墙的光反射环境影响进行技术评估,并提交环境保护行政管理部门组织专家论证[29]。此外,台州和深圳也分别于2024年和2025年出台了类似的要求文件[15,30]。
光反射影响评价是指通过计算玻璃幕墙建筑的反射光对周边敏感目标的影响程度来判断玻璃幕墙设计方案是否可行。中国的玻璃幕墙光反射影响评价以“拟建项目事前防控”为核心,在设计阶段将可能产生的影响尽可能减缓甚至消除,并且主要考虑受影响具体窗户处的入射角度和持续时间。本文基于玻璃幕墙光环境(glass curtain wall lighting environment,GWLE)模型,从影响角度、影响范围、影响时间等方面说明中国现阶段玻璃幕墙光反射影响的计算方法。
玻璃幕墙以镜面反射为主,其计算遵循反射定律:反射光线、入射光线和法线共面,反射角等于入射角。计算核心指标是特定角度范围内反射光对敏感目标的影响时间。
反射光影响角度的计算依赖太阳位置参数(太阳高度角h、方位角A),其几何关系如图1所示。
太阳高度角可按式(1)计算:
$ \mathrm{sin} \mathit{h} \mathrm{=sin} \varphi \mathrm{sin} {\delta } \mathrm{+cos} \varphi \mathrm{cos} {\delta } \mathrm{cos} \mathit{t} \mathrm{\text{,}0^{\circ}\le } \mathit{h} \mathrm{\le 90^{\circ}} $
式中,h表示太阳高度角(°);φ表示地理纬度(°);δ表示太阳赤纬(°);t表示太阳时角(°)。
太阳方位角可按式(2)、(3)计算:
$ \mathrm{sin} \mathit{A} \mathrm{=cos} {\delta } \mathrm{sin} \mathit{t} \mathrm{/cos} \mathit{h} \mathrm{\text{,}-180^{\circ} \le } \mathit{A} \mathrm{\le 180^{\circ}} $
$ \mathrm{cos} \mathit{A} \mathrm{=(sin} \mathit{h} \mathrm{sin} \varphi -\mathrm{sin} {\delta } \mathrm{)/(cos} \mathit{h} \mathrm{cos} \varphi \mathrm{)\text{,}-180^{\circ}\le } \mathit{t} \mathrm{\le 180^{\circ}} $
式中,A表示太阳方位角(°)。
太阳时角可按式(4)计算
$ \mathit{t}{=15(}{T{_A}}-{12)} $
式中,TA表示真太阳时,24时制(h)。
实际计算中,需先确定幕墙所在地位置、设计参数(高度、朝向)及与敏感目标的方位关系,再通过三维模型模拟镜面反射,最终判断敏感目标的受照角度,图2和图3分别展示了受照角度的几何边界。
反射光影响范围的确定,国外研究依托建筑几何、材料反射实测数据,结合全年太阳轨迹,设定亮度阈值、天空分片精度,结合步长参数,用交点、辐照数据划定影响范围。国内则结合相关规范采用差异化变步长采样和二次光线返回法,辅以阴影与反射轮廓双重校验。相较之下,国内方法贴合审批管控要求,计算精细化程度更高。
太阳位置参数随时间连续变化,GWLE模型采用离散化时间采样:以间隔d采样,假定某时刻前后d/2时段内太阳位置恒定(d越小,假设越接近太阳运动实际,计算误差≤d/2),可满足国标“住宅1分钟、道路1秒钟”的精度要求。
采样时段的起止时刻t1、t2按式(5)、(6)计算
$ \mathit{t} _{ \mathrm{1}} \mathrm{=\max (} \mathit{t} \mathrm- \mathit{d} \mathrm{/2)} $
$ \mathit{t} _{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{=min(} \mathit{t} \mathrm+ \mathit{d} \mathrm{/2)} $
式中,t表示采样时刻;t1表示起始时刻;t2表示终止时刻;d表示间隔时间(s)。
基于镜面反射原理,通过“连续二次光线返回”确定有效反射时刻:首先从受照点(窗台/道路)绘制至幕墙反射面的反射光线,确定反射点;再从反射点绘制对应时刻的太阳入射光线,形成“入射−反射”连续路径。若反射点在幕墙有效范围内,且无建筑/遮挡物阻挡光线,则该时刻为有效反射时刻。图4清晰展示了入射光、反射光的路径关系,标注反射点与受照点的位置关联,验证了该方法的几何合理性。
光线轮廓通过“阴影轮廓”与“反射光线轮廓”双重验证。图5为计算有效时段内建筑/遮挡物的阴影轮廓,判断幕墙反射点是否在阴影内,若在阴影内,则无有效入射光;反射点获得有效入射光后,生成图6反射光线及反射光线轮廓,判断受照点是否在轮廓内,若在轮廓内,则受反射光照射。该过程弥补了1.2节光线追踪模拟法目标定位尺度较大的不足,提升计算范围的准确性。
在反射光影响时长计算上,国外多采用固定采样、正向光线追踪,侧重宏观测算,以亮度、眩光为主要指标,无法确定影响时间。国内反射光时间计算分单点、网格、等时线3种方式,优势在于:单点采用二次光线回溯,精准核算窗台单点受光时长,弥补国外软件单点测算精度不足;网格划分测算整片区域,突破实测仅能落地已建建筑、无法大范围预判的短板;依托网格数据插值绘制等时线,直观体现影响空间分布。3种方式相互配合,兼顾单点精细度与区域整体性,计算成果直观可用,贴合评价量化需求。
针对敏感目标关键点位(如住宅窗台中心点),采用“连续二次光线返回法”:结合所在地经纬度、分析节气及有效时段,从入射光起点采样,记录幕墙反射面的入射光有效性,生成反射光线;再判断反射光线是否被遮挡,最终累加有效反射时间,图7标注了不同时刻的反射光累计时间,直观呈现单点分析的计算结果。
针对区域尺度(如敏感道路路段),采用“光线轮廓法”:按设定网格间距划分分析区域,测试各网格点是否在反射光线轮廓内(在轮廓内则无反射光,反之则有);最后累加各网格点的有效反射时间,图8展示了网格点的时间分布,体现区域尺度的影响差异。
在网格分析基础上,假定单元网格内时间连续变化,通过线性插值计算特定时数(30、60、90 min)的位置点,用平滑曲线连接形成图9等时线。等时线可直观呈现反射光影响的空间梯度,为确定反射光影响范围提供依据。
当前,中国玻璃幕墙光反射评价流程是以国家标准和地方规范为基础,结合项目审批管理要求,依托上述计算方法综合确定的。拟在项目建设前期通过计算预测可能存在的反射光影响,判断是否达标,指导设计阶段采取立面优化措施,满足项目报批要求,尽量避免建成后的扰民现象。中国的这一套评价流程形成从建模、计算到方案优化的源头管控,而国外并无建设前的评价及审批流程,多为科研导向的事后实测和软件仿真模拟。
光反射影响评价流程如图10所示,主要分为以下步骤。
1) 前期准备:收集玻璃幕墙设计成果、周边环境资料(敏感目标、遮挡物)及测绘资料,为建模提供基础。
2) 分析设置:绘制幕墙、确定分析范围与敏感目标、建立三维模型,依据计算原理确定参数。
3) 影响结果评价:计算敏感建筑窗台0°~45°连续滞留时间T、敏感道路100 m内连续反射光情况,若T>30 min或道路有连续反射光,则优化设计(如加密遮阳构件)后重新计算。
4) 结果输出:若均符合标准要求,则方案可行,输出评价结论。
基于设计资料,在GWLE中还原拟建项目的三维模型,图11为建筑效果图,图12为GWLE模型图,二者在高度、平面布局上一一对应:需明确建筑单体的高度、形状、平面尺寸,以及各外立面玻璃幕墙的具体位置;同时定义玻璃单元、分隔构件的材料参数。
分析范围是指玻璃幕墙建设项目实施后可能对环境造成影响的范围,一般指“幕墙外墙投影外延5倍幕墙最高高度”,倾斜幕墙需按实际影响调整,其几何原理如图13所示,该范围设定可确保覆盖所有潜在受影响区域,避免遗漏敏感目标。筛选分析范围内的敏感目标,包括敏感建筑(住宅、医院、学校等)和敏感道路(城市快速路、主干路、次干路等)。
图13中,H表示玻璃幕墙建筑高度,h表示受照建筑高度,L表示两栋建筑之间的水平距离;h0c、h01、h02均为角度参数,分别由建筑高差与间距、受照建筑高度与间距、反光建筑高度与间距计算得出。当太阳高度角h0满足0<h0<h0c或h01<h0<h02时,建筑会被反射光部分照射;h0c<h0<h01时,建筑整体受到反射光照射;h0>h02时,建筑则不会被反射光照射。
建模是将分析范围三维模型化的过程,图14是一个典型的光反射三维模型图,完整包含了建模所需的“幕墙建筑−遮挡建筑−敏感目标”3部分,各部分对应于第2节计算方法如下:1) 幕墙建筑:定义玻璃面片法向与反射率ρ,实现太阳光反射计算;2) 遮挡建筑:按实际轮廓、高度建模,模拟对入射光/反射光的遮挡;3) 敏感目标:敏感建筑立面开窗位置,敏感道路定义行车轨迹线。
结合当地太阳位置与三维模型,计算全年二十四节气日的反射光影响(需考虑遮挡物、幕墙分隔、遮阳设施的作用),输出结果需包含影响时段、节气、滞留时间、影响角度及影响幕墙位置;再对照表1中的敏感建筑控制要求(即1.1节国标要求)判断是否达标。若涉及凹形弧面幕墙,需额外分析反射光聚焦风险。图15为上述案例的影响范围图,标注了不同区域的影响程度,为影响范围的确定提供直观依据。
根据影响评价结果,针对不达标的情况,可考虑采取以下措施。
1) 减小幕墙面积或替换为漫反射玻璃(磨砂、蚀刻等)。玻璃镜面反射是眩光产生的核心原因,控制幕墙面积可直接削减反射光的来源;磨砂、蚀刻类漫反射玻璃能改变光线传播形式,也从源头降低反射光强度与照射时长,契合光反射防控基本原理。
2) 增加建筑立面遮阳构件。结合光路计算与光线轮廓分析可知,连续玻璃面会形成长时间稳定反射光路。增加遮阳构件可分割幕墙反射区域,阻断连续光线路径,拆分反射时段,以此缩短反射光在敏感目标处的连续滞留时间,使其满足30 min时长限值要求。相关文献也证实该措施对削减连续眩光效果显著[31−32]。
3) 选用低反射率玻璃。国内外多个城市对玻璃幕墙的反射率都有一定的控制要求,采用低反射玻璃可直接降低反射光亮度,从而减轻人眼眩光刺激。
措施实施后需重新建模计算直至达标。同时,措施选择需兼顾外观、成本与节能,确定最优化的实施方案。
中国光污染防治领域长期存在顶层立法缺失的问题,玻璃幕墙光反射的监管工作因此缺少统一法律依据,目前仅部分城市出台相关管控举措。《中华人民共和国生态环境法典》的正式施行,首次将光污染纳入法治监管范畴,填补了上位法空白。以此为基础,后续还需进一步明晰各部门监管职责、细化分工机制,在保障公众人居环境权益与兼顾行业健康发展之间实现平衡,逐步构建权责清晰、多方协同的光污染全流程监管体系。
目前中国玻璃幕墙光反射影响评价与管控工作集中于项目前期阶段,全周期管理体系尚不完整,缺少施工阶段与运营阶段的常态化监管。因此,建议项目施工期间,严格监督各项防反射光措施的落地执行;建筑投入使用后,建立幕墙及配套防护设施定期维保机制,发现构件破损、材料老化等问题及时检修更换,保障防控效果长效稳定。
国外研究已广泛运用HDR成像技术采集高精度亮度数据,以此分析建筑区域的光分布特征。反观国内,目前尚未形成适配玻璃幕墙反射光管控指标的标准化现场检测体系。这一现状导致建成项目的实际反射光影响难以量化核验,面对居民相关投诉时,也缺少客观实测数据作为判定依据。因此,加快开展玻璃幕墙反射光现场检测技术研究,制定与现行评价标准相衔接的检测规范,是今后重点研究方向。
从规划层面实施源头管控,是削减玻璃幕墙光反射影响最有效的手段。国内上海、深圳等城市已率先出台管控细则,明确划定玻璃幕墙的禁用范围:住宅、医院、中小学、托幼机构、养老院等建筑,其新建、改建、扩建及立面改造工程中,二层及以上部位禁止设置玻璃幕墙;T型路口正对直行路段的建筑外立面,同样禁止采用玻璃幕墙。在此基础上,建议进一步强化敏感目标集中区域的项目审批与管控,从源头降低光反射带来的环境影响。
在玻璃幕墙光污染投诉案例中发现,不少居民对光反射危害、现行管控标准缺乏认知。对此,应常态化开展科普宣传工作,帮助公众正确认识玻璃幕墙眩光的影响,普及科学的防护方式。同时,管理部门需加大宣传力度、主动公开相关法规与项目评价信息,持续提升公众的生态环保意识。
玻璃幕墙作为现代建筑的标志性元素,在提升建筑美学与节能性能的同时,其反射光引发的眩光污染已成为城市人居环境治理的突出问题,不仅损害居民身心健康,而且对城市道路交通安全构成潜在威胁。本文通过系统梳理国内外玻璃幕墙光反射管控体系与技术方法,对比发现:国际层面尚未形成统一的量化管控标准,多数国家仅对玻璃反射率提出原则性要求,研究多聚焦于事后实测与通用仿真模拟,缺乏系统性评价方法;而中国已率先构建起标准引领、技术支撑、行政审批的事前管控模式,实现了从被动治理向主动防控的转变。
本文基于GWLE光环境模型,系统阐述了中国现行玻璃幕墙光反射影响评价的核心技术体系。通过差异化时间采样、反向二次光线追踪与双重轮廓校验技术,突破了传统光线追踪法单点精度不足、区域测算粗放的瓶颈;创新建立的“单点−网格−等时线”多级计算方法,实现了反射角度、影响范围与持续时长的精准量化,能够为行政审批提供技术支撑。配套形成的“建模−计算−优化−复核”闭环评价流程,将光反射防控嵌入建筑设计全流程,可通过幕墙面积调整、低反材料应用、遮阳构件优化等措施,从光源、光路多维度系统性削减眩光影响,兼顾建筑功能、外观效果与环境效益。
《中华人民共和国生态环境法典》实现了光污染监管方面的立法突破,后续还需进一步细化部门职责,兼顾公众利益与行业发展,建立完善的全流程监管体系;构建“设计−施工−运维”全链条监管机制,强化防治措施落地与后期维护;推动反射光实测技术标准化,建立评价结果与现场验证的衔接机制;同时加强规划层面的源头管控,提升公众光环境保护意识。希望本研究成果可为中国玻璃幕墙项目光反射环境影响评价提供技术依据,也为全球高密度城市探索建筑光污染治理路径提供可借鉴的中国方案。

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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00035
  • 接收时间:2025-10-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-14
  • 出版时间:2026-09-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-10
  • 修回日期:2026-06-08
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    1上海市环境科学研究院,上海 200233
    2上海天乔信息科技有限公司,上海 200135
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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