Article(id=1317089668215194026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1317089654613070048, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1760025600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-10, revisedDate=1786464000000, revisedDateStr=2026-08-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791948247244, onlineDateStr=2026-10-14, pubDate=1789228800000, pubDateStr=2026-09-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791948247244, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791948247244, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791948247244, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317089654613070048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789228800000', pubDateStr='2026-09-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791948244002, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791948304422, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317089908171322237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1317089654613070048, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317089908171322238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1317089654613070048, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=23, endPage=34, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317089668592681387, articleId=1317089668215194026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research progress of the ecological impacts and mechanisms of light pollution, columnId=1150494644312879319, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Special to S & T Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the acceleration of urbanization, light pollution caused by the widespread use of artificial light at night (ALAN) has become a global environmental issue. Early research on the ecological impacts of light pollution primarily focused on a limited number of vertebrate taxa but has since expanded to encompass diverse taxonomic and ecological groups. Here, we systematically review the impacts of light pollution across different ecological groups, including potential threats to human health, disruptions of animal circadian rhythms and behavior, alterations in plant phenology and physiological processes, and changes in microbial community composition and function. The ecological effects of light pollution exhibit strong species specificity and context dependence, with response intensity being influenced by light intensity, spectral composition, and exposure conditions. Despite considerable advances, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying ecological responses to light pollution and its long−term consequences at higher levels of ecological organization remains limited. Future research should further elucidate the mechanisms driving ecological responses to light pollution, improve our capacity to predict ecological risks, and advance ecologically friendly lighting technologies and management strategies to address the growing challenges posed by light pollution.

, authors=Lu XIAO1, Yanying YAO3, Yi LI1, 2, Siqiao LIU1, Lichao WANG1, 2, Kun GUO1, *, Yanjie LIU1, authorsList=Lu XIAO, Yanying YAO, Yi LI, Siqiao LIU, Lichao WANG, Kun GUO, Yanjie LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kun GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317089671637746097, articleId=1317089668215194026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=光污染的生态影响及其机制研究进展, columnId=1150494644438708440, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=本刊专稿, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着城市化进程加速和人工照明广泛应用,由人造夜间灯光增加引起的光污染已成为全球性环境问题。早期关于光污染生态影响的研究主要集中于少数脊椎动物类群,目前的研究已扩展至涵盖多个生态类群。系统梳理了光污染对不同生态类群的影响,包括对人体健康的潜在威胁、动物昼夜节律和行为模式的干扰、植物物候和生理过程的改变,以及微生物群落结构与功能的变化。光污染生态效应具有显著的物种特异性和环境依赖性,其响应强度受到光照强度、光谱组成和暴露条件等因素调节。尽管已有大量研究,但对光污染在更高生态层面的影响机制和长期生态后果仍缺乏深入认识。未来研究需要进一步解析光污染生态影响机制,提高生态风险预测能力,并发展生态友好型照明技术和管理策略。

, authors=肖路1, 姚颜莹3, 李祎1, 2, 刘思巧1, 王力超1, 2, 郭坤1, *, 刘艳杰1, authorsList=肖路, 姚颜莹, 李祎, 刘思巧, 王力超, 郭坤, 刘艳杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭坤, authorNote=

肖路,副研究员,研究方向为植物生态学,电子信箱:

, correspAuthorsNote=
郭坤(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为入侵生态学与宏生态学,电子信箱:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=MnZJImVjWw09RgvLmNRTZA==, magXml=jPEzxn5oLv9TIfhVd06syA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=hFfLZzF21OZ+Rg1A3UJwWw==, pdfFileSize=1356287, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=UKKuiIe0WYiSeIiECryz/A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=IPWIfdRyJepdTREUfbT5tg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1317089672560492988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089668215194026, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xiaolu@iga.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1317089672627601854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089668215194026, authorId=1317089672560492988, language=EN, stringName=Lu XIAO, firstName=Lu, middleName=null, lastName=XIAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1317089672694710719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089668215194026, authorId=1317089672560492988, language=CN, stringName=肖路, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所湿地生态与环境重点实验室,黑土地保护与利用全国重点实验室,长春 130102, bio={"content":"

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Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2023, 30(46): 101963-101988., articleTitle=Exploring the construction of urban artificial light ecology: A systematic review and the future prospects of light pollution, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317089690478559828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089668215194026, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=1, pageEnd=6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[97], rfOrder=96, authorNames=骆玉洁, journalName=中国照明电器, refType=null, unstructuredReference=骆玉洁. 基于生态保护的光污染防治策略研究[J]. 中国照明电器, 2025(4): 1-6., articleTitle=基于生态保护的光污染防治策略研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317089690554057301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089668215194026, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=15, issue=2, pageStart=71, pageEnd=75, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[98], rfOrder=97, authorNames=李钰, 秦玉娈, journalName=哈尔滨师范大学社会科学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李钰, 秦玉娈. 法治与监管: 我国城市光污染防治体系建设研究[J]. 哈尔滨师范大学社会科学学报, 2024, 15(2): 71-75., articleTitle=法治与监管: 我国城市光污染防治体系建设研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317089690679886422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089668215194026, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=11, issue=5, pageStart=108, pageEnd=112, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[99], rfOrder=98, authorNames=张悦, 徐永明, 熊文成, journalName=环境监控与预警, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张悦, 徐永明, 熊文成, 等. 夜间光污染的遥感监测及防治措施浅析[J]. 环境监控与预警, 2019, 11(5): 108-112., articleTitle=夜间光污染的遥感监测及防治措施浅析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317089690734412375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089668215194026, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[100], rfOrder=99, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=全国人民代表大会. 中华人民共和国生态环境法典[EB/OL]. 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地区时间/年指标变化趋势参考文献
全国1992—2012光污染影响面积占陆地
面积比例
由2.08%增加至5.64%Han等[18]
东部沿海城市及
中小城市、城镇
1992—2012光污染空间分布光污染主要发生于大城市,并逐渐
向中小城市和城镇扩展
Han等[18]
全国保护区1992—2012受光污染影响面积增加约1.79倍Xiang等[15]
全国国家级自然保护区2013—2022平均天空亮度持续上升,99.96%的区域呈增亮趋势Ji等[19]
广东省自然保护区2000—2018平均夜间灯光值显著增加Jiang等[20]
中国沿海红树林生态系统1992—2020受光污染影响面积比例由12%增加至52%Zeng等[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1317089678977778160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089668215194026, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国光污染扩张及生态敏感区域暴露变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区时间/年指标变化趋势参考文献
全国1992—2012光污染影响面积占陆地
面积比例
由2.08%增加至5.64%Han等[18]
东部沿海城市及
中小城市、城镇
1992—2012光污染空间分布光污染主要发生于大城市,并逐渐
向中小城市和城镇扩展
Han等[18]
全国保护区1992—2012受光污染影响面积增加约1.79倍Xiang等[15]
全国国家级自然保护区2013—2022平均天空亮度持续上升,99.96%的区域呈增亮趋势Ji等[19]
广东省自然保护区2000—2018平均夜间灯光值显著增加Jiang等[20]
中国沿海红树林生态系统1992—2020受光污染影响面积比例由12%增加至52%Zeng等[21]
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光污染的生态影响及其机制研究进展
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肖路 1 , 姚颜莹 3 , 李祎 1, 2 , 刘思巧 1 , 王力超 1, 2 , 郭坤 1, * , 刘艳杰 1
科技导报 | 本刊专稿 2026,44(17): 23-34
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科技导报 |本刊专稿 2026 , 44 (17) : 23 -34
光污染的生态影响及其机制研究进展
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肖路1 , 姚颜莹3, 李祎1, 2, 刘思巧1, 王力超1, 2, 郭坤1, * , 刘艳杰1
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所湿地生态与环境重点实验室,黑土地保护与利用全国重点实验室,长春 130102
  • 2中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 100049
  • 3吉林省农业环境保护与农村能源管理总站,长春 130051
通讯作者:
郭坤(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为入侵生态学与宏生态学,电子信箱:
作者简介:

肖路,副研究员,研究方向为植物生态学,电子信箱:

Research progress of the ecological impacts and mechanisms of light pollution
Lu XIAO1 , Yanying YAO3, Yi LI1, 2, Siqiao LIU1, Lichao WANG1, 2, Kun GUO1, * , Yanjie LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
  • 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Resources and Environment, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3Jilin Provincial Agricultural Environmental Protection and Rural Energy Management Station, Changchun 130051, China
出版时间: 2026-09-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00028
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随着城市化进程加速和人工照明广泛应用,由人造夜间灯光增加引起的光污染已成为全球性环境问题。早期关于光污染生态影响的研究主要集中于少数脊椎动物类群,目前的研究已扩展至涵盖多个生态类群。系统梳理了光污染对不同生态类群的影响,包括对人体健康的潜在威胁、动物昼夜节律和行为模式的干扰、植物物候和生理过程的改变,以及微生物群落结构与功能的变化。光污染生态效应具有显著的物种特异性和环境依赖性,其响应强度受到光照强度、光谱组成和暴露条件等因素调节。尽管已有大量研究,但对光污染在更高生态层面的影响机制和长期生态后果仍缺乏深入认识。未来研究需要进一步解析光污染生态影响机制,提高生态风险预测能力,并发展生态友好型照明技术和管理策略。

夜间灯光  /  光污染  /  生态影响  /  昼夜节律

With the acceleration of urbanization, light pollution caused by the widespread use of artificial light at night (ALAN) has become a global environmental issue. Early research on the ecological impacts of light pollution primarily focused on a limited number of vertebrate taxa but has since expanded to encompass diverse taxonomic and ecological groups. Here, we systematically review the impacts of light pollution across different ecological groups, including potential threats to human health, disruptions of animal circadian rhythms and behavior, alterations in plant phenology and physiological processes, and changes in microbial community composition and function. The ecological effects of light pollution exhibit strong species specificity and context dependence, with response intensity being influenced by light intensity, spectral composition, and exposure conditions. Despite considerable advances, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying ecological responses to light pollution and its long−term consequences at higher levels of ecological organization remains limited. Future research should further elucidate the mechanisms driving ecological responses to light pollution, improve our capacity to predict ecological risks, and advance ecologically friendly lighting technologies and management strategies to address the growing challenges posed by light pollution.

artificial light at night  /  light pollution  /  ecological impacts  /  circadian rhythms
肖路, 姚颜莹, 李祎, 刘思巧, 王力超, 郭坤, 刘艳杰. 光污染的生态影响及其机制研究进展. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (17) : 23 -34 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00028
Lu XIAO, Yanying YAO, Yi LI, Siqiao LIU, Lichao WANG, Kun GUO, Yanjie LIU. Research progress of the ecological impacts and mechanisms of light pollution[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (17) : 23 -34 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00028
随着人造夜间灯光(artificial light at night,ALAN)的广泛使用,由此导致的光污染(light pollution)正以前所未有的速度和范围改变地球的自然明暗周期[1−3]。ALAN不仅直接改变局部区域的夜间光环境,还可通过大气散射形成天空辉光(skyglow),使人为光照影响扩展至远离光源的区域[4−5]。目前,全球约80%的人口生活在受光污染影响的环境中,自然黑暗环境的持续丧失已从天文观测问题转变为涉及人类健康、生物多样性和生态系统功能的重要全球环境问题[4−7]。
近年来,ALAN生态效应研究已从个体行为响应逐渐拓展至涵盖无脊椎动物、植物和微生物等多个生态类群,并关注其跨尺度生态后果[6−8]。现有研究表明,ALAN可通过改变光周期信号感知,影响褪黑素分泌、昼夜节律和免疫功能,并进一步改变觅食、鸣唱、迁徙和繁殖等行为过程[2−3,8−9]。这些个体水平响应还可通过捕食—被捕食关系、植物—植食者相互作用以及植物—传粉者网络等途径向种群、群落和生态系统尺度传递[6−7,10−11]。因此,光污染的生态后果并非局限于单一物种的短期行为变化,而是由生理过程、空间行为和种间关系共同驱动的跨层级生态效应。
然而,不同物种对光照强度、波长、照射时长及环境背景的响应存在显著差异,使现有结果的外推和风险预测面临较大挑战[7−8,11−12]。此外,当前研究仍主要集中于温带陆地生态系统和易观测类群,而对热带、淡水及微生物系统的长期生态影响认识仍然不足[11]。更重要的是,ALAN通常与增温、养分富集和城市化等全球变化共同出现,其交互作用进一步增加了生态效应归因和未来风险预测的复杂性[6,13−14]。
基于此,本文系统综述光污染的来源、全球分布及其对人体健康、动物、植物和微生物的生态影响,重点比较不同生态类群响应 ALAN 的共性机制与差异性规律。本文尝试从跨尺度视角构建光污染生态影响框架,即光环境变化首先影响生物对光信号的感知和节律调控,进而改变个体生理功能与行为过程,并通过种间互作进一步传递至群落结构和生态系统功能。同时,本文总结当前研究不足与未来发展方向,以期为光污染生态风险评估和可持续照明管理提供理论依据。
光污染是指人为光源改变夜间自然光环境的现象,其主要来源包括道路、建筑、广告、车辆和景观照明等[5,15−16]。这些光源不仅改变邻近区域的夜间照度,还可通过散射和扩散影响远离光源的区域[5,16]。对生态系统产生影响的 ALAN 通常称为生态光污染(ecological light pollution)[2−3]。随着经济增长和照明技术的发展,全球夜间照明范围持续扩张。卫星资料显示,2012—2016年全球受 ALAN 影响的户外面积年均增加2.2%,总辐射度年均增加1.8%[1];研究估计,约23%的陆地表面受到光污染影响[5]。然而,卫星遥感主要记录向上传输的地表辐亮度,难以完整反映生物实际感知的光环境变化。由于蓝光、水平传播光以及其他非直接辐射形式难以被传统遥感充分捕捉,基于公众观测的研究表明,实际光污染暴露水平可能高于卫星遥感结果所揭示的水平[17]。
中国光污染呈持续扩张趋势(表1)。全国尺度上,光污染扩张区域占陆地面积比例由早期阶段的2.08%增加至后期阶段的5.64%,且光污染范围已由大城市逐渐向中小城市和城镇扩展[18]。在生态敏感区域,2013—2022年全国国家级自然保护区平均天空亮度持续增加,99.96%的区域呈增亮趋势[19];广东省自然保护区2000—2018年平均夜间灯光值也显著增加[20];中国沿海红树林生态系统受光污染影响面积比例也由1992年的12%升至2020年的52%[21]。
监测方面,NPP/VIIRS( Suomi national polar-orbiting partnership/visible infrared imaging radiometer suite)相比DMSP/OLS(defense meteorological satellite program/operational linescan system)提高了空间分辨率和弱光识别能力,为光污染动态监测提供了重要支持[16,18−19,21−22]。基于2014—2022年逐日卫星影像的研究进一步发现,全球夜间灯光变化具有明显时空波动特征,增亮与变暗过程同时存在,但总体辐亮度仍呈增加趋势[23]。然而,卫星数据仍难以完整反映生物实际接受的光环境,尤其是在光谱组成、传播方向和天空辉光等方面存在局限。此外,高分辨率数据历史连续性不足,广告和装饰照明等非道路光源也难以精确分离[4,16−17]。因此,未来需要结合卫星遥感、地面照度和光谱观测,并整合生物响应数据,将“亮度变化”转化为能够反映生态暴露的综合指标。
ALAN可通过改变夜间光环境、干扰生理和行为节律以及重塑生态互作,影响不同生态类群及更高层次生态过程。以下从人体健康、动物、植物和微生物4个方面梳理其主要影响及作用机制。
光污染对人体健康的影响日益受到关注,其作用已不再局限于视觉不适,而逐渐扩展至昼夜节律、睡眠和代谢稳态等多个方面。现有研究表明,夜间光暴露可抑制褪黑素分泌、影响睡眠结构,并与冠心病、肥胖和抑郁症等健康风险升高相关[24−26]。其中,昼夜节律紊乱被认为是连接夜间光暴露与多系统健康效应的重要途径,而睡眠中断、应激反应和内分泌变化可能进一步增加相关健康风险[24−27]。然而,目前多数人群研究仍基于相关性分析,且室内外光源叠加、个体生活方式差异等因素可能造成暴露评估偏差,因此相关关系仍需结合实验研究和长期追踪数据进一步验证。
实验研究为理解夜间光暴露的生理机制提供了更直接的证据。研究发现,睡眠期间暴露于100 lx室内光一晚即可影响次日葡萄糖代谢稳态,表现为胰岛素敏感性降低,并伴随交感神经活动增强[27]。此外,夜间光照可干扰由视交叉上核调控的中枢生物钟,而这种效应并非仅限于短波蓝光,绿光和橙光等不同光谱成分同样可能影响节律调控[28]。这些研究表明,光污染的健康效应不仅取决于照度水平,还受光谱组成、暴露时间和持续时间等因素共同调节。与此同时,富蓝光照明与部分癌症风险之间的关联进一步提示,光谱特征是评价夜间光暴露健康风险的重要因素[24,26]。
总体而言,光污染可能通过光感知介导的昼夜节律紊乱以及后续神经内分泌调节变化,影响人体代谢、心血管和心理健康。然而,该领域仍面临暴露量化和因果机制解析不足等挑战。由于建筑结构、照明方式、生活习惯和个体作息均会影响实际光暴露水平,对不同照度、光谱和暴露时长对应的长期健康效应仍缺乏明确认识。因此,未来需要结合精准光环境监测和长期健康数据,明确光暴露水平与健康效应之间的关系,建立可用于风险评估的暴露响应模型,为生态友好型照明管理提供科学依据。
动物是光污染生态效应研究最早受关注且证据最为丰富的生态类群之一,其响应涉及行为、生理、种群动态和群落结构等多个层面(图1)。不同动物类群对ALAN的响应受到生活史特征、生态位和环境背景等因素共同调节,但其共同基础在于ALAN改变了动物对自然夜间光周期信号的感知。
1) 无脊椎动物:无脊椎动物,尤其是昆虫,是目前ALAN生态影响研究证据最充分且响应最敏感的动物类群之一。ALAN首先通过改变趋光行为、空间导航和活动节律影响个体行为[29−32],并进一步传递至繁殖和种群过程。例如,人工光源可导致蛾类等夜行性昆虫出现异常趋光行为、空间迷失和飞行轨迹改变,并干扰依赖自然光线索导航的物种[29−30]。此外,错误的光周期信号可能影响昆虫滞育、羽化和繁殖时间,使生活史事件与季节性资源供应发生错配,并降低部分昆虫的繁殖成功率[33−34]。这些个体水平的行为和生理扰动可进一步累积为群落效应,包括营养级关系改变、潜在生态陷阱形成以及夜行性昆虫种群下降[35−37]。由于昆虫对不同波长光具有不同敏感性,灯具光谱组成和照明方式会显著影响其响应强度。因此,无脊椎动物体现了光污染由个体行为改变逐步扩展至种群和食物网效应的典型跨尺度过程。
2) 鸟类:鸟类对ALAN的响应主要集中于迁徙导航、栖息地利用和繁殖节律等关键生态过程,是揭示光污染如何影响动物时空行为的重要类群。在迁徙过程中,人工光源可干扰鸟类方向判断,使其偏离正常迁徙路径,并增加与建筑物等人工设施碰撞的风险[38−42]。此外,ALAN可能吸引迁徙鸟类进入城市区域,使其进入潜在低质量栖息地,并改变其大尺度空间利用模式[40]。在繁殖阶段,夜间照明可提前鸣唱和繁殖时间,进而改变繁殖周期与食物资源供应之间的同步关系[42−43]。这些影响既可能源于光周期感知和昼夜节律紊乱,也可能通过食物资源变化、捕食者活动以及栖息地选择改变间接产生[42]。当ALAN与交通噪声等其他人为压力共同存在时,其生态影响可能进一步增强[44]。总体上,鸟类响应ALAN主要表现为迁徙过程中的空间误导以及生活史过程中的时间错配。
3) 哺乳动物:与鸟类和无脊椎动物相比,哺乳动物对ALAN的响应表现出更强的物种特异性,目前研究主要集中于蝙蝠和啮齿动物[45−47]。在蝙蝠中,光敏感物种通常减少在照明区域的活动,而部分耐光物种则可能利用灯下聚集的昆虫资源,从而改变局部群落组成和种间关系[46,48]。例如,新西兰长尾蝠在照明条件下活动降低并推迟活动开始时间,而部分城市蝙蝠可能因猎物集中于灯源附近而表现出不同响应[48−50]。对于啮齿动物及其他夜行性哺乳动物,ALAN通常会改变其觅食时间和空间利用模式,使其通过降低风险暴露调整活动策略[51−52]。此外,道路和人工照明形成的连续光带可能降低部分中大型哺乳动物的移动能力,影响景观连通性[47,53]。总体而言,ALAN对哺乳动物的影响并非简单表现为趋光或避光,而是通过改变资源和风险之间的权衡,重塑夜行性动物的活动节律和栖息地利用格局。
4) 两栖类和爬行类:两栖类和爬行类对ALAN的响应具有较强的环境依赖性,其中海龟是目前生态影响证据最充分的代表类群。海滨人工照明可改变海龟依赖的自然亮度梯度,使幼龟偏离海洋方向,增加脱水、捕食和死亡风险,并降低种群补充率[54−55]。同时,成年雌龟可能回避受光海滩,改变筑巢位置选择,从而进一步影响繁殖成功[54−55]。在两栖类中,ALAN可影响发育、生长和昼夜活动模式,但不同物种间存在明显差异[56−57]。部分爬行动物则表现出一定行为可塑性,例如利用灯下聚集的猎物进行夜间觅食,但这种短期行为适应是否能够转化为长期适合度优势仍需进一步验证[58]。因此,该类群对光污染的响应既可能表现为种群补充受损,也可能表现为一定程度的行为调整。
5) 鱼类:鱼类对ALAN的响应同时涉及生理过程和行为过程,并可进一步扩展至群落层面的关系重组。在生理层面,夜间照明可干扰鱼类褪黑素节律、生殖调控和胚胎发育过程,其影响程度与光谱组成密切相关[59−62]。在行为层面,ALAN可改变鱼类昼夜活动节律、洄游行为和栖息地选择,并可能增加部分物种的捕食风险[59,63−64]。此外,ALAN还可通过改变捕食者和猎物的空间分布,形成新的夜间资源斑块和捕食热点,从而影响局部群落结构和种间关系[65−67]。由于水体深度、浑浊度和光谱传播特征会影响实际光暴露水平,水生生态系统中的光污染效应仍需要结合具体光环境条件进行评估。
综上,动物对ALAN的响应表现出明显的类群差异性。无脊椎动物主要表现为趋光行为改变和生活史错配,鸟类突出表现为迁徙过程中的空间误导和繁殖节律改变,哺乳动物则更多体现为资源获取与风险规避之间的行为权衡,而两栖类、爬行类和鱼类的响应则受到繁殖场所和水体光环境等因素的强烈影响。尽管部分物种能够通过行为调整适应人工光环境,但这种短期行为可塑性并不一定能够转化为长期适合度优势。未来研究需要进一步从瞬时行为响应拓展至种群动态、群落结构和生态系统功能层面,并结合光谱组成、暴露强度和环境背景,评估不同功能类群对光污染的敏感性及其长期生态后果。
光对植物既是光合作用的能量来源,也是调控生长发育和季节变化的重要环境信号。因此,植物对ALAN的响应既涉及光周期信号改变,也涉及资源分配调整(图2)。与动物不同,植物无法主动逃避人工光环境,其实际暴露程度取决于冠层位置、叶片角度以及周围遮挡条件。低强度夜间灯光通常难以提供显著的额外碳收益,但可能改变植物对昼夜和季节变化的感知,并通过影响物候、生理过程和种间互作产生生态后果[68−73]。植物响应ALAN的方向和强度受到光照强度、光谱组成、暴露时间、功能类型以及环境条件等多因素共同调节。
从个体水平看,ALAN可改变植物萌芽、展叶、开花和落叶等关键物候事件,并进一步影响生长和叶片性状[68−70,74−75]。已有研究表明,夜间照明可使植物物候提前或延迟,其响应方向和强度受到物种、照度及环境条件等因素共同影响[68,71−73]。大尺度城市研究表明,ALAN对生长季延长的作用可超过增温,且主要表现为生长季末期延后[76];另一项基于452个城市的研究也发现,较高ALAN水平通常与秋季叶片衰老推迟相关,但该效应具有空间异质性和非线性[77]。近期研究进一步表明,ALAN可同时改变一年生草本植物的形态性状、物候进程和繁殖能力,说明其个体水平效应可能贯穿营养生长与生殖阶段[75]。这种生长季延长可能增加植物资源获取时间窗口,但也可能造成植物与传粉者、植食者以及季节环境变化之间的时间错配。因此,物候提前或延迟并不一定代表生态收益,其后果取决于后续温度条件、资源供应和生物互作关系。例如,提前萌芽可能延长生长周期,但若遭遇晚霜则可能增加组织损伤风险;延迟落叶虽然可能延长光合时间,但也可能影响养分回收和休眠准备[71−73]。
除物候变化外,ALAN还可影响植物的生理过程和资源分配。由于ALAN光照强度通常远低于太阳辐射,其作用通常并非直接增加碳同化,而主要体现在改变植物光感知、气孔调节、叶片衰老和光合产物分配等过程[68−70]。夜间光暴露可能改变碳在叶、茎、根和繁殖器官之间的分配,从而影响植物生长策略和适合度[68−70]。然而,叶片瞬时光合增强并不一定转化为更高的整体生物量,因为额外光信号可能引起资源重新分配,其效应还受到其他限制因子的制约[68−70]。因此,评价植物对ALAN的响应需要综合考虑光谱特征、光合过程、物候变化和生物量积累,而不能仅依据单一生长指标判断效应方向。需要指出的是,ALAN对植物暗呼吸和夜间碳平衡的影响仍缺乏充分证据,未来需要结合昼夜气体交换、非结构性碳水化合物和节律调控指标进一步解析其作用机制。
除直接生理效应外,ALAN还可通过改变植物性状影响植物与其他生物之间的相互作用。夜间照明可改变叶片化学组成、C∶N和防御性状,从而影响植食者寄主选择及植物受害程度[69,78]。同时,ALAN可改变夜间传粉者的活动模式,降低部分传粉者访花频率和花粉传递效率,并进一步影响植物繁殖成功[79−80]。然而,植物互作效应具有双向性:灯光可能降低部分植食者对植物的利用,也可能因吸引夜行昆虫而增加植物受害风险;同样,夜间灯光可能吸引部分传粉者,也可能降低其有效访花行为。因此,植物对ALAN的响应不能仅从个体生理角度评价,还需要结合消费者行为和互作网络变化进行综合分析。
不同植物功能类型对ALAN的敏感性并不一致。依赖季节性光周期调控休眠和开花的木本植物通常更容易出现物候偏移,而生长快速、表型可塑性较高的草本植物可能表现出生长和叶片性状调整[69−74]。现有研究推测,阴生植物可能对低强度夜间光照更加敏感,而资源快速获取型植物可能更容易利用延长的光周期[68]。然而,目前不同功能类型之间的比较研究仍相对不足,尚不能将这些趋势概括为普遍规律。植物生活史阶段也可能影响ALAN响应,幼苗阶段可能更易受到资源竞争和碳平衡变化影响,而成年木本植物则可能更多表现为季节节律和休眠调控变化[68]。
在群落和入侵生态层面,ALAN可能通过改变植物竞争关系和资源利用策略影响群落组装,并进一步影响入侵过程。部分常见种和外来植物可能利用延长的光周期、较高的表型可塑性或较强的资源获取能力获得生长优势,从而改变其与本地植物之间的竞争关系[14,74,81−83]。在养分富集条件下,ALAN可进一步增强外来观赏植物相对于共存本地植物的生长优势[14]。在植食作用存在时,ALAN还可降低入侵植物的生物量和植食耐受性,而增强本地植物的相对表现[84]。然而,这种优势并非普遍存在,其表现受到光谱组成、养分供应、植食压力以及群落背景等因素共同调节。例如,ALAN可能通过延长生长季促进部分外来植物生长,也可能因改变植食者行为或增加碳消耗而削弱其优势。因此,未来需要结合多物种竞争实验、长期群落监测和入侵梯度研究,明确ALAN是否能够持续改变外来植物与本地植物之间的竞争关系,以及其是否会成为城市化背景下新的入侵筛选因子。
总体来看,ALAN通过影响光周期感知、物候调控、生理过程以及多营养级互作,改变植物个体表现并可能影响群落动态。与动物相比,植物响应光污染的特点在于其无法主动回避光环境,且人工光信号可能通过长期累积改变竞争关系和生态演替方向。未来研究需要从单一物种的短期生长响应拓展至碳收支、繁殖成功、种间竞争和群落稳定性等综合生态过程,以评估光污染对植物群落和生态系统功能的长期影响。
相较于动物和植物,微生物对ALAN生态效应的研究仍较为有限。现有证据表明,ALAN可能影响土壤、水体和叶际微生物群落组成、网络结构及生态功能,但其响应方向和强度具有较强的环境依赖性。城市土壤研究发现,ALAN可改变部分真菌和细菌类群的相对丰度,并可能影响与C、N循环相关的功能基因,同时降低细菌群落网络稳定性[85−87]。然而,也有研究未观察到微生物群落结构发生显著变化,而发现植物生物量和土壤水分变化可能进一步影响土壤呼吸、碳利用效率及土壤动物群落[88]。在其他生态系统中,ALAN可降低水体底栖初级生产者生物量并改变其群落组成[89],叶际微生物研究则表明,夜间照明可能改变有益菌、病原菌及微生物互作网络结构[90]。此外,短期珊瑚暴露实验中总体微生物响应较弱,提示暴露时间和宿主环境可能显著调节微生物对ALAN的响应[91]。
不同研究之间效应方向的不一致,可能与生态系统类型、暴露时间、宿主特征及环境条件等因素有关。与植物叶际和水体表层微生物相比,土壤微生物受到土壤结构遮蔽,直接接受夜间光照的程度通常较低,因此不同生境中 ALAN 直接与间接效应的相对重要性可能存在差异。此外,宿主植物组成、土壤水分和微气候条件等环境背景也可能进一步调节微生物对 ALAN 的响应[90,92−93]。这些因素共同作用,可能是现有研究中微生物群落组成、网络结构和功能响应方向不一致的重要原因。
从作用机制来看,ALAN对微生物的影响可能同时涉及直接光感受和宿主介导的间接调控。部分微生物具有光感受系统,可通过感知光信号调节生长和代谢过程,不同波长和光强可能产生不同响应[87,93]。然而,与植物和动物相比,微生物直接接受夜间光照的机会相对有限,其生态效应更多可能通过环境和宿主变化间接产生。从作用机制来看,ALAN 对微生物的影响可能同时涉及直接光感受和宿主介导的间接调控。部分微生物具有光感受系统,可通过感知光信号调节生长和代谢过程,不同波长和光强可能产生不同响应[87,93]。然而,与植物和动物相比,微生物直接接受夜间光照的机会相对有限,其生态效应更多可能通过宿主和环境变化间接产生。例如,ALAN 可通过改变植物生产力、土壤水分以及根际和叶际环境,影响微生物的资源供给和群落组装[85−88,90,93];同时,土壤水分和土壤消费者活动的变化也可能进一步调节微生物代谢过程和营养关系[88,92]。因此,野外观测到的微生物响应通常是直接光效应、宿主变化和环境调节共同作用的结果。
从生态系统功能角度看,微生物可能是连接ALAN与生物地球化学过程的重要环节[85,87−88,93]。最新研究进一步表明,ALAN可通过破碎化土壤微食物网,导致土壤C、N在不同生物组分之间出现非对称分配[94]。虽然部分微生物具有光感受机制,但目前研究仍主要关注群落组成变化,对功能过程及长期生态后果的认识有限。未来需要结合宏基因组、代谢分析、微生物互作网络和生态过程测定,明确 ALAN对微生物功能及其介导生态系统过程的影响机制。
目前,针对光污染生态影响的防控措施主要包括降低照度、缩短照明时间、优化光谱组成和控制光线方向,并在迁徙、繁殖等关键生态时期实施调光或关闭照明策略[12,95]。近年来,“暗夜基础设施”(dark infrastructure)的理念逐渐受到关注,其强调通过保护和恢复自然黑暗区域,将光污染治理由单一灯具管理拓展至区域空间规划和生态保护,以维护生物多样性和生态系统完整性[96−97]。部分国家和国际组织已针对迁徙物种和生态敏感区域提出照明管理建议,中国部分地区也开始探索暗夜社区和生态友好型照明实践[96−97]。这些实践表明,光污染治理正逐渐由传统的照明效率优化转向兼顾生态风险的综合管理模式。
然而,现有防控措施尚未完全改变全球光污染持续扩张趋势。一方面,城市化扩张、夜间活动增加以及照明空间扩展持续推动 ALAN增加;另一方面,LED照明技术的广泛应用也带来了新的生态挑战。LED具有节能和高效等优势,但部分 LED光源包含较高比例的短波蓝光,而蓝光通常更容易影响生物视觉感知、昼夜节律和行为过程。因此,能源效率提升并不必然意味着生态风险降低,未来照明评价需要同时考虑能源效益和生态影响[6,12,24]。此外,不同生物类群对光谱、照度和暴露时间的敏感性存在显著差异,单一照明标准难以适用于所有生态系统,因此生态风险评估和管理仍面临挑战。
近年来,中国逐步加强光污染治理相关制度建设,并在照明规划、设施管理和生态敏感区域保护等方面开展相关实践[98−99]。2026年施行的《中华人民共和国生态环境法典》进一步推动光污染治理纳入环境管理体系,为生态光污染风险管理提供法律基础[100]。然而,目前面向生物多样性保护的生态光污染评价指标、暴露阈值和长期监测体系仍有待完善。因此,未来治理不仅需要关注照明设施本身,还应将生态风险评估纳入空间规划和生态保护过程,建立能够反映生物实际暴露和生态响应的管理框架。
未来光污染防控需要从单一技术优化转向区域尺度和生态过程导向的综合治理,并遵循“必要地点、必要时段、必要亮度”的基本原则[95−96]。首先,应将光污染管理纳入国土空间规划,在迁徙通道、繁殖地、湿地和自然保护地周边建立暗夜核心区、缓冲区和动态照明区域,通过空间分区降低生态敏感区域的光暴露[96−97]。其次,应发展低生态风险照明技术,包括减少上射光和侧向散射光、优化灯具光谱、采用遮光设计以及推广基于需求的动态照明模式[12,96]。需要指出的是,低色温并不等同于低生态风险,因为相同相关色温的灯具可能具有不同光谱组成,而不同生物类群的敏感波段也存在差异[95]。因此,照明设计应结合目标区域的生态特征,而不能仅依据单一色温指标进行判断。
此外,光污染治理还需要建立长期监测和反馈机制。除能源消耗和地面照度指标外,生态友好型照明评价还应结合天空亮度、敏感生境光照、夜行昆虫活动、迁徙鸟类碰撞风险、植物物候和人体健康等多维指标。通过比较照明调整前后的生态响应,并根据不同物种和生态系统的反馈动态优化管理策略,可逐步形成规划、实施和评估相结合的适应性治理体系。
光污染已成为全球变化背景下重要的新的环境问题,其影响已从局部视觉干扰扩展至人体健康、生物多样性和生态系统功能等多个层面。现有研究表明,ALAN通过改变生物对自然光环境的感知,影响昼夜节律、生理过程、行为模式、物候变化以及种间互作,并进一步作用于种群、群落和生态系统过程。然而,不同生态类群对光污染的响应具有显著的物种特异性和环境依赖性,其生态后果受到光谱组成、照度、暴露时间和环境背景等因素共同调节,短期个体响应也并不一定能够预测长期生态影响。未来研究需要进一步完善光暴露表征方法,加强跨类群、跨生态系统和长期尺度研究,明确光污染效应由个体响应向生态系统功能传递的关键机制,并提高生态风险预测能力。同时,应将自然黑暗保护纳入生态规划和照明管理体系,推动基于生态风险评估的照明优化策略。与许多难以逆转的环境污染相比,光污染具有较强的可调控性,通过减少非必要光暴露和实施科学管理,可在保障人类社会需求的同时降低其生态影响,实现人工照明与自然黑暗保护之间的协调。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32571783)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32201441)
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2026年第44卷第17期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00028
  • 接收时间:2025-10-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-14
  • 出版时间:2026-09-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-10
  • 修回日期:2026-08-12
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国家自然科学基金项目(32571783)
国家自然科学基金项目(32201441)
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    1中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所湿地生态与环境重点实验室,黑土地保护与利用全国重点实验室,长春 130102
    2中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 100049
    3吉林省农业环境保护与农村能源管理总站,长春 130051

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郭坤(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为入侵生态学与宏生态学,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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