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从实践路径看,中国已形成3种具有代表性的治理模式:兴隆天文台以工程措施减缓光污染影响,体现“技术缓解型”路径;丽江天文台探索“暗夜保护与文旅融合”的发展模式,实现生态与经济协同;冷湖天文台则通过划定保护区和缓冲区,建立制度性约束,走出“规划先行、立法锁定”的前瞻路径。实践表明,光污染防治必须从“事后治理”转向“源头控制”。

, authors=韩占文, authorsList=韩占文, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

韩占文中国科学院院士 中国科学院云南天文台研究员 现任中国天文学会理事长,主要研究方向为恒星物理,重点开展双星形成与演化的理论和观测研究

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韩占文中国科学院院士 中国科学院云南天文台研究员 现任中国天文学会理事长,主要研究方向为恒星物理,重点开展双星形成与演化的理论和观测研究

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韩占文中国科学院院士 中国科学院云南天文台研究员 现任中国天文学会理事长,主要研究方向为恒星物理,重点开展双星形成与演化的理论和观测研究

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科学应对光污染,守护生态与星空的未来之光
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科学应对光污染,守护生态与星空的未来之光
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韩占文中国科学院院士 中国科学院云南天文台研究员 现任中国天文学会理事长,主要研究方向为恒星物理,重点开展双星形成与演化的理论和观测研究

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韩占文中国科学院院士 中国科学院云南天文台研究员 现任中国天文学会理事长,主要研究方向为恒星物理,重点开展双星形成与演化的理论和观测研究

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  • 中国科学院云南天文台,昆明 650216
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韩占文中国科学院院士 中国科学院云南天文台研究员 现任中国天文学会理事长,主要研究方向为恒星物理,重点开展双星形成与演化的理论和观测研究

Tackling light pollution with science: Protecting ecology and preserving our starry skies
Zhanwen HAN
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出版时间: 2026-09-13
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从实践路径看,中国已形成3种具有代表性的治理模式:兴隆天文台以工程措施减缓光污染影响,体现“技术缓解型”路径;丽江天文台探索“暗夜保护与文旅融合”的发展模式,实现生态与经济协同;冷湖天文台则通过划定保护区和缓冲区,建立制度性约束,走出“规划先行、立法锁定”的前瞻路径。实践表明,光污染防治必须从“事后治理”转向“源头控制”。

韩占文. 科学应对光污染,守护生态与星空的未来之光. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (17) : 1 -2 .
Zhanwen HAN. Tackling light pollution with science: Protecting ecology and preserving our starry skies[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (17) : 1 -2 .
当人类在夜晚点亮城市之时,也在悄然改变自然的节律与夜空的本貌。光污染作为一种由人工照明过度或不当使用引发的环境问题,正从最初的景观与能耗议题,演变为影响公众健康、生物多样性、农业生产乃至基础科学能力的系统性挑战。
全球夜间人工光照呈持续增强趋势,但不同观测方法得到的增长率存在明显差异。基于卫星遥感数据,人工夜光辐射的年增长率约为2%~3%;而从人眼可见夜空亮度的变化来看,其增幅可达7%~10%。这一差异主要源于光谱结构变化以及大气散射效应对天空亮度的放大作用,也表明传统遥感数据可能低估了光污染对人类感知与生态环境的实际影响。
在这一背景下,光环境的改变正在逐步重塑自然界的昼夜节律:夜间光照会抑制人体褪黑素的产生,导致睡眠减少、昼夜节律紊乱等问题。趋光性昆虫因“光陷阱”效应数量锐减,鸟类迁徙路径受到干扰,夜行性动物的觅食与繁殖行为被打乱,植物光周期发生偏移,生态系统稳定性面临潜在风险。光污染已不再是局部问题,而是具有广泛影响的环境压力源。
与此同时,光污染对天文学的影响尤为直接。夜空亮度是天文观测的基础环境参数之一,人工光通过大气散射形成“天空辉光”,显著提升夜空背景亮度,削弱暗弱天体的探测能力。已有研究表明,全球超过80% 的人口生活在受光污染影响的夜空之下,银河对相当比例的人群已不可见。这不仅影响公众对宇宙的感知,也直接制约基础科学研究能力。
光污染的本质可以通过“辐射亮度”(radiance)来量化,即单位面积、单位立体角上的辐射通量,其标准单位为W·m-2·sr-1(或nW·cm-2·sr-1)。这一指标已成为国际上评估夜间光环境的重要物理量。基于卫星遥感数据的分析表明,中国不同天文台址的光环境差异显著:兴隆区域夜间辐射亮度约为2.6×105nW·cm-2·sr-1,丽江约为9.2×104 nW·cm-2·sr-1,而冷湖仅为2.9×103 nW·cm-2·sr-1,呈现出约2个数量级的差距。这一结果清晰地表明,科学规划与制度约束可以显著降低光污染水平。
从实践路径看,中国已形成3种具有代表性的治理模式:兴隆天文台以工程措施减缓光污染影响,体现“技术缓解型”路径;丽江天文台探索“暗夜保护与文旅融合”的发展模式,实现生态与经济协同;冷湖天文台则通过划定保护区和缓冲区,建立制度性约束,走出“规划先行、立法锁定”的前瞻路径。实践表明,光污染防治必须从“事后治理”转向“源头控制”。
然而,总体来看,中国光污染防治仍面临多重挑战:统一的测量标准和评价体系尚未建立,公众对光污染的认知仍显不足,部分地区仍将“亮化”等同于“美化”;同时,照明设施更新成本较高,技术路径尚需整合优化;在制度层面,天文台保护区划定及光环境控制标准仍有待进一步完善。更为关键的是,一旦形成高亮度光环境,其治理成本极高,甚至难以逆转。
因此,光污染防治必须纳入生态文明建设的整体框架,推动系统性治理。一是加快立法与标准体系建设,在重点区域实施分区分级管控;二是建立全国夜光监测网络,形成长期、连续、可比的数据体系;三是推广低色温、定向照明与智能控制技术,减少无效溢光;四是探索“暗夜资源”的生态价值,推动保护与发展协同;五是加强科普与公众教育,提升全社会对光环境的认知水平。
光污染防治不仅关系生态环境质量,更关系基础科学的发展空间。在照亮城市、促进发展的同时,更应为星空保留一片必要的黑暗。这不仅是对自然规律的尊重,也是对人类文明边界的守护。
当人们再次仰望星空时,应当看到的不只是灯火辉煌,更是宇宙本来的深邃与宁静。这片暗夜,既是科学探索的起点,也是人类共同的精神家园。

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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